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• Ubuntu 11.10 running in windows 7 (wubi) AND on a separate partition

  - by Pareen

  I am in a very strange situation and need some help: I installed Ubuntu 11.10 through Wubi a while back so that I can use it alongside Windows 7. I was running out of space on my disk when trying to install applications. Without understanding how Wubi worked, I partitioned my C drive (creating a new 90 GB partition) in Windows, booted from the Ubuntu 11.10 install/live disk, and used the "something else" option to create a ext4 (setting the mount point to root) and swap space partitions (/sda5 and /sda6). After the install, my computer no longer boots with the previous Wubi menu and is now using the Linux grub. The options I have are /sda2, which boots Windows 7; /sda1, which doesn't do anything and reloads the same menu, and the run Linux options. So I now have Ubuntu running on a separate partition, as well as the original Wubi install. I want to delete the seperate partition and go back to running Ubuntu on Wubi...if I remove the partition will I need the Windows 7 disk to restore the boot loader? I dont have the Windows 7 disk on me so what is the best way to clean this up so I get rid of the seperate partition? -------------------------------------------------UPDATE----------------------------------------------------- ============================================================================================================ thank you so much for your response. Actually, it would be fantastic if I could migrate my Wubi install into the new partition because I had downloaded the AOSP on the Wubi install (as well as other files) and would love to preserve them. If i can do that and work on the new partition with the old files than that would be great, and I can worry about wiping out the partition completely later on i.e. when I have the windows disk or something. Can you tell me how to do this migration?? So when I select the /sda2, it loads up my Windows. If i click on the Linux, it loads up the newly install Linux (my files that were on the Wubi install aren't there) fine. If I click on the /sda1 (SYSTEM_DRIVE... this is what the Wubi was using to boot the menu that let me select Windows 7 or Ubuntu)... it fails and just reloads the original menu. Here is the link to my boot info script http://pastebin.com/dMrY0NL3

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• Installing on a mac without a CD burner or USB boot

  - by Rafael

  I am new to Ubuntu, i installed it in an old PC and now it works GREAT!!! My Macbook pro has a glitch and refuses to run Mac OS X, so i installed Windows, and i really want Ubuntu since Windows is not for me. Here's the problem(s) my drive only READS DVDs, if i put a blank in it, it will ignore it and my mac has the updated EFI, so no booting from a USB connected device! I also tried Wubi, but then i cant make it a FULL partition and get rid of windows!!! Thank you!

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• mount another drive to the same directory

  - by Ken Autotron

  I recently purchased a server that was advertised as 2TB (2 1TB drives) in size, when I use it it reports only one of the drives, I would like to be able to use both as if one drive. here is the specs... sudo lshw -C disk *-disk description: ATA Disk product: TOSHIBA DT01ACA1 vendor: Toshiba physical id: 0.0.0 bus info: scsi@1:0.0.0 logical name: /dev/sda version: MS2O serial: 13EJ81XPS size: 931GiB (1TB) capabilities: partitioned partitioned:dos configuration: ansiversion=5 signature=0005b3dd *-disk description: ATA Disk product: TOSHIBA DT01ACA1 vendor: Toshiba physical id: 0.0.0 bus info: scsi@4:0.0.0 logical name: /dev/sdb version: MS2O serial: 13OX3TKPS size: 931GiB (1TB) capabilities: partitioned partitioned:dos configuration: ansiversion=5 signature=00030e86 and fdisk -l Disk /dev/sdb: 1000.2 GB, 1000204886016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 121601 cylinders, total 1953525168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00030e86 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 * 4096 41947135 20971520 fd Linux raid autodetect /dev/sdb2 41947136 1952468991 955260928 fd Linux raid autodetect /dev/sdb3 1952468992 1953519615 525312 82 Linux swap / Solaris Disk /dev/sda: 1000.2 GB, 1000204886016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 121601 cylinders, total 1953525168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes Disk identifier: 0x0005b3dd Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 4096 41947135 20971520 fd Linux raid autodetect /dev/sda2 41947136 1952468991 955260928 fd Linux raid autodetect /dev/sda3 1952468992 1953519615 525312 82 Linux swap / Solaris Disk /dev/md2: 978.2 GB, 978187124736 bytes 2 heads, 4 sectors/track, 238815216 cylinders, total 1910521728 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/md2 doesn't contain a valid partition table Disk /dev/md1: 21.5 GB, 21474770944 bytes 2 heads, 4 sectors/track, 5242864 cylinders, total 41942912 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/md1 doesn't contain a valid partition table is it possible to mount both drives to say /Home/ so I would have 2TB of usable space?

