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• Creating a podcast feed for iTunes & BlackBerry users using WCF Syndication

  - by brian_ritchie

   In my previous post, I showed how to create a RSS feed using WCF Syndication.  Next, I'll show how to add the additional tags needed to turn a RSS feed into an iTunes podcast.   A podcast is merely a RSS feed with some special characteristics: iTunes RSS tags.  These are additional tags beyond the standard RSS spec.  Apple has a good page on the requirements. Audio file enclosure.  This is a link to the audio file (such as mp3) hosted by your site.  Apple doesn't host the audio, they just read the meta-data from the RSS feed into their system. The SyndicationFeed class supports both AttributeExtensions & ElementExtensions to add custom tags to the RSS feeds. A couple of points of interest in the code below: The imageUrl below provides the album cover for iTunes (170px × 170px) Each SyndicationItem corresponds to an audio episode in your podcast So, here's the code: .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: Consolas, "Courier New", Courier, Monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; } 1: XNamespace itunesNS = "http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd"; 2: string prefix = "itunes"; 3:   4: var feed = new SyndicationFeed(title, description, new Uri(link)); 5: feed.Categories.Add(new SyndicationCategory(category)); 6: feed.AttributeExtensions.Add(new XmlQualifiedName(prefix, 7: "http://www.w3.org/2000/xmlns/"), itunesNS.NamespaceName); 8: feed.Copyright = new TextSyndicationContent(copyright); 9: feed.Language = "en-us"; 10: feed.Copyright = new TextSyndicationContent(DateTime.Now.Year + " " + ownerName); 11: feed.ImageUrl = new Uri(imageUrl); 12: feed.LastUpdatedTime = DateTime.Now; 13: feed.Authors.Add(new SyndicationPerson() {Name=ownerName, Email=ownerEmail }); 14: var extensions = feed.ElementExtensions; 15: extensions.Add(new XElement(itunesNS + "subtitle", subTitle).CreateReader()); 16: extensions.Add(new XElement(itunesNS + "image", 17: new XAttribute("href", imageUrl)).CreateReader()); 18: extensions.Add(new XElement(itunesNS + "author", ownerName).CreateReader()); 19: extensions.Add(new XElement(itunesNS + "summary", description).CreateReader()); 20: extensions.Add(new XElement(itunesNS + "category", 21: new XAttribute("text", category), 22: new XElement(itunesNS + "category", 23: new XAttribute("text", subCategory))).CreateReader()); 24: extensions.Add(new XElement(itunesNS + "explicit", "no").CreateReader()); 25: extensions.Add(new XDocument( 26: new XElement(itunesNS + "owner", 27: new XElement(itunesNS + "name", ownerName), 28: new XElement(itunesNS + "email", ownerEmail))).CreateReader()); 29:   30: var feedItems = new List<SyndicationItem>(); 31: foreach (var i in Items) 32: { 33: var item = new SyndicationItem(i.title, null, new Uri(link)); 34: item.Summary = new TextSyndicationContent(i.summary); 35: item.Id = i.id; 36: if (i.publishedDate != null) 37: item.PublishDate = (DateTimeOffset)i.publishedDate; 38: item.Links.Add(new SyndicationLink() { 39: Title = i.title, Uri = new Uri(link), 40: Length = i.size, MediaType = i.mediaType }); 41: var itemExt = item.ElementExtensions; 42: itemExt.Add(new XElement(itunesNS + "subtitle", i.subTitle).CreateReader()); 43: itemExt.Add(new XElement(itunesNS + "summary", i.summary).CreateReader()); 44: itemExt.Add(new XElement(itunesNS + "duration", 45: string.Format("{0}:{1:00}:{2:00}", 46: i.duration.Hours, i.duration.Minutes, i.duration.Seconds) 47: ).CreateReader()); 48: itemExt.Add(new XElement(itunesNS + "keywords", i.keywords).CreateReader()); 49: itemExt.Add(new XElement(itunesNS + "explicit", "no").CreateReader()); 50: itemExt.Add(new XElement("enclosure", new XAttribute("url", i.url), 51: new XAttribute("length", i.size), new XAttribute("type", i.mediaType))); 52: feedItems.Add(item); 53: } 54:   55: feed.Items = feedItems; If you're hosting your podcast feed within a MVC project, you can use the code from my previous post to stream it. Once you have created your feed, you can use the Feed Validator tool to make sure it is up to spec.  Or you can use iTunes: Launch iTunes. In the Advanced menu, select Subscribe to Podcast. Enter your feed URL in the text box and click OK. After you've verified your feed is solid & good to go, you can submit it to iTunes.  Launch iTunes. In the left navigation column, click on iTunes Store to open the store. Once the store loads, click on Podcasts along the top navigation bar to go to the Podcasts page. In the right column of the Podcasts page, click on the Submit a Podcast link. Follow the instructions on the Submit a Podcast page. Here are the full instructions.  Once they have approved your podcast, it will be available within iTunes. RIM has also gotten into the podcasting business...which is great for BlackBerry users.  They accept the same enhanced-RSS feed that iTunes uses, so just create an account with them & submit the feed's URL.  It goes through a similar approval process to iTunes.  BlackBerry users must be on BlackBerry 6 OS or download the Podcast App from App World. In my next post, I'll show how to build the podcast feed dynamically from the ID3 tags within the MP3 files.

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• C# Performance Pitfall – Interop Scenarios Change the Rules

  - by Reed

  C# and .NET, overall, really do have fantastic performance in my opinion.  That being said, the performance characteristics dramatically differ from native programming, and take some relearning if you’re used to doing performance optimization in most other languages, especially C, C++, and similar.  However, there are times when revisiting tricks learned in native code play a critical role in performance optimization in C#. I recently ran across a nasty scenario that illustrated to me how dangerous following any fixed rules for optimization can be… The rules in C# when optimizing code are very different than C or C++.  Often, they’re exactly backwards.  For example, in C and C++, lifting a variable out of loops in order to avoid memory allocations often can have huge advantages.  If some function within a call graph is allocating memory dynamically, and that gets called in a loop, it can dramatically slow down a routine. This can be a tricky bottleneck to track down, even with a profiler.  Looking at the memory allocation graph is usually the key for spotting this routine, as it’s often “hidden” deep in call graph.  For example, while optimizing some of my scientific routines, I ran into a situation where I had a loop similar to: for (i=0; i<numberToProcess; ++i) { // Do some work ProcessElement(element[i]); } .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; } This loop was at a fairly high level in the call graph, and often could take many hours to complete, depending on the input data.  As such, any performance optimization we could achieve would be greatly appreciated by our users. After a fair bit of profiling, I noticed that a couple of function calls down the call graph (inside of ProcessElement), there was some code that effectively was doing: // Allocate some data required DataStructure* data = new DataStructure(num); // Call into a subroutine that passed around and manipulated this data highly CallSubroutine(data); // Read and use some values from here double values = data->Foo; // Cleanup delete data; // ... return bar; Normally, if “DataStructure” was a simple data type, I could just allocate it on the stack.  However, it’s constructor, internally, allocated it’s own memory using new, so this wouldn’t eliminate the problem.  In this case, however, I could change the call signatures to allow the pointer to the data structure to be passed into ProcessElement and through the call graph, allowing the inner routine to reuse the same “data” memory instead of allocating.  At the highest level, my code effectively changed to something like: DataStructure* data = new DataStructure(numberToProcess); for (i=0; i<numberToProcess; ++i) { // Do some work ProcessElement(element[i], data); } delete data; Granted, this dramatically reduced the maintainability of the code, so it wasn’t something I wanted to do unless there was a significant benefit.  In this case, after profiling the new version, I found that it increased the overall performance dramatically – my main test case went from 35 minutes runtime down to 21 minutes.  This was such a significant improvement, I felt it was worth the reduction in maintainability. In C and C++, it’s generally a good idea (for performance) to: Reduce the number of memory allocations as much as possible, Use fewer, larger memory allocations instead of many smaller ones, and Allocate as high up the call stack as possible, and reuse memory I’ve seen many people try to make similar optimizations in C# code.  For good or bad, this is typically not a good idea.  The garbage collector in .NET completely changes the rules here. In C#, reallocating memory in a loop is not always a bad idea.  In this scenario, for example, I may have been much better off leaving the original code alone.  The reason for this is the garbage collector.  The GC in .NET is incredibly effective, and leaving the allocation deep inside the call stack has some huge advantages.  First and foremost, it tends to make the code more maintainable – passing around object references tends to couple the methods together more than necessary, and overall increase the complexity of the code.  This is something that should be avoided unless there is a significant reason.  Second, (unlike C and C++) memory allocation of a single object in C# is normally cheap and fast.  Finally, and most critically, there is a large advantage to having short lived objects.  If you lift a variable out of the loop and reuse the memory, its much more likely that object will get promoted to Gen1 (or worse, Gen2).  This can cause expensive compaction operations to be required, and also lead to (at least temporary) memory fragmentation as well as more costly collections later. As such, I’ve found that it’s often (though not always) faster to leave memory allocations where you’d naturally place them – deep inside of the call graph, inside of the loops.  This causes the objects to stay very short lived, which in turn increases the efficiency of the garbage collector, and can dramatically improve the overall performance of the routine as a whole. In C#, I tend to: Keep variable declarations in the tightest scope possible Declare and allocate objects at usage While this tends to cause some of the same goals (reducing unnecessary allocations, etc), the goal here is a bit different – it’s about keeping the objects rooted for as little time as possible in order to (attempt) to keep them completely in Gen0, or worst case, Gen1.  It also has the huge advantage of keeping the code very maintainable – objects are used and “released” as soon as possible, which keeps the code very clean.  It does, however, often have the side effect of causing more allocations to occur, but keeping the objects rooted for a much shorter time. Now – nowhere here am I suggesting that these rules are hard, fast rules that are always true.  That being said, my time spent optimizing over the years encourages me to naturally write code that follows the above guidelines, then profile and adjust as necessary.  In my current project, however, I ran across one of those nasty little pitfalls that’s something to keep in mind – interop changes the rules. In this case, I was dealing with an API that, internally, used some COM objects.  In this case, these COM objects were leading to native allocations (most likely C++) occurring in a loop deep in my call graph.  Even though I was writing nice, clean managed code, the normal managed code rules for performance no longer apply.  After profiling to find the bottleneck in my code, I realized that my inner loop, a innocuous looking block of C# code, was effectively causing a set of native memory allocations in every iteration.  This required going back to a “native programming” mindset for optimization.  Lifting these variables and reusing them took a 1:10 routine down to 0:20 – again, a very worthwhile improvement. Overall, the lessons here are: Always profile if you suspect a performance problem – don’t assume any rule is correct, or any code is efficient just because it looks like it should be Remember to check memory allocations when profiling, not just CPU cycles Interop scenarios often cause managed code to act very differently than “normal” managed code. Native code can be hidden very cleverly inside of managed wrappers

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• How come my form input sometimes moves when I refresh the page?

  - by samoz

  On a page that I'm designing I have a form with one input of type text. Normally, this form and input render properly in my browser, Chrome, but occasionally, it renders about 20 pixels to the left of where it is supposed to be. When I refresh the page, it goes back to the original, correct place. I have only tested in Chrome so far, so this isn't a cross-browser issue (it happens in the same browser). Is there anything wrong with my code below? Here's my HTML code: <!DOCTYPE htmls> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css" type="text/css" /> <title>Test Site</title> </head> <body > <div id="supercontainer" class="style1"> <img class="floater" src="top.jpg" alt="Top" /> <img class="floater" src="left.jpg" alt="Left" /> <div id="content"> <p id="theText"> Welcome. Please type a username. </p> <form id="prompt"> <div><input type="text" name="promptLine" autocomplete="off" id="promptLine" onkeypress="return submitenter(event);" value="% " /></div> </form> </div> <img class="floater" src="right.jpg" alt="Right" /> <img class="floater" src="bottom.jpg" alt="Bottom" /> </div> Here's my CSS code: #supercontainer { margin: 0 auto; width: 900px; display: block; } img.floater { display: inline; float: left; } #content { background-color:black; display: inline; float: left; padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px; min-height:458px; max-height:458px; min-width: 803px; max-width: 803px; color: lime; } #theText { text-align:left; margin-bottom:0; margin-top:0; line-height: 0.3; font-family:"Courier New", Courier, monospace; } #prompt { position: fixed; top: 470px; } #promptLine { width: 100%; background-color: black; color: lime; border: none; outline:none; }

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• Parallelism in .NET – Part 3, Imperative Data Parallelism: Early Termination

  - by Reed

  Although simple data parallelism allows us to easily parallelize many of our iteration statements, there are cases that it does not handle well.  In my previous discussion, I focused on data parallelism with no shared state, and where every element is being processed exactly the same. Unfortunately, there are many common cases where this does not happen.  If we are dealing with a loop that requires early termination, extra care is required when parallelizing. Often, while processing in a loop, once a certain condition is met, it is no longer necessary to continue processing.  This may be a matter of finding a specific element within the collection, or reaching some error case.  The important distinction here is that, it is often impossible to know until runtime, what set of elements needs to be processed. In my initial discussion of data parallelism, I mentioned that this technique is a candidate when you can decompose the problem based on the data involved, and you wish to apply a single operation concurrently on all of the elements of a collection.  This covers many of the potential cases, but sometimes, after processing some of the elements, we need to stop processing. As an example, lets go back to our previous Parallel.ForEach example with contacting a customer.  However, this time, we’ll change the requirements slightly.  In this case, we’ll add an extra condition – if the store is unable to email the customer, we will exit gracefully.  The thinking here, of course, is that if the store is currently unable to email, the next time this operation runs, it will handle the same situation, so we can just skip our processing entirely.  The original, serial case, with this extra condition, might look something like the following: foreach(var customer in customers) { // Run some process that takes some time... DateTime lastContact = theStore.GetLastContact(customer); TimeSpan timeSinceContact = DateTime.Now - lastContact; // If it's been more than two weeks, send an email, and update... if (timeSinceContact.Days > 14) { // Exit gracefully if we fail to email, since this // entire process can be repeated later without issue. if (theStore.EmailCustomer(customer) == false) break; customer.LastEmailContact = DateTime.Now; } } .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; } Here, we’re processing our loop, but at any point, if we fail to send our email successfully, we just abandon this process, and assume that it will get handled correctly the next time our routine is run.  If we try to parallelize this using Parallel.ForEach, as we did previously, we’ll run into an error almost immediately: the break statement we’re using is only valid when enclosed within an iteration statement, such as foreach.  When we switch to Parallel.ForEach, we’re no longer within an iteration statement – we’re a delegate running in a method. This needs to be handled slightly differently when parallelized.  Instead of using the break statement, we need to utilize a new class in the Task Parallel Library: ParallelLoopState.  The ParallelLoopState class is intended to allow concurrently running loop bodies a way to interact with each other, and provides us with a way to break out of a loop.  In order to use this, we will use a different overload of Parallel.ForEach which takes an IEnumerable<T> and an Action<T, ParallelLoopState> instead of an Action<T>.  Using this, we can parallelize the above operation by doing: Parallel.ForEach(customers, (customer, parallelLoopState) => { // Run some process that takes some time... DateTime lastContact = theStore.GetLastContact(customer); TimeSpan timeSinceContact = DateTime.Now - lastContact; // If it's been more than two weeks, send an email, and update... if (timeSinceContact.Days > 14) { // Exit gracefully if we fail to email, since this // entire process can be repeated later without issue. if (theStore.EmailCustomer(customer) == false) parallelLoopState.Break(); else customer.LastEmailContact = DateTime.Now; } }); There are a couple of important points here.  First, we didn’t actually instantiate the ParallelLoopState instance.  It was provided directly to us via the Parallel class.  All we needed to do was change our lambda expression to reflect that we want to use the loop state, and the Parallel class creates an instance for our use.  We also needed to change our logic slightly when we call Break().  Since Break() doesn’t stop the program flow within our block, we needed to add an else case to only set the property in customer when we succeeded.  This same technique can be used to break out of a Parallel.For loop. That being said, there is a huge difference between using ParallelLoopState to cause early termination and to use break in a standard iteration statement.  When dealing with a loop serially, break will immediately terminate the processing within the closest enclosing loop statement.  Calling ParallelLoopState.Break(), however, has a very different behavior. The issue is that, now, we’re no longer processing one element at a time.  If we break in one of our threads, there are other threads that will likely still be executing.  This leads to an important observation about termination of parallel code: Early termination in parallel routines is not immediate.  Code will continue to run after you request a termination. This may seem problematic at first, but it is something you just need to keep in mind while designing your routine.  ParallelLoopState.Break() should be thought of as a request.  We are telling the runtime that no elements that were in the collection past the element we’re currently processing need to be processed, and leaving it up to the runtime to decide how to handle this as gracefully as possible.  Although this may seem problematic at first, it is a good thing.  If the runtime tried to immediately stop processing, many of our elements would be partially processed.  It would be like putting a return statement in a random location throughout our loop body – which could have horrific consequences to our code’s maintainability. In order to understand and effectively write parallel routines, we, as developers, need a subtle, but profound shift in our thinking.  We can no longer think in terms of sequential processes, but rather need to think in terms of requests to the system that may be handled differently than we’d first expect.  This is more natural to developers who have dealt with asynchronous models previously, but is an important distinction when moving to concurrent programming models. As an example, I’ll discuss the Break() method.  ParallelLoopState.Break() functions in a way that may be unexpected at first.  When you call Break() from a loop body, the runtime will continue to process all elements of the collection that were found prior to the element that was being processed when the Break() method was called.  This is done to keep the behavior of the Break() method as close to the behavior of the break statement as possible. We can see the behavior in this simple code: var collection = Enumerable.Range(0, 20); var pResult = Parallel.ForEach(collection, (element, state) => { if (element > 10) { Console.WriteLine("Breaking on {0}", element); state.Break(); } Console.WriteLine(element); }); If we run this, we get a result that may seem unexpected at first: 0 2 1 5 6 3 4 10 Breaking on 11 11 Breaking on 12 12 9 Breaking on 13 13 7 8 Breaking on 15 15 What is occurring here is that we loop until we find the first element where the element is greater than 10.  In this case, this was found, the first time, when one of our threads reached element 11.  It requested that the loop stop by calling Break() at this point.  However, the loop continued processing until all of the elements less than 11 were completed, then terminated.  This means that it will guarantee that elements 9, 7, and 8 are completed before it stops processing.  You can see our other threads that were running each tried to break as well, but since Break() was called on the element with a value of 11, it decides which elements (0-10) must be processed. If this behavior is not desirable, there is another option.  Instead of calling ParallelLoopState.Break(), you can call ParallelLoopState.Stop().  The Stop() method requests that the runtime terminate as soon as possible , without guaranteeing that any other elements are processed.  Stop() will not stop the processing within an element, so elements already being processed will continue to be processed.  It will prevent new elements, even ones found earlier in the collection, from being processed.  Also, when Stop() is called, the ParallelLoopState’s IsStopped property will return true.  This lets longer running processes poll for this value, and return after performing any necessary cleanup. The basic rule of thumb for choosing between Break() and Stop() is the following. Use ParallelLoopState.Stop() when possible, since it terminates more quickly.  This is particularly useful in situations where you are searching for an element or a condition in the collection.  Once you’ve found it, you do not need to do any other processing, so Stop() is more appropriate. Use ParallelLoopState.Break() if you need to more closely match the behavior of the C# break statement. Both methods behave differently than our C# break statement.  Unfortunately, when parallelizing a routine, more thought and care needs to be put into every aspect of your routine than you may otherwise expect.  This is due to my second observation: Parallelizing a routine will almost always change its behavior. This sounds crazy at first, but it’s a concept that’s so simple its easy to forget.  We’re purposely telling the system to process more than one thing at the same time, which means that the sequence in which things get processed is no longer deterministic.  It is easy to change the behavior of your routine in very subtle ways by introducing parallelism.  Often, the changes are not avoidable, even if they don’t have any adverse side effects.  This leads to my final observation for this post: Parallelization is something that should be handled with care and forethought, added by design, and not just introduced casually.

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• Parallelism in .NET – Part 7, Some Differences between PLINQ and LINQ to Objects

  - by Reed

  In my previous post on Declarative Data Parallelism, I mentioned that PLINQ extends LINQ to Objects to support parallel operations.  Although nearly all of the same operations are supported, there are some differences between PLINQ and LINQ to Objects.  By introducing Parallelism to our declarative model, we add some extra complexity.  This, in turn, adds some extra requirements that must be addressed. In order to illustrate the main differences, and why they exist, let’s begin by discussing some differences in how the two technologies operate, and look at the underlying types involved in LINQ to Objects and PLINQ . LINQ to Objects is mainly built upon a single class: Enumerable.  The Enumerable class is a static class that defines a large set of extension methods, nearly all of which work upon an IEnumerable<T>.  Many of these methods return a new IEnumerable<T>, allowing the methods to be chained together into a fluent style interface.  This is what allows us to write statements that chain together, and lead to the nice declarative programming model of LINQ: double min = collection .Where(item => item.SomeProperty > 6 && item.SomeProperty < 24) .Min(item => item.PerformComputation()); .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; } Other LINQ variants work in a similar fashion.  For example, most data-oriented LINQ providers are built upon an implementation of IQueryable<T>, which allows the database provider to turn a LINQ statement into an underlying SQL query, to be performed directly on the remote database. PLINQ is similar, but instead of being built upon the Enumerable class, most of PLINQ is built upon a new static class: ParallelEnumerable.  When using PLINQ, you typically begin with any collection which implements IEnumerable<T>, and convert it to a new type using an extension method defined on ParallelEnumerable: AsParallel().  This method takes any IEnumerable<T>, and converts it into a ParallelQuery<T>, the core class for PLINQ.  There is a similar ParallelQuery class for working with non-generic IEnumerable implementations. This brings us to our first subtle, but important difference between PLINQ and LINQ – PLINQ always works upon specific types, which must be explicitly created. Typically, the type you’ll use with PLINQ is ParallelQuery<T>, but it can sometimes be a ParallelQuery or an OrderedParallelQuery<T>.  Instead of dealing with an interface, implemented by an unknown class, we’re dealing with a specific class type.  This works seamlessly from a usage standpoint – ParallelQuery<T> implements IEnumerable<T>, so you can always “switch back” to an IEnumerable<T>.  The difference only arises at the beginning of our parallelization.  When we’re using LINQ, and we want to process a normal collection via PLINQ, we need to explicitly convert the collection into a ParallelQuery<T> by calling AsParallel().  There is an important consideration here – AsParallel() does not need to be called on your specific collection, but rather any IEnumerable<T>.  This allows you to place it anywhere in the chain of methods involved in a LINQ statement, not just at the beginning.  This can be useful if you have an operation which will not parallelize well or is not thread safe.  For example, the following is perfectly valid, and similar to our previous examples: double min = collection .AsParallel() .Select(item => item.SomeOperation()) .Where(item => item.SomeProperty > 6 && item.SomeProperty < 24) .Min(item => item.PerformComputation()); However, if SomeOperation() is not thread safe, we could just as easily do: double min = collection .Select(item => item.SomeOperation()) .AsParallel() .Where(item => item.SomeProperty > 6 && item.SomeProperty < 24) .Min(item => item.PerformComputation()); In this case, we’re using standard LINQ to Objects for the Select(…) method, then converting the results of that map routine to a ParallelQuery<T>, and processing our filter (the Where method) and our aggregation (the Min method) in parallel. PLINQ also provides us with a way to convert a ParallelQuery<T> back into a standard IEnumerable<T>, forcing sequential processing via standard LINQ to Objects.  If SomeOperation() was thread-safe, but PerformComputation() was not thread-safe, we would need to handle this by using the AsEnumerable() method: double min = collection .AsParallel() .Select(item => item.SomeOperation()) .Where(item => item.SomeProperty > 6 && item.SomeProperty < 24) .AsEnumerable() .Min(item => item.PerformComputation()); Here, we’re converting our collection into a ParallelQuery<T>, doing our map operation (the Select(…) method) and our filtering in parallel, then converting the collection back into a standard IEnumerable<T>, which causes our aggregation via Min() to be performed sequentially. This could also be written as two statements, as well, which would allow us to use the language integrated syntax for the first portion: var tempCollection = from item in collection.AsParallel() let e = item.SomeOperation() where (e.SomeProperty > 6 && e.SomeProperty < 24) select e; double min = tempCollection.AsEnumerable().Min(item => item.PerformComputation()); This allows us to use the standard LINQ style language integrated query syntax, but control whether it’s performed in parallel or serial by adding AsParallel() and AsEnumerable() appropriately. The second important difference between PLINQ and LINQ deals with order preservation.  PLINQ, by default, does not preserve the order of of source collection. This is by design.  In order to process a collection in parallel, the system needs to naturally deal with multiple elements at the same time.  Maintaining the original ordering of the sequence adds overhead, which is, in many cases, unnecessary.  Therefore, by default, the system is allowed to completely change the order of your sequence during processing.  If you are doing a standard query operation, this is usually not an issue.  However, there are times when keeping a specific ordering in place is important.  If this is required, you can explicitly request the ordering be preserved throughout all operations done on a ParallelQuery<T> by using the AsOrdered() extension method.  This will cause our sequence ordering to be preserved. For example, suppose we wanted to take a collection, perform an expensive operation which converts it to a new type, and display the first 100 elements.  In LINQ to Objects, our code might look something like: // Using IEnumerable<SourceClass> collection IEnumerable<ResultClass> results = collection .Select(e => e.CreateResult()) .Take(100); If we just converted this to a parallel query naively, like so: IEnumerable<ResultClass> results = collection .AsParallel() .Select(e => e.CreateResult()) .Take(100); We could very easily get a very different, and non-reproducable, set of results, since the ordering of elements in the input collection is not preserved.  To get the same results as our original query, we need to use: IEnumerable<ResultClass> results = collection .AsParallel() .AsOrdered() .Select(e => e.CreateResult()) .Take(100); This requests that PLINQ process our sequence in a way that verifies that our resulting collection is ordered as if it were processed serially.  This will cause our query to run slower, since there is overhead involved in maintaining the ordering.  However, in this case, it is required, since the ordering is required for correctness. PLINQ is incredibly useful.  It allows us to easily take nearly any LINQ to Objects query and run it in parallel, using the same methods and syntax we’ve used previously.  There are some important differences in operation that must be considered, however – it is not a free pass to parallelize everything.  When using PLINQ in order to parallelize your routines declaratively, the same guideline I mentioned before still applies: Parallelization is something that should be handled with care and forethought, added by design, and not just introduced casually.

