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• A Quick-Start Guide of Process Mandatory Level Checking and Self-elevation under UAC

  This example demonstrates how to check the privilege level of the current process, and how to self-elevate the process by giving explicit consent with the Consent UI.

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• Is it any good to use binary arithmetic in a C++ code like "C style"?

  - by user827992

  I like the fact that the C language lets you use binary arithmetic in an explicit way in your code, sometimes the use of the binary arithmetic can also give you a little edge in terms of performance; but since I started studying C++ i can't really tell how much i have seen the explicit use of something like that in a C++ code, something like a pointer to pointer structure or an instruction for jumping to a specific index value through the binary arithmetic. Is the binary arithmetic still important and relevant in the C++ world? How i can optimize my arithmetic and/or an access to a specific index? What about the C++ and the way in which the bits are arranged according to the standard? ... or i have taken a look at the wrong coding conventions ... ?

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• Sanity checks vs file sizes

  - by Richard Fabian

  In your game assets do you make room for explicit sanity checks, or do you have some generally expected bounds which you assert? I've been thinking about how we compress data and thought that it's much better to have the former, and less of the latter. If your data can exceed your normal valid ranges, but if it does it's an error, then surely that implies you're not compressing the data well enough? What do you do to find out if your data is compressed as far as it can be, and what do you use to ensure your data isn't corrupted and ensure it's an official release? EDIT I'm not interested in sanity checking the file size, but instead, how you manage your sanity checks and whether you arrange the excess size caused by the opportunity to do sanity checks by using explicit extra data, or through allowing the data enough file space (data member size) to be out of valid range and thus able to be checked merely by looking at the asset in memory after loading.

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• Marshalling C# Structs into DX11 cbuffers

  - by Craig

  I'm having some issues with the packing of my structure in C# and passing them through to cbuffers I have registered in HLSL. When I pack my struct in one manner the information seems to be able to pass to the shader: [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Explicit, Size = 16)] internal struct TestStruct { [FieldOffset(0)] public Vector3 mEyePosition; [FieldOffset(12)] public int type; } This works perfectly when used against this HLSL fragment: cbuffer PerFrame : register(b0) { Vector3 eyePos; int type; } float3 GetColour() { float3 returnColour = float(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f); switch(type) { case 0: returnColour = float3(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f); break; case 1: returnColour = float3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f); break; case 2: returnColour = float3(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f); break; } return returnColour; } However, when I use the following structure definitions... // Note this is 16 because HLSL packs in 4 float 'chunks'. // It is also simplified, but still demonstrates the problem. [StructLayout(Layout.Explicit, Size = 16)] internal struct InternalTestStruct { [FieldOffset(0)] public int type; } [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Explicit, Size = 32)] internal struct TestStruct { [FieldOffset(0)] public Vector3 mEyePosition; //Missing 4 bytes here for correct packing. [FieldOffset(16)] public InternalTestStruct mInternal; } ... the following HLSL fragment no longer works. struct InternalType { int type; } cbuffer PerFrame : register(b0) { Vector3 eyePos; InternalType internalStruct; } float3 GetColour() { float3 returnColour = float(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f); switch(internaltype.type) { case 0: returnColour = float3(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f); break; case 1: returnColour = float3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f); break; case 2: returnColour = float3(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f); break; } return returnColour; } Is there a problem with the way I am packing the struct, or is it another issue? To re-iterate: I can pass a struct in a cbuffer so long as it does not contain a nested struct.

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• What is the replacement of the floppy

  - by alexanderpas

  While CD (and to an lesser extend DVD) disks have reached the price-point of the floppy, they have one significant downside, it is WORM (Write-Once Read-Many) media, allowing it to be used only one single time, and you need to be explicit in writing the data to the actual media (you need to burn it.) While CD-RW solves the "use only once" problem, it is still EWORM (Erasable Write-Once Read-Many) media, which still means you need to be explicit in writing the data to the actual media (you still need to burn it.), and also, you still need to be very explicit in erasing it. (simple delete is not possible.) Okay, we can use a CD-RW in Packet Writing mode, however the downside to that, is that this mode is not very universal, and also, not the native mode of the media. Now, while USB-sticks and SD-cards may not have the poblems of the CD, they have a whole other kind of problem: their PRICE! USB-sticks and SD cards are generally 10 to 100 times as expensive as diskettes per piece. SD-cards, in addition have an added problem, because they need a reader to operate. While it is a very standard thing, it is not default equipment on the computer like the CD drive or USB port (or historically the diskette drive). You wouldn't give out an USB stick or SD card with a 100 kB text file, not caring weither you would get it back or not. So, to recap: CD & DVD are basically WORM media. SD cards and USB sticks are relatively expensive. SD cards also needs special readers. Diskettes have a very low data-rate Diskettes have a very low storage capacity. Now, is there a media out there that solves all these problems, or is there a way to get (very) small USB sticks or SD cards for a very low price (as they're the closest thing to diskette).