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• Should I reorder partitions regarding performance

  - by Marcel

  I have in principal 3 big partitions on my Netbook. One Windows, one for shared files, one for Ubuntu. I recently find out (using hdparm) the the hardisk seems to have much better perfomance on the first 2/3 (~ 60MB/s) than on the last 1/3 (~ 40MB/s). I am thinking to delete the second partition and create new partitions for "swap" and / directly after Windows. Does this effort make sense? I also wanna upgrade to 10.4/10.10 but keep the option to go back to the old system, so maybe I install ubuntu completely in a/this new partition?

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• Error in Using Gparted to add Unallocated space

  - by Ba7a7chy

  I'm trying to Add Unallocated space to my Ubuntu partition which is inside an extended partition. i get this error: GParted 0.12.1 --enable-libparted-dmraid Libparted 2.3 Move /dev/sda3 to the left and grow it from 93.31 GiB to 219.75 GiB 00:00:00 ( ERROR ) calibrate /dev/sda3 00:00:00 ( SUCCESS ) path: /dev/sda3 start: 292,704,254 end: 488,394,751 size: 195,690,498 (93.31 GiB) move partition to the left and grow it from 93.31 GiB to 219.75 GiB 00:00:00 ( ERROR ) old start: 292,704,254 old end: 488,394,751 old size: 195,690,498 (93.31 GiB) requested start: 27,545,600 requested end: 488,392,703 requested size: 460,847,104 (219.75 GiB) libparted messages ( INFO ) Unable to satisfy all constraints on the partition. Can't have overlapping partitions. ========================================

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• How to partition USB drive for Ubuntu installation?

  - by Heather

  I am not a computer savvy and need to know how to partition my USB drive without messing up my laptop. I already have the boot order set up properly and the USB drive already has the ISO image downloaded onto it. I am ready for install but just do not know how to partition. I am installing Ubuntu 12.4 LTS onto a USB. Can someone help me? I need an easy walk through please. What I need to know is from the screen shots above do I use the swap drive and if so how do i partition that drive to be my drive? I am stuck up to this part on the installation process. Yes please make a list of the steps for me.

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• Recover partition after GParted resizing interrupted by unexpected shutdown

  - by user84207

  As I was resizing my partitions using GParted, my laptop battery ran out, and the process was interrupted. Now, I am unable to mount the partition which I was trying to resize. I get the following error when I click to mount the partition on nautilus: Error mounting: mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/sda3, missing codepage or helper program, or other error In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try dmesg | tail or so How can I go about recovering my data? Is there a safe way to attempt to force-mount the partition in question? Any help towards recovering my data is sincerely appreciated.

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• How to make a disk image and restore from it later?

  - by Torben Gundtofte-Bruun

  I'm a new Linux user. I've reinstalled my Wubi from scratch at least ten times the last few weeks because while getting the system up and running (drivers, resolution, etc.) I've broken something (X, grub, unknowns) and I can't get it back to work. Especially for a newbie like me, it's easier (and much faster) to just reinstall the whole shebang than try to troubleshoot several layers of failed "fixing" attempts. Coming from Windows, I expect that there is some "disk image" utility that I can run to make a snapshot of my Linux install (and of the boot partition!!) before I meddle with stuff. Then, after I've foobar'ed my machine, I would somehow restore my machine back to that working snapshot. What's the Linux equivalent of Windows disk imagers like Acronis True Image or Norton Ghost? Note: I found a similar question here.

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• Can't access my accelerated hard disk from msdos after installing linux on ssd cache

  - by Chibueze Opata

  I mistakenly installed Ubuntu on my ssd (forgot my PC actually came with one), when it detected a ~31GiB disk that it wanted to install to, I was a bit confused since I had brought out 30Gb in my primary disk for it, but I clicked continue. After installation, I tried to boot back into my Windows and it brought out some Intel Raid Disk Utility stuff saying I should disable acceleration on a disk something couldn't be found, I canceled it but whatever I tried, recovery tools, setups etc, I couldn't just access the drive which was apparently using the SSD as cache. Since then I've been stuck. I tried setting the 'raid' flag to the disk from 'gParted', still I couldn't. I tried the diskraid utility from windows recover disk, it said it couldn't detect any raid, diskpart sees the partition but doesn't see the volume, when I remove the raid flag, it sees the volume as one of raw type, and I can't access anything. I can however mount the drive from terminal in Ubuntu and access my files, but I don't have any backup media at the moment so I can do a factory re-install. Please how do I go about solving the issue, precisely I would like to know how to boot into the drive again. Thanks!