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• Parallelism in .NET – Part 9, Configuration in PLINQ and TPL

  - by Reed

  Parallel LINQ and the Task Parallel Library contain many options for configuration.  Although the default configuration options are often ideal, there are times when customizing the behavior is desirable.  Both frameworks provide full configuration support. When working with Data Parallelism, there is one primary configuration option we often need to control – the number of threads we want the system to use when parallelizing our routine.  By default, PLINQ and the TPL both use the ThreadPool to schedule tasks.  Given the major improvements in the ThreadPool in CLR 4, this default behavior is often ideal.  However, there are times that the default behavior is not appropriate.  For example, if you are working on multiple threads simultaneously, and want to schedule parallel operations from within both threads, you might want to consider restricting each parallel operation to using a subset of the processing cores of the system.  Not doing this might over-parallelize your routine, which leads to inefficiencies from having too many context switches. In the Task Parallel Library, configuration is handled via the ParallelOptions class.  All of the methods of the Parallel class have an overload which accepts a ParallelOptions argument. We configure the Parallel class by setting the ParallelOptions.MaxDegreeOfParallelism property.  For example, let’s revisit one of the simple data parallel examples from Part 2: Parallel.For(0, pixelData.GetUpperBound(0), row => { for (int col=0; col < pixelData.GetUpperBound(1); ++col) { pixelData[row, col] = AdjustContrast(pixelData[row, col], minPixel, maxPixel); } }); .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; } Here, we’re looping through an image, and calling a method on each pixel in the image.  If this was being done on a separate thread, and we knew another thread within our system was going to be doing a similar operation, we likely would want to restrict this to using half of the cores on the system.  This could be accomplished easily by doing: var options = new ParallelOptions(); options.MaxDegreeOfParallelism = Math.Max(Environment.ProcessorCount / 2, 1); Parallel.For(0, pixelData.GetUpperBound(0), options, row => { for (int col=0; col < pixelData.GetUpperBound(1); ++col) { pixelData[row, col] = AdjustContrast(pixelData[row, col], minPixel, maxPixel); } }); Now, we’re restricting this routine to using no more than half the cores in our system.  Note that I included a check to prevent a single core system from supplying zero; without this check, we’d potentially cause an exception.  I also did not hard code a specific value for the MaxDegreeOfParallelism property.  One of our goals when parallelizing a routine is allowing it to scale on better hardware.  Specifying a hard-coded value would contradict that goal. Parallel LINQ also supports configuration, and in fact, has quite a few more options for configuring the system.  The main configuration option we most often need is the same as our TPL option: we need to supply the maximum number of processing threads.  In PLINQ, this is done via a new extension method on ParallelQuery<T>: ParallelEnumerable.WithDegreeOfParallelism. Let’s revisit our declarative data parallelism sample from Part 6: double min = collection.AsParallel().Min(item => item.PerformComputation()); Here, we’re performing a computation on each element in the collection, and saving the minimum value of this operation.  If we wanted to restrict this to a limited number of threads, we would add our new extension method: int maxThreads = Math.Max(Environment.ProcessorCount / 2, 1); double min = collection .AsParallel() .WithDegreeOfParallelism(maxThreads) .Min(item => item.PerformComputation()); This automatically restricts the PLINQ query to half of the threads on the system. PLINQ provides some additional configuration options.  By default, PLINQ will occasionally revert to processing a query in parallel.  This occurs because many queries, if parallelized, typically actually cause an overall slowdown compared to a serial processing equivalent.  By analyzing the “shape” of the query, PLINQ often decides to run a query serially instead of in parallel.  This can occur for (taken from MSDN): Queries that contain a Select, indexed Where, indexed SelectMany, or ElementAt clause after an ordering or filtering operator that has removed or rearranged original indices. Queries that contain a Take, TakeWhile, Skip, SkipWhile operator and where indices in the source sequence are not in the original order. Queries that contain Zip or SequenceEquals, unless one of the data sources has an originally ordered index and the other data source is indexable (i.e. an array or IList(T)). Queries that contain Concat, unless it is applied to indexable data sources. Queries that contain Reverse, unless applied to an indexable data source. If the specific query follows these rules, PLINQ will run the query on a single thread.  However, none of these rules look at the specific work being done in the delegates, only at the “shape” of the query.  There are cases where running in parallel may still be beneficial, even if the shape is one where it typically parallelizes poorly.  In these cases, you can override the default behavior by using the WithExecutionMode extension method.  This would be done like so: var reversed = collection .AsParallel() .WithExecutionMode(ParallelExecutionMode.ForceParallelism) .Select(i => i.PerformComputation()) .Reverse(); Here, the default behavior would be to not parallelize the query unless collection implemented IList<T>.  We can force this to run in parallel by adding the WithExecutionMode extension method in the method chain. Finally, PLINQ has the ability to configure how results are returned.  When a query is filtering or selecting an input collection, the results will need to be streamed back into a single IEnumerable<T> result.  For example, the method above returns a new, reversed collection.  In this case, the processing of the collection will be done in parallel, but the results need to be streamed back to the caller serially, so they can be enumerated on a single thread. This streaming introduces overhead.  IEnumerable<T> isn’t designed with thread safety in mind, so the system needs to handle merging the parallel processes back into a single stream, which introduces synchronization issues.  There are two extremes of how this could be accomplished, but both extremes have disadvantages. The system could watch each thread, and whenever a thread produces a result, take that result and send it back to the caller.  This would mean that the calling thread would have access to the data as soon as data is available, which is the benefit of this approach.  However, it also means that every item is introducing synchronization overhead, since each item needs to be merged individually. On the other extreme, the system could wait until all of the results from all of the threads were ready, then push all of the results back to the calling thread in one shot.  The advantage here is that the least amount of synchronization is added to the system, which means the query will, on a whole, run the fastest.  However, the calling thread will have to wait for all elements to be processed, so this could introduce a long delay between when a parallel query begins and when results are returned. The default behavior in PLINQ is actually between these two extremes.  By default, PLINQ maintains an internal buffer, and chooses an optimal buffer size to maintain.  Query results are accumulated into the buffer, then returned in the IEnumerable<T> result in chunks.  This provides reasonably fast access to the results, as well as good overall throughput, in most scenarios. However, if we know the nature of our algorithm, we may decide we would prefer one of the other extremes.  This can be done by using the WithMergeOptions extension method.  For example, if we know that our PerformComputation() routine is very slow, but also variable in runtime, we may want to retrieve results as they are available, with no bufferring.  This can be done by changing our above routine to: var reversed = collection .AsParallel() .WithExecutionMode(ParallelExecutionMode.ForceParallelism) .WithMergeOptions(ParallelMergeOptions.NotBuffered) .Select(i => i.PerformComputation()) .Reverse(); On the other hand, if are already on a background thread, and we want to allow the system to maximize its speed, we might want to allow the system to fully buffer the results: var reversed = collection .AsParallel() .WithExecutionMode(ParallelExecutionMode.ForceParallelism) .WithMergeOptions(ParallelMergeOptions.FullyBuffered) .Select(i => i.PerformComputation()) .Reverse(); Notice, also, that you can specify multiple configuration options in a parallel query.  By chaining these extension methods together, we generate a query that will always run in parallel, and will always complete before making the results available in our IEnumerable<T>.

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• Parallelism in .NET – Part 2, Simple Imperative Data Parallelism

  - by Reed

  In my discussion of Decomposition of the problem space, I mentioned that Data Decomposition is often the simplest abstraction to use when trying to parallelize a routine.  If a problem can be decomposed based off the data, we will often want to use what MSDN refers to as Data Parallelism as our strategy for implementing our routine.  The Task Parallel Library in .NET 4 makes implementing Data Parallelism, for most cases, very simple. Data Parallelism is the main technique we use to parallelize a routine which can be decomposed based off data.  Data Parallelism refers to taking a single collection of data, and having a single operation be performed concurrently on elements in the collection.  One side note here: Data Parallelism is also sometimes referred to as the Loop Parallelism Pattern or Loop-level Parallelism.  In general, for this series, I will try to use the terminology used in the MSDN Documentation for the Task Parallel Library.  This should make it easier to investigate these topics in more detail. Once we’ve determined we have a problem that, potentially, can be decomposed based on data, implementation using Data Parallelism in the TPL is quite simple.  Let’s take our example from the Data Decomposition discussion – a simple contrast stretching filter.  Here, we have a collection of data (pixels), and we need to run a simple operation on each element of the pixel.  Once we know the minimum and maximum values, we most likely would have some simple code like the following: for (int row=0; row < pixelData.GetUpperBound(0); ++row) { for (int col=0; col < pixelData.GetUpperBound(1); ++col) { pixelData[row, col] = AdjustContrast(pixelData[row, col], minPixel, maxPixel); } } .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; } This simple routine loops through a two dimensional array of pixelData, and calls the AdjustContrast routine on each pixel. As I mentioned, when you’re decomposing a problem space, most iteration statements are potentially candidates for data decomposition.  Here, we’re using two for loops – one looping through rows in the image, and a second nested loop iterating through the columns.  We then perform one, independent operation on each element based on those loop positions. This is a prime candidate – we have no shared data, no dependencies on anything but the pixel which we want to change.  Since we’re using a for loop, we can easily parallelize this using the Parallel.For method in the TPL: Parallel.For(0, pixelData.GetUpperBound(0), row => { for (int col=0; col < pixelData.GetUpperBound(1); ++col) { pixelData[row, col] = AdjustContrast(pixelData[row, col], minPixel, maxPixel); } }); Here, by simply changing our first for loop to a call to Parallel.For, we can parallelize this portion of our routine.  Parallel.For works, as do many methods in the TPL, by creating a delegate and using it as an argument to a method.  In this case, our for loop iteration block becomes a delegate creating via a lambda expression.  This lets you write code that, superficially, looks similar to the familiar for loop, but functions quite differently at runtime. We could easily do this to our second for loop as well, but that may not be a good idea.  There is a balance to be struck when writing parallel code.  We want to have enough work items to keep all of our processors busy, but the more we partition our data, the more overhead we introduce.  In this case, we have an image of data – most likely hundreds of pixels in both dimensions.  By just parallelizing our first loop, each row of pixels can be run as a single task.  With hundreds of rows of data, we are providing fine enough granularity to keep all of our processors busy. If we parallelize both loops, we’re potentially creating millions of independent tasks.  This introduces extra overhead with no extra gain, and will actually reduce our overall performance.  This leads to my first guideline when writing parallel code: Partition your problem into enough tasks to keep each processor busy throughout the operation, but not more than necessary to keep each processor busy. Also note that I parallelized the outer loop.  I could have just as easily partitioned the inner loop.  However, partitioning the inner loop would have led to many more discrete work items, each with a smaller amount of work (operate on one pixel instead of one row of pixels).  My second guideline when writing parallel code reflects this: Partition your problem in a way to place the most work possible into each task. This typically means, in practice, that you will want to parallelize the routine at the “highest” point possible in the routine, typically the outermost loop.  If you’re looking at parallelizing methods which call other methods, you’ll want to try to partition your work high up in the stack – as you get into lower level methods, the performance impact of parallelizing your routines may not overcome the overhead introduced. Parallel.For works great for situations where we know the number of elements we’re going to process in advance.  If we’re iterating through an IList<T> or an array, this is a typical approach.  However, there are other iteration statements common in C#.  In many situations, we’ll use foreach instead of a for loop.  This can be more understandable and easier to read, but also has the advantage of working with collections which only implement IEnumerable<T>, where we do not know the number of elements involved in advance. As an example, lets take the following situation.  Say we have a collection of Customers, and we want to iterate through each customer, check some information about the customer, and if a certain case is met, send an email to the customer and update our instance to reflect this change.  Normally, this might look something like: foreach(var customer in customers) { // Run some process that takes some time... DateTime lastContact = theStore.GetLastContact(customer); TimeSpan timeSinceContact = DateTime.Now - lastContact; // If it's been more than two weeks, send an email, and update... if (timeSinceContact.Days > 14) { theStore.EmailCustomer(customer); customer.LastEmailContact = DateTime.Now; } } Here, we’re doing a fair amount of work for each customer in our collection, but we don’t know how many customers exist.  If we assume that theStore.GetLastContact(customer) and theStore.EmailCustomer(customer) are both side-effect free, thread safe operations, we could parallelize this using Parallel.ForEach: Parallel.ForEach(customers, customer => { // Run some process that takes some time... DateTime lastContact = theStore.GetLastContact(customer); TimeSpan timeSinceContact = DateTime.Now - lastContact; // If it's been more than two weeks, send an email, and update... if (timeSinceContact.Days > 14) { theStore.EmailCustomer(customer); customer.LastEmailContact = DateTime.Now; } }); Just like Parallel.For, we rework our loop into a method call accepting a delegate created via a lambda expression.  This keeps our new code very similar to our original iteration statement, however, this will now execute in parallel.  The same guidelines apply with Parallel.ForEach as with Parallel.For. The other iteration statements, do and while, do not have direct equivalents in the Task Parallel Library.  These, however, are very easy to implement using Parallel.ForEach and the yield keyword. Most applications can benefit from implementing some form of Data Parallelism.  Iterating through collections and performing “work” is a very common pattern in nearly every application.  When the problem can be decomposed by data, we often can parallelize the workload by merely changing foreach statements to Parallel.ForEach method calls, and for loops to Parallel.For method calls.  Any time your program operates on a collection, and does a set of work on each item in the collection where that work is not dependent on other information, you very likely have an opportunity to parallelize your routine.

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• Parallelism in .NET – Part 4, Imperative Data Parallelism: Aggregation

  - by Reed

  In the article on simple data parallelism, I described how to perform an operation on an entire collection of elements in parallel.  Often, this is not adequate, as the parallel operation is going to be performing some form of aggregation. Simple examples of this might include taking the sum of the results of processing a function on each element in the collection, or finding the minimum of the collection given some criteria.  This can be done using the techniques described in simple data parallelism, however, special care needs to be taken into account to synchronize the shared data appropriately.  The Task Parallel Library has tools to assist in this synchronization. The main issue with aggregation when parallelizing a routine is that you need to handle synchronization of data.  Since multiple threads will need to write to a shared portion of data.  Suppose, for example, that we wanted to parallelize a simple loop that looked for the minimum value within a dataset: double min = double.MaxValue; foreach(var item in collection) { double value = item.PerformComputation(); min = System.Math.Min(min, value); } .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; } This seems like a good candidate for parallelization, but there is a problem here.  If we just wrap this into a call to Parallel.ForEach, we’ll introduce a critical race condition, and get the wrong answer.  Let’s look at what happens here: // Buggy code! Do not use! double min = double.MaxValue; Parallel.ForEach(collection, item => { double value = item.PerformComputation(); min = System.Math.Min(min, value); }); This code has a fatal flaw: min will be checked, then set, by multiple threads simultaneously.  Two threads may perform the check at the same time, and set the wrong value for min.  Say we get a value of 1 in thread 1, and a value of 2 in thread 2, and these two elements are the first two to run.  If both hit the min check line at the same time, both will determine that min should change, to 1 and 2 respectively.  If element 1 happens to set the variable first, then element 2 sets the min variable, we’ll detect a min value of 2 instead of 1.  This can lead to wrong answers. Unfortunately, fixing this, with the Parallel.ForEach call we’re using, would require adding locking.  We would need to rewrite this like: // Safe, but slow double min = double.MaxValue; // Make a "lock" object object syncObject = new object(); Parallel.ForEach(collection, item => { double value = item.PerformComputation(); lock(syncObject) min = System.Math.Min(min, value); }); This will potentially add a huge amount of overhead to our calculation.  Since we can potentially block while waiting on the lock for every single iteration, we will most likely slow this down to where it is actually quite a bit slower than our serial implementation.  The problem is the lock statement – any time you use lock(object), you’re almost assuring reduced performance in a parallel situation.  This leads to two observations I’ll make: When parallelizing a routine, try to avoid locks. That being said: Always add any and all required synchronization to avoid race conditions. These two observations tend to be opposing forces – we often need to synchronize our algorithms, but we also want to avoid the synchronization when possible.  Looking at our routine, there is no way to directly avoid this lock, since each element is potentially being run on a separate thread, and this lock is necessary in order for our routine to function correctly every time. However, this isn’t the only way to design this routine to implement this algorithm.  Realize that, although our collection may have thousands or even millions of elements, we have a limited number of Processing Elements (PE).  Processing Element is the standard term for a hardware element which can process and execute instructions.  This typically is a core in your processor, but many modern systems have multiple hardware execution threads per core.  The Task Parallel Library will not execute the work for each item in the collection as a separate work item. Instead, when Parallel.ForEach executes, it will partition the collection into larger “chunks” which get processed on different threads via the ThreadPool.  This helps reduce the threading overhead, and help the overall speed.  In general, the Parallel class will only use one thread per PE in the system. Given the fact that there are typically fewer threads than work items, we can rethink our algorithm design.  We can parallelize our algorithm more effectively by approaching it differently.  Because the basic aggregation we are doing here (Min) is communitive, we do not need to perform this in a given order.  We knew this to be true already – otherwise, we wouldn’t have been able to parallelize this routine in the first place.  With this in mind, we can treat each thread’s work independently, allowing each thread to serially process many elements with no locking, then, after all the threads are complete, “merge” together the results. This can be accomplished via a different set of overloads in the Parallel class: Parallel.ForEach<TSource,TLocal>.  The idea behind these overloads is to allow each thread to begin by initializing some local state (TLocal).  The thread will then process an entire set of items in the source collection, providing that state to the delegate which processes an individual item.  Finally, at the end, a separate delegate is run which allows you to handle merging that local state into your final results. To rewriting our routine using Parallel.ForEach<TSource,TLocal>, we need to provide three delegates instead of one.  The most basic version of this function is declared as: public static ParallelLoopResult ForEach<TSource, TLocal>( IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TLocal> localInit, Func<TSource, ParallelLoopState, TLocal, TLocal> body, Action<TLocal> localFinally ) The first delegate (the localInit argument) is defined as Func<TLocal>.  This delegate initializes our local state.  It should return some object we can use to track the results of a single thread’s operations. The second delegate (the body argument) is where our main processing occurs, although now, instead of being an Action<T>, we actually provide a Func<TSource, ParallelLoopState, TLocal, TLocal> delegate.  This delegate will receive three arguments: our original element from the collection (TSource), a ParallelLoopState which we can use for early termination, and the instance of our local state we created (TLocal).  It should do whatever processing you wish to occur per element, then return the value of the local state after processing is completed. The third delegate (the localFinally argument) is defined as Action<TLocal>.  This delegate is passed our local state after it’s been processed by all of the elements this thread will handle.  This is where you can merge your final results together.  This may require synchronization, but now, instead of synchronizing once per element (potentially millions of times), you’ll only have to synchronize once per thread, which is an ideal situation. Now that I’ve explained how this works, lets look at the code: // Safe, and fast! double min = double.MaxValue; // Make a "lock" object object syncObject = new object(); Parallel.ForEach( collection, // First, we provide a local state initialization delegate. () => double.MaxValue, // Next, we supply the body, which takes the original item, loop state, // and local state, and returns a new local state (item, loopState, localState) => { double value = item.PerformComputation(); return System.Math.Min(localState, value); }, // Finally, we provide an Action<TLocal>, to "merge" results together localState => { // This requires locking, but it's only once per used thread lock(syncObj) min = System.Math.Min(min, localState); } ); Although this is a bit more complicated than the previous version, it is now both thread-safe, and has minimal locking.  This same approach can be used by Parallel.For, although now, it’s Parallel.For<TLocal>.  When working with Parallel.For<TLocal>, you use the same triplet of delegates, with the same purpose and results. Also, many times, you can completely avoid locking by using a method of the Interlocked class to perform the final aggregation in an atomic operation.  The MSDN example demonstrating this same technique using Parallel.For uses the Interlocked class instead of a lock, since they are doing a sum operation on a long variable, which is possible via Interlocked.Add. By taking advantage of local state, we can use the Parallel class methods to parallelize algorithms such as aggregation, which, at first, may seem like poor candidates for parallelization.  Doing so requires careful consideration, and often requires a slight redesign of the algorithm, but the performance gains can be significant if handled in a way to avoid excessive synchronization.

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• Parallelism in .NET – Part 11, Divide and Conquer via Parallel.Invoke

  - by Reed

  Many algorithms are easily written to work via recursion.  For example, most data-oriented tasks where a tree of data must be processed are much more easily handled by starting at the root, and recursively “walking” the tree.  Some algorithms work this way on flat data structures, such as arrays, as well.  This is a form of divide and conquer: an algorithm design which is based around breaking up a set of work recursively, “dividing” the total work in each recursive step, and “conquering” the work when the remaining work is small enough to be solved easily. Recursive algorithms, especially ones based on a form of divide and conquer, are often a very good candidate for parallelization. This is apparent from a common sense standpoint.  Since we’re dividing up the total work in the algorithm, we have an obvious, built-in partitioning scheme.  Once partitioned, the data can be worked upon independently, so there is good, clean isolation of data. Implementing this type of algorithm is fairly simple.  The Parallel class in .NET 4 includes a method suited for this type of operation: Parallel.Invoke.  This method works by taking any number of delegates defined as an Action, and operating them all in parallel.  The method returns when every delegate has completed: Parallel.Invoke( () => { Console.WriteLine("Action 1 executing in thread {0}", Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId); }, () => { Console.WriteLine("Action 2 executing in thread {0}", Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId); }, () => { Console.WriteLine("Action 3 executing in thread {0}", Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId); } ); .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; } Running this simple example demonstrates the ease of using this method.  For example, on my system, I get three separate thread IDs when running the above code.  By allowing any number of delegates to be executed directly, concurrently, the Parallel.Invoke method provides us an easy way to parallelize any algorithm based on divide and conquer.  We can divide our work in each step, and execute each task in parallel, recursively. For example, suppose we wanted to implement our own quicksort routine.  The quicksort algorithm can be designed based on divide and conquer.  In each iteration, we pick a pivot point, and use that to partition the total array.  We swap the elements around the pivot, then recursively sort the lists on each side of the pivot.  For example, let’s look at this simple, sequential implementation of quicksort: public static void QuickSort<T>(T[] array) where T : IComparable<T> { QuickSortInternal(array, 0, array.Length - 1); } private static void QuickSortInternal<T>(T[] array, int left, int right) where T : IComparable<T> { if (left >= right) { return; } SwapElements(array, left, (left + right) / 2); int last = left; for (int current = left + 1; current <= right; ++current) { if (array[current].CompareTo(array[left]) < 0) { ++last; SwapElements(array, last, current); } } SwapElements(array, left, last); QuickSortInternal(array, left, last - 1); QuickSortInternal(array, last + 1, right); } static void SwapElements<T>(T[] array, int i, int j) { T temp = array[i]; array[i] = array[j]; array[j] = temp; } Here, we implement the quicksort algorithm in a very common, divide and conquer approach.  Running this against the built-in Array.Sort routine shows that we get the exact same answers (although the framework’s sort routine is slightly faster).  On my system, for example, I can use framework’s sort to sort ten million random doubles in about 7.3s, and this implementation takes about 9.3s on average. Looking at this routine, though, there is a clear opportunity to parallelize.  At the end of QuickSortInternal, we recursively call into QuickSortInternal with each partition of the array after the pivot is chosen.  This can be rewritten to use Parallel.Invoke by simply changing it to: // Code above is unchanged... SwapElements(array, left, last); Parallel.Invoke( () => QuickSortInternal(array, left, last - 1), () => QuickSortInternal(array, last + 1, right) ); } This routine will now run in parallel.  When executing, we now see the CPU usage across all cores spike while it executes.  However, there is a significant problem here – by parallelizing this routine, we took it from an execution time of 9.3s to an execution time of approximately 14 seconds!  We’re using more resources as seen in the CPU usage, but the overall result is a dramatic slowdown in overall processing time. This occurs because parallelization adds overhead.  Each time we split this array, we spawn two new tasks to parallelize this algorithm!  This is far, far too many tasks for our cores to operate upon at a single time.  In effect, we’re “over-parallelizing” this routine.  This is a common problem when working with divide and conquer algorithms, and leads to an important observation: When parallelizing a recursive routine, take special care not to add more tasks than necessary to fully utilize your system. This can be done with a few different approaches, in this case.  Typically, the way to handle this is to stop parallelizing the routine at a certain point, and revert back to the serial approach.  Since the first few recursions will all still be parallelized, our “deeper” recursive tasks will be running in parallel, and can take full advantage of the machine.  This also dramatically reduces the overhead added by parallelizing, since we’re only adding overhead for the first few recursive calls.  There are two basic approaches we can take here.  The first approach would be to look at the total work size, and if it’s smaller than a specific threshold, revert to our serial implementation.  In this case, we could just check right-left, and if it’s under a threshold, call the methods directly instead of using Parallel.Invoke. The second approach is to track how “deep” in the “tree” we are currently at, and if we are below some number of levels, stop parallelizing.  This approach is a more general-purpose approach, since it works on routines which parse trees as well as routines working off of a single array, but may not work as well if a poor partitioning strategy is chosen or the tree is not balanced evenly. This can be written very easily.  If we pass a maxDepth parameter into our internal routine, we can restrict the amount of times we parallelize by changing the recursive call to: // Code above is unchanged... SwapElements(array, left, last); if (maxDepth < 1) { QuickSortInternal(array, left, last - 1, maxDepth); QuickSortInternal(array, last + 1, right, maxDepth); } else { --maxDepth; Parallel.Invoke( () => QuickSortInternal(array, left, last - 1, maxDepth), () => QuickSortInternal(array, last + 1, right, maxDepth)); } We no longer allow this to parallelize indefinitely – only to a specific depth, at which time we revert to a serial implementation.  By starting the routine with a maxDepth equal to Environment.ProcessorCount, we can restrict the total amount of parallel operations significantly, but still provide adequate work for each processing core. With this final change, my timings are much better.  On average, I get the following timings: Framework via Array.Sort: 7.3 seconds Serial Quicksort Implementation: 9.3 seconds Naive Parallel Implementation: 14 seconds Parallel Implementation Restricting Depth: 4.7 seconds Finally, we are now faster than the framework’s Array.Sort implementation.