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• How to (re)enable the "New" context menu items for an administrator when right-clicking in a folder and selecting New > X?

  - by Metro Smurf

  I just migrated from XP x86 to Win7 x64 (clean install). I had a couple of data drives in my XP x86 system that I physically moved to my Win7 x64 system. When browsing a directory in any of the transferred drives, the only option available in the 'new' context menu is "Folder", i.e., Right-Click inside a folder New Folder (this is similar behavior for Win7 when using the context menu in c:\Program Files): However, whenever creating a new folder within any of the directories, all the context menu new items are available within the new folder: Steps I've taken that have failed to add the new context menu items: Removing all security permissions from a directory and sub-directories. Replacing them with new permissions. As well as removing inheritable permissions from the parent. Taking explicit ownership of a directory and sub-directories. Combing the above two. Sample of Effective Permissions that do not work: Steps I've taken that have succeeded to add the new context menu items: Adding the "Everyone" group to the drive and giving the group explicit "Modify" privileges. Giving the "Everyone" group explicit privileges smells wrong. I'm an administrator on my system; why should I have to add the "Everyone" group as well? Adding my username to the drive and giving full permissions. Again, since I'm an administrator on my system and the administrators group already has full control of the drive/directories/folders, why should I have to explicitly add my user name to the security permissions? Finally, The Question: Is it possible to have the New Item context menu have all available options by default without having to explicitly add the everyone group or a specific user name to the security permissions? I'm suspecting that the option may not be available unless the username is explicitly added to the security permissions. Of note: I've seen the registry hacks for updating the new items context menu; my preference is to avoid such hacks and return the functionality to the expected behavior an administrator should have.

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• C++ copy constructor and shallow copy

  - by bartek

  Hi, suppose I have a class with many explicit (statically allocated) members and few pointers that are allocated dynamically. When I declare a copy constructor in witch I make a deep copy of manually allocated members, I wouldn't like to copy each statically allocated member explicite. How can I use implicit (default) copy constructor functionality in explicit copy constructor?

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• C++ non-member functions for nested template classes

  - by beldaz

  I have been writing several class templates that contain nested iterator classes, for which an equality comparison is required. As I believe is fairly typical, the comparison is performed with a non-member (and non-friend) operator== function. In doing so, my compiler (I'm using Mingw32 GCC 4.4 with flags -O3 -g -Wall) fails to find the function and I have run out of possible reasons. In the rather large block of code below there are three classes: a Base class, a Composed class that holds a Base object, and a Nested class identical to the Composed class except that it is nested within an Outer class. Non-member operator== functions are supplied for each. These classes are in templated and untemplated forms (in their own respective namespaces), with the latter equivalent to the former specialised for unsigned integers. In main, two identical objects for each class are compared. For the untemplated case there is no problem, but for the templated case the compiler fails to find operator==. What's going on? #include <iostream> namespace templated { template<typename T> class Base { T t_; public: explicit Base(const T& t) : t_(t) {} bool equal(const Base& x) const { return x.t_==t_; } }; template<typename T> bool operator==(const Base<T> &x, const Base<T> &y) { return x.equal(y); } template<typename T> class Composed { typedef Base<T> Base_; Base_ base_; public: explicit Composed(const T& t) : base_(t) {} bool equal(const Composed& x) const {return x.base_==base_;} }; template<typename T> bool operator==(const Composed<T> &x, const Composed<T> &y) { return x.equal(y); } template<typename T> class Outer { public: class Nested { typedef Base<T> Base_; Base_ base_; public: explicit Nested(const T& t) : base_(t) {} bool equal(const Nested& x) const {return x.base_==base_;} }; }; template<typename T> bool operator==(const typename Outer<T>::Nested &x, const typename Outer<T>::Nested &y) { return x.equal(y); } } // namespace templated namespace untemplated { class Base { unsigned int t_; public: explicit Base(const unsigned int& t) : t_(t) {} bool equal(const Base& x) const { return x.t_==t_; } }; bool operator==(const Base &x, const Base &y) { return x.equal(y); } class Composed { typedef Base Base_; Base_ base_; public: explicit Composed(const unsigned int& t) : base_(t) {} bool equal(const Composed& x) const {return x.base_==base_;} }; bool operator==(const Composed &x, const Composed &y) { return x.equal(y); } class Outer { public: class Nested { typedef Base Base_; Base_ base_; public: explicit Nested(const unsigned int& t) : base_(t) {} bool equal(const Nested& x) const {return x.base_==base_;} }; }; bool operator==(const Outer::Nested &x, const Outer::Nested &y) { return x.equal(y); } } // namespace untemplated int main() { using std::cout; unsigned int testVal=3; { // No templates first typedef untemplated::Base Base_t; Base_t a(testVal); Base_t b(testVal); cout << "a=b=" << testVal << "\n"; cout << "a==b ? " << (a==b ? "TRUE" : "FALSE") << "\n"; typedef untemplated::Composed Composed_t; Composed_t c(testVal); Composed_t d(testVal); cout << "c=d=" << testVal << "\n"; cout << "c==d ? " << (c==d ? "TRUE" : "FALSE") << "\n"; typedef untemplated::Outer::Nested Nested_t; Nested_t e(testVal); Nested_t f(testVal); cout << "e=f=" << testVal << "\n"; cout << "e==f ? " << (e==f ? "TRUE" : "FALSE") << "\n"; } { // Now with templates typedef templated::Base<unsigned int> Base_t; Base_t a(testVal); Base_t b(testVal); cout << "a=b=" << testVal << "\n"; cout << "a==b ? " << (a==b ? "TRUE" : "FALSE") << "\n"; typedef templated::Composed<unsigned int> Composed_t; Composed_t c(testVal); Composed_t d(testVal); cout << "c=d=" << testVal << "\n"; cout << "d==c ? " << (c==d ? "TRUE" : "FALSE") << "\n"; typedef templated::Outer<unsigned int>::Nested Nested_t; Nested_t e(testVal); Nested_t f(testVal); cout << "e=f=" << testVal << "\n"; cout << "e==f ? " << (e==f ? "TRUE" : "FALSE") << "\n"; // Above line causes compiler error: // error: no match for 'operator==' in 'e == f' } cout << std::endl; return 0; }