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• Efficient solution for multiplayer space partioning?

  - by DevilWithin

  This question is a little tricky, but I will try to make it clear, Lets say I am building an online game, not in a mmo scale, but gladly supporting as many players as possible, in a authoritative server approach, and I want really big worlds with lots of AI simulated enemies. I am aware of a few strategies to save server's CPU by subdividing the space and not processing what doesn't need processing. I 've already split the world by regions, that will require loading times and small transitions, which i think is important to mantain the quality of gameplay when playing locally (alone or even with a couple of friends) because the players won't normally be in more than one or two regions. But even a region can become pretty big, and have a lot of NPC simulating at a time, how do I handle this without screwing the player's experience? Approaches like one server per region and alike are not in the table. I am mainly looking for data structures to hold hordes of enemies, and even peaceful NPC. To finalize the question, please note that vehicles exist, therefore its considerably fast to travel within a region, influencing the "when" to cull areas. Sorry for the confusing question, thanks

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• GParted doesn't see any partition

  - by Diego

  What I am trying to do couldn't be more logical I think. I have a 40gb drive with two partitions, Xp and Ubuntu. I have dual boot, everything boots and works perfectly. I have about 9gb free in the Windows partition When I run Gparted I only see 40gb unallocated space, booting from Gparted Live CD. What the hell is going on ? I've read everywhere this is a common problem, however it has no sense something like this remains unsolved by gparted developers, considering what I am trying to do is the very basic step anybody wanting to migrate from Windows to Linux would od Something like this honestly doesn't give anything else than frustration Could anybody on this forum be so kind to explain whats' going on ? Thanks

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• Ubuntu confuses my partitions

  - by Diego

  I have 3 relevant partitions split between 2 disks, sda2: Windows 1 partition sda3: Ubuntu partition sdb1: Data partition I was using pysdm to add a label to my partitions and somehow I seem to have screwed up my installation. Now, every time I access the Data partition mounted in /media/Data I see the files in my Windows partition, and viceversa. I've tried unmounting and remounting correctly to no avail, it seems that wherever I mount sda2, if I access that folder I get the files in sdb1, and viceversa. Anyone know what may have happened and how to solve this? Update: This is the result of blkid: /dev/sda1: LABEL="System Reserved" UUID="C62603F02603E073" TYPE="ntfs" /dev/sda2: LABEL="Windows" UUID="00A6D498A6D49010" TYPE="ntfs" /dev/sda5: UUID="033cac3b-6f77-4f09-a629-495dc866866a" TYPE="ext4" /dev/sdb1: LABEL="Data" UUID="BCD83AE3D83A9B98" TYPE="ntfs" These are the contents of my ftsab file: UUID=033cac3b-6f77-4f09-a629-495dc866866a / ext4 errors=remount-ro,user_xattr 0 1 /dev/sda1 /media/Boot_old ntfs defaults 0 0 /dev/sda2 /media/Windows ntfs defaults 0 0 /dev/sdb1 /media/Data ntfs nls=iso8859-1,ro,users,umask=000 0 0

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• scritp to create automatically ext4 and swap in unallocated diskspace

  - by user285589

  i've to install a number of machines. Some machines have windows 7 installed. Some machines not. The machines have 0 or 2 or 3 partitions. Every machine has enough free diskspace (20 to 250 GB) I installed an "golden client" and build an tar archiv of this client. Now, every client boots up a small linux via pxe, and run a script. This script should create a ext4 and a swap partition using the whole free space. After this, mount the ext4-partition, copy tar, chroot, and so on. The problem still is: I can create partitions using fdisk. But how can i figure out the partion number of the new partition. Do i have to mount /dev/sda3 or /dev/sda1? Someone an idea? Further question: How can i figure out, if the is unallocated space, and how much it is? Thanks

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• HP ENVY TouchSmart 15t-j000 Quad Edition + custom mSata Plextor M5M 64GB SSD