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• Building and Deploying Windows Azure Web Sites using Git and GitHub for Windows

  - by shiju

  Microsoft Windows Azure team has released a new version of Windows Azure which is providing many excellent features. The new Windows Azure provides Web Sites which allows you to deploy up to 10 web sites  for free in a multitenant shared environment and you can easily upgrade this web site to a private, dedicated virtual server when the traffic is grows. The Meet Windows Azure Fact Sheet provides the following information about a Windows Azure Web Site: Windows Azure Web Sites enable developers to easily build and deploy websites with support for multiple frameworks and popular open source applications, including ASP.NET, PHP and Node.js. With just a few clicks, developers can take advantage of Windows Azure’s global scale without having to worry about operations, servers or infrastructure. It is easy to deploy existing sites, if they run on Internet Information Services (IIS) 7, or to build new sites, with a free offer of 10 websites upon signup, with the ability to scale up as needed with reserved instances. Windows Azure Web Sites includes support for the following: Multiple frameworks including ASP.NET, PHP and Node.js Popular open source software apps including WordPress, Joomla!, Drupal, Umbraco and DotNetNuke Windows Azure SQL Database and MySQL databases Multiple types of developer tools and protocols including Visual Studio, Git, FTP, Visual Studio Team Foundation Services and Microsoft WebMatrix Signup to Windows and Enable Azure Web Sites You can signup for a 90 days free trial account in Windows Azure from here. After creating an account in Windows Azure, go to https://account.windowsazure.com/ , and select to preview features to view the available previews. In the Web Sites section of the preview features, click “try it now” which will enables the web sites feature Create Web Site in Windows Azure To create a web sites, login to the Windows Azure portal, and select Web Sites from and click New icon from the left corner  Click WEB SITE, QUICK CREATE and put values for URL and REGION dropdown. You can see the all web sites from the dashboard of the Windows Azure portal Set up Git Publishing Select your web site from the dashboard, and select Set up Git publishing To enable Git publishing , you must give user name and password which will initialize a Git repository Clone Git Repository We can use GitHub for Windows to publish apps to non-GitHub repositories which is well explained by Phil Haack on his blog post. Here we are going to deploy the web site using GitHub for Windows. Let’s clone a Git repository using the Git Url which will be getting from the Windows Azure portal. Let’s copy the Git url and execute the “git clone” with the git url. You can use the Git Shell provided by GitHub for Windows. To get it, right on the GitHub for Windows, and select open shell here as shown in the below picture. When executing the Git Clone command, it will ask for a password where you have to give password which specified in the Windows Azure portal. After cloning the GIT repository, you can drag and drop the local Git repository folder to GitHub for Windows GUI. This will automatically add the Windows Azure Web Site repository onto GitHub for Windows where you can commit your changes and publish your web sites to Windows Azure. Publish the Web Site using GitHub for Windows We can add multiple framework level files including ASP.NET, PHP and Node.js, to the local repository folder can easily publish to Windows Azure from GitHub for Windows GUI. For this demo, let me just add a simple Node.js file named Server.js which handles few request handlers. 1: var http = require('http'); 2: var port=process.env.PORT; 3: var querystring = require('querystring'); 4: var utils = require('util'); 5: var url = require("url"); 6:   7: var server = http.createServer(function(req, res) { 8: switch (req.url) { //checking the request url 9: case '/': 10: homePageHandler (req, res); //handler for home page 11: break; 12: case '/register': 13: registerFormHandler (req, res);//hamdler for register 14: break; 15: default: 16: nofoundHandler (req, res);// handler for 404 not found 17: break; 18: } 19: }); 20: server.listen(port); 21: //function to display the html form 22: function homePageHandler (req, res) { 23: console.log('Request handler home was called.'); 24: res.writeHead(200, {'Content-Type': 'text/html'}); 25: var body = '<html>'+ 26: '<head>'+ 27: '<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; '+ 28: 'charset=UTF-8" />'+ 29: '</head>'+ 30: '<body>'+ 31: '<form action="/register" method="post">'+ 32: 'Name:<input type=text value="" name="name" size=15></br>'+ 33: 'Email:<input type=text value="" name="email" size=15></br>'+ 34: '<input type="submit" value="Submit" />'+ 35: '</form>'+ 36: '</body>'+ 37: '</html>'; 38: //response content 39: res.end(body); 40: } 41: //handler for Post request 42: function registerFormHandler (req, res) { 43: console.log('Request handler register was called.'); 44: var pathname = url.parse(req.url).pathname; 45: console.log("Request for " + pathname + " received."); 46: var postData = ""; 47: req.on('data', function(chunk) { 48: // append the current chunk of data to the postData variable 49: postData += chunk.toString(); 50: }); 51: req.on('end', function() { 52: // doing something with the posted data 53: res.writeHead(200, "OK", {'Content-Type': 'text/html'}); 54: // parse the posted data 55: var decodedBody = querystring.parse(postData); 56: // output the decoded data to the HTTP response 57: res.write('<html><head><title>Post data</title></head><body><pre>'); 58: res.write(utils.inspect(decodedBody)); 59: res.write('</pre></body></html>'); 60: res.end(); 61: }); 62: } 63: //Error handler for 404 no found 64: function nofoundHandler(req, res) { 65: console.log('Request handler nofound was called.'); 66: res.writeHead(404, {'Content-Type': 'text/plain'}); 67: res.end('404 Error - Request handler not found'); 68: } .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; } If there is any change in the local repository folder, GitHub for Windows will automatically detect the changes. In the above step, we have just added a Server.js file so that GitHub for Windows will detect the changes. Let’s commit the changes to the local repository before publishing the web site to Windows Azure. After committed the all changes, you can click publish button which will publish the all changes to Windows Azure repository. The following screen shot shows deployment history from the Windows Azure portal.   GitHub for Windows is providing a sync button which can use for synchronizing between local repository and Windows Azure repository after making any commit on the local repository after any changes. Our web site is running after the deployment using Git Summary Windows Azure Web Sites lets the developers to easily build and deploy websites with support for multiple framework including ASP.NET, PHP and Node.js and can easily deploy the Web Sites using Visual Studio, Git, FTP, Visual Studio Team Foundation Services and Microsoft WebMatrix. In this demo, we have deployed a Node.js Web Site to Windows Azure using Git. We can use GitHub for Windows to publish apps to non-GitHub repositories and can use to publish Web SItes to Windows Azure.

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• Partitioned Repository for WebCenter Content using Oracle Database 11g

  - by Adao Junior

  One of the biggest challenges for content management solutions is related to the storage management due the high volumes of the unstoppable growing of information. Even if you have storage appliances and a lot of terabytes, thinks like backup, compression, deduplication, storage relocation, encryption, availability could be a nightmare. One standard option that you have with the Oracle WebCenter Content is to store data to the database. And the Oracle Database allows you leverage features like compression, deduplication, encryption and seamless backup. But with a huge volume, the challenge is passed to the DBA to keep the WebCenter Content Database up and running. One solution is the use of DB partitions for your content repository, but what are the implications of this? Can I fit this with my business requirements? Well, yes. It’s up to you how you will manage that, you just need a good plan. During you “storage brainstorm plan” take in your mind what you need, such as storage petabytes of documents? You need everything on-line? There’s a way to logically separate the “good content” from the “legacy content”? The first thing that comes to my mind is to use the creation date of the document, but you need to remember that this document could receive a lot of revisions and maybe you can consider the revision creation date. Your plan can have also complex rules like per Document Type or per a custom metadata like department or an hybrid per date, per DocType and an specific virtual folder. Extrapolation the use, you can have your repository distributed in different servers, different disks, different disk types (Such as ssds, sas, sata, tape,…), separated accordingly your business requirements, separating the “hot” content from the legacy and easily matching your compliance requirements. If you think to use by revision, the simple way is to consider the dId, that is the sequential unique id for every content created using the WebCenter Content or the dLastModified that is the date field of the FileStorage table that contains the date of inclusion of the content to the DB Table using SecureFiles. Using the scenario of partitioned repository using an hierarchical separation by date, we will transform the FileStorage table in an partitioned table using  “Partition by Range” of the dLastModified column (You can use the dId or a join with other tables for other metadata such as dDocType, Security, etc…). The test scenario bellow covers: Previous existent data on the JDBC Storage to be migrated to the new partitioned JDBC Storage Partition by Date Automatically generation of new partitions based on a pre-defined interval (Available only with Oracle Database 11g+) Deduplication and Compression for legacy data Oracle WebCenter Content 11g PS5 (Could present some customizations that do not affect the test scenario) For the test case you need some data stored using JDBC Storage to be the “legacy” data. If you do not have done before, just create an Storage rule pointed to the JDBC Storage: Enable the metadata StorageRule in the UI and upload some documents using this rule. For this test case you can run using the schema owner or an dba user. We will use the schema owner TESTS_OCS. I can’t forgot to tell that this is just a test and you should do a proper backup of your environment. When you use the schema owner, you need some privileges, using the dba user grant the privileges needed: REM Grant privileges required for online redefinition. GRANT EXECUTE ON DBMS_REDEFINITION TO TESTS_OCS; GRANT ALTER ANY TABLE TO TESTS_OCS; GRANT DROP ANY TABLE TO TESTS_OCS; GRANT LOCK ANY TABLE TO TESTS_OCS; GRANT CREATE ANY TABLE TO TESTS_OCS; GRANT SELECT ANY TABLE TO TESTS_OCS; REM Privileges required to perform cloning of dependent objects. GRANT CREATE ANY TRIGGER TO TESTS_OCS; GRANT CREATE ANY INDEX TO TESTS_OCS; In our test scenario we will separate the content as Legacy, Day1, Day2, Day3 and Future. This last one will partitioned automatically using 3 tablespaces in a round robin mode. In a real scenario the partition rule could be per month, per year or any rule that you choose. Table spaces for the test scenario: CREATE TABLESPACE TESTS_OCS_PART_LEGACY DATAFILE 'tests_ocs_part_legacy.dat' SIZE 500K AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 500K MAXSIZE UNLIMITED; CREATE TABLESPACE TESTS_OCS_PART_DAY1 DATAFILE 'tests_ocs_part_day1.dat' SIZE 500K AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 500K MAXSIZE UNLIMITED; CREATE TABLESPACE TESTS_OCS_PART_DAY2 DATAFILE 'tests_ocs_part_day2.dat' SIZE 500K AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 500K MAXSIZE UNLIMITED; CREATE TABLESPACE TESTS_OCS_PART_DAY3 DATAFILE 'tests_ocs_part_day3.dat' SIZE 500K AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 500K MAXSIZE UNLIMITED; CREATE TABLESPACE TESTS_OCS_PART_ROUND_ROBIN_A 'tests_ocs_part_round_robin_a.dat' DATAFILE SIZE 500K AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 500K MAXSIZE UNLIMITED; CREATE TABLESPACE TESTS_OCS_PART_ROUND_ROBIN_B 'tests_ocs_part_round_robin_b.dat' DATAFILE SIZE 500K AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 500K MAXSIZE UNLIMITED; CREATE TABLESPACE TESTS_OCS_PART_ROUND_ROBIN_C 'tests_ocs_part_round_robin_c.dat' DATAFILE SIZE 500K AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 500K MAXSIZE UNLIMITED; Before start, gather optimizer statistics on the actual FileStorage table: EXEC DBMS_STATS.GATHER_TABLE_STATS(USER, 'FileStorage', cascade => TRUE); Now check if is possible execute the redefinition process: EXEC DBMS_REDEFINITION.CAN_REDEF_TABLE('TESTS_OCS', 'FileStorage',DBMS_REDEFINITION.CONS_USE_PK); If no errors messages, you are good to go. Create a Partitioned Interim FileStorage table. You need to create a new table with the partition information to act as an interim table: CREATE TABLE FILESTORAGE_Part ( DID NUMBER(*,0) NOT NULL ENABLE, DRENDITIONID VARCHAR2(30 CHAR) NOT NULL ENABLE, DLASTMODIFIED TIMESTAMP (6), DFILESIZE NUMBER(*,0), DISDELETED VARCHAR2(1 CHAR), BFILEDATA BLOB ) LOB (BFILEDATA) STORE AS SECUREFILE ( ENABLE STORAGE IN ROW NOCACHE LOGGING KEEP_DUPLICATES NOCOMPRESS ) PARTITION BY RANGE (DLASTMODIFIED) INTERVAL (NUMTODSINTERVAL(1,'DAY')) STORE IN (TESTS_OCS_PART_ROUND_ROBIN_A, TESTS_OCS_PART_ROUND_ROBIN_B, TESTS_OCS_PART_ROUND_ROBIN_C) ( PARTITION FILESTORAGE_PART_LEGACY VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('05-APR-2012 12.00.00 AM', 'DD-MON-YYYY HH.MI.SS AM')) TABLESPACE TESTS_OCS_PART_LEGACY LOB (BFILEDATA) STORE AS SECUREFILE ( TABLESPACE TESTS_OCS_PART_LEGACY RETENTION NONE DEDUPLICATE COMPRESS HIGH ), PARTITION FILESTORAGE_PART_DAY1 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('06-APR-2012 07.25.00 PM', 'DD-MON-YYYY HH.MI.SS AM')) TABLESPACE TESTS_OCS_PART_DAY1 LOB (BFILEDATA) STORE AS SECUREFILE ( TABLESPACE TESTS_OCS_PART_DAY1 RETENTION AUTO KEEP_DUPLICATES COMPRESS ), PARTITION FILESTORAGE_PART_DAY2 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('06-APR-2012 07.55.00 PM', 'DD-MON-YYYY HH.MI.SS AM')) TABLESPACE TESTS_OCS_PART_DAY2 LOB (BFILEDATA) STORE AS SECUREFILE ( TABLESPACE TESTS_OCS_PART_DAY2 RETENTION AUTO KEEP_DUPLICATES NOCOMPRESS ), PARTITION FILESTORAGE_PART_DAY3 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('06-APR-2012 07.58.00 PM', 'DD-MON-YYYY HH.MI.SS AM')) TABLESPACE TESTS_OCS_PART_DAY3 LOB (BFILEDATA) STORE AS SECUREFILE ( TABLESPACE TESTS_OCS_PART_DAY3 RETENTION AUTO KEEP_DUPLICATES NOCOMPRESS ) ); After the creation you should see your partitions defined. Note that only the fixed range partitions have been created, none of the interval partition have been created. Start the redefinition process: BEGIN DBMS_REDEFINITION.START_REDEF_TABLE( uname => 'TESTS_OCS' ,orig_table => 'FileStorage' ,int_table => 'FileStorage_PART' ,col_mapping => NULL ,options_flag => DBMS_REDEFINITION.CONS_USE_PK ); END; This operation can take some time to complete, depending how many contents that you have and on the size of the table. Using the DBA user you can check the progress with this command: SELECT * FROM v$sesstat WHERE sid = 1; Copy dependent objects: DECLARE redefinition_errors PLS_INTEGER := 0; BEGIN DBMS_REDEFINITION.COPY_TABLE_DEPENDENTS( uname => 'TESTS_OCS' ,orig_table => 'FileStorage' ,int_table => 'FileStorage_PART' ,copy_indexes => DBMS_REDEFINITION.CONS_ORIG_PARAMS ,copy_triggers => TRUE ,copy_constraints => TRUE ,copy_privileges => TRUE ,ignore_errors => TRUE ,num_errors => redefinition_errors ,copy_statistics => FALSE ,copy_mvlog => FALSE ); IF (redefinition_errors > 0) THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('>>> FileStorage to FileStorage_PART temp copy Errors: ' || TO_CHAR(redefinition_errors)); END IF; END; With the DBA user, verify that there's no errors: SELECT object_name, base_table_name, ddl_txt FROM DBA_REDEFINITION_ERRORS; *Note that will show 2 lines related to the constrains, this is expected. Synchronize the interim table FileStorage_PART: BEGIN DBMS_REDEFINITION.SYNC_INTERIM_TABLE( uname => 'TESTS_OCS', orig_table => 'FileStorage', int_table => 'FileStorage_PART'); END; Gather statistics on the new table: EXEC DBMS_STATS.GATHER_TABLE_STATS(USER, 'FileStorage_PART', cascade => TRUE); Complete the redefinition: BEGIN DBMS_REDEFINITION.FINISH_REDEF_TABLE( uname => 'TESTS_OCS', orig_table => 'FileStorage', int_table => 'FileStorage_PART'); END; During the execution the FileStorage table is locked in exclusive mode until finish the operation. After the last command the FileStorage table is partitioned. If you have contents out of the range partition, you should see the new partitions created automatically, not generating an error if you “forgot” to create all the future ranges. You will see something like: You now can drop the FileStorage_PART table: border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; text-align: left; border-left-color: silver; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; padding-bottom: 4px; line-height: 12pt; background-color: #f4f4f4; margin-top: 20px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 4px; width: 97.5%; padding-right: 4px; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; direction: ltr; max-height: 200px; font-size: 8pt; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: auto; border-top-color: silver; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; cursor: text; border-right-color: silver; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; padding-top: 4px; " id="codeSnippetWrapper"> DROP TABLE FileStorage_PART PURGE; To check the FileStorage table is valid and is partitioned, use the command: SELECT num_rows,partitioned FROM user_tables WHERE table_name = 'FILESTORAGE'; You can list the contents of the FileStorage table in a specific partition, per example: SELECT * FROM FileStorage PARTITION (FILESTORAGE_PART_LEGACY) Some useful commands that you can use to check the partitions, note that you need to run using a DBA user: SELECT * FROM DBA_TAB_PARTITIONS WHERE table_name = 'FILESTORAGE';   SELECT * FROM DBA_TABLESPACES WHERE tablespace_name like 'TESTS_OCS%'; After the redefinition process complete you have a new FileStorage table storing all content that has the Storage rule pointed to the JDBC Storage and partitioned using the rule set during the creation of the temporary interim FileStorage_PART table. At this point you can test the WebCenter Content downloading the documents (Original and Renditions). Note that the content could be already in the cache area, take a look in the weblayout directory to see if a file with the same id is there, then click on the web rendition of your test file and see if have created the file and you can open, this means that is all working. The redefinition process can be repeated many times, this allow you test what the better layout, over and over again. Now some interesting maintenance actions related to the partitions: Make an tablespace read only. No issues viewing, the WebCenter Content do not alter the revisions When try to delete an content that is part of an read only tablespace, an error will occurs and the document will not be deleted The only way to prevent errors today is creating an custom component that checks the partitions and if you have an document in an “Read Only” repository, execute the deletion process of the metadata and mark the document to be deleted on the next db maintenance, like a new redefinition. Take an tablespace off-line for archiving purposes or any other reason. When you try open an document that is included in this tablespace will receive an error that was unable to retrieve the content, but the others online tablespaces are not affected. Same behavior when deleting documents. Again, an custom component is the solution. If you have an document “out of range”, the component can show an message that the repository for that document is offline. This can be extended to a option to the user to request to put online again. Moving some legacy content to an offline repository (table) using the Exchange option to move the content from one partition to a empty nonpartitioned table like FileStorage_LEGACY. Note that this option will remove the registers from the FileStorage and will not be able to open the stored content. You always need to keep in mind the indexes and constrains. An redefinition separating the original content (vault) from the renditions and separate by date ate the same time. This could be an option for DAM environments that want to have an special place for the renditions and put the original files in a storage with less performance. The process will be the same, you just need to change the script of the interim table to use composite partitioning. Will be something like: CREATE TABLE FILESTORAGE_RenditionPart ( DID NUMBER(*,0) NOT NULL ENABLE, DRENDITIONID VARCHAR2(30 CHAR) NOT NULL ENABLE, DLASTMODIFIED TIMESTAMP (6), DFILESIZE NUMBER(*,0), DISDELETED VARCHAR2(1 CHAR), BFILEDATA BLOB ) LOB (BFILEDATA) STORE AS SECUREFILE ( ENABLE STORAGE IN ROW NOCACHE LOGGING KEEP_DUPLICATES NOCOMPRESS ) PARTITION BY LIST (DRENDITIONID) SUBPARTITION BY RANGE (DLASTMODIFIED) ( PARTITION Vault VALUES ('primaryFile') ( SUBPARTITION FILESTORAGE_VAULT_LEGACY VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('05-APR-2012 12.00.00 AM', 'DD-MON-YYYY HH.MI.SS AM')) LOB (BFILEDATA) STORE AS SECUREFILE , SUBPARTITION FILESTORAGE_VAULT_DAY1 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('06-APR-2012 07.25.00 PM', 'DD-MON-YYYY HH.MI.SS AM')) LOB (BFILEDATA) STORE AS SECUREFILE , SUBPARTITION FILESTORAGE_VAULT_DAY2 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('06-APR-2012 07.55.00 PM', 'DD-MON-YYYY HH.MI.SS AM')) LOB (BFILEDATA) STORE AS SECUREFILE , SUBPARTITION FILESTORAGE_VAULT_DAY3 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('06-APR-2012 07.58.00 PM', 'DD-MON-YYYY HH.MI.SS AM')) LOB (BFILEDATA) STORE AS SECUREFILE , SUBPARTITION FILESTORAGE_VAULT_FUTURE VALUES LESS THAN (MAXVALUE) ) ,PARTITION WebLayout VALUES ('webViewableFile') ( SUBPARTITION FILESTORAGE_WEBLAYOUT_LEGACY VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('05-APR-2012 12.00.00 AM', 'DD-MON-YYYY HH.MI.SS AM')) LOB (BFILEDATA) STORE AS SECUREFILE , SUBPARTITION FILESTORAGE_WEBLAYOUT_DAY1 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('06-APR-2012 07.25.00 PM', 'DD-MON-YYYY HH.MI.SS AM')) LOB (BFILEDATA) STORE AS SECUREFILE , SUBPARTITION FILESTORAGE_WEBLAYOUT_DAY2 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('06-APR-2012 07.55.00 PM', 'DD-MON-YYYY HH.MI.SS AM')) LOB (BFILEDATA) STORE AS SECUREFILE , SUBPARTITION FILESTORAGE_WEBLAYOUT_DAY3 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('06-APR-2012 07.58.00 PM', 'DD-MON-YYYY HH.MI.SS AM')) LOB (BFILEDATA) STORE AS SECUREFILE , SUBPARTITION FILESTORAGE_WEBLAYOUT_FUTURE VALUES LESS THAN (MAXVALUE) ) ,PARTITION Special VALUES ('Special') ( SUBPARTITION FILESTORAGE_SPECIAL_LEGACY VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('05-APR-2012 12.00.00 AM', 'DD-MON-YYYY HH.MI.SS AM')) LOB (BFILEDATA) STORE AS SECUREFILE , SUBPARTITION FILESTORAGE_SPECIAL_DAY1 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('06-APR-2012 07.25.00 PM', 'DD-MON-YYYY HH.MI.SS AM')) LOB (BFILEDATA) STORE AS SECUREFILE , SUBPARTITION FILESTORAGE_SPECIAL_DAY2 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('06-APR-2012 07.55.00 PM', 'DD-MON-YYYY HH.MI.SS AM')) LOB (BFILEDATA) STORE AS SECUREFILE , SUBPARTITION FILESTORAGE_SPECIAL_DAY3 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('06-APR-2012 07.58.00 PM', 'DD-MON-YYYY HH.MI.SS AM')) LOB (BFILEDATA) STORE AS SECUREFILE , SUBPARTITION FILESTORAGE_SPECIAL_FUTURE VALUES LESS THAN (MAXVALUE) ) )ENABLE ROW MOVEMENT; The next post related to partitioned repository will come with an sample component to handle the possible exceptions when you need to take off line an tablespace/partition or move to another place. Also, we can include some integration to the Retention Management and Records Management. Another subject related to partitioning is the ability to create an FileStore Provider pointed to a different database, raising the level of the distributed storage vs. performance. Let us know if this is important to you or you have an use case not listed, leave a comment. Cross-posted on the blog.ContentrA.com

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• jQuery ajax doesn't seem to be reading HTML data in Chromium

  - by Mahesh

  I have an HTML (App) file that reads another HTML (data) file via jQuery.ajax(). It then finds specific tags in the data HTML file and uses text within the tags to display sort-of tool tips. Here's the App HTML file: <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en-US" xml:lang="en-US"> <head> <title>Test</title> <style type="text/css"> <!--/* <![CDATA[ */ body { font-family : sans-serif; font-size : medium; margin-bottom : 5em; } a, a:hover, a:visited { text-decoration : none; color : #2222aa; } a:hover { background-color : #eeeeee; } #stat_preview { position : absolute; background : #ccc; border : thin solid #aaa; padding : 3px; font-family : monospace; height : 2.5em; } /* ]]> */--> </style> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://code.jquery.com/jquery-1.4.2.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ $(document).ready(function() { $("#stat_preview").hide(); $(".cfg_lnk").mouseover(function () { lnk = $(this); $.ajax({ url: lnk.attr("href"), success: function (data) { console.log (data); $("#stat_preview").html("A heading<br>") .append($(".tool_tip_text", $(data)).slice(0,3).text()) .css('left', (lnk.offset().left + lnk.width() + 30)) .css('top', (lnk.offset().top + (lnk.height()/2))) .show(); } }); }).mouseout (function () { $("#stat_preview").hide(); }); }); //]]> </script> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> </head> <body> <h1>Test</h1> <ul> <li><a class="cfg_lnk" href="data.html">Sample data</a></li> </ul> <div id="stat_preview"></div> </body> </html> And here is the data HTML <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en-US" xml:lang="en-US"> <head> <title>Test</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> </head> <body> <h1>Test</h1> <table> <tr> <td class="tool_tip_text"> Some random value 1</td> <td class="tool_tip_text"> Some random value 2</td> <td class="tool_tip_text"> Some random value 3</td> <td class="tool_tip_text"> Some random value 4</td> <td class="tool_tip_text"> Some random value 5</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tool_top_text"> Some random value 11</td> <td class="tool_top_text"> Some random value 21</td> <td class="tool_top_text"> Some random value 31</td> <td class="tool_top_text"> Some random value 41</td> <td class="tool_top_text"> Some random value 51</td> </tr> </table> </body> </html> This is working as intended in Firefox, but not in Chrome (Chromium 5.0.356.0). The console.log (data) displays empty string in Chromium's JavaScript console. Firebug in Firefox, however, displays the entire data HTML. Am I missing something? Any pointers?