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• Essbase BSO Data Fragmentation

  - by Ann Donahue

  Essbase BSO Data Fragmentation Data fragmentation naturally occurs in Essbase Block Storage (BSO) databases where there are a lot of end user data updates, incremental data loads, many lock and send, and/or many calculations executed.  If an Essbase database starts to experience performance slow-downs, this is an indication that there may be too much fragmentation.  See Chapter 54 Improving Essbase Performance in the Essbase DBA Guide for more details on measuring and eliminating fragmentation: http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E17236_01/epm.1112/esb_dbag/daprcset.html Fragmentation is likely to occur in the following situations: Read/write databases that users are constantly updating data Databases that execute calculations around the clock Databases that frequently update and recalculate dense members Data loads that are poorly designed Databases that contain a significant number of Dynamic Calc and Store members Databases that use an isolation level of uncommitted access with commit block set to zero There are two types of data block fragmentation Free space tracking, which is measured using the Average Fragmentation Quotient statistic. Block order on disk, which is measured using the Average Cluster Ratio statistic. Average Fragmentation Quotient The Average Fragmentation Quotient ratio measures free space in a given database.  As you update and calculate data, empty spaces occur when a block can no longer fit in its original space and will either append at the end of the file or fit in another empty space that is large enough.  These empty spaces take up space in the .PAG files.  The higher the number the more empty spaces you have, therefore, the bigger the .PAG file and the longer it takes to traverse through the .PAG file to get to a particular record.  An Average Fragmentation Quotient value of 3.174765 means the database is 3% fragmented with free space. Average Cluster Ratio Average Cluster Ratio describes the order the blocks actually exist in the database. An Average Cluster Ratio number of 1 means all the blocks are ordered in the correct sequence in the order of the Outline.  As you load data and calculate data blocks, the sequence can start to be out of order.  This is because when you write to a block it may not be able to place back in the exact same spot in the database that it existed before.  The lower this number the more out of order it becomes and the more it affects performance.  An Average Cluster Ratio value of 1 means no fragmentation.  Any value lower than 1 i.e. 0.01032828 means the data blocks are getting further out of order from the outline order. Eliminating Data Block Fragmentation Both types of data block fragmentation can be removed by doing a dense restructure or export/clear/import of the data.  There are two types of dense restructure: 1. Implicit Restructures Implicit dense restructure happens when outline changes are done using EAS Outline Editor or Dimension Build. Essbase restructures create new .PAG files restructuring the data blocks in the .PAG files. When Essbase restructures the data blocks, it regenerates the index automatically so that index entries point to the new data blocks. Empty blocks are NOT removed with implicit restructures. 2. Explicit Restructures Explicit dense restructure happens when a manual initiation of the database restructure is executed. An explicit dense restructure is a full restructure which comprises of a dense restructure as outlined above plus the removal of empty blocks Empty Blocks vs. Fragmentation The existence of empty blocks is not considered fragmentation.  Empty blocks can be created through calc scripts or formulas.  An empty block will add to an existing database block count and will be included in the block counts of the database properties.  There are no statistics for empty blocks.  The only way to determine if empty blocks exist in an Essbase database is to record your current block count, export the entire database, clear the database then import the exported data.  If the block count decreased, the difference is the number of empty blocks that had existed in the database.