  - by Akash Ramani

  The ssd did not come along with the laptop, so i bought one myself and physically installed it. I've booted into Ubuntu from a USB drive and my goal is to install / and /home in the SSD. (because most of the actual media exists on the HDD) The only problem is i'm unable to detect the SSD while configuring the partitions. I know the SSD is not the problem because it recognizes in a different laptop. I've followed the instructions shown in https://help.ubuntu.com/community/UEFI but that still doesn't help in identifying the SSD partition. Any help would be appreciated. (p.s: I'm wondering if i have to prepare the SSD through windows or something like that)

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• UEFI Dual-Boot - Ubuntu 12.04.3 + Windows 8.1 (One GPT HDD)

  - by swafbrother

  UEFI Dual-Boot - Ubuntu 12.04.3 + Windows 8.1 (One GPT HDD) Hello, I'm having trouble setting up a dual-boot (Ubuntu 12.04 LTS and Windows 8.1) in my ASUS K55VM laptop's hard drive disk (500 GB). I was mostly following tutorials for doing this, but at some point something has gone wrong. Up to now, I have followed these steps: I formatted my HDD into GPT. I clean-installed Windows 8.1. I didn't prevent Windows from choosing the partitions to use and it created these partitions: A Recovery partition (sda1). An EFI System Partition (sda2). A Microsoft Reserved Partition (sda3). A Windows Data Partition or C drive (sda4). I reduced the Windows Data Partition via Windows' Disk Management. I made a bootable USB Stick with Ubuntu 12.04 LTS from ISO, using Universal USB Installer. I created these partitions for Ubuntu: A Boot partition, mounted at /boot (sda5). A Root partition, mounted at / (sda6). A Swap partition (sda7). In Device for boot loader installation I chose: /dev/sda. Then, when I rebooted, it went straight into Ubuntu. So I installed Boot-Repair, and clicked on Recommended Repair. It automatically did its job without asking for anything. I rebooted and Grub showed up, with a lot of options. At this point I had a decent dual-boot setup; Ubuntu and both Windows entries worked fine: Ubuntu. Windows Boot UEFI Loader. Windows UEFI bkpbootmgfw.efi. I executed this command: sudo grub-install --force /dev/sda5. Then I tried to make Windows 8.1's Boot Manager the main boot manager, so that I could choose which OS to boot into from a menu. I downloaded EasyBCD on Windows. It showed 2 Ubuntu entries and 1 Windows entry. I went into BCD Deployment tab and clicked on Write MBR. At this point, I went into BIOS and made Windows Boot Manager the first boot option. When I rebooted, I got a black screen with the message efidisk read error, and then (I guess) it switched to the next boot option, which is Ubuntu, resulting in Grub showing up. From Grub, Ubuntu entry is working and so are both Windows entries. If I choose Ubuntu, it normally boots into Ubuntu. But if I choose Windows, it goes into Windows' boot manager. In Windows' boot manager, a menu shows up: Ubuntu. Ubuntu. Windows 8.1. If I choose Windows, it boots into Windows without any problem. If I choose Ubuntu, it boots into Grub (back to step 14). Here's my BootInfo Summary: http://paste.ubuntu.com/6698171/ Windows Boot Manager is clearly not working as expected; I can't directly boot into it and I can't boot into it from BIOS either (efidisk read error again). If I want to boot into Windows I need to boot into Grub first, which is the opposite of what I wanted. I need help at this point. What is the best thing I can do? Is there a more reliable and/or simpler way of acomplishing a satisfying dual-boot for this situation? Can someone provide a way for going back to step 8, where I had a more efficient dual-boot setup? If only I could undo what I did with Easy BCD and skip Windows' Boot Menu... Can someone provide a way to fix this mess? Thanks in advance and sorry for the length of this, I wanted to be exhaustive.

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• What is the kd tree intersection logic?