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• Why my button can trigger the UI to scroll and my TimerTask inside the activity can't?

  - by Spidey

  Long Story Short: a method of my activity updates and scrolls the ListView through an ArrayAdapter like it should, but a method of an internal TimerTask for polling messages (which are displayed in the ListView) updates the ListView, but don't scroll it. Why? Long Story: I have a chat activity with this layout: <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android" android:orientation="vertical" android:layout_width="fill_parent" android:layout_height="fill_parent" android:background="#fff" > <ListView android:id="@+id/messageList" android:layout_width="fill_parent" android:layout_height="fill_parent" android:stackFromBottom="true" android:transcriptMode="alwaysScroll" android:layout_weight="1" android:fadeScrollbars="true" /> <LinearLayout android:orientation="horizontal" android:layout_width="fill_parent" android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:gravity="center" > <EditText android:id="@+id/message" android:layout_width="fill_parent" android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:layout_weight="1" /> <Button android:id="@+id/button_send" android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:text="Send" android:onClick="sendMessage" /> </LinearLayout> </LinearLayout> The internal listView (with id messageList) is populated by an ArrayAdapter which inflates the XML below and replaces strings in it. <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <RelativeLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android" android:orientation="vertical" android:layout_width="fill_parent" android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:clickable="false" android:background="#fff" android:paddingLeft="2dp" android:paddingRight="2dp" > <TextView xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android" android:id="@+id/date" android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:textSize="16sp" android:textColor="#00F" android:typeface="monospace" android:text="2010-10-12 12:12:03" android:gravity="left" /> <TextView xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android" android:id="@+id/sender" android:layout_width="fill_parent" android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:textSize="16sp" android:textColor="#f84" android:text="spidey" android:gravity="right" android:textStyle="bold" /> <TextView xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android" android:id="@+id/body" android:layout_width="fill_parent" android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:textSize="14sp" android:padding="1dp" android:gravity="left" android:layout_below="@id/date" android:text="Mensagem muito legal 123 quatro cinco seis." android:textColor="#000" /> </RelativeLayout> The problem is: in the main layout, I have a EditText for the chat message, and a Button to send the message. I have declared the adapter in the activity scope: public class ChatManager extends Activity{ private EditText et; private ListView lv; private Timestamp lastDate = null; private long campaignId; private ChatAdapter ca; private List<ChatMessage> vetMsg = new ArrayList<ChatMessage>(); private Timer chatPollingTimer; private static final int CHAT_POLLING_PERIOD = 10000; ... } So, inside sendMessage(View v), the notifyDataSetChanged() scrolls the ListView acordingly, so I can see the latest chat messages automatically: public void sendMessage(View v) { String msg = et.getText().toString(); if(msg.length() == 0){ return; } et.setText(""); String xml = ServerCom.sendAndGetChatMessages(campaignId, lastDate, msg); Vector<ChatMessage> vetNew = Chat.parse(new InputSource(new StringReader(xml))); //Pegando a última data if(!vetNew.isEmpty()){ lastDate = vetNew.lastElement().getDateSent(); //Atualizando a tela vetMsg.addAll(vetNew); ca.notifyDataSetChanged(); } } But inside my TimerTask, I can't. The ListView IS UPDATED, but it just don't scroll automatically. What am I doing wrong? private class chatPollingTask extends TimerTask { @Override public void run() { String xml; if(lastDate != null){ //Chama o Updater xml = ServerCom.getChatMessages(campaignId, lastDate); }else{ //Chama o init denovo xml = ServerCom.getChatMessages(campaignId); } Vector<ChatMessage> vetNew = Chat.parse(new InputSource(new StringReader(xml))); if(!(vetNew.isEmpty())){ //TODO: descobrir porque o chat não está rolando quando chegam novas mensagens //Descobrir também como forçar o rolamento, enquanto o bug não for corrigido. Log.d("CHAT", "New message(s) acquired!"); lastDate = vetNew.lastElement().getDateSent(); vetMsg.addAll(vetNew); ca.notifyDataSetChanged(); } } } How can I force the scroll to the bottom? I've tried using scrollTo using lv.getBottom()-lv.getHeight(), but didn't work. Is this a bug in the Android SDK? Sorry for the MASSIVE amount of code, but I guess this way the question gets pretty clear.

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• Javascript stockticker : not showing data on php page

  - by developer

  iam not getting any javascript errors , code is getting rendered properly only, but still server not displaying data on the page. please check the code below . <style type="text/css"> #marqueeborder { color: #cccccc; background-color: #EEF3E2; font-family:"Lucida Console", Monaco, monospace; position:relative; height:20px; overflow:hidden; font-size: 0.7em; } #marqueecontent { position:absolute; left:0px; line-height:20px; white-space:nowrap; } .stockbox { margin:0 10px; } .stockbox a { color: #cccccc; text-decoration : underline; } </style> </head> <body> <div id="marqueeborder" onmouseover="pxptick=0" onmouseout="pxptick=scrollspeed"> <div id="marqueecontent"> <?php // Original script by Walter Heitman Jr, first published on http://techblog.shanock.com // List your stocks here, separated by commas, no spaces, in the order you want them displayed: $stocks = "idt,iye,mill,pwer,spy,f,msft,x,sbux,sne,ge,dow,t"; // Function to copy a stock quote CSV from Yahoo to the local cache. CSV contains symbol, price, and change function upsfile($stock) { copy("http://finance.yahoo.com/d/quotes.csv?s=$stock&f=sl1c1&e=.csv","stockcache/".$stock.".csv"); } foreach ( explode(",", $stocks) as $stock ) { // Where the stock quote info file should be... $local_file = "stockcache/".$stock.".csv"; // ...if it exists. If not, download it. if (!file_exists($local_file)) { upsfile($stock); } // Else,If it's out-of-date by 15 mins (900 seconds) or more, update it. elseif (filemtime($local_file) <= (time() - 900)) { upsfile($stock); } // Open the file, load our values into an array... $local_file = fopen ("stockcache/".$stock.".csv","r"); $stock_info = fgetcsv ($local_file, 1000, ","); // ...format, and output them. I made the symbols into links to Yahoo's stock pages. echo "<span class=\"stockbox\"><a href=\"http://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=".$stock_info[0]."\">".$stock_info[0]."</a> ".sprintf("%.2f",$stock_info[1])." <span style=\""; // Green prices for up, red for down if ($stock_info[2]>=0) { echo "color: #009900;\">&uarr;"; } elseif ($stock_info[2]<0) { echo "color: #ff0000;\">&darr;"; } echo sprintf("%.2f",abs($stock_info[2]))."</span></span>\n"; // Done! fclose($local_file); } ?> <span class="stockbox" style="font-size:0.6em">Quotes from <a href="http://finance.yahoo.com/">Yahoo Finance</a></span> </div> </div> </body> <script type="text/javascript"> // Original script by Walter Heitman Jr, first published on http://techblog.shanock.com // Set an initial scroll speed. This equates to the number of pixels shifted per tick var scrollspeed=2; var pxptick=scrollspeed; var marqueediv=''; var contentwidth=""; var marqueewidth = ""; function startmarquee(){ alert("hi"); // Make a shortcut referencing our div with the content we want to scroll marqueediv=document.getElementById("marqueecontent"); //alert("marqueediv"+marqueediv); alert("hi"+marqueediv.innerHTML); // Get the total width of our available scroll area marqueewidth=document.getElementById("marqueeborder").offsetWidth; alert("marqueewidth"+marqueewidth); // Get the width of the content we want to scroll contentwidth=marqueediv.offsetWidth; alert("contentwidth"+contentwidth); // Start the ticker at 50 milliseconds per tick, adjust this to suit your preferences // Be warned, setting this lower has heavy impact on client-side CPU usage. Be gentle. var lefttime=setInterval("scrollmarquee()",50); alert("lefttime"+lefttime); } function scrollmarquee(){ // Check position of the div, then shift it left by the set amount of pixels. if (parseInt(marqueediv.style.left)>(contentwidth*(-1))) marqueediv.style.left=parseInt(marqueediv.style.left)-pxptick+"px"; //alert("hikkk"+marqueediv.innerHTML);} // If it's at the end, move it back to the right. else{ alert("marqueewidth"+marqueewidth); marqueediv.style.left=parseInt(marqueewidth)+"px"; } } window.onload=startmarquee; </script> </html> Below is the server displayed page. I have updated with screenshot with your suggestion, i made change in html too, to check what is showing by child dev

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• javascript robot

  - by sarah

  hey guys! I need help making this robot game in javascript (notepad++) please HELP! I'm really confused by the functions <html> <head><title>Robot Invasion 2199</title></head> <body style="text-align:center" onload="newGame();"> <h2>Robot Invasion 2199</h2> <div style="text-align:center; background:white; margin-right: auto; margin-left:auto;"> <div style=""> <div style="width: auto; border:solid thin red; text-align:center; margin:10px auto 10px auto; padding:1ex 0ex;font-family: monospace" id="scene"></pre> </div> <div><span id="status"></span></div> <form style="text-align:center"> PUT THE CONTROL PANEL HERE!!! </form> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> // GENERAL SUGGESTIONS ABOUT WRITING THIS PROGRAM: // You should test your program before you've finished writing all of the // functions. The newGame, startLevel, and update functions should be your // first priority since they're all involved in displaying the initial state // of the game board. // // Next, work on putting together the control panel for the game so that you // can begin to interact with it. Your next goal should be to get the move // function working so that everything else can be testable. Note that all nine // of the movement buttons (including the pass button) should call the move // function when they are clicked, just with different parameters. // // All the remaining functions can be completed in pretty much any order, and // you'll see the game gradually improve as you write the functions. // // Just remember to keep your cool when writing this program. There are a // bunch of functions to write, but as long as you stay focused on the function // you're writing, each individual part is not that hard. // These variables specify the number of rows and columns in the game board. // Use these variables instead of hard coding the number of rows and columns // in your loops, etc. // i.e. Write: // for(i = 0; i < NUM_ROWS; i++) ... // not: // for(i = 0; i < 15; i++) ... var NUM_ROWS = 15; var NUM_COLS = 25; // Scene is arguably the most important variable in this whole program. It // should be set up as a two-dimensional array (with NUM_ROWS rows and // NUM_COLS columns). This represents the game board, with the scene[i][j] // representing what's in row i, column j. In particular, the entries should // be: // // "." for empty space // "R" for a robot // "S" for a scrap pile // "H" for the hero var scene; // These variables represent the row and column of the hero's location, // respectively. These are more of a conveniece so you don't have to search // for the "H" in the scene array when you need to know where the hero is. var heroRow; var heroCol; // These variables keep track of various aspects of the gameplay. // score is just the number of robots destroyed. // screwdrivers is the number of sonic screwdriver charges left. // fastTeleports is the number of fast teleports remaining. // level is the current level number. // Be sure to reset all of these when a new game starts, and update them at the // appropriate times. var score; var screwdrivers; var fastTeleports; var level; // This function should use a sonic screwdriver if there are still charges // left. The sonic screwdriver turns any robot that is in one of the eight // squares immediately adjacent to the hero into scrap. If there are no charges // left, then this function should instead pop up a dialog box with the message // "Out of sonic screwdrivers!". As with any function that alters the game's // state, this function should call the update function when it has finished. // // Your "Sonic Screwdriver" button should call this function directly. function screwdriver() { // WRITE THIS FUNCTION } // This function should move the hero to a randomly selected location if there // are still fast teleports left. This function MUST NOT move the hero on to // a square that is already occupied by a robot or a scrap pile, although it // can move the hero next to a robot. The number of fast teleports should also // be decreased by one. If there are no fast teleports left, this function // should just pop up a message box saying so. As with any function that alters // the game's state, this function should call the update function when it has // finished. // // HINT: Have a loop that keeps trying random spots until a valid one is found. // HINT: Use the validPosition function to tell if a spot is valid // // Your "Fast Teleport" button s

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• JSF and Jquery - doesn't work

  - by darkrain

  Hi I am trying to get Jquery work in JSF. But i doesn't work. Can somebody help me ? The scripts are in the folder : resources This is my JSP code : I am using netbeans and the <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <!-- Document : testpage Created on : 08.07.2009, 01:16:01 Author : reBourne --> <jsp:root version="2.1" xmlns:f="http://java.sun.com/jsf/core" xmlns:h="http://java.sun.com/jsf/html" xmlns:jsp="http://java.sun.com/JSP/Page" xmlns:webuijsf="http://www.sun.com/webui/webuijsf"> <jsp:directive.page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" pageEncoding="UTF-8"/> <f:view> <webuijsf:page id="page1"> <webuijsf:html id="html1"> <webuijsf:head id="head1"> <webuijsf:link id="link1" url="/resources/css/stylesheet.css"/> <webuijsf:script id="script1" url="resources/jquery.js"/> <webuijsf:script id="script2" url="recources/main.js" /> <style> body { margin:0; padding:40px; background:#fff; font:80% Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color:#555; line-height:180%; } h1{ font-size:180%; font-weight:normal; color:#555; } h2{ clear:both; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:#555; margin:0; padding:.5em 0; } a{ text-decoration:none; color:#f30; } p{ clear:both; margin:0; padding:.5em 0; } pre{ display:block; font:100% "Courier New", Courier, monospace; padding:10px; border:1px solid #bae2f0; background:#e3f4f9; margin:.5em 0; overflow:auto; width:800px; } img{border:none;} ul,li{ margin:0; padding:0; } li{ list-style:none; float:left; display:inline; margin-right:10px; } /* */ #preview{ position:absolute; border:1px solid #ccc; background:#333; padding:5px; display:none; color:#fff; } /* */ </style> </webuijsf:head> <webuijsf:body id="body1" style="-rave-layout: grid"> <webuijsf:form id="form1"> <ul> <li> <a class="preview" href="resources/images/1.jpg"> <img alt="gallery thumbnail" src="resources/images/1s.jpg"/> </a> </li> <li> <a class="preview" href="resources/images/2.jpg"> <img alt="gallery thumbnail" src="resources/images/2s.jpg"/> </a> </li> <li> <a class="preview" href="resources/images/3.jpg"> <img alt="gallery thumbnail" src="resources/images/3s.jpg"/> </a> </li> <li> <a class="preview" href="resources/images/4.jpg"> <img alt="gallery thumbnail" src="resources/images/4s.jpg"/> </a> </li> </ul> </webuijsf:form> </webuijsf:body> </webuijsf:html> </webuijsf:page> </f:view> </jsp:root> Or has someone a real life example with Javascript ?!

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• Using R to Analyze G1GC Log Files