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• WPF Global style definitions with .Net4

  - by stiank81

  I have a WPF application using .Net3.5. I'm now trying to change the target framework to .Net4, but I run into some problems with my style definitions. I have most style definitions in a separate project. Some are global styles that address specific components like e.g. <Button> controls that doesn't have explicit style defined. And some are styles defined with a key such that I can reference them explicitly. Now, the controls that have an explicit style referenced are displayed correctly after changing to .Net4. This goes also for explicit style references in the separate project. However, all global styles are disabled. Controls like e.g. <Button>, that I use the global style for everywhere, now appears without any style. Why?! Does .Net4 require a new way for defining global styles? Or referencing ResourceDictionaries? Anyone seen similar problems? I have tried replacing my style definitions with something very simple: <Style TargetType="{x:Type Button}"> <Setter Property="Background" Value="Red"></Setter> </Style> It still doesn't work. I moved this directly to the ResourceDictionary of the app.xaml, and then it works. I moved it to the ResourceDictionary referenced by the one in app.xaml, and it still works. This ResourceDictionary merges several dictionaries, one of them is the dictionary where the style was originally defined - and it doesn't work when being defined there. Note that there are other style definitions in the same XAML that does work - when being explicitly defined.

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• Simulating aspects of static-typing in a duck-typed language

  - by Mike

  In my current job I'm building a suite of Perl scripts that depend heavily on objects. (using Perl's bless() on a Hash to get as close to OO as possible) Now, for lack of a better way of putting this, most programmers at my company aren't very smart. Worse, they don't like reading documentation and seem to have a problem understanding other people's code. Cowboy coding is the game here. Whenever they encounter a problem and try to fix it, they come up with a horrendous solution that actually solves nothing and usually makes it worse. This results in me, frankly, not trusting them with code written in duck typed language. As an example, I see too many problems with them not getting an explicit error for misusing objects. For instance, if type A has member foo, and they do something like, instance->goo, they aren't going to see the problem immediately. It will return a null/undefined value, and they will probably waste an hour finding the cause. Then end up changing something else because they didn't properly identify the original problem. So I'm brainstorming for a way to keep my scripting language (its rapid development is an advantage) but give an explicit error message when an an object isn't used properly. I realize that since there isn't a compile stage or static typing, the error will have to be at run time. I'm fine with this, so long as the user gets a very explicit notice saying "this object doesn't have X" As part of my solution, I don't want it to be required that they check if a method/variable exists before trying to use it. Even though my work is in Perl, I think this can be language agnostic.

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• SFINAE failing with enum template parameter

  - by zeroes00

  Can someone explain the following behaviour (I'm using Visual Studio 2010). header: #pragma once #include <boost\utility\enable_if.hpp> using boost::enable_if_c; enum WeekDay {MONDAY, TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY, FRIDAY, SATURDAY, SUNDAY}; template<WeekDay DAY> typename enable_if_c< DAY==SUNDAY, bool >::type goToWork() {return false;} template<WeekDay DAY> typename enable_if_c< DAY!=SUNDAY, bool >::type goToWork() {return true;} source: bool b = goToWork<MONDAY>(); compiler this gives error C2770: invalid explicit template argument(s) for 'enable_if_c<DAY!=6,bool>::type goToWork(void)' and error C2770: invalid explicit template argument(s) for 'enable_if_c<DAY==6,bool>::type goToWork(void)' But if I change the function template parameter from the enum type WeekDay to int, it compiles fine: template<int DAY> typename enable_if_c< DAY==SUNDAY, bool >::type goToWork() {return false;} template<int DAY> typename enable_if_c< DAY!=SUNDAY, bool >::type goToWork() {return true;} Also the normal function template specialization works fine, no surprises there: template<WeekDay DAY> bool goToWork() {return true;} template<> bool goToWork<SUNDAY>() {return false;} To make things even weirder, if I change the source file to use any other WeekDay than MONDAY or TUESDAY, i.e. bool b = goToWork<THURSDAY>(); the error changes to this: error C2440: 'specialization' : cannot convert from 'int' to 'const WeekDay' Conversion to enumeration type requires an explicit cast (static_cast, C-style cast or function-style cast)

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• Change default polymorphism in Hibernate

  - by Sujee

  Hi, I'd like to set polymorphism="explicit" property to several hibernate mapping classes. is it possible to override the default implicit value, so that I do not need to set explicit in multiple classes? <class name="xxxxx" table="XXXXX" polymorphism="explicit"> I am using hibernate mapping xml files (No annotations or JPA) and it was loaded by Spring as follows, <bean id="xxxsessionFactory" class="org.springframework.orm.hibernate3.LocalSessionFactoryBean"> <property name="dataSource"> <ref bean="xxxDataSource"/> </property> <property name="mappingResources"> <list> <value>xxx.hbm.xml</value> -------- -------- </list> </property> <property name="hibernateProperties"> <props> <prop key="hibernate.dialect">org.hibernate.dialect.OracleDialect</prop> ---- ---- </props> </property> </bean> Thank you.