  - by bobobobo

  I'm trying to figure out how to implement a KD tree. On page 322 of "Real time collision detection" by Ericson The text section is included below in case Google book preview doesn't let you see it the time you click the link text section Relevant section: The basic idea behind intersecting a ray or directed line segment with a k-d tree is straightforward. The line is intersected against the node's splitting plane, and the t value of intersection is computed. If t is within the interval of the line, 0 <= t <= tmax, the line straddles the plane and both children of the tree are recursively descended. If not, only the side containing the segment origin is recursively visited. So here's what I have: (open image in new tab if you can't see the lettering) The logical tree Here the orange ray is going thru the 3d scene. The x's represent intersection with a plane. From the LEFT, the ray hits: The front face of the scene's enclosing cube, The (1) splitting plane The (2.2) splitting plane The right side of the scene's enclosing cube But here's what would happen, naively following Ericson's basic description above: Test against splitting plane (1). Ray hits splitting plane (1), so left and right children of splitting plane (1) are included in next test. Test against splitting plane (2.1). Ray actually hits that plane, (way off to the right) so both children are included in next level of tests. (This is counter-intuitive - shouldn't only the bottom node be included in subsequent tests) Can some one describe what happens when the orange ray goes through the scene correctly?

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• Keeping multiple root directories in a single partition

  - by intuited

  I'm working out a partition scheme for a new install. I'd like to keep the root filesystem fairly small and static, so that I can use LVM snapshots to do backups without having to allocate a ton of space for the snapshot. However, I'd also like to keep the number of total partitions small. Even with LVM, there's inevitably some wasted space and it's still annoying and vaguely dangerous to allocate more. So there seem to be a couple of different options: Have the partition that will contain bulky, variable files, like /srv, /var, and /home, be the root partition, and arrange for the core system state — /etc, /usr, /lib, etc. — to live in a second partition. These files can (I think) be backed up using a different backup scheme, and I don't think LVM snapshots will be necessary for them. The opposite: putting the big variable directories on the second partition, and having the essential system directories live on the root FS. Either of these options require that certain directories be pointers of some variety to subdirectories of a second partition. I'm aware of two different ways to do this: symlinks and bind-mounts. Is one better than the other for this purpose? Is there another option? Do any of the various Ubuntu installation media/strategies support this style of partition layout?

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• How to reinstall Ubuntu keeping my data intact?

  - by Santosh Linkha

  I want to reinstall Ubuntu keeping my data intact. I have 160 GB hardrive (sata or pata I don't know but it's slim and made in China) with a 40 GB ext3 partition, a 4GB swap memory and 3 other partition with a FAT32 file system. I have around 4GB space on my drive where Linux is installed. I'd like to keep the data intact, especially the Downloads folder, desktop, and /var/www; And I no longer have access to any other machines or external storage devices.

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• no disk space, cant use internet

  - by James

  after trying to install drivers using sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get upgrade, im faced with a message saying no space left on device, i ran disk usage analyzer as root and there was three folders namely, main volume, home folder, and my 116gb hard drive (which is practically empty) yet both other folders are full, which is stopping me installing drivers because of space, how do i get ubuntu to use this space on my hard drive? its causing problems because i cant gain access to the internet as i cant download drivers when i havnt got enough space, this happens every time i try it sudo fdisk -l Disk /dev/sda: 120.0GB, 120034123776 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 14593 cylinders, total 234441648 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x0003eeed Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 2048 231315455 115656704 83 Linux /dev/sda2 231317502 234440703 1561601 5 Extended /dev/sda5 231317504 234440703 1561600 82 Linux swap / solaris Output of df -h df: '/media/ubuntu/FB18-ED76': No such file or directory Filesysytem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /cow 751M 751M 0 100% / udev 740M 12K 740M 1% /dev tmpfs 151M 792K 150M 1% /run /dev/sr0 794M 794M 0 100% /cdrom /dev/loop0 758M 758M 0 100% /rofs none 4.0K 0 4.0K 0% /sys/fs/cgroup tmpfs 751M 1.4M 749M 1% /tmp none 5.0M 4.0K 5.0M 1% /run/lock none 751M 276K 751M 1% /run/shm none 100M 40K 100M 1% /run/user

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• Best partition Scheme for Ubuntu Server

  - by K.K Patel

  I am going to deploy Ubuntu server having Following servers on it Bind server, dhcp server, LAMP Server, Openssh Server, Ldap server, Monodb database, FTP server,mail server, Samba server, NFS server , in future I want to set Openstack for PAAS. Currently I have Raid 5 with 10TB. How should I make my Partition Scheme So never get problem in future and easily expand Storage size. Suggest me such a partition Scheme with giving specific percentage of Storage to partitions like /, /boot, /var, /etc. Thanks In advance

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• How can I install Ubuntu Saucy Server with BTRFS?

  - by Walter Souto

  So, a week ago I installed the latest beta version of Ubuntu Saucy Server in a MacMini using BTRFS as only partition to mount "