  - by user12620111

  Using R to Analyze G1GC Log Files body, td { font-family: sans-serif; background-color: white; font-size: 12px; margin: 8px; } tt, code, pre { font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Droid Sans Mono', 'Lucida Console', Consolas, Monaco, monospace; } h1 { font-size:2.2em; } h2 { font-size:1.8em; } h3 { font-size:1.4em; } h4 { font-size:1.0em; } h5 { font-size:0.9em; } h6 { font-size:0.8em; } a:visited { color: rgb(50%, 0%, 50%); } pre { margin-top: 0; max-width: 95%; border: 1px solid #ccc; white-space: pre-wrap; } pre code { display: block; padding: 0.5em; } code.r, code.cpp { background-color: #F8F8F8; } table, td, th { border: none; } blockquote { color:#666666; margin:0; padding-left: 1em; border-left: 0.5em #EEE solid; } hr { height: 0px; border-bottom: none; border-top-width: thin; border-top-style: dotted; border-top-color: #999999; } @media print { * { background: transparent !important; color: black !important; filter:none !important; -ms-filter: none !important; } body { font-size:12pt; max-width:100%; } a, a:visited { text-decoration: underline; } hr { visibility: hidden; page-break-before: always; } pre, blockquote { padding-right: 1em; page-break-inside: avoid; } tr, img { page-break-inside: avoid; } img { max-width: 100% !important; } @page :left { margin: 15mm 20mm 15mm 10mm; } @page :right { margin: 15mm 10mm 15mm 20mm; } p, h2, h3 { orphans: 3; widows: 3; } h2, h3 { page-break-after: avoid; } } pre .operator, pre .paren { color: rgb(104, 118, 135) } pre .literal { color: rgb(88, 72, 246) } pre .number { color: rgb(0, 0, 205); } pre .comment { color: rgb(76, 136, 107); } pre .keyword { color: rgb(0, 0, 255); } pre .identifier { color: rgb(0, 0, 0); } pre .string { color: rgb(3, 106, 7); } var hljs=new function(){function m(p){return p.replace(/&/gm,"&").replace(/"}while(y.length||w.length){var v=u().splice(0,1)[0];z+=m(x.substr(q,v.offset-q));q=v.offset;if(v.event=="start"){z+=t(v.node);s.push(v.node)}else{if(v.event=="stop"){var 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  Using R to Analyze G1GC Log Files   Using R to Analyze G1GC Log Files Introduction Working in Oracle Platform Integration gives an engineer opportunities to work on a wide array of technologies. My team’s goal is to make Oracle applications run best on the Solaris/SPARC platform. When looking for bottlenecks in a modern applications, one needs to be aware of not only how the CPUs and operating system are executing, but also network, storage, and in some cases, the Java Virtual Machine. I was recently presented with about 1.5 GB of Java Garbage First Garbage Collector log file data. If you’re not familiar with the subject, you might want to review Garbage First Garbage Collector Tuning by Monica Beckwith. The customer had been running Java HotSpot 1.6.0_31 to host a web application server. I was told that the Solaris/SPARC server was running a Java process launched using a commmand line that included the following flags: -d64 -Xms9g -Xmx9g -XX:+UseG1GC -XX:MaxGCPauseMillis=200 -XX:InitiatingHeapOccupancyPercent=80 -XX:PermSize=256m -XX:MaxPermSize=256m -XX:+PrintGC -XX:+PrintGCTimeStamps -XX:+PrintHeapAtGC -XX:+PrintGCDateStamps -XX:+PrintFlagsFinal -XX:+DisableExplicitGC -XX:+UnlockExperimentalVMOptions -XX:ParallelGCThreads=8 Several sources on the internet indicate that if I were to print out the 1.5 GB of log files, it would require enough paper to fill the bed of a pick up truck. Of course, it would be fruitless to try to scan the log files by hand. Tools will be required to summarize the contents of the log files. Others have encountered large Java garbage collection log files. There are existing tools to analyze the log files: IBM’s GC toolkit The chewiebug GCViewer gchisto HPjmeter Instead of using one of the other tools listed, I decide to parse the log files with standard Unix tools, and analyze the data with R. Data Cleansing The log files arrived in two different formats. I guess that the difference is that one set of log files was generated using a more verbose option, maybe -XX:+PrintHeapAtGC, and the other set of log files was generated without that option. Format 1 In some of the log files, the log files with the less verbose format, a single trace, i.e. the report of a singe garbage collection event, looks like this: {Heap before GC invocations=12280 (full 61): garbage-first heap total 9437184K, used 7499918K [0xfffffffd00000000, 0xffffffff40000000, 0xffffffff40000000) region size 4096K, 1 young (4096K), 0 survivors (0K) compacting perm gen total 262144K, used 144077K [0xffffffff40000000, 0xffffffff50000000, 0xffffffff50000000) the space 262144K, 54% used [0xffffffff40000000, 0xffffffff48cb3758, 0xffffffff48cb3800, 0xffffffff50000000) No shared spaces configured. 2014-05-14T07:24:00.988-0700: 60586.353: [GC pause (young) 7324M->7320M(9216M), 0.1567265 secs] Heap after GC invocations=12281 (full 61): garbage-first heap total 9437184K, used 7496533K [0xfffffffd00000000, 0xffffffff40000000, 0xffffffff40000000) region size 4096K, 0 young (0K), 0 survivors (0K) compacting perm gen total 262144K, used 144077K [0xffffffff40000000, 0xffffffff50000000, 0xffffffff50000000) the space 262144K, 54% used [0xffffffff40000000, 0xffffffff48cb3758, 0xffffffff48cb3800, 0xffffffff50000000) No shared spaces configured. } A simple grep can be used to extract a summary: $ grep "\[ GC pause (young" g1gc.log 2014-05-13T13:24:35.091-0700: 3.109: [GC pause (young) 20M->5029K(9216M), 0.0146328 secs] 2014-05-13T13:24:35.440-0700: 3.459: [GC pause (young) 9125K->6077K(9216M), 0.0086723 secs] 2014-05-13T13:24:37.581-0700: 5.599: [GC pause (young) 25M->8470K(9216M), 0.0203820 secs] 2014-05-13T13:24:42.686-0700: 10.704: [GC pause (young) 44M->15M(9216M), 0.0288848 secs] 2014-05-13T13:24:48.941-0700: 16.958: [GC pause (young) 51M->20M(9216M), 0.0491244 secs] 2014-05-13T13:24:56.049-0700: 24.066: [GC pause (young) 92M->26M(9216M), 0.0525368 secs] 2014-05-13T13:25:34.368-0700: 62.383: [GC pause (young) 602M->68M(9216M), 0.1721173 secs] But that format wasn't easily read into R, so I needed to be a bit more tricky. I used the following Unix command to create a summary file that was easy for R to read. $ echo "SecondsSinceLaunch BeforeSize AfterSize TotalSize RealTime" $ grep "\[GC pause (young" g1gc.log | grep -v mark | sed -e 's/[A-SU-z\(\),]/ /g' -e 's/->/ /' -e 's/: / /g' | more SecondsSinceLaunch BeforeSize AfterSize TotalSize RealTime 2014-05-13T13:24:35.091-0700 3.109 20 5029 9216 0.0146328 2014-05-13T13:24:35.440-0700 3.459 9125 6077 9216 0.0086723 2014-05-13T13:24:37.581-0700 5.599 25 8470 9216 0.0203820 2014-05-13T13:24:42.686-0700 10.704 44 15 9216 0.0288848 2014-05-13T13:24:48.941-0700 16.958 51 20 9216 0.0491244 2014-05-13T13:24:56.049-0700 24.066 92 26 9216 0.0525368 2014-05-13T13:25:34.368-0700 62.383 602 68 9216 0.1721173 Format 2 In some of the log files, the log files with the more verbose format, a single trace, i.e. the report of a singe garbage collection event, was more complicated than Format 1. Here is a text file with an example of a single G1GC trace in the second format. As you can see, it is quite complicated. It is nice that there is so much information available, but the level of detail can be overwhelming. I wrote this awk script (download) to summarize each trace on a single line. #!/usr/bin/env awk -f BEGIN { printf("SecondsSinceLaunch IncrementalCount FullCount UserTime SysTime RealTime BeforeSize AfterSize TotalSize\n") } ###################### # Save count data from lines that are at the start of each G1GC trace. # Each trace starts out like this: # {Heap before GC invocations=14 (full 0): # garbage-first heap total 9437184K, used 325496K [0xfffffffd00000000, 0xffffffff40000000, 0xffffffff40000000) ###################### /{Heap.*full/{ gsub ( "\\)" , "" ); nf=split($0,a,"="); split(a[2],b," "); getline; if ( match($0, "first") ) { G1GC=1; IncrementalCount=b[1]; FullCount=substr( b[3], 1, length(b[3])-1 ); } else { G1GC=0; } } ###################### # Pull out time stamps that are in lines with this format: # 2014-05-12T14:02:06.025-0700: 94.312: [GC pause (young), 0.08870154 secs] ###################### /GC pause/ { DateTime=$1; SecondsSinceLaunch=substr($2, 1, length($2)-1); } ###################### # Heap sizes are in lines that look like this: # [ 4842M->4838M(9216M)] ###################### /\[ .*]$/ { gsub ( "\\[" , "" ); gsub ( "\ \]" , "" ); gsub ( "->" , " " ); gsub ( "\\( " , " " ); gsub ( "\ \)" , " " ); split($0,a," "); if ( split(a[1],b,"M") > 1 ) {BeforeSize=b[1]*1024;} if ( split(a[1],b,"K") > 1 ) {BeforeSize=b[1];} if ( split(a[2],b,"M") > 1 ) {AfterSize=b[1]*1024;} if ( split(a[2],b,"K") > 1 ) {AfterSize=b[1];} if ( split(a[3],b,"M") > 1 ) {TotalSize=b[1]*1024;} if ( split(a[3],b,"K") > 1 ) {TotalSize=b[1];} } ###################### # Emit an output line when you find input that looks like this: # [Times: user=1.41 sys=0.08, real=0.24 secs] ###################### /\[Times/ { if (G1GC==1) { gsub ( "," , "" ); split($2,a,"="); UserTime=a[2]; split($3,a,"="); SysTime=a[2]; split($4,a,"="); RealTime=a[2]; print DateTime,SecondsSinceLaunch,IncrementalCount,FullCount,UserTime,SysTime,RealTime,BeforeSize,AfterSize,TotalSize; G1GC=0; } } The resulting summary is about 25X smaller that the original file, but still difficult for a human to digest. SecondsSinceLaunch IncrementalCount FullCount UserTime SysTime RealTime BeforeSize AfterSize TotalSize ... 2014-05-12T18:36:34.669-0700: 3985.744 561 0 0.57 0.06 0.16 1724416 1720320 9437184 2014-05-12T18:36:34.839-0700: 3985.914 562 0 0.51 0.06 0.19 1724416 1720320 9437184 2014-05-12T18:36:35.069-0700: 3986.144 563 0 0.60 0.04 0.27 1724416 1721344 9437184 2014-05-12T18:36:35.354-0700: 3986.429 564 0 0.33 0.04 0.09 1725440 1722368 9437184 2014-05-12T18:36:35.545-0700: 3986.620 565 0 0.58 0.04 0.17 1726464 1722368 9437184 2014-05-12T18:36:35.726-0700: 3986.801 566 0 0.43 0.05 0.12 1726464 1722368 9437184 2014-05-12T18:36:35.856-0700: 3986.930 567 0 0.30 0.04 0.07 1726464 1723392 9437184 2014-05-12T18:36:35.947-0700: 3987.023 568 0 0.61 0.04 0.26 1727488 1723392 9437184 2014-05-12T18:36:36.228-0700: 3987.302 569 0 0.46 0.04 0.16 1731584 1724416 9437184 Reading the Data into R Once the GC log data had been cleansed, either by processing the first format with the shell script, or by processing the second format with the awk script, it was easy to read the data into R. g1gc.df = read.csv("summary.txt", row.names = NULL, stringsAsFactors=FALSE,sep="") str(g1gc.df) ## 'data.frame': 8307 obs. of 10 variables: ## $ row.names : chr "2014-05-12T14:00:32.868-0700:" "2014-05-12T14:00:33.179-0700:" "2014-05-12T14:00:33.677-0700:" "2014-05-12T14:00:35.538-0700:" ... ## $ SecondsSinceLaunch: num 1.16 1.47 1.97 3.83 6.1 ... ## $ IncrementalCount : int 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ... ## $ FullCount : int 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ... ## $ UserTime : num 0.11 0.05 0.04 0.21 0.08 0.26 0.31 0.33 0.34 0.56 ... ## $ SysTime : num 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.06 0.07 0.06 0.07 0.09 ... ## $ RealTime : num 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.04 0.02 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.06 ... ## $ BeforeSize : int 8192 5496 5768 22528 24576 43008 34816 53248 55296 93184 ... ## $ AfterSize : int 1400 1672 2557 4907 7072 14336 16384 18432 19456 21504 ... ## $ TotalSize : int 9437184 9437184 9437184 9437184 9437184 9437184 9437184 9437184 9437184 9437184 ... head(g1gc.df) ## row.names SecondsSinceLaunch IncrementalCount ## 1 2014-05-12T14:00:32.868-0700: 1.161 0 ## 2 2014-05-12T14:00:33.179-0700: 1.472 1 ## 3 2014-05-12T14:00:33.677-0700: 1.969 2 ## 4 2014-05-12T14:00:35.538-0700: 3.830 3 ## 5 2014-05-12T14:00:37.811-0700: 6.103 4 ## 6 2014-05-12T14:00:41.428-0700: 9.720 5 ## FullCount UserTime SysTime RealTime BeforeSize AfterSize TotalSize ## 1 0 0.11 0.04 0.02 8192 1400 9437184 ## 2 0 0.05 0.01 0.02 5496 1672 9437184 ## 3 0 0.04 0.01 0.01 5768 2557 9437184 ## 4 0 0.21 0.05 0.04 22528 4907 9437184 ## 5 0 0.08 0.01 0.02 24576 7072 9437184 ## 6 0 0.26 0.06 0.04 43008 14336 9437184 Basic Statistics Once the data has been read into R, simple statistics are very easy to generate. All of the numbers from high school statistics are available via simple commands. For example, generate a summary of every column: summary(g1gc.df) ## row.names SecondsSinceLaunch IncrementalCount FullCount ## Length:8307 Min. : 1 Min. : 0 Min. : 0.0 ## Class :character 1st Qu.: 9977 1st Qu.:2048 1st Qu.: 0.0 ## Mode :character Median :12855 Median :4136 Median : 12.0 ## Mean :12527 Mean :4156 Mean : 31.6 ## 3rd Qu.:15758 3rd Qu.:6262 3rd Qu.: 61.0 ## Max. :55484 Max. :8391 Max. :113.0 ## UserTime SysTime RealTime BeforeSize ## Min. :0.040 Min. :0.0000 Min. : 0.0 Min. : 5476 ## 1st Qu.:0.470 1st Qu.:0.0300 1st Qu.: 0.1 1st Qu.:5137920 ## Median :0.620 Median :0.0300 Median : 0.1 Median :6574080 ## Mean :0.751 Mean :0.0355 Mean : 0.3 Mean :5841855 ## 3rd Qu.:0.920 3rd Qu.:0.0400 3rd Qu.: 0.2 3rd Qu.:7084032 ## Max. :3.370 Max. :1.5600 Max. :488.1 Max. :8696832 ## AfterSize TotalSize ## Min. : 1380 Min. :9437184 ## 1st Qu.:5002752 1st Qu.:9437184 ## Median :6559744 Median :9437184 ## Mean :5785454 Mean :9437184 ## 3rd Qu.:7054336 3rd Qu.:9437184 ## Max. :8482816 Max. :9437184 Q: What is the total amount of User CPU time spent in garbage collection? sum(g1gc.df$UserTime) ## [1] 6236 As you can see, less than two hours of CPU time was spent in garbage collection. Is that too much? To find the percentage of time spent in garbage collection, divide the number above by total_elapsed_time*CPU_count. In this case, there are a lot of CPU’s and it turns out the the overall amount of CPU time spent in garbage collection isn’t a problem when viewed in isolation. When calculating rates, i.e. events per unit time, you need to ask yourself if the rate is homogenous across the time period in the log file. Does the log file include spikes of high activity that should be separately analyzed? Averaging in data from nights and weekends with data from business hours may alias problems. If you have a reason to suspect that the garbage collection rates include peaks and valleys that need independent analysis, see the “Time Series” section, below. Q: How much garbage is collected on each pass? The amount of heap space that is recovered per GC pass is surprisingly low: At least one collection didn’t recover any data. (“Min.=0”) 25% of the passes recovered 3MB or less. (“1st Qu.=3072”) Half of the GC passes recovered 4MB or less. (“Median=4096”) The average amount recovered was 56MB. (“Mean=56390”) 75% of the passes recovered 36MB or less. (“3rd Qu.=36860”) At least one pass recovered 2GB. (“Max.=2121000”) g1gc.df$Delta = g1gc.df$BeforeSize - g1gc.df$AfterSize summary(g1gc.df$Delta) ## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max. ## 0 3070 4100 56400 36900 2120000 Q: What is the maximum User CPU time for a single collection? The worst garbage collection (“Max.”) is many standard deviations away from the mean. The data appears to be right skewed. summary(g1gc.df$UserTime) ## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max. ## 0.040 0.470 0.620 0.751 0.920 3.370 sd(g1gc.df$UserTime) ## [1] 0.3966 Basic Graphics Once the data is in R, it is trivial to plot the data with formats including dot plots, line charts, bar charts (simple, stacked, grouped), pie charts, boxplots, scatter plots histograms, and kernel density plots. Histogram of User CPU Time per Collection I don't think that this graph requires any explanation. hist(g1gc.df$UserTime, main="User CPU Time per Collection", xlab="Seconds", ylab="Frequency") Box plot to identify outliers When the initial data is viewed with a box plot, you can see the one crazy outlier in the real time per GC. Save this data point for future analysis and drop the outlier so that it’s not throwing off our statistics. Now the box plot shows many outliers, which will be examined later, using times series analysis. Notice that the scale of the x-axis changes drastically once the crazy outlier is removed. par(mfrow=c(2,1)) boxplot(g1gc.df$UserTime,g1gc.df$SysTime,g1gc.df$RealTime, main="Box Plot of Time per GC\n(dominated by a crazy outlier)", names=c("usr","sys","elapsed"), xlab="Seconds per GC", ylab="Time (Seconds)", horizontal = TRUE, outcol="red") crazy.outlier.df=g1gc.df[g1gc.df$RealTime > 400,] g1gc.df=g1gc.df[g1gc.df$RealTime < 400,] boxplot(g1gc.df$UserTime,g1gc.df$SysTime,g1gc.df$RealTime, main="Box Plot of Time per GC\n(crazy outlier excluded)", names=c("usr","sys","elapsed"), xlab="Seconds per GC", ylab="Time (Seconds)", horizontal = TRUE, outcol="red") box(which = "outer", lty = "solid") Here is the crazy outlier for future analysis: crazy.outlier.df ## row.names SecondsSinceLaunch IncrementalCount ## 8233 2014-05-12T23:15:43.903-0700: 20741 8316 ## FullCount UserTime SysTime RealTime BeforeSize AfterSize TotalSize ## 8233 112 0.55 0.42 488.1 8381440 8235008 9437184 ## Delta ## 8233 146432 R Time Series Data To analyze the garbage collection as a time series, I’ll use Z’s Ordered Observations (zoo). “zoo is the creator for an S3 class of indexed totally ordered observations which includes irregular time series.” require(zoo) ## Loading required package: zoo ## ## Attaching package: 'zoo' ## ## The following objects are masked from 'package:base': ## ## as.Date, as.Date.numeric head(g1gc.df[,1]) ## [1] "2014-05-12T14:00:32.868-0700:" "2014-05-12T14:00:33.179-0700:" ## [3] "2014-05-12T14:00:33.677-0700:" "2014-05-12T14:00:35.538-0700:" ## [5] "2014-05-12T14:00:37.811-0700:" "2014-05-12T14:00:41.428-0700:" options("digits.secs"=3) times=as.POSIXct( g1gc.df[,1], format="%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%OS%z:") g1gc.z = zoo(g1gc.df[,-c(1)], order.by=times) head(g1gc.z) ## SecondsSinceLaunch IncrementalCount FullCount ## 2014-05-12 17:00:32.868 1.161 0 0 ## 2014-05-12 17:00:33.178 1.472 1 0 ## 2014-05-12 17:00:33.677 1.969 2 0 ## 2014-05-12 17:00:35.538 3.830 3 0 ## 2014-05-12 17:00:37.811 6.103 4 0 ## 2014-05-12 17:00:41.427 9.720 5 0 ## UserTime SysTime RealTime BeforeSize AfterSize ## 2014-05-12 17:00:32.868 0.11 0.04 0.02 8192 1400 ## 2014-05-12 17:00:33.178 0.05 0.01 0.02 5496 1672 ## 2014-05-12 17:00:33.677 0.04 0.01 0.01 5768 2557 ## 2014-05-12 17:00:35.538 0.21 0.05 0.04 22528 4907 ## 2014-05-12 17:00:37.811 0.08 0.01 0.02 24576 7072 ## 2014-05-12 17:00:41.427 0.26 0.06 0.04 43008 14336 ## TotalSize Delta ## 2014-05-12 17:00:32.868 9437184 6792 ## 2014-05-12 17:00:33.178 9437184 3824 ## 2014-05-12 17:00:33.677 9437184 3211 ## 2014-05-12 17:00:35.538 9437184 17621 ## 2014-05-12 17:00:37.811 9437184 17504 ## 2014-05-12 17:00:41.427 9437184 28672 Example of Two Benchmark Runs in One Log File The data in the following graph is from a different log file, not the one of primary interest to this article. I’m including this image because it is an example of idle periods followed by busy periods. It would be uninteresting to average the rate of garbage collection over the entire log file period. More interesting would be the rate of garbage collect in the two busy periods. Are they the same or different? Your production data may be similar, for example, bursts when employees return from lunch and idle times on weekend evenings, etc. Once the data is in an R Time Series, you can analyze isolated time windows. Clipping the Time Series data Flashing back to our test case… Viewing the data as a time series is interesting. You can see that the work intensive time period is between 9:00 PM and 3:00 AM. Lets clip the data to the interesting period:     par(mfrow=c(2,1)) plot(g1gc.z$UserTime, type="h", main="User Time per GC\nTime: Complete Log File", xlab="Time of Day", ylab="CPU Seconds per GC", col="#1b9e77") clipped.g1gc.z=window(g1gc.z, start=as.POSIXct("2014-05-12 21:00:00"), end=as.POSIXct("2014-05-13 03:00:00")) plot(clipped.g1gc.z$UserTime, type="h", main="User Time per GC\nTime: Limited to Benchmark Execution", xlab="Time of Day", ylab="CPU Seconds per GC", col="#1b9e77") box(which = "outer", lty = "solid") Cumulative Incremental and Full GC count Here is the cumulative incremental and full GC count. When the line is very steep, it indicates that the GCs are repeating very quickly. Notice that the scale on the Y axis is different for full vs. incremental. plot(clipped.g1gc.z[,c(2:3)], main="Cumulative Incremental and Full GC count", xlab="Time of Day", col="#1b9e77") GC Analysis of Benchmark Execution using Time Series data In the following series of 3 graphs: The “After Size” show the amount of heap space in use after each garbage collection. Many Java objects are still referenced, i.e. alive, during each garbage collection. This may indicate that the application has a memory leak, or may indicate that the application has a very large memory footprint. Typically, an application's memory footprint plateau's in the early stage of execution. One would expect this graph to have a flat top. The steep decline in the heap space may indicate that the application crashed after 2:00. The second graph shows that the outliers in real execution time, discussed above, occur near 2:00. when the Java heap seems to be quite full. The third graph shows that Full GCs are infrequent during the first few hours of execution. The rate of Full GC's, (the slope of the cummulative Full GC line), changes near midnight.   plot(clipped.g1gc.z[,c("AfterSize","RealTime","FullCount")], xlab="Time of Day", col=c("#1b9e77","red","#1b9e77")) GC Analysis of heap recovered Each GC trace includes the amount of heap space in use before and after the individual GC event. During garbage coolection, unreferenced objects are identified, the space holding the unreferenced objects is freed, and thus, the difference in before and after usage indicates how much space has been freed. The following box plot and bar chart both demonstrate the same point - the amount of heap space freed per garbage colloection is surprisingly low. par(mfrow=c(2,1)) boxplot(as.vector(clipped.g1gc.z$Delta), main="Amount of Heap Recovered per GC Pass", xlab="Size in KB", horizontal = TRUE, col="red") hist(as.vector(clipped.g1gc.z$Delta), main="Amount of Heap Recovered per GC Pass", xlab="Size in KB", breaks=100, col="red") box(which = "outer", lty = "solid") This graph is the most interesting. The dark blue area shows how much heap is occupied by referenced Java objects. This represents memory that holds live data. The red fringe at the top shows how much data was recovered after each garbage collection. barplot(clipped.g1gc.z[,c("AfterSize","Delta")], col=c("#7570b3","#e7298a"), xlab="Time of Day", border=NA) legend("topleft", c("Live Objects","Heap Recovered on GC"), fill=c("#7570b3","#e7298a")) box(which = "outer", lty = "solid") When I discuss the data in the log files with the customer, I will ask for an explaination for the large amount of referenced data resident in the Java heap. There are two are posibilities: There is a memory leak and the amount of space required to hold referenced objects will continue to grow, limited only by the maximum heap size. After the maximum heap size is reached, the JVM will throw an “Out of Memory” exception every time that the application tries to allocate a new object. If this is the case, the aplication needs to be debugged to identify why old objects are referenced when they are no longer needed. The application has a legitimate requirement to keep a large amount of data in memory. The customer may want to further increase the maximum heap size. Another possible solution would be to partition the application across multiple cluster nodes, where each node has responsibility for managing a unique subset of the data. Conclusion In conclusion, R is a very powerful tool for the analysis of Java garbage collection log files. The primary difficulty is data cleansing so that information can be read into an R data frame. Once the data has been read into R, a rich set of tools may be used for thorough evaluation.

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• Twitter Bootstrap styling conflicts with plug-ins like jqGrid and other third part libraries