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• calling template function without <>; type inference

  - by Oops

  Hi, if I have a function template with typename T, where the compiler can set the type by itself, I do not have to write the type explicitely when I call the function like: template < typename T > T min( T v1, T v2 ) { return ( v1 < v2 ) ? v1: v2; } int i1 = 1, i2 = 2; int i3 = min( i1, i2 ); //no explicit <type> but if I have a function template with two different typenames like... template < typename TOut, typename TIn > TOut round( TIn v ) { return (TOut)( v + 0.5 ); } double d = 1.54; int i = round<int>(d); //explicit <int> Is it true that I have to specify at least 1 typename, always? I assume the reason is because C++ can not distinguish functions between different return types, true? but if I use a void function and handover a reference, again I must not explicitely specify the return typename: template < typename TOut, typename TIn > void round( TOut & vret, TIn vin ) { vret = (TOut)(vin + 0.5); } double d = 1.54; int i; round(i, d); //no explicit <int> should the conclusion be to avoid functions with return and more prefer void functions that return via a reference when writing templates? Or is there a possibility to avoid explicitely writing the return type? something like "type inference" for templates... is "type inference" possible in C++0x? I hope I was not too unclear. many thanks in advance Oops

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• Questions on Juval Lowy's IDesign C# Coding Standard

  - by Jan

  We are trying to use the IDesign C# Coding standard. Unfortunately, I found no comprehensive document to explain all the rules that it gives, and also his book does not always help. Here are the open questions that remain for me (from chapter 2, Coding Practices): No. 26: Avoid providing explicit values for enums unless they are integer powers of 2 No. 34: Always explicitly initialize an array of reference types using a for loop No. 50: Avoid events as interface members No. 52: Expose interfaces on class hierarchies No. 73: Do not define method-specific constraints in interfaces No. 74: Do not define constraints in delegates Here's what I think about those: I thought that providing explicit values would be especially useful when adding new enum members at a later point in time. If these members are added between other already existing members, I would provide explicit values to make sure the integer representation of existing members does not change. No idea why I would want to do this. I'd say this totally depends on the logic of my program. I see that there is alternative option of providing "Sink interfaces" (simply providing already all "OnXxxHappened" methods), but what is the reason to prefer one over the other? Unsure what he means here: Could this mean "When implementing an interface explicitly in a non-sealed class, consider providing the implementation in a protected virtual method that can be overridden"? (see Programming .NET Components 2nd Edition, end of chapter “Interfaces and Class Hierarchies”). I suppose this is about providing a "where" clause when using generics, but why is this bad on an interface? I suppose this is about providing a "where" clause when using generics, but why is this bad on a delegate?

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• proftpd - TLS connection hangs authenticating

  - by greydet

  I setup a proftpd server that uses TLS/SSL certificate for authentication. Everything works well when I connect through lftp or Filezilla (with explicit connection). But once I attempt connecting with simple ftp connection from Filezilla, the USER command ends with the 550 response (SSL/TLS required). After that any further connection through lftp or Filezilla (with explicit connection) will hang authenticating. Anyone knows how to workaround this issue? Is there a way to ask Filezilla to automatically use TLS/SSL if required? I am using Ubuntu server 10.04 with proftpd 1.3.2c. There is no error message in the log files.

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• Enterprise IPv6 Migration - End of proxypac ? Start of Point-to-Point ? +10K users

  - by Yohann

  Let's start with a diagram : We can see a "typical" IPv4 company network with : An Internet acces through a proxy An "Others companys" access through an dedicated proxy A direct access to local resources All computers have a proxy.pac file that indicates which proxy to use or whether to connect directly. Computers have access to just a local DNS (no name resolution for google.com for example.) By the way ... The company does not respect the RFC1918 internally and uses public addresses! (historical reason). The use of internet proxy explicitly makes it possible to not to have problem. What if we would migrate to IPv6? Step 1 : IPv6 internet access Internet access in IPv6 is easy. Indeed, just connect the proxy in Internet IPv4 and IPv6. There is nothing to do in internal network : Step 2 : IPv6 AND IPv4 in internal network And why not full IPv6 network directly? Because there is always the old servers that are not compatible IPv6 .. Option 1 : Same architecture as in IPv4 with a proxy pac This is probably the easiest solution. But is this the best? I think the transition to IPv6 is an opportunity not to bother with this proxy pac! Option 2 : New architecture with transparent proxy, whithout proxypac, recursive DNS Oh yes! In this new architecture, we have: Explicit Internet Proxy becomes a Transparent Internet Proxy Local DNS becomes a Normal Recursive DNS + authorative for local domains No proxypac Explicit Company Proxy becomes a Transparent Company Proxy Routing Internal Routers reditect IP of appx.ext.example.com to Company Proxy. The default gateway is the Transparent Internet proxy. Questions What do you think of this architecture IPv6? This architecture will reveal the IP addresses of our internal network but it is protected by firewalls. Is this a real big problem? Should we keep the explicit use of a proxy? -How would you make for this migration scenario? -And you, how do you do in your company? Thanks! Feel free to edit my post to make it better.

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• How is it possible to list all folders that a particular user/group has permissions on?

  - by Lord Torgamus

  Is it possible to list all folders/files that a given group has explicit permissions on, for a machine running Windows Server 2003? If so, how? It would be nice to see inherited permissions as well, but I could do with just explicit permissions. A little background: I'm trying to update groups/permissions on a test server. One of the groups, Devs, wasn't implemented correctly when it was created, and my goal is to remove it from the system. It has been replaced by LeadDevelopers, which has permissions on many — but naturally not all — of the same folders. I want to make sure that I don't accidentally orphan any folders or cause any other issues when I remove Devs. It did have some admin-level permissions.

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• .NET Weak Event Handlers – Part II

  - by João Angelo

  On the first part of this article I showed two possible ways to create weak event handlers. One using reflection and the other using a delegate. For this performance analysis we will further differentiate between creating a delegate by providing the type of the listener at compile time (Explicit Delegate) vs creating the delegate with the type of the listener being only obtained at runtime (Implicit Delegate). As expected, the performance between reflection/delegate differ significantly. With the reflection based approach, creating a weak event handler is just storing a MethodInfo reference while with the delegate based approach there is the need to create the delegate which will be invoked later. So, at creating the weak event handler reflection clearly wins, but what about when the handler is invoked. No surprises there, performing a call through reflection every time a handler is invoked is costly. In conclusion, if you want good performance when creating handlers that only sporadically get triggered use reflection, otherwise use the delegate based approach. The explicit delegate approach always wins against the implicit delegate, but I find the syntax for the latter much more intuitive. // Implicit delegate - The listener type is inferred at runtime from the handler parameter public static EventHandler WrapInDelegateCall(EventHandler handler); public static EventHandler<TArgs> WrapInDelegateCall<TArgs>(EventHandler<TArgs> handler) where TArgs : EventArgs; // Explicite delegate - TListener is the type that defines the handler public static EventHandler WrapInDelegateCall<TListener>(EventHandler handler); public static EventHandler<TArgs> WrapInDelegateCall<TArgs, TListener>(EventHandler<TArgs> handler) where TArgs : EventArgs;

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• Passing multiple Vertex Attributes in GLSL 130

  - by Roy T.

  (note this question is closely related to this one however I didn't fully understand the accepted answer) To support videocards in laptops I have to rewrite my GLSL 330 shaders to GLSL 130. I'm trying to do this but somehow I don't get vertex attributes to work properly. My 330 shaders look like this: #version 330 layout(location = 0) in vec4 position; layout(location = 3) in vec4 color; smooth out vec4 theColor; void main() { gl_Position = position; theColor = color; } Now this explicit layout is not allowed in GLSL 130 so I referenced this page to see what the default layouts for some values would be. As you can see position should be the 0th vertex attribute and color should be the 3rd vertex attribute. Because this is a test case I had already configured my explicit layouts in the same way, which worked, so I now simply rewrote my shader to this and expected it to work: #version 130 smooth out vec4 theColor; void main() { gl_Position = gl_Vertex; theColor = gl_Color; } However this doesn't work, the value of gl_Color is always (1,1,1,1). So how should I pass multiple vertex attributes to my GLSL 130 shaders? For reference, this is how I set my vertex buffer object and attributes (I've just adapted this tutorial to JAVA+JOGL) gl.glBindBuffer(GL3.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vertex_buffer_id); gl.glEnableVertexAttribArray(0); gl.glEnableVertexAttribArray(3); gl.glVertexAttribPointer(0, 4 , GL3.GL_FLOAT, false, 0, 0); gl.glVertexAttribPointer(3, 4, GL3.GL_FLOAT, false, 0, 4*4*4); gl.glDrawArrays(GL3.GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0, 4); gl.glDisableVertexAttribArray(0); gl.glDisableVertexAttribArray(3); EDIT I solved the problem by querying for the layout locations of position an color using glGetAttribLocation however I still don't understand why the 'hardcoded' values like gl_Color didn't work, can't I upload data in there as normal? Shouldn't they be used?