  - by Renso

  Issues:The concern is that the Twitter Bootstrap framework is that some of their css selectors are simply too generic and have incompatibility issues and conflicts with most third party plug-ins and css libraries, like jQuery-UI and jqGrid.My most pressing concern is only with the generic selector for the styling of "INPUT" controls.Some concerns:So basically anyone using BS (Bootstrap) will have to override styling 100% of the time on all input controls on all their web pages for all the plug-ins they use that render their own styling for input controls. This seems to chisel away any reason for using Bootstrap. Overriding Bootstrap css in this case seems illogical at best as it implies the BS styling is not correct or as granular as it is supposed to be. It also suggests you realize there is an issue here. Any person who has written a fair amount of css will realize that it is a mammoth task to to take an existing app, converting it to BS and then having to find all non-BS input controls and styling them all. The worst part is that there is no generic styling for this as each input control has a different source/context, some are regular tags and some belong to plug-ins, each with their own flavor of styling. For new web apps the challenge is not that different, each time you add a new plug-in you will have to test all facets of it, and I mean all of it, pop-ups, etc, that contain any kind of input control to make sure it is styled correctly. I am having a hard time seeing the benefits of BS in this context. So until the BS team addresses the issue, or not, you may be wondering what is the easiest solution.Help the community to drive this issue home by creating a new issue on github, see my entry here: https://github.com/twitter/bootstrap/issues/4008. As you can see I got some good and some negative feedback, but we all agree it is an issue. I do believe my solution below should be reverse compatible if the proper class declarations were followed as recommended by Bootstrap.The solution:Add a higher-level qualifier to the input selector, which may not break anything.  Add "control-group" and "controls" classes as higher-level selectors, as they have to be declared inside those classes anyway as far as I understand the design approach of BS. So in my example below can modify the css without possible breaking anything, see the css at the bottom. I tested this briefly and seems to render just as expected. May not be complete as I only spent a few minutes on the css. Your feedback will be greatly appreciated. <div class="control-group">    <label title="" for="Contact_FirstName" class="control-label">First Name</label>    <div class="controls">        <input type="text" value="" name="Contact.FirstName" id="Contact_FirstName" data-val-required="The Reader Contact&amp;#39;s First Name is required" data-val-length-min="2" data-val-length-max="250" data-val-length="The maximum length allowed for the Reader Contact&amp;#39;s First Name is 250 characters and must be two or more characters long" data-val="true" class="input-medium">        <span data-valmsg-replace="true" data-valmsg-for="Contact.FirstName" class="field-validation-valid"></span>    </div></div>Here are the SCSS (SASS) updates. In stead of just including the updates I decided to include the entire bootstrap SCSS file so you can just copy-and-paste it in stead of trying to figure out what selectors have changed./*! * Bootstrap v2.0.4 * Enhacement by Renso Hollhumer * Copyright 2012 Twitter, Inc * Licensed under the Apache License v2.0 * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Designed and built with all the love in the world @twitter by @mdo and @fat. * Enhancement by Renso Hollhumer: To isolate styling of INPUT tags to the Bootstrap context only */.clearfix {  *zoom: 1;}.clearfix:before,.clearfix:after {  display: table;  content: "";}.clearfix:after {  clear: both;}.hide-text {  font: 0/0 a;  color: transparent;  text-shadow: none;  background-color: transparent;  border: 0;}.input-block-level {  display: block;  width: 100%;  min-height: 28px;  -webkit-box-sizing: border-box;  -moz-box-sizing: border-box;  -ms-box-sizing: border-box;  box-sizing: 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2.0744680846382977%;}.row-fluid [class*="span"]:first-child {  margin-left: 0;}.row-fluid .span12 {  width: 99.99999998999999%;  *width: 99.94680850063828%;}.row-fluid .span11 {  width: 91.489361693%;  *width: 91.4361702036383%;}.row-fluid .span10 {  width: 82.97872339599999%;  *width: 82.92553190663828%;}.row-fluid .span9 {  width: 74.468085099%;  *width: 74.4148936096383%;}.row-fluid .span8 {  width: 65.95744680199999%;  *width: 65.90425531263828%;}.row-fluid .span7 {  width: 57.446808505%;  *width: 57.3936170156383%;}.row-fluid .span6 {  width: 48.93617020799999%;  *width: 48.88297871863829%;}.row-fluid .span5 {  width: 40.425531911%;  *width: 40.3723404216383%;}.row-fluid .span4 {  width: 31.914893614%;  *width: 31.8617021246383%;}.row-fluid .span3 {  width: 23.404255317%;  *width: 23.3510638276383%;}.row-fluid .span2 {  width: 14.89361702%;  *width: 14.8404255306383%;}.row-fluid .span1 {  width: 6.382978723%;  *width: 6.329787233638298%;}.container {  margin-right: auto;  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border-radius: 0 0 0 4px;  -webkit-border-bottom-left-radius: 4px;  border-bottom-left-radius: 4px;  -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 4px;}.table-bordered thead:last-child tr:last-child th:last-child,.table-bordered tbody:last-child tr:last-child td:last-child {  -webkit-border-bottom-right-radius: 4px;  border-bottom-right-radius: 4px;  -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 4px;}.table-striped tbody tr:nth-child(odd) td,.table-striped tbody tr:nth-child(odd) th {  background-color: #f9f9f9;}.table tbody tr:hover td,.table tbody tr:hover th {  background-color: #f5f5f5;}table .span1 {  float: none;  width: 44px;  margin-left: 0;}table .span2 {  float: none;  width: 124px;  margin-left: 0;}table .span3 {  float: none;  width: 204px;  margin-left: 0;}table .span4 {  float: none;  width: 284px;  margin-left: 0;}table .span5 {  float: none;  width: 364px;  margin-left: 0;}table .span6 {  float: none;  width: 444px;  margin-left: 0;}table .span7 {  float: none;  width: 524px;  margin-left: 0;}table .span8 {  float: none;  width: 604px;  margin-left: 0;}table .span9 {  float: none;  width: 684px;  margin-left: 0;}table .span10 {  float: none;  width: 764px;  margin-left: 0;}table .span11 {  float: none;  width: 844px;  margin-left: 0;}table .span12 {  float: none;  width: 924px;  margin-left: 0;}table .span13 {  float: none;  width: 1004px;  margin-left: 0;}table .span14 {  float: none;  width: 1084px;  margin-left: 0;}table .span15 {  float: none;  width: 1164px;  margin-left: 0;}table .span16 {  float: none;  width: 1244px;  margin-left: 0;}table .span17 {  float: none;  width: 1324px;  margin-left: 0;}table .span18 {  float: none;  width: 1404px;  margin-left: 0;}table .span19 {  float: none;  width: 1484px;  margin-left: 0;}table .span20 {  float: none;  width: 1564px;  margin-left: 0;}table .span21 {  float: none;  width: 1644px;  margin-left: 0;}table .span22 {  float: none;  width: 1724px;  margin-left: 0;}table .span23 {  float: none;  width: 1804px;  margin-left: 0;}table .span24 {  float: none;  width: 1884px;  margin-left: 0;}form {  margin: 0 0 18px;}fieldset {  padding: 0;  margin: 0;  border: 0;}legend {  display: block;  width: 100%;  padding: 0;  margin-bottom: 27px;  font-size: 19.5px;  line-height: 36px;  color: #333333;  border: 0;  border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e5e5;}legend small {  font-size: 13.5px;  color: #999999;}.control-group .controls {    label,    input,    button,    select,    textarea {      font-size: 13px;      font-weight: normal;      line-height: 18px;    }}.control-group .controls {    input,    button,    select,    textarea {      font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;    }}label {  display: block;  margin-bottom: 5px;}.control-group .controls {    select,    textarea,    input[type="text"],    input[type="password"],    input[type="datetime"],    input[type="datetime-local"],    input[type="date"],    input[type="month"],    input[type="time"],    input[type="week"],    input[type="number"],    input[type="email"],    input[type="url"],    input[type="search"],    input[type="tel"],    input[type="color"],    .uneditable-input {      display: inline-block;      height: 18px;      padding: 4px;      margin-bottom: 9px;      font-size: 13px;      line-height: 18px;      color: #555555;    }}.control-group .controls {    input,    textarea {      width: 210px;    }}.control-group .controls {    textarea {      height: auto;    }}.control-group .controls {    textarea,    input[type="text"],    input[type="password"],    input[type="datetime"],    input[type="datetime-local"],    input[type="date"],    input[type="month"],    input[type="time"],    input[type="week"],    input[type="number"],    input[type="email"],    input[type="url"],    input[type="search"],    input[type="tel"],    input[type="color"],    .uneditable-input {      background-color: #ffffff;      border: 1px solid #cccccc;      -webkit-border-radius: 3px;      -moz-border-radius: 3px;      border-radius: 3px;      -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075);      -moz-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075);      box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075);      -webkit-transition: border linear 0.2s, box-shadow linear 0.2s;      -moz-transition: border linear 0.2s, box-shadow linear 0.2s;      -ms-transition: border linear 0.2s, box-shadow linear 0.2s;      -o-transition: border linear 0.2s, box-shadow linear 0.2s;      transition: border linear 0.2s, box-shadow linear 0.2s;    }}.control-group .controls {    textarea:focus,    input[type="text"]:focus,    input[type="password"]:focus,    input[type="datetime"]:focus,    input[type="datetime-local"]:focus,    input[type="date"]:focus,    input[type="month"]:focus,    input[type="time"]:focus,    input[type="week"]:focus,    input[type="number"]:focus,    input[type="email"]:focus,    input[type="url"]:focus,    input[type="search"]:focus,    input[type="tel"]:focus,    input[type="color"]:focus,    .uneditable-input:focus {      border-color: rgba(82, 168, 236, 0.8);      outline: 0;      outline: thin dotted \9;      /* IE6-9 */      -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.075), 0 0 8px rgba(82,168,236,.6);      -moz-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.075), 0 0 8px rgba(82,168,236,.6);      box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.075), 0 0 8px rgba(82,168,236,.6);    }}.control-group .controls {    input[type="radio"],    input[type="checkbox"] {      margin: 3px 0;      *margin-top: 0;      /* IE7 */      line-height: normal;      cursor: pointer;    }}.control-group .controls {    input[type="submit"],    input[type="reset"],    input[type="button"],    input[type="radio"],    input[type="checkbox"] {      width: auto;    }}.uneditable-textarea {  width: auto;  height: auto;}.control-group .controls {    select,    input[type="file"] {      height: 28px;      /* In IE7, the height of the select element cannot be changed by height, only font-size */      *margin-top: 4px;      /* For IE7, add top margin to align select with labels */      line-height: 28px;    }}.control-group .controls {    select {      width: 220px;      border: 1px solid #bbb;    }}.control-group .controls {    select[multiple],    select[size] {      height: auto;    }}.control-group .controls {    select:focus,    input[type="file"]:focus,    input[type="radio"]:focus,    input[type="checkbox"]:focus {      outline: thin dotted #333;      outline: 5px auto -webkit-focus-ring-color;      outline-offset: -2px;    }}.radio,.checkbox {  min-height: 18px;  padding-left: 18px;}.radio input[type="radio"],.checkbox input[type="checkbox"] {  float: left;  margin-left: -18px;}.controls > .radio:first-child,.controls > .checkbox:first-child {  padding-top: 5px;}.radio.inline,.checkbox.inline {  display: inline-block;  padding-top: 5px;  margin-bottom: 0;  vertical-align: middle;}.radio.inline + .radio.inline,.checkbox.inline + .checkbox.inline {  margin-left: 10px;}.control-group .controls {    .input-mini {      width: 60px;    }}.control-group .controls {    .input-small {      width: 90px;    }}.control-group .controls {    .input-medium {      width: 150px;    }}.control-group .controls {    .input-large {      width: 210px;    }}.input-xlarge {    .input-xlarge {      width: 270px;    }}.input-xxlarge {    .input-xxlarge {      width: 530px;    }}.control-group .controls {    input[class*="span"],    select[class*="span"],    textarea[class*="span"],    .uneditable-input[class*="span"],    .row-fluid input[class*="span"],    .row-fluid select[class*="span"],    .row-fluid textarea[class*="span"],    .row-fluid .uneditable-input[class*="span"] {      float: none;      margin-left: 0;    }}.input-append input[class*="span"],.input-append .uneditable-input[class*="span"],.input-prepend input[class*="span"],.input-prepend .uneditable-input[class*="span"],.row-fluid .input-prepend [class*="span"],.row-fluid .input-append [class*="span"] {  display: inline-block;}.control-group .controls {    input,    textarea,    .uneditable-input {      margin-left: 0;    }}input.span12, textarea.span12, .uneditable-input.span12 {  width: 930px;}input.span11, textarea.span11, .uneditable-input.span11 {  width: 850px;}input.span10, textarea.span10, .uneditable-input.span10 {  width: 770px;}input.span9, textarea.span9, .uneditable-input.span9 {  width: 690px;}input.span8, textarea.span8, .uneditable-input.span8 {  width: 610px;}input.span7, textarea.span7, .uneditable-input.span7 {  width: 530px;}input.span6, textarea.span6, .uneditable-input.span6 {  width: 450px;}input.span5, textarea.span5, .uneditable-input.span5 {  width: 370px;}input.span4, textarea.span4, .uneditable-input.span4 {  width: 290px;}input.span3, textarea.span3, .uneditable-input.span3 {  width: 210px;}input.span2, textarea.span2, .uneditable-input.span2 {  width: 130px;}input.span1, textarea.span1, .uneditable-input.span1 {  width: 50px;}input[disabled],select[disabled],textarea[disabled],input[readonly],select[readonly],textarea[readonly] {  cursor: not-allowed;  background-color: #eeeeee;  border-color: #ddd;}input[type="radio"][disabled],input[type="checkbox"][disabled],input[type="radio"][readonly],input[type="checkbox"][readonly] {  background-color: transparent;}.control-group.warning > label,.control-group.warning .help-block,.control-group.warning .help-inline {  color: #c09853;}.control-group.warning .checkbox,.control-group.warning .radio,.control-group.warning input,.control-group.warning select,.control-group.warning textarea {  color: #c09853;  border-color: #c09853;}.control-group.warning .checkbox:focus,.control-group.warning .radio:focus,.control-group.warning input:focus,.control-group.warning select:focus,.control-group.warning textarea:focus {  border-color: #a47e3c;  -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 6px #dbc59e;  -moz-box-shadow: 0 0 6px #dbc59e;  box-shadow: 0 0 6px #dbc59e;}.control-group.warning .input-prepend .add-on,.control-group.warning .input-append .add-on {  color: #c09853;  background-color: #fcf8e3;  border-color: #c09853;}.control-group.error > label,.control-group.error .help-block,.control-group.error .help-inline {  color: #b94a48;}.control-group.error .checkbox,.control-group.error .radio,.control-group.error input,.control-group.error select,.control-group.error textarea {  color: #b94a48;  border-color: #b94a48;}.control-group.error .checkbox:focus,.control-group.error .radio:focus,.control-group.error input:focus,.control-group.error select:focus,.control-group.error textarea:focus {  border-color: #953b39;  -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 6px #d59392;  -moz-box-shadow: 0 0 6px #d59392;  box-shadow: 0 0 6px #d59392;}.control-group.error .input-prepend .add-on,.control-group.error .input-append .add-on {  color: #b94a48;  background-color: #f2dede;  border-color: #b94a48;}.control-group.success > label,.control-group.success .help-block,.control-group.success .help-inline {  color: #468847;}.control-group.success .checkbox,.control-group.success .radio,.control-group.success input,.control-group.success select,.control-group.success textarea {  color: #468847;  border-color: #468847;}.control-group.success .checkbox:focus,.control-group.success .radio:focus,.control-group.success input:focus,.control-group.success select:focus,.control-group.success textarea:focus {  border-color: #356635;  -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 6px #7aba7b;  -moz-box-shadow: 0 0 6px #7aba7b;  box-shadow: 0 0 6px #7aba7b;}.control-group.success .input-prepend .add-on,.control-group.success .input-append .add-on {  color: #468847;  background-color: #dff0d8;  border-color: #468847;}input:focus:required:invalid,textarea:focus:required:invalid,select:focus:required:invalid {  color: #b94a48;  border-color: #ee5f5b;}input:focus:required:invalid:focus,textarea:focus:required:invalid:focus,select:focus:required:invalid:focus {  border-color: #e9322d;  -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 6px #f8b9b7;  -moz-box-shadow: 0 0 6px #f8b9b7;  box-shadow: 0 0 6px #f8b9b7;}.form-actions {  padding: 17px 20px 18px;  margin-top: 18px;  margin-bottom: 18px;  background-color: #f5f5f5;  border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5;  *zoom: 1;}.form-actions:before,.form-actions:after {  display: table;  content: "";}.form-actions:after {  clear: both;}.uneditable-input {  overflow: hidden;  white-space: nowrap;  cursor: not-allowed;  background-color: #ffffff;  border-color: #eee;  -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.025);  -moz-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.025);  box-shadow: inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.025);}:-moz-placeholder {  color: #999999;}:-ms-input-placeholder {  color: #999999;}::-webkit-input-placeholder {  color: #999999;}.help-block,.help-inline {  color: #555555;}.help-block {  display: block;  margin-bottom: 9px;}.help-inline {  display: inline-block;  *display: inline;  /* IE7 inline-block hack */  *zoom: 1;  vertical-align: middle;  padding-left: 5px;}.input-prepend,.input-append {  margin-bottom: 5px;}.input-prepend input,.input-append input,.input-prepend select,.input-append select,.input-prepend .uneditable-input,.input-append .uneditable-input {  position: relative;  margin-bottom: 0;  *margin-left: 0;  vertical-align: middle;  -webkit-border-radius: 0 3px 3px 0;  -moz-border-radius: 0 3px 3px 0;  border-radius: 0 3px 3px 0;}.input-prepend input:focus,.input-append input:focus,.input-prepend select:focus,.input-append select:focus,.input-prepend .uneditable-input:focus,.input-append .uneditable-input:focus {  z-index: 2;}.input-prepend .uneditable-input,.input-append .uneditable-input {  border-left-color: #ccc;}.input-prepend .add-on,.input-append .add-on {  display: inline-block;  width: auto;  height: 18px;  min-width: 16px;  padding: 4px 5px;  font-weight: normal;  line-height: 18px;  text-align: center;  text-shadow: 0 1px 0 #ffffff;  vertical-align: middle;  background-color: #eeeeee;  border: 1px solid #ccc;}.input-prepend .add-on,.input-append .add-on,.input-prepend .btn,.input-append .btn {  margin-left: -1px;  -webkit-border-radius: 0;  -moz-border-radius: 0;  border-radius: 0;}.input-prepend .active,.input-append .active {  background-color: #a9dba9;  border-color: #46a546;}.input-prepend .add-on,.input-prepend .btn {  margin-right: -1px;}.input-prepend .add-on:first-child,.input-prepend .btn:first-child {  -webkit-border-radius: 3px 0 0 3px;  -moz-border-radius: 3px 0 0 3px;  border-radius: 3px 0 0 3px;}.input-append input,.input-append select,.input-append .uneditable-input {  -webkit-border-radius: 3px 0 0 3px;  -moz-border-radius: 3px 0 0 3px;  border-radius: 3px 0 0 3px;}.input-append .uneditable-input {  border-right-color: #ccc;  border-left-color: #eee;}.input-append .add-on:last-child,.input-append .btn:last-child {  -webkit-border-radius: 0 3px 3px 0;  -moz-border-radius: 0 3px 3px 0;  border-radius: 0 3px 3px 0;}.input-prepend.input-append input,.input-prepend.input-append select,.input-prepend.input-append .uneditable-input {  -webkit-border-radius: 0;  -moz-border-radius: 0;  border-radius: 0;}.input-prepend.input-append .add-on:first-child,.input-prepend.input-append .btn:first-child {  margin-right: -1px;  -webkit-border-radius: 3px 0 0 3px;  -moz-border-radius: 3px 0 0 3px;  border-radius: 3px 0 0 3px;}.input-prepend.input-append .add-on:last-child,.input-prepend.input-append .btn:last-child {  margin-left: -1px;  -webkit-border-radius: 0 3px 3px 0;  -moz-border-radius: 0 3px 3px 0;  border-radius: 0 3px 3px 0;}.search-query {  padding-right: 14px;  padding-right: 4px \9;  padding-left: 14px;  padding-left: 4px \9;  /* IE7-8 doesn't have border-radius, so don't indent the padding */  margin-bottom: 0;  -webkit-border-radius: 14px;  -moz-border-radius: 14px;  border-radius: 14px;}.form-search input,.form-inline input,.form-horizontal input,.form-search textarea,.form-inline textarea,.form-horizontal textarea,.form-search select,.form-inline select,.form-horizontal select,.form-search .help-inline,.form-inline .help-inline,.form-horizontal .help-inline,.form-search .uneditable-input,.form-inline .uneditable-input,.form-horizontal .uneditable-input,.form-search .input-prepend,.form-inline .input-prepend,.form-horizontal .input-prepend,.form-search .input-append,.form-inline .input-append,.form-horizontal .input-append {  display: inline-block;  *display: inline;  /* IE7 inline-block hack */  *zoom: 1;  margin-bottom: 0;}.form-search .hide,.form-inline .hide,.form-horizontal .hide {  display: none;}.form-search label,.form-inline label {  display: inline-block;}.form-search .input-append,.form-inline .input-append,.form-search .input-prepend,.form-inline .input-prepend {  margin-bottom: 0;}.form-search .radio,.form-search .checkbox,.form-inline .radio,.form-inline .checkbox {  padding-left: 0;  margin-bottom: 0;  vertical-align: middle;}.form-search .radio input[type="radio"],.form-search .checkbox input[type="checkbox"],.form-inline .radio input[type="radio"],.form-inline .checkbox input[type="checkbox"] {  float: left;  margin-right: 3px;  margin-left: 0;}.control-group {  margin-bottom: 9px;}legend + .control-group {  margin-top: 18px;  -webkit-margin-top-collapse: separate;}.form-horizontal .control-group {  margin-bottom: 18px;  *zoom: 1;}.form-horizontal .control-group:before,.form-horizontal .control-group:after {  display: table;  content: "";}.form-horizontal .control-group:after {  clear: both;}.form-horizontal .control-label {  float: left;  width: 140px;  padding-top: 5px;  text-align: right;}.form-horizontal .controls {  *display: inline-block;  *padding-left: 20px;  margin-left: 160px;  *margin-left: 0;}.form-horizontal .controls:first-child {  *padding-left: 160px;}.form-horizontal .help-block {  margin-top: 9px;  margin-bottom: 0;}.form-horizontal .form-actions {  padding-left: 160px;}.btn {  display: inline-block;  *display: inline;  /* IE7 inline-block hack */  *zoom: 1;  padding: 4px 10px 4px;  margin-bottom: 0;  font-size: 13px;  line-height: 18px;  *line-height: 20px;  color: #333333;  text-align: center;  text-shadow: 0 1px 1px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.75);  vertical-align: middle;  cursor: pointer;  background-color: #f5f5f5;  background-image: -moz-linear-gradient(top, #ffffff, #e6e6e6);  background-image: -ms-linear-gradient(top, #ffffff, #e6e6e6);  background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, 0 0, 0 100%, from(#ffffff), to(#e6e6e6));  background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, #ffffff, #e6e6e6);  background-image: -o-linear-gradient(top, #ffffff, #e6e6e6);  background-image: linear-gradient(top, #ffffff, #e6e6e6);  background-repeat: repeat-x;  filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='#ffffff', endColorstr='#e6e6e6', GradientType=0);  border-color: #e6e6e6 #e6e6e6 #bfbfbf;  border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25);  *background-color: #e6e6e6;  /* Darken IE7 buttons by default so they stand out more given they won't have borders */  filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(enabled = false);  border: 1px solid #cccccc;  *border: 0;  border-bottom-color: #b3b3b3;  -webkit-border-radius: 4px;  -moz-border-radius: 4px;  border-radius: 4px;  *margin-left: .3em;  -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255,255,255,.2), 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.05);  -moz-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255,255,255,.2), 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.05);  box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255,255,255,.2), 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.05);}.btn:hover,.btn:active,.btn.active,.btn.disabled,.btn[disabled] {  background-color: #e6e6e6;  *background-color: #d9d9d9;}.btn:active,.btn.active {  background-color: #cccccc \9;}.btn:first-child {  *margin-left: 0;}.btn:hover {  color: #333333;  text-decoration: none;  background-color: #e6e6e6;  *background-color: #d9d9d9;  /* Buttons in IE7 don't get borders, so darken on hover */  background-position: 0 -15px;  -webkit-transition: background-position 0.1s linear;  -moz-transition: background-position 0.1s linear;  -ms-transition: background-position 0.1s linear;  -o-transition: background-position 0.1s linear;  transition: background-position 0.1s linear;}.btn:focus {  outline: thin dotted #333;  outline: 5px auto -webkit-focus-ring-color;  outline-offset: -2px;}.btn.active,.btn:active {  background-color: #e6e6e6;  background-color: #d9d9d9 \9;  background-image: none;  outline: 0;  -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.15), 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.05);  -moz-box-shadow: inset 0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.15), 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.05);  box-shadow: inset 0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.15), 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.05);}.btn.disabled,.btn[disabled] {  cursor: default;  background-color: #e6e6e6;  background-image: none;  opacity: 0.65;  filter: alpha(opacity=65);  -webkit-box-shadow: none;  -moz-box-shadow: none;  box-shadow: none;}.btn-large {  padding: 9px 14px;  font-size: 15px;  line-height: normal;  -webkit-border-radius: 5px;  -moz-border-radius: 5px;  border-radius: 5px;}.btn-large [class^="icon-"] {  margin-top: 1px;}.btn-small {  padding: 5px 9px;  font-size: 11px;  line-height: 16px;}.btn-small [class^="icon-"] {  margin-top: -1px;}.btn-mini {  padding: 2px 6px;  font-size: 11px;  line-height: 14px;}.btn-primary,.btn-primary:hover,.btn-warning,.btn-warning:hover,.btn-danger,.btn-danger:hover,.btn-success,.btn-success:hover,.btn-info,.btn-info:hover,.btn-inverse,.btn-inverse:hover {  color: #ffffff;  text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25);}.btn-primary.active,.btn-warning.active,.btn-danger.active,.btn-success.active,.btn-info.active,.btn-inverse.active {  color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.75);}.btn {  border-color: #ccc;  border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25);}.btn-primary {  background-color: #0074cc;  background-image: -moz-linear-gradient(top, #0088cc, #0055cc);  background-image: -ms-linear-gradient(top, #0088cc, #0055cc);  background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, 0 0, 0 100%, from(#0088cc), to(#0055cc));  background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, #0088cc, #0055cc);  background-image: -o-linear-gradient(top, #0088cc, #0055cc);  background-image: linear-gradient(top, #0088cc, #0055cc);  background-repeat: repeat-x;  filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='#0088cc', endColorstr='#0055cc', GradientType=0);  border-color: #0055cc #0055cc #003580;  border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25);  *background-color: #0055cc;  /* Darken IE7 buttons by default so they stand out more given they won't have borders */  filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(enabled = false);}.btn-primary:hover,.btn-primary:active,.btn-primary.active,.btn-primary.disabled,.btn-primary[disabled] {  background-color: #0055cc;  *background-color: #004ab3;}.btn-primary:active,.btn-primary.active {  background-color: #004099 \9;}.btn-warning {  background-color: #faa732;  background-image: -moz-linear-gradient(top, #fbb450, #f89406);  background-image: -ms-linear-gradient(top, #fbb450, #f89406);  background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, 0 0, 0 100%, from(#fbb450), to(#f89406));  background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, #fbb450, #f89406);  background-image: -o-linear-gradient(top, #fbb450, #f89406);  background-image: linear-gradient(top, #fbb450, #f89406);  background-repeat: repeat-x;  filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='#fbb450', endColorstr='#f89406', GradientType=0);  border-color: #f89406 #f89406 #ad6704;  border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25);  *background-color: #f89406;  /* Darken IE7 buttons by default so they stand out more given they won't have borders */  filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(enabled = false);}.btn-warning:hover,.btn-warning:active,.btn-warning.active,.btn-warning.disabled,.btn-warning[disabled] {  background-color: #f89406;  *background-color: #df8505;}.btn-warning:active,.btn-warning.active {  background-color: #c67605 \9;}.btn-danger {  background-color: #da4f49;  background-image: -moz-linear-gradient(top, #ee5f5b, #bd362f);  background-image: -ms-linear-gradient(top, #ee5f5b, #bd362f);  background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, 0 0, 0 100%, from(#ee5f5b), to(#bd362f));  background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, #ee5f5b, #bd362f);  background-image: -o-linear-gradient(top, #ee5f5b, #bd362f);  background-image: linear-gradient(top, #ee5f5b, #bd362f);  background-repeat: repeat-x;  filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='#ee5f5b', endColorstr='#bd362f', GradientType=0);  border-color: #bd362f #bd362f #802420;  border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25);  *background-color: #bd362f;  /* Darken IE7 buttons by default so they stand out more given they won't have borders */  filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(enabled = false);}.btn-danger:hover,.btn-danger:active,.btn-danger.active,.btn-danger.disabled,.btn-danger[disabled] {  background-color: #bd362f;  *background-color: #a9302a;}.btn-danger:active,.btn-danger.active {  background-color: #942a25 \9;}.btn-success {  background-color: #5bb75b;  background-image: -moz-linear-gradient(top, #62c462, #51a351);  background-image: -ms-linear-gradient(top, #62c462, #51a351);  background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, 0 0, 0 100%, from(#62c462), to(#51a351));  background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, #62c462, #51a351);  background-image: -o-linear-gradient(top, #62c462, #51a351);  background-image: linear-gradient(top, #62c462, #51a351);  background-repeat: repeat-x;  filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='#62c462', endColorstr='#51a351', GradientType=0);  border-color: #51a351 #51a351 #387038;  border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25);  *background-color: #51a351;  /* Darken IE7 buttons by default so they stand out more given they won't have borders */  filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(enabled = false);}.btn-success:hover,.btn-success:active,.btn-success.active,.btn-success.disabled,.btn-success[disabled] {  background-color: #51a351;  *background-color: #499249;}.btn-success:active,.btn-success.active {  background-color: #408140 \9;}.btn-info {  background-color: #49afcd;  background-image: -moz-linear-gradient(top, #5bc0de, #2f96b4);  background-image: -ms-linear-gradient(top, #5bc0de, #2f96b4);  background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, 0 0, 0 100%, from(#5bc0de), to(#2f96b4));  background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, #5bc0de, #2f96b4);  background-image: -o-linear-gradient(top, #5bc0de, #2f96b4);  background-image: linear-gradient(top, #5bc0de, #2f96b4);  background-repeat: repeat-x;  filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='#5bc0de', endColorstr='#2f96b4', GradientType=0);  border-color: #2f96b4 #2f96b4 #1f6377;  border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25);  *background-color: #2f96b4;  /* Darken IE7 buttons by default so they stand out more given they won't have borders */  filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(enabled = false);}.btn-info:hover,.btn-info:active,.btn-info.active,.btn-info.disabled,.btn-info[disabled] {  background-color: #2f96b4;  *background-color: #2a85a0;}.btn-info:active,.btn-info.active {  background-color: #24748c \9;}.btn-inverse {  background-color: #414141;  background-image: -moz-linear-gradient(top, #555555, #222222);  background-image: -ms-linear-gradient(top, #555555, #222222);  background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, 0 0, 0 100%, from(#555555), to(#222222));  background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, #555555, #222222);  background-image: -o-linear-gradient(top, #555555, #222222);  background-image: linear-gradient(top, #555555, #222222);  background-repeat: repeat-x;  filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='#555555', endColorstr='#222222', GradientType=0);  border-color: #222222 #222222 #000000;  border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25);  *background-color: #222222;  /* Darken IE7 buttons by default so they stand out more given they won't have borders */  filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(enabled = false);}.btn-inverse:hover,.btn-inverse:active,.btn-inverse.active,.btn-inverse.disabled,.btn-inverse[disabled] {  background-color: #222222;  *background-color: #151515;}.btn-inverse:active,.btn-inverse.active {  background-color: #080808 \9;}button.btn,input[type="submit"].btn {  *padding-top: 2px;  *padding-bottom: 2px;}button.btn::-moz-focus-inner,input[type="submit"].btn::-moz-focus-inner {  padding: 0;  border: 0;}button.btn.btn-large,input[type="submit"].btn.btn-large {  *padding-top: 7px;  *padding-bottom: 7px;}button.btn.btn-small,input[type="submit"].btn.btn-small {  *padding-top: 3px;  *padding-bottom: 3px;}button.btn.btn-mini,input[type="submit"].btn.btn-mini {  *padding-top: 1px;  *padding-bottom: 1px;}.btn-group {  position: relative;  *zoom: 1;  *margin-left: .3em;}.btn-group:before,.btn-group:after {  display: table;  content: "";}.btn-group:after {  clear: both;}.btn-group:first-child {  *margin-left: 0;}.btn-group + .btn-group {  margin-left: 5px;}.btn-toolbar {  margin-top: 9px;  margin-bottom: 9px;}.btn-toolbar .btn-group {  display: inline-block;  *display: inline;  /* IE7 inline-block hack */  *zoom: 1;}.btn-group > .btn {  position: relative;  float: left;  margin-left: -1px;  -webkit-border-radius: 0;  -moz-border-radius: 0;  border-radius: 0;}.btn-group > .btn:first-child {  margin-left: 0;  -webkit-border-top-left-radius: 4px;  -moz-border-radius-topleft: 4px;  border-top-left-radius: 4px;  -webkit-border-bottom-left-radius: 4px;  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#ffffff;}.tabs-right > .nav-tabs {  float: right;  margin-left: 19px;  border-left: 1px solid #ddd;}.tabs-right > .nav-tabs > li > a {  margin-left: -1px;  -webkit-border-radius: 0 4px 4px 0;  -moz-border-radius: 0 4px 4px 0;  border-radius: 0 4px 4px 0;}.tabs-right > .nav-tabs > li > a:hover {  border-color: #eeeeee #eeeeee #eeeeee #dddddd;}.tabs-right > .nav-tabs .active > a,.tabs-right > .nav-tabs .active > a:hover {  border-color: #ddd #ddd #ddd transparent;  *border-left-color: #ffffff;}.navbar {  *position: relative;  *z-index: 2;  overflow: visible;  margin-bottom: 18px;}.navbar-inner {  min-height: 40px;  padding-left: 20px;  padding-right: 20px;  background-color: #2c2c2c;  background-image: -moz-linear-gradient(top, #333333, #222222);  background-image: -ms-linear-gradient(top, #333333, #222222);  background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, 0 0, 0 100%, from(#333333), to(#222222));  background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, #333333, #222222);  background-image: -o-linear-gradient(top, #333333, #222222);  background-image: linear-gradient(top, #333333, #222222);  background-repeat: repeat-x;  filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='#333333', endColorstr='#222222', GradientType=0);  -webkit-border-radius: 4px;  -moz-border-radius: 4px;  border-radius: 4px;  -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,.25), inset 0 -1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.1);  -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,.25), inset 0 -1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.1);  box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,.25), inset 0 -1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.1);}.navbar .container {  width: auto;}.nav-collapse.collapse {  height: auto;}.navbar {  color: #999999;}.navbar .brand:hover {  text-decoration: none;}.navbar .brand {  float: left;  display: block;  padding: 8px 20px 12px;  margin-left: -20px;  font-size: 20px;  font-weight: 200;  line-height: 1;  color: #999999;}.navbar .navbar-text {  margin-bottom: 0;  line-height: 40px;}.navbar .navbar-link {  color: #999999;}.navbar .navbar-link:hover {  color: #ffffff;}.navbar .btn,.navbar .btn-group {  margin-top: 5px;}.navbar .btn-group .btn {  margin: 0;}.navbar-form {  margin-bottom: 0;  *zoom: 1;}.navbar-form:before,.navbar-form:after {  display: table;  content: "";}.navbar-form:after {  clear: both;}.navbar-form input,.navbar-form select,.navbar-form .radio,.navbar-form .checkbox {  margin-top: 5px;}.navbar-form input,.navbar-form select {  display: inline-block;  margin-bottom: 0;}.navbar-form input[type="image"],.navbar-form input[type="checkbox"],.navbar-form input[type="radio"] {  margin-top: 3px;}.navbar-form .input-append,.navbar-form .input-prepend {  margin-top: 6px;  white-space: nowrap;}.navbar-form .input-append input,.navbar-form .input-prepend input {  margin-top: 0;}.navbar-search {  position: relative;  float: left;  margin-top: 6px;  margin-bottom: 0;}.navbar-search .search-query {  padding: 4px 9px;  font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;  font-size: 13px;  font-weight: normal;  line-height: 1;  color: #ffffff;  background-color: #626262;  border: 1px solid #151515;  -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1), 0 1px 0 rgba(255,255,255,.15);  -moz-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1), 0 1px 0 rgba(255,255,255,.15);  box-shadow: inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1), 0 1px 0 rgba(255,255,255,.15);  -webkit-transition: none;  -moz-transition: none;  -ms-transition: none;  -o-transition: none;  transition: none;}.navbar-search .search-query:-moz-placeholder {  color: #cccccc;}.navbar-search .search-query:-ms-input-placeholder {  color: #cccccc;}.navbar-search .search-query::-webkit-input-placeholder {  color: #cccccc;}.navbar-search .search-query:focus,.navbar-search .search-query.focused {  padding: 5px 10px;  color: #333333;  text-shadow: 0 1px 0 #ffffff;  background-color: #ffffff;  border: 0;  -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);  -moz-box-shadow: 0 0 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);  box-shadow: 0 0 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);  outline: 0;}.navbar-fixed-top,.navbar-fixed-bottom {  position: fixed;  right: 0;  left: 0;  z-index: 1030;  margin-bottom: 0;}.navbar-fixed-top .navbar-inner,.navbar-fixed-bottom .navbar-inner {  padding-left: 0;  padding-right: 0;  -webkit-border-radius: 0;  -moz-border-radius: 0;  border-radius: 0;}.navbar-fixed-top .container,.navbar-fixed-bottom .container {  width: 940px;}.navbar-fixed-top {  top: 0;}.navbar-fixed-bottom {  bottom: 0;}.navbar .nav {  position: relative;  left: 0;  display: block;  float: left;  margin: 0 10px 0 0;}.navbar .nav.pull-right {  float: right;}.navbar .nav > li {  display: block;  float: left;}.navbar .nav > li > a {  float: none;  padding: 9px 10px 11px;  line-height: 19px;  color: #999999;  text-decoration: none;  text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25);}.navbar .btn {  display: inline-block;  padding: 4px 10px 4px;  margin: 5px 5px 6px;  line-height: 18px;}.navbar .btn-group {  margin: 0;  padding: 5px 5px 6px;}.navbar .nav > li > a:hover {  background-color: transparent;  color: #ffffff;  text-decoration: none;}.navbar .nav .active > a,.navbar .nav .active > a:hover {  color: #ffffff;  text-decoration: none;  background-color: #222222;}.navbar .divider-vertical {  height: 40px;  width: 1px;  margin: 0 9px;  overflow: hidden;  background-color: #222222;  border-right: 1px solid #333333;}.navbar .nav.pull-right {  margin-left: 10px;  margin-right: 0;}.navbar .btn-navbar {  display: none;  float: right;  padding: 7px 10px;  margin-left: 5px;  margin-right: 5px;  background-color: #2c2c2c;  background-image: -moz-linear-gradient(top, #333333, #222222);  background-image: -ms-linear-gradient(top, #333333, #222222);  background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, 0 0, 0 100%, from(#333333), to(#222222));  background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, #333333, #222222);  background-image: -o-linear-gradient(top, #333333, #222222);  background-image: linear-gradient(top, #333333, #222222);  background-repeat: repeat-x;  filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='#333333', endColorstr='#222222', GradientType=0);  border-color: #222222 #222222 #000000;  border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25);  *background-color: #222222;  /* Darken IE7 buttons by default so they stand out more given they won't have borders */  filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(enabled = false);  -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255,255,255,.1), 0 1px 0 rgba(255,255,255,.075);  -moz-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255,255,255,.1), 0 1px 0 rgba(255,255,255,.075);  box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255,255,255,.1), 0 1px 0 rgba(255,255,255,.075);}.navbar .btn-navbar:hover,.navbar .btn-navbar:active,.navbar .btn-navbar.active,.navbar .btn-navbar.disabled,.navbar .btn-navbar[disabled] {  background-color: #222222;  *background-color: #151515;}.navbar .btn-navbar:active,.navbar .btn-navbar.active {  background-color: #080808 \9;}.navbar .btn-navbar .icon-bar {  display: block;  width: 18px;  height: 2px;  background-color: #f5f5f5;  -webkit-border-radius: 1px;  -moz-border-radius: 1px;  border-radius: 1px;  -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25);  -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25);  box-shadow: 0 1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25);}.btn-navbar .icon-bar + .icon-bar {  margin-top: 3px;}.navbar .dropdown-menu:before {  content: '';  display: inline-block;  border-left: 7px solid transparent;  border-right: 7px solid transparent;  border-bottom: 7px solid #ccc;  border-bottom-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);  position: absolute;  top: -7px;  left: 9px;}.navbar .dropdown-menu:after {  content: '';  display: inline-block;  border-left: 6px solid transparent;  border-right: 6px solid transparent;  border-bottom: 6px solid #ffffff;  position: absolute;  top: -6px;  left: 10px;}.navbar-fixed-bottom .dropdown-menu:before {  border-top: 7px solid #ccc;  border-top-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);  border-bottom: 0;  bottom: -7px;  top: auto;}.navbar-fixed-bottom .dropdown-menu:after {  border-top: 6px solid #ffffff;  border-bottom: 0;  bottom: -6px;  top: auto;}.navbar .nav li.dropdown .dropdown-toggle .caret,.navbar .nav li.dropdown.open .caret {  border-top-color: #ffffff;  border-bottom-color: #ffffff;}.navbar .nav li.dropdown.active .caret {  opacity: 1;  filter: alpha(opacity=100);}.navbar .nav li.dropdown.open > .dropdown-toggle,.navbar .nav li.dropdown.active > .dropdown-toggle,.navbar .nav li.dropdown.open.active > .dropdown-toggle {  background-color: transparent;}.navbar .nav li.dropdown.active > .dropdown-toggle:hover {  color: #ffffff;}.navbar .pull-right .dropdown-menu,.navbar .dropdown-menu.pull-right {  left: auto;  right: 0;}.navbar .pull-right .dropdown-menu:before,.navbar .dropdown-menu.pull-right:before {  left: auto;  right: 12px;}.navbar .pull-right .dropdown-menu:after,.navbar .dropdown-menu.pull-right:after {  left: auto;  right: 13px;}.breadcrumb {  padding: 7px 14px;  margin: 0 0 18px;  list-style: none;  background-color: #fbfbfb;  background-image: -moz-linear-gradient(top, #ffffff, #f5f5f5);  background-image: -ms-linear-gradient(top, #ffffff, #f5f5f5);  background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, 0 0, 0 100%, from(#ffffff), to(#f5f5f5));  background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, #ffffff, #f5f5f5);  background-image: -o-linear-gradient(top, #ffffff, #f5f5f5);  background-image: linear-gradient(top, #ffffff, #f5f5f5);  background-repeat: repeat-x;  filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='#ffffff', endColorstr='#f5f5f5', GradientType=0);  border: 1px solid #ddd;  -webkit-border-radius: 3px;  -moz-border-radius: 3px;  border-radius: 3px;  -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 #ffffff;  -moz-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 #ffffff;  box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 #ffffff;}.breadcrumb li {  display: inline-block;  *display: inline;  /* IE7 inline-block hack */  *zoom: 1;  text-shadow: 0 1px 0 #ffffff;}.breadcrumb .divider {  padding: 0 5px;  color: #999999;}.breadcrumb .active a {  color: #333333;}.pagination {  height: 36px;  margin: 18px 0;}.pagination ul {  display: inline-block;  *display: inline;  /* IE7 inline-block hack */  *zoom: 1;  margin-left: 0;  margin-bottom: 0;  -webkit-border-radius: 3px;  -moz-border-radius: 3px;  border-radius: 3px;  -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);  -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);  box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);}.pagination li {  display: inline;}.pagination a {  float: left;  padding: 0 14px;  line-height: 34px;  text-decoration: none;  border: 1px solid #ddd;  border-left-width: 0;}.pagination a:hover,.pagination .active a {  background-color: #f5f5f5;}.pagination .active a {  color: #999999;  cursor: default;}.pagination .disabled span,.pagination .disabled a,.pagination .disabled a:hover {  color: #999999;  background-color: transparent;  cursor: default;}.pagination li:first-child a {  border-left-width: 1px;  -webkit-border-radius: 3px 0 0 3px;  -moz-border-radius: 3px 0 0 3px;  border-radius: 3px 0 0 3px;}.pagination li:last-child a {  -webkit-border-radius: 0 3px 3px 0;  -moz-border-radius: 0 3px 3px 0;  border-radius: 0 3px 3px 0;}.pagination-centered {  text-align: center;}.pagination-right {  text-align: right;}.pager {  margin-left: 0;  margin-bottom: 18px;  list-style: none;  text-align: center;  *zoom: 1;}.pager:before,.pager:after {  display: table;  content: "";}.pager:after {  clear: both;}.pager li {  display: inline;}.pager a {  display: inline-block;  padding: 5px 14px;  background-color: #fff;  border: 1px solid #ddd;  -webkit-border-radius: 15px;  -moz-border-radius: 15px;  border-radius: 15px;}.pager a:hover {  text-decoration: none;  background-color: #f5f5f5;}.pager .next a {  float: right;}.pager .previous a {  float: left;}.pager .disabled a,.pager .disabled a:hover {  color: #999999;  background-color: #fff;  cursor: default;}.thumbnails {  margin-left: -20px;  list-style: none;  *zoom: 1;}.thumbnails:before,.thumbnails:after {  display: table;  content: "";}.thumbnails:after {  clear: both;}.row-fluid .thumbnails {  margin-left: 0;}.thumbnails > li {  float: left;  margin-bottom: 18px;  margin-left: 20px;}.thumbnail {  display: block;  padding: 4px;  line-height: 1;  border: 1px solid #ddd;  -webkit-border-radius: 4px;  -moz-border-radius: 4px;  border-radius: 4px;  -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075);  -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075);  box-shadow: 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075);}a.thumbnail:hover {  border-color: #0088cc;  -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 4px rgba(0, 105, 214, 0.25);  -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 4px rgba(0, 105, 214, 0.25);  box-shadow: 0 1px 4px rgba(0, 105, 214, 0.25);}.thumbnail > img {  display: block;  max-width: 100%;  margin-left: auto;  margin-right: auto;}.thumbnail .caption {  padding: 9px;}.alert {  padding: 8px 35px 8px 14px;  margin-bottom: 18px;  text-shadow: 0 1px 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5);  background-color: #fcf8e3;  border: 1px solid #fbeed5;  -webkit-border-radius: 4px;  -moz-border-radius: 4px;  border-radius: 4px;  color: #c09853;}.alert-heading {  color: inherit;}.alert .close {  position: relative;  top: -2px;  right: -21px;  line-height: 18px;}.alert-success {  background-color: #dff0d8;  border-color: #d6e9c6;  color: #468847;}.alert-danger,.alert-error {  background-color: #f2dede;  border-color: #eed3d7;  color: #b94a48;}.alert-info {  background-color: #d9edf7;  border-color: #bce8f1;  color: #3a87ad;}.alert-block {  padding-top: 14px;  padding-bottom: 14px;}.alert-block > p,.alert-block > ul {  margin-bottom: 0;}.alert-block p + p {  margin-top: 5px;}@-webkit-keyframes progress-bar-stripes {  from {    background-position: 40px 0;  }  to {    background-position: 0 0;  }}@-moz-keyframes progress-bar-stripes {  from {    background-position: 40px 0;  }  to {    background-position: 0 0;  }}@-ms-keyframes progress-bar-stripes {  from {    background-position: 40px 0;  }  to {    background-position: 0 0;  }}@-o-keyframes progress-bar-stripes {  from {    background-position: 0 0;  }  to {    background-position: 40px 0;  }}@keyframes progress-bar-stripes {  from {    background-position: 40px 0;  }  to {    background-position: 0 0;  }}.progress {  overflow: hidden;  height: 18px;  margin-bottom: 18px;  background-color: #f7f7f7;  background-image: -moz-linear-gradient(top, #f5f5f5, #f9f9f9);  background-image: -ms-linear-gradient(top, #f5f5f5, #f9f9f9);  background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, 0 0, 0 100%, from(#f5f5f5), to(#f9f9f9));  background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, #f5f5f5, #f9f9f9);  background-image: -o-linear-gradient(top, #f5f5f5, #f9f9f9);  background-image: linear-gradient(top, #f5f5f5, #f9f9f9);  background-repeat: repeat-x;  filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='#f5f5f5', endColorstr='#f9f9f9', GradientType=0);  -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);  -moz-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);  box-shadow: inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);  -webkit-border-radius: 4px;  -moz-border-radius: 4px;  border-radius: 4px;}.progress .bar {  width: 0%;  height: 18px;  color: #ffffff;  font-size: 12px;  text-align: center;  text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25);  background-color: #0e90d2;  background-image: -moz-linear-gradient(top, #149bdf, #0480be);  background-image: -ms-linear-gradient(top, #149bdf, #0480be);  background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, 0 0, 0 100%, from(#149bdf), to(#0480be));  background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, #149bdf, #0480be);  background-image: -o-linear-gradient(top, #149bdf, #0480be);  background-image: linear-gradient(top, #149bdf, #0480be);  background-repeat: repeat-x;  filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='#149bdf', endColorstr='#0480be', GradientType=0);  -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);  -moz-box-shadow: inset 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);  box-shadow: inset 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);  -webkit-box-sizing: border-box;  -moz-box-sizing: border-box;  -ms-box-sizing: border-box;  box-sizing: border-box;  -webkit-transition: width 0.6s ease;  -moz-transition: width 0.6s ease;  -ms-transition: width 0.6s ease;  -o-transition: width 0.6s ease;  transition: width 0.6s ease;}.progress-striped .bar {  background-color: #149bdf;  background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, 0 100%, 100% 0, color-stop(0.25, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15)), color-stop(0.25, transparent), color-stop(0.5, transparent), color-stop(0.5, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15)), color-stop(0.75, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15)), color-stop(0.75, transparent), to(transparent));  background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(-45deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);  background-image: -moz-linear-gradient(-45deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);  background-image: -ms-linear-gradient(-45deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);  background-image: -o-linear-gradient(-45deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);  background-image: linear-gradient(-45deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);  -webkit-background-size: 40px 40px;  -moz-background-size: 40px 40px;  -o-background-size: 40px 40px;  background-size: 40px 40px;}.progress.active .bar {  -webkit-animation: progress-bar-stripes 2s linear infinite;  -moz-animation: progress-bar-stripes 2s linear infinite;  -ms-animation: progress-bar-stripes 2s linear infinite;  -o-animation: progress-bar-stripes 2s linear infinite;  animation: progress-bar-stripes 2s linear infinite;}.progress-danger .bar {  background-color: #dd514c;  background-image: -moz-linear-gradient(top, #ee5f5b, #c43c35);  background-image: -ms-linear-gradient(top, #ee5f5b, #c43c35);  background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, 0 0, 0 100%, from(#ee5f5b), to(#c43c35));  background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, #ee5f5b, #c43c35);  background-image: -o-linear-gradient(top, #ee5f5b, #c43c35);  background-image: linear-gradient(top, #ee5f5b, #c43c35);  background-repeat: repeat-x;  filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='#ee5f5b', endColorstr='#c43c35', GradientType=0);}.progress-danger.progress-striped .bar {  background-color: #ee5f5b;  background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, 0 100%, 100% 0, color-stop(0.25, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15)), color-stop(0.25, transparent), color-stop(0.5, transparent), color-stop(0.5, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15)), color-stop(0.75, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15)), color-stop(0.75, transparent), to(transparent));  background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(-45deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);  background-image: -moz-linear-gradient(-45deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);  background-image: -ms-linear-gradient(-45deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);  background-image: -o-linear-gradient(-45deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);  background-image: linear-gradient(-45deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);}.progress-success .bar {  background-color: #5eb95e;  background-image: -moz-linear-gradient(top, #62c462, #57a957);  background-image: -ms-linear-gradient(top, #62c462, #57a957);  background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, 0 0, 0 100%, from(#62c462), to(#57a957));  background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, #62c462, #57a957);  background-image: -o-linear-gradient(top, #62c462, #57a957);  background-image: linear-gradient(top, #62c462, #57a957);  background-repeat: repeat-x;  filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='#62c462', endColorstr='#57a957', GradientType=0);}.progress-success.progress-striped .bar {  background-color: #62c462;  background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, 0 100%, 100% 0, color-stop(0.25, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15)), color-stop(0.25, transparent), color-stop(0.5, transparent), color-stop(0.5, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15)), color-stop(0.75, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15)), color-stop(0.75, transparent), to(transparent));  background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(-45deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);  background-image: -moz-linear-gradient(-45deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);  background-image: -ms-linear-gradient(-45deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);  background-image: -o-linear-gradient(-45deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);  background-image: linear-gradient(-45deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);}.progress-info .bar {  background-color: #4bb1cf;  background-image: -moz-linear-gradient(top, #5bc0de, #339bb9);  background-image: -ms-linear-gradient(top, #5bc0de, #339bb9);  background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, 0 0, 0 100%, from(#5bc0de), to(#339bb9));  background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, #5bc0de, #339bb9);  background-image: -o-linear-gradient(top, #5bc0de, #339bb9);  background-image: linear-gradient(top, #5bc0de, #339bb9);  background-repeat: repeat-x;  filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='#5bc0de', endColorstr='#339bb9', GradientType=0);}.progress-info.progress-striped .bar {  background-color: #5bc0de;  background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, 0 100%, 100% 0, color-stop(0.25, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15)), color-stop(0.25, transparent), color-stop(0.5, transparent), color-stop(0.5, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15)), color-stop(0.75, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15)), color-stop(0.75, transparent), to(transparent));  background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(-45deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);  background-image: -moz-linear-gradient(-45deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);  background-image: -ms-linear-gradient(-45deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);  background-image: -o-linear-gradient(-45deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);  background-image: linear-gradient(-45deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);}.progress-warning .bar {  background-color: #faa732;  background-image: -moz-linear-gradient(top, #fbb450, #f89406);  background-image: -ms-linear-gradient(top, #fbb450, #f89406);  background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, 0 0, 0 100%, from(#fbb450), to(#f89406));  background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, #fbb450, #f89406);  background-image: -o-linear-gradient(top, #fbb450, #f89406);  background-image: linear-gradient(top, #fbb450, #f89406);  background-repeat: repeat-x;  filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='#fbb450', endColorstr='#f89406', GradientType=0);}.progress-warning.progress-striped .bar {  background-color: #fbb450;  background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, 0 100%, 100% 0, color-stop(0.25, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15)), color-stop(0.25, transparent), color-stop(0.5, transparent), color-stop(0.5, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15)), color-stop(0.75, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15)), color-stop(0.75, transparent), to(transparent));  background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(-45deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);  background-image: -moz-linear-gradient(-45deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);  background-image: -ms-linear-gradient(-45deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);  background-image: -o-linear-gradient(-45deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);  background-image: linear-gradient(-45deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);}.hero-unit {  padding: 60px;  margin-bottom: 30px;  background-color: #eeeeee;  -webkit-border-radius: 6px;  -moz-border-radius: 6px;  border-radius: 6px;}.hero-unit h1 {  margin-bottom: 0;  font-size: 60px;  line-height: 1;  color: inherit;  letter-spacing: -1px;}.hero-unit p {  font-size: 18px;  font-weight: 200;  line-height: 27px;  color: inherit;}.tooltip {  position: absolute;  z-index: 1020;  display: block;  visibility: visible;  padding: 5px;  font-size: 11px;  opacity: 0;  filter: alpha(opacity=0);}.tooltip.in {  opacity: 0.8;  filter: alpha(opacity=80);}.tooltip.top {  margin-top: -2px;}.tooltip.right {  margin-left: 2px;}.tooltip.bottom {  margin-top: 2px;}.tooltip.left {  margin-left: -2px;}.tooltip.top .tooltip-arrow {  bottom: 0;  left: 50%;  margin-left: -5px;  border-left: 5px solid transparent;  border-right: 5px solid transparent;  border-top: 5px solid #000000;}.tooltip.left .tooltip-arrow {  top: 50%;  right: 0;  margin-top: -5px;  border-top: 5px solid transparent;  border-bottom: 5px solid transparent;  border-left: 5px solid #000000;}.tooltip.bottom .tooltip-arrow {  top: 0;  left: 50%;  margin-left: -5px;  border-left: 5px solid transparent;  border-right: 5px solid transparent;  border-bottom: 5px solid #000000;}.tooltip.right .tooltip-arrow {  top: 50%;  left: 0;  margin-top: -5px;  border-top: 5px solid transparent;  border-bottom: 5px solid transparent;  border-right: 5px solid #000000;}.tooltip-inner {  max-width: 200px;  padding: 3px 8px;  color: #ffffff;  text-align: center;  text-decoration: none;  background-color: #000000;  -webkit-border-radius: 4px;  -moz-border-radius: 4px;  border-radius: 4px;}.tooltip-arrow {  position: absolute;  width: 0;  height: 0;}.popover {  position: absolute;  top: 0;  left: 0;  z-index: 1010;  display: none;  padding: 5px;}.popover.top {  margin-top: -5px;}.popover.right {  margin-left: 5px;}.popover.bottom {  margin-top: 5px;}.popover.left {  margin-left: -5px;}.popover.top .arrow {  bottom: 0;  left: 50%;  margin-left: -5px;  border-left: 5px solid transparent;  border-right: 5px solid transparent;  border-top: 5px solid #000000;}.popover.right .arrow {  top: 50%;  left: 0;  margin-top: -5px;  border-top: 5px solid transparent;  border-bottom: 5px solid transparent;  border-right: 5px solid #000000;}.popover.bottom .arrow {  top: 0;  left: 50%;  margin-left: -5px;  border-left: 5px solid transparent;  border-right: 5px solid transparent;  border-bottom: 5px solid #000000;}.popover.left .arrow {  top: 50%;  right: 0;  margin-top: -5px;  border-top: 5px solid transparent;  border-bottom: 5px solid transparent;  border-left: 5px solid #000000;}.popover .arrow {  position: absolute;  width: 0;  height: 0;}.popover-inner {  padding: 3px;  width: 280px;  overflow: hidden;  background: #000000;  background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8);  -webkit-border-radius: 6px;  -moz-border-radius: 6px;  border-radius: 6px;  -webkit-box-shadow: 0 3px 7px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);  -moz-box-shadow: 0 3px 7px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);  box-shadow: 0 3px 7px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);}.popover-title {  padding: 9px 15px;  line-height: 1;  background-color: #f5f5f5;  border-bottom: 1px solid #eee;  -webkit-border-radius: 3px 3px 0 0;  -moz-border-radius: 3px 3px 0 0;  border-radius: 3px 3px 0 0;}.popover-content {  padding: 14px;  background-color: #ffffff;  -webkit-border-radius: 0 0 3px 3px;  -moz-border-radius: 0 0 3px 3px;  border-radius: 0 0 3px 3px;  -webkit-background-clip: padding-box;  -moz-background-clip: padding-box;  background-clip: padding-box;}.popover-content p,.popover-content ul,.popover-content ol {  margin-bottom: 0;}.modal-open .dropdown-menu {  z-index: 2050;}.modal-open .dropdown.open {  *z-index: 2050;}.modal-open .popover {  z-index: 2060;}.modal-open .tooltip {  z-index: 2070;}.modal-backdrop {  position: fixed;  top: 0;  right: 0;  bottom: 0;  left: 0;  z-index: 1040;  background-color: #000000;}.modal-backdrop.fade {  opacity: 0;}.modal-backdrop,.modal-backdrop.fade.in {  opacity: 0.8;  filter: alpha(opacity=80);}.modal {  position: fixed;  top: 50%;  left: 50%;  z-index: 1050;  overflow: auto;  width: 560px;  margin: -250px 0 0 -280px;  background-color: #ffffff;  border: 1px solid #999;  border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);  *border: 1px solid #999;  /* IE6-7 */  -webkit-border-radius: 6px;  -moz-border-radius: 6px;  border-radius: 6px;  -webkit-box-shadow: 0 3px 7px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);  -moz-box-shadow: 0 3px 7px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);  box-shadow: 0 3px 7px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);  -webkit-background-clip: padding-box;  -moz-background-clip: padding-box;  background-clip: padding-box;}.modal.fade {  -webkit-transition: opacity .3s linear, top .3s ease-out;  -moz-transition: opacity .3s linear, top .3s ease-out;  -ms-transition: opacity .3s linear, top .3s ease-out;  -o-transition: opacity .3s linear, top .3s ease-out;  transition: opacity .3s linear, top .3s ease-out;  top: -25%;}.modal.fade.in {  top: 50%;}.modal-header {  padding: 9px 15px;  border-bottom: 1px solid #eee;}.modal-header .close {  margin-top: 2px;}.modal-body {  overflow-y: auto;  max-height: 400px;  padding: 15px;}.modal-form {  margin-bottom: 0;}.modal-footer {  padding: 14px 15px 15px;  margin-bottom: 0;  text-align: right;  background-color: #f5f5f5;  border-top: 1px solid #ddd;  -webkit-border-radius: 0 0 6px 6px;  -moz-border-radius: 0 0 6px 6px;  border-radius: 0 0 6px 6px;  -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 #ffffff;  -moz-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 #ffffff;  box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 #ffffff;  *zoom: 1;}.modal-footer:before,.modal-footer:after {  display: table;  content: "";}.modal-footer:after {  clear: both;}.modal-footer .btn + .btn {  margin-left: 5px;  margin-bottom: 0;}.modal-footer .btn-group .btn + .btn {  margin-left: -1px;}.dropup,.dropdown {  position: relative;}.dropdown-toggle {  *margin-bottom: -3px;}.dropdown-toggle:active,.open .dropdown-toggle {  outline: 0;}.caret {  display: inline-block;  width: 0;  height: 0;  vertical-align: top;  border-top: 4px solid #000000;  border-right: 4px solid transparent;  border-left: 4px solid transparent;  content: "";  opacity: 0.3;  filter: alpha(opacity=30);}.dropdown .caret {  margin-top: 8px;  margin-left: 2px;}.dropdown:hover .caret,.open .caret {  opacity: 1;  filter: alpha(opacity=100);}.dropdown-menu {  position: absolute;  top: 100%;  left: 0;  z-index: 1000;  display: none;  float: left;  min-width: 160px;  padding: 4px 0;  margin: 1px 0 0;  list-style: none;  background-color: #ffffff;  border: 1px solid #ccc;  border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);  *border-right-width: 2px;  *border-bottom-width: 2px;  -webkit-border-radius: 5px;  -moz-border-radius: 5px;  border-radius: 5px;  -webkit-box-shadow: 0 5px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);  -moz-box-shadow: 0 5px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);  box-shadow: 0 5px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);  -webkit-background-clip: padding-box;  -moz-background-clip: padding;  background-clip: padding-box;}.dropdown-menu.pull-right {  right: 0;  left: auto;}.dropdown-menu .divider {  *width: 100%;  height: 1px;  margin: 8px 1px;  *margin: -5px 0 5px;  overflow: hidden;  background-color: #e5e5e5;  border-bottom: 1px solid #ffffff;}.dropdown-menu a {  display: block;  padding: 3px 15px;  clear: both;  font-weight: normal;  line-height: 18px;  color: #333333;  white-space: nowrap;}.dropdown-menu li > a:hover,.dropdown-menu .active > a,.dropdown-menu .active > a:hover {  color: #ffffff;  text-decoration: none;  background-color: #0088cc;}.open {  *z-index: 1000;}.open  > .dropdown-menu {  display: block;}.pull-right > .dropdown-menu {  right: 0;  left: auto;}.dropup .caret,.navbar-fixed-bottom .dropdown .caret {  border-top: 0;  border-bottom: 4px solid #000000;  content: "\2191";}.dropup .dropdown-menu,.navbar-fixed-bottom .dropdown .dropdown-menu {  top: auto;  bottom: 100%;  margin-bottom: 1px;}.typeahead {  margin-top: 2px;  -webkit-border-radius: 4px;  -moz-border-radius: 4px;  border-radius: 4px;}.accordion {  margin-bottom: 18px;}.accordion-group {  margin-bottom: 2px;  border: 1px solid #e5e5e5;  -webkit-border-radius: 4px;  -moz-border-radius: 4px;  border-radius: 4px;}.accordion-heading {  border-bottom: 0;}.accordion-heading .accordion-toggle {  display: block;  padding: 8px 15px;}.accordion-toggle {  cursor: pointer;}.accordion-inner {  padding: 9px 15px;  border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5;}.carousel {  position: relative;  margin-bottom: 18px;  line-height: 1;}.carousel-inner {  overflow: hidden;  width: 100%;  position: relative;}.carousel .item {  display: none;  position: relative;  -webkit-transition: 0.6s ease-in-out left;  -moz-transition: 0.6s ease-in-out left;  -ms-transition: 0.6s ease-in-out left;  -o-transition: 0.6s ease-in-out left;  transition: 0.6s ease-in-out left;}.carousel .item > img {  display: block;  line-height: 1;}.carousel .active,.carousel .next,.carousel .prev {  display: block;}.carousel .active {  left: 0;}.carousel .next,.carousel .prev {  position: absolute;  top: 0;  width: 100%;}.carousel .next {  left: 100%;}.carousel .prev {  left: -100%;}.carousel .next.left,.carousel .prev.right {  left: 0;}.carousel .active.left {  left: -100%;}.carousel .active.right {  left: 100%;}.carousel-control {  position: absolute;  top: 40%;  left: 15px;  width: 40px;  height: 40px;  margin-top: -20px;  font-size: 60px;  font-weight: 100;  line-height: 30px;  color: #ffffff;  text-align: center;  background: #222222;  border: 3px solid #ffffff;  -webkit-border-radius: 23px;  -moz-border-radius: 23px;  border-radius: 23px;  opacity: 0.5;  filter: alpha(opacity=50);}.carousel-control.right {  left: auto;  right: 15px;}.carousel-control:hover {  color: #ffffff;  text-decoration: none;  opacity: 0.9;  filter: alpha(opacity=90);}.carousel-caption {  position: absolute;  left: 0;  right: 0;  bottom: 0;  padding: 10px 15px 5px;  background: #333333;  background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75);}.carousel-caption h4,.carousel-caption p {  color: #ffffff;}.well {  min-height: 20px;  padding: 19px;  margin-bottom: 20px;  background-color: #f5f5f5;  border: 1px solid #eee;  border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);  -webkit-border-radius: 4px;  -moz-border-radius: 4px;  border-radius: 4px;  -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);  -moz-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);  box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);}.well blockquote {  border-color: #ddd;  border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);}.well-large {  padding: 24px;  -webkit-border-radius: 6px;  -moz-border-radius: 6px;  border-radius: 6px;}.well-small {  padding: 9px;  -webkit-border-radius: 3px;  -moz-border-radius: 3px;  border-radius: 3px;}.close {  float: right;  font-size: 20px;  font-weight: bold;  line-height: 18px;  color: #000000;  text-shadow: 0 1px 0 #ffffff;  opacity: 0.2;  filter: alpha(opacity=20);}.close:hover {  color: #000000;  text-decoration: none;  cursor: pointer;  opacity: 0.4;  filter: alpha(opacity=40);}button.close {  padding: 0;  cursor: pointer;  background: transparent;  border: 0;  -webkit-appearance: none;}.pull-right {  float: right;}.pull-left {  float: left;}.hide {  display: none;}.show {  display: block;}.invisible {  visibility: hidden;}.fade {  opacity: 0;  -webkit-transition: opacity 0.15s linear;  -moz-transition: opacity 0.15s linear;  -ms-transition: opacity 0.15s linear;  -o-transition: opacity 0.15s linear;  transition: opacity 0.15s linear;}.fade.in {  opacity: 1;}.collapse {  position: relative;  height: 0;  overflow: hidden;  -webkit-transition: height 0.35s ease;  -moz-transition: height 0.35s ease;  -ms-transition: height 0.35s ease;  -o-transition: height 0.35s ease;  transition: height 0.35s ease;}.collapse.in {  height: auto;}.hidden {  display: none;  visibility: hidden;}.visible-phone {  display: none !important;}.visible-tablet {  display: none !important;}.hidden-desktop {  display: none !important;}@media (max-width: 767px) {  .visible-phone {    display: inherit !important;  }  .hidden-phone {    display: none !important;  }  .hidden-desktop {    display: inherit !important;  }  .visible-desktop {    display: none !important;  }}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 979px) {  .visible-tablet {    display: inherit !important;  }  .hidden-tablet {    display: none !important;  }  .hidden-desktop {    display: inherit !important;  }  .visible-desktop {    display: none !important ;  }}@media (max-width: 480px) {  .nav-collapse {    -webkit-transform: translate3d(0, 0, 0);  }  .page-header h1 small {    display: block;    line-height: 18px;  }  input[type="checkbox"],  input[type="radio"] {    border: 1px solid #ccc;  }  .form-horizontal .control-group > label {    float: none;    width: auto;    padding-top: 0;    text-align: left;  }  .form-horizontal .controls {    margin-left: 0;  }  .form-horizontal .control-list {    padding-top: 0;  }  .form-horizontal .form-actions {    padding-left: 10px;    padding-right: 10px;  }  .modal {    position: absolute;    top: 10px;    left: 10px;    right: 10px;    width: auto;    margin: 0;  }  .modal.fade.in {    top: auto;  }  .modal-header .close {    padding: 10px;    margin: -10px;  }  .carousel-caption {    position: static;  }}@media (max-width: 767px) {  body {    padding-left: 20px;    padding-right: 20px;  }  .navbar-fixed-top,  .navbar-fixed-bottom {    margin-left: -20px;    margin-right: -20px;  }  .container-fluid {    padding: 0;  }  .dl-horizontal dt {    float: none;    clear: none;    width: auto;    text-align: left;  }  .dl-horizontal dd {    margin-left: 0;  }  .container {    width: auto;  }  .row-fluid {    width: 100%;  }  .row,  .thumbnails {    margin-left: 0;  }  [class*="span"],  .row-fluid [class*="span"] {    float: none;    display: block;    width: auto;    margin-left: 0;  }  .input-large,  .input-xlarge,  .input-xxlarge,  input[class*="span"],  select[class*="span"],  textarea[class*="span"],  .uneditable-input {    display: block;    width: 100%;    min-height: 28px;    -webkit-box-sizing: border-box;    -moz-box-sizing: border-box;    -ms-box-sizing: border-box;    box-sizing: border-box;  }  .input-prepend input,  .input-append input,  .input-prepend input[class*="span"],  .input-append input[class*="span"] {    display: inline-block;    width: auto;  }}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 979px) {  .row {    margin-left: -20px;    *zoom: 1;  }  .row:before,  .row:after {    display: table;    content: "";  }  .row:after {    clear: both;  }  [class*="span"] {    float: left;    margin-left: 20px;  }  .container,  .navbar-fixed-top .container,  .navbar-fixed-bottom .container {    width: 724px;  }  .span12 {    width: 724px;  }  .span11 {    width: 662px;  }  .span10 {    width: 600px;  }  .span9 {    width: 538px;  }  .span8 {    width: 476px;  }  .span7 {    width: 414px;  }  .span6 {    width: 352px;  }  .span5 {    width: 290px;  }  .span4 {    width: 228px;  }  .span3 {    width: 166px;  }  .span2 {    width: 104px;  }  .span1 {    width: 42px;  }  .offset12 {    margin-left: 764px;  }  .offset11 {    margin-left: 702px;  }  .offset10 {    margin-left: 640px;  }  .offset9 {    margin-left: 578px;  }  .offset8 {    margin-left: 516px;  }  .offset7 {    margin-left: 454px;  }  .offset6 {    margin-left: 392px;  }  .offset5 {    margin-left: 330px;  }  .offset4 {    margin-left: 268px;  }  .offset3 {    margin-left: 206px;  }  .offset2 {    margin-left: 144px;  }  .offset1 {    margin-left: 82px;  }  .row-fluid {    width: 100%;    *zoom: 1;  }  .row-fluid:before,  .row-fluid:after {    display: table;    content: "";  }  .row-fluid:after {    clear: both;  }  .row-fluid [class*="span"] {    display: block;    width: 100%;    min-height: 28px;    -webkit-box-sizing: border-box;    -moz-box-sizing: border-box;    -ms-box-sizing: border-box;    box-sizing: border-box;    float: left;    margin-left: 2.762430939%;    *margin-left: 2.709239449638298%;  }  .row-fluid [class*="span"]:first-child {    margin-left: 0;  }  .row-fluid .span12 {    width: 99.999999993%;    *width: 99.9468085036383%;  }  .row-fluid .span11 {    width: 91.436464082%;    *width: 91.38327259263829%;  }  .row-fluid .span10 {    width: 82.87292817100001%;    *width: 82.8197366816383%;  }  .row-fluid .span9 {    width: 74.30939226%;    *width: 74.25620077063829%;  }  .row-fluid .span8 {    width: 65.74585634900001%;    *width: 65.6926648596383%;  }  .row-fluid .span7 {    width: 57.182320438000005%;    *width: 57.129128948638304%;  }  .row-fluid .span6 {    width: 48.618784527%;    *width: 48.5655930376383%;  }  .row-fluid .span5 {    width: 40.055248616%;    *width: 40.0020571266383%;  }  .row-fluid .span4 {    width: 31.491712705%;    *width: 31.4385212156383%;  }  .row-fluid .span3 {    width: 22.928176794%;    *width: 22.874985304638297%;  }  .row-fluid .span2 {    width: 14.364640883%;    *width: 14.311449393638298%;  }  .row-fluid .span1 {    width: 5.801104972%;    *width: 5.747913482638298%;  }  input,  textarea,  .uneditable-input {    margin-left: 0;  }  input.span12, textarea.span12, .uneditable-input.span12 {    width: 714px;  }  input.span11, textarea.span11, .uneditable-input.span11 {    width: 652px;  }  input.span10, textarea.span10, .uneditable-input.span10 {    width: 590px;  }  input.span9, textarea.span9, .uneditable-input.span9 {    width: 528px;  }  input.span8, textarea.span8, .uneditable-input.span8 {    width: 466px;  }  input.span7, textarea.span7, .uneditable-input.span7 {    width: 404px;  }  input.span6, textarea.span6, .uneditable-input.span6 {    width: 342px;  }  input.span5, textarea.span5, .uneditable-input.span5 {    width: 280px;  }  input.span4, textarea.span4, .uneditable-input.span4 {    width: 218px;  }  input.span3, textarea.span3, .uneditable-input.span3 {    width: 156px;  }  input.span2, textarea.span2, .uneditable-input.span2 {    width: 94px;  }  input.span1, textarea.span1, .uneditable-input.span1 {    width: 32px;  }}@media (min-width: 1200px) {  .row {    margin-left: -30px;    *zoom: 1;  }  .row:before,  .row:after {    display: table;    content: "";  }  .row:after {    clear: both;  }  [class*="span"] {    float: left;    margin-left: 30px;  }  .container,  .navbar-fixed-top .container,  .navbar-fixed-bottom .container {    width: 1170px;  }  .span12 {    width: 1170px;  }  .span11 {    width: 1070px;  }  .span10 {    width: 970px;  }  .span9 {    width: 870px;  }  .span8 {    width: 770px;  }  .span7 {    width: 670px;  }  .span6 {    width: 570px;  }  .span5 {    width: 470px;  }  .span4 {    width: 370px;  }  .span3 {    width: 270px;  }  .span2 {    width: 170px;  }  .span1 {    width: 70px;  }  .offset12 {    margin-left: 1230px;  }  .offset11 {    margin-left: 1130px;  }  .offset10 {    margin-left: 1030px;  }  .offset9 {    margin-left: 930px;  }  .offset8 {    margin-left: 830px;  }  .offset7 {    margin-left: 730px;  }  .offset6 {    margin-left: 630px;  }  .offset5 {    margin-left: 530px;  }  .offset4 {    margin-left: 430px;  }  .offset3 {    margin-left: 330px;  }  .offset2 {    margin-left: 230px;  }  .offset1 {    margin-left: 130px;  }  .row-fluid {    width: 100%;    *zoom: 1;  }  .row-fluid:before,  .row-fluid:after {    display: table;    content: "";  }  .row-fluid:after {    clear: both;  }  .row-fluid [class*="span"] {    display: block;    width: 100%;    min-height: 28px;    -webkit-box-sizing: border-box;    -moz-box-sizing: border-box;    -ms-box-sizing: border-box;    box-sizing: border-box;    float: left;    margin-left: 2.564102564%;    *margin-left: 2.510911074638298%;  }  .row-fluid [class*="span"]:first-child {    margin-left: 0;  }  .row-fluid .span12 {    width: 100%;    *width: 99.94680851063829%;  }  .row-fluid .span11 {    width: 91.45299145300001%;    *width: 91.3997999636383%;  }  .row-fluid .span10 {    width: 82.905982906%;    *width: 82.8527914166383%;  }  .row-fluid .span9 {    width: 74.358974359%;    *width: 74.30578286963829%;  }  .row-fluid .span8 {    width: 65.81196581200001%;    *width: 65.7587743226383%;  }  .row-fluid .span7 {    width: 57.264957265%;    *width: 57.2117657756383%;  }  .row-fluid .span6 {    width: 48.717948718%;    *width: 48.6647572286383%;  }  .row-fluid .span5 {    width: 40.170940171000005%;    *width: 40.117748681638304%;  }  .row-fluid .span4 {    width: 31.623931624%;    *width: 31.5707401346383%;  }  .row-fluid .span3 {    width: 23.076923077%;    *width: 23.0237315876383%;  }  .row-fluid .span2 {    width: 14.529914530000001%;    *width: 14.4767230406383%;  }  .row-fluid .span1 {    width: 5.982905983%;    *width: 5.929714493638298%;  }  input,  textarea,  .uneditable-input {    margin-left: 0;  }  input.span12, textarea.span12, .uneditable-input.span12 {    width: 1160px;  }  input.span11, textarea.span11, .uneditable-input.span11 {    width: 1060px;  }  input.span10, textarea.span10, .uneditable-input.span10 {    width: 960px;  }  input.span9, textarea.span9, .uneditable-input.span9 {    width: 860px;  }  input.span8, textarea.span8, .uneditable-input.span8 {    width: 760px;  }  input.span7, textarea.span7, .uneditable-input.span7 {    width: 660px;  }  input.span6, textarea.span6, .uneditable-input.span6 {    width: 560px;  }  input.span5, textarea.span5, .uneditable-input.span5 {    width: 460px;  }  input.span4, textarea.span4, .uneditable-input.span4 {    width: 360px;  }  input.span3, textarea.span3, .uneditable-input.span3 {    width: 260px;  }  input.span2, textarea.span2, .uneditable-input.span2 {    width: 160px;  }  input.span1, textarea.span1, .uneditable-input.span1 {    width: 60px;  }  .thumbnails {    margin-left: -30px;  }  .thumbnails > li {    margin-left: 30px;  }  .row-fluid .thumbnails {    margin-left: 0;  }}@media (max-width: 979px) {  body {    padding-top: 0;  }  .navbar-fixed-top,  .navbar-fixed-bottom {    position: static;  }  .navbar-fixed-top {    margin-bottom: 18px;  }  .navbar-fixed-bottom {    margin-top: 18px;  }  .navbar-fixed-top .navbar-inner,  .navbar-fixed-bottom .navbar-inner {    padding: 5px;  }  .navbar .container {    width: auto;    padding: 0;  }  .navbar .brand {    padding-left: 10px;    padding-right: 10px;    margin: 0 0 0 -5px;  }  .nav-collapse {    clear: both;  }  .nav-collapse .nav {    float: none;    margin: 0 0 9px;  }  .nav-collapse .nav > li {    float: none;  }  .nav-collapse .nav > li > a {    margin-bottom: 2px;  }  .nav-collapse .nav > .divider-vertical {    display: none;  }  .nav-collapse .nav .nav-header {    color: #999999;    text-shadow: none;  }  .nav-collapse .nav > li > a,  .nav-collapse .dropdown-menu a {    padding: 6px 15px;    font-weight: bold;    color: #999999;    -webkit-border-radius: 3px;    -moz-border-radius: 3px;    border-radius: 3px;  }  .nav-collapse .btn {    padding: 4px 10px 4px;    font-weight: normal;    -webkit-border-radius: 4px;    -moz-border-radius: 4px;    border-radius: 4px;  }  .nav-collapse .dropdown-menu li + li a {    margin-bottom: 2px;  }  .nav-collapse .nav > li > a:hover,  .nav-collapse .dropdown-menu a:hover {    background-color: #222222;  }  .nav-collapse.in .btn-group {    margin-top: 5px;    padding: 0;  }  .nav-collapse .dropdown-menu {    position: static;    top: auto;    left: auto;    float: none;    display: block;    max-width: none;    margin: 0 15px;    padding: 0;    background-color: transparent;    border: none;    -webkit-border-radius: 0;    -moz-border-radius: 0;    border-radius: 0;    -webkit-box-shadow: none;    -moz-box-shadow: none;    box-shadow: none;  }  .nav-collapse .dropdown-menu:before,  .nav-collapse .dropdown-menu:after {    display: none;  }  .nav-collapse .dropdown-menu .divider {    display: none;  }  .nav-collapse .navbar-form,  .nav-collapse .navbar-search {    float: none;    padding: 9px 15px;    margin: 9px 0;    border-top: 1px solid #222222;    border-bottom: 1px solid #222222;    -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255,255,255,.1), 0 1px 0 rgba(255,255,255,.1);    -moz-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255,255,255,.1), 0 1px 0 rgba(255,255,255,.1);    box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255,255,255,.1), 0 1px 0 rgba(255,255,255,.1);  }  .navbar .nav-collapse .nav.pull-right {    float: none;    margin-left: 0;  }  .nav-collapse,  .nav-collapse.collapse {    overflow: hidden;    height: 0;  }  .navbar .btn-navbar {    display: block;  }  .navbar-static .navbar-inner {    padding-left: 10px;    padding-right: 10px;  }}@media (min-width: 980px) {  .nav-collapse.collapse {    height: auto !important;    overflow: visible !important;  }}

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