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• When is type testing OK?

  - by svidgen

  Assuming a language with some inherent type safety (e.g., not JavaScript): Given a method that accepts a SuperType, we know that in most cases wherein we might be tempted to perform type testing to pick an action: public void DoSomethingTo(SuperType o) { if (o isa SubTypeA) { o.doSomethingA() } else { o.doSomethingB(); } } We should usually, if not always, create a single, overridable method on the SuperType and do this: public void DoSomethingTo(SuperType o) { o.doSomething(); } ... wherein each subtype is given its own doSomething() implementation. The rest of our application can then be appropriately ignorant of whether any given SuperType is really a SubTypeA or a SubTypeB. Wonderful. But, we're still given is a-like operations in most, if not all, type-safe languages. And that seems suggests a potential need for explicit type testing. So, in what situations, if any, should we or must we perform explicit type testing? Forgive my absent mindedness or lack of creativity. I know I've done it before; but, it was honestly so long ago I can't remember if what I did was good! And in recent memory, I don't think I've encountered a need to test types outside my cowboy JavaScript.

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• Empty interface to combine multiple interfaces

  - by user1109519

  Suppose you have two interfaces: interface Readable { public void read(); } interface Writable { public void write(); } In some cases the implementing objects can only support one of these but in a lot of cases the implementations will support both interfaces. The people who use the interfaces will have to do something like: // can't write to it without explicit casting Readable myObject = new MyObject(); // can't read from it without explicit casting Writable myObject = new MyObject(); // tight coupling to actual implementation MyObject myObject = new MyObject(); None of these options is terribly convenient, even more so when considering that you want this as a method parameter. One solution would be to declare a wrapping interface: interface TheWholeShabam extends Readable, Writable {} But this has one specific problem: all implementations that support both Readable and Writable have to implement TheWholeShabam if they want to be compatible with people using the interface. Even though it offers nothing apart from the guaranteed presence of both interfaces. Is there a clean solution to this problem or should I go for the wrapper interface? UPDATE It is in fact often necessary to have an object that is both readable and writable so simply seperating the concerns in the arguments is not always a clean solution. UPDATE2 (extracted as answer so it's easier to comment on) UPDATE3 Please beware that the primary usecase for this is not streams (although they too must be supported). Streams make a very specific distinction between input and output and there is a clear separation of responsibilities. Rather, think of something like a bytebuffer where you need one object you can write to and read from, one object that has a very specific state attached to it. These objects exist because they are very useful for some things like asynchronous I/O, encodings,...

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• State Changes in a Component Based Architecture [closed]

  - by Maxem

  I'm currently working on a game and using the naive component based architecture thingie (Entities are a bag of components, entity.Update() calls Update on each updateable component), while the addition of new features is really simple, it makes a few things really difficult: a) multithreading / currency b) networking c) unit testing. Multithreading / Concurrency is difficult because I basically have to do poor mans concurrency (running the entity updates in separate threads while locking only stuff that crashes (like lists) and ignoring the staleness of read state (some states are already updated, others aren't)) Networking: There are no explicit state changes that I could efficiently push over the net. Unit testing: All updates may or may not conflict, so automated testing is at least awkward. I was thinking about these issues a bit and would like your input on these changes / idea: Switch from the naive cba to a cba with sub systems that work on lists of components Make all state changes explicit Combine 1 and 2 :p Example world update: statePostProcessing.Wait() // ensure that post processing has finished Apply(postProcessedState) state = new StateBag() Concurrently( () => LifeCycleSubSystem.Update(state), // populates the state bag () => MovementSubSystem.Update(state), // populates the state bag .... }) statePostProcessing = Future(() => PostProcess(state)) statePostProcessing.Start() // Tick is finished, the post processing happens in the background So basically the changes are (consistently) based on the data for the last tick; the post processing can a) generate network packages and b) fix conflicts / remove useless changes (example: entity has been destroyed - ignore movement etc.). EDIT: To clarify the granularity of the state changes: If I save these post processed state bags and apply them to an empty world, I see exactly what has happened in the game these state bags originated from - "Free" replay capability. EDIT2: I guess I should have used the term Event instead of State Change and point out that I kind of want to use the Event Sourcing pattern

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• SmtpClient and Locked File Attachments

  - by Rick Strahl

  Got a note a couple of days ago from a client using one of my generic routines that wraps SmtpClient. Apparently whenever a file has been attached to a message and emailed with SmtpClient the file remains locked after the message has been sent. Oddly this particular issue hasn’t cropped up before for me although these routines are in use in a number of applications I’ve built. The wrapper I use was built mainly to backfit an old pre-.NET 2.0 email client I built using Sockets to avoid the CDO nightmares of the .NET 1.x mail client. The current class retained the same class interface but now internally uses SmtpClient which holds a flat property interface that makes it less verbose to send off email messages. File attachments in this interface are handled by providing a comma delimited list for files in an Attachments string property which is then collected along with the other flat property settings and eventually passed on to SmtpClient in the form of a MailMessage structure. The jist of the code is something like this: /// <summary> /// Fully self contained mail sending method. Sends an email message by connecting /// and disconnecting from the email server. /// </summary> /// <returns>true or false</returns> public bool SendMail() { if (!this.Connect()) return false; try { // Create and configure the message MailMessage msg = this.GetMessage(); smtp.Send(msg); this.OnSendComplete(this); } catch (Exception ex) { string msg = ex.Message; if (ex.InnerException != null) msg = ex.InnerException.Message; this.SetError(msg); this.OnSendError(this); return false; } finally { // close connection and clear out headers // SmtpClient instance nulled out this.Close(); } return true; } /// <summary> /// Configures the message interface /// </summary> /// <param name="msg"></param> protected virtual MailMessage GetMessage() { MailMessage msg = new MailMessage(); msg.Body = this.Message; msg.Subject = this.Subject; msg.From = new MailAddress(this.SenderEmail, this.SenderName); if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(this.ReplyTo)) msg.ReplyTo = new MailAddress(this.ReplyTo); // Send all the different recipients this.AssignMailAddresses(msg.To, this.Recipient); this.AssignMailAddresses(msg.CC, this.CC); this.AssignMailAddresses(msg.Bcc, this.BCC); if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(this.Attachments)) { string[] files = this.Attachments.Split(new char[2] { ',', ';' }, StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries); foreach (string file in files) { msg.Attachments.Add(new Attachment(file)); } } if (this.ContentType.StartsWith("text/html")) msg.IsBodyHtml = true; else msg.IsBodyHtml = false; msg.BodyEncoding = this.Encoding; … additional code omitted return msg; } Basically this code collects all the property settings of the wrapper object and applies them to the SmtpClient and in GetMessage() to an individual MailMessage properties. Specifically notice that attachment filenames are converted from a comma-delimited string to filenames from which new attachments are created. The code as it’s written however, will cause the problem with file attachments not being released properly. Internally .NET opens up stream handles and reads the files from disk to dump them into the email send stream. The attachments are always sent correctly but the local files are not immediately closed. As you probably guessed the issue is simply that some resources are not automatcially disposed when sending is complete and sure enough the following code change fixes the problem: // Create and configure the message using (MailMessage msg = this.GetMessage()) { smtp.Send(msg); if (this.SendComplete != null) this.OnSendComplete(this); // or use an explicit msg.Dispose() here } The Message object requires an explicit call to Dispose() (or a using() block as I have here) to force the attachment files to get closed. I think this is rather odd behavior for this scenario however. The code I use passes in filenames and my expectation of an API that accepts file names is that it uses the files by opening and streaming them and then closing them when done. Why keep the streams open and require an explicit .Dispose() by the calling code which is bound to lead to unexpected behavior just as my customer ran into? Any API level code should clean up as much as possible and this is clearly not happening here resulting in unexpected behavior. Apparently lots of other folks have run into this before as I found based on a few Twitter comments on this topic. Odd to me too is that SmtpClient() doesn’t implement IDisposable – it’s only the MailMessage (and Attachments) that implement it and require it to clean up for left over resources like open file handles. This means that you couldn’t even use a using() statement around the SmtpClient code to resolve this – instead you’d have to wrap it around the message object which again is rather unexpected. Well, chalk that one up to another small unexpected behavior that wasted a half an hour of my time – hopefully this post will help someone avoid this same half an hour of hunting and searching. Resources: Full code to SmptClientNative (West Wind Web Toolkit Repository) SmtpClient Documentation MSDN © Rick Strahl, West Wind Technologies, 2005-2010Posted in .NET  

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• Singleton by Jon Skeet clarification

  - by amutha

  public sealed class Singleton { Singleton() { } public static Singleton Instance { get { return Nested.instance; } } class Nested { // Explicit static constructor to tell C# compiler // not to mark type as beforefieldinit static Nested() { } internal static readonly Singleton instance = new Singleton(); } } I wish to implement Jon Skeet's Singleton pattern in my current application in C#. I have two doubts on the code 1) How is it possible to access the outer class inside nested class? I mean internal static readonly Singleton instance = new Singleton(); Is something called closure? 2) I did not get this comment // Explicit static constructor to tell C# compiler // not to mark type as beforefieldinit what does this comment suggest us?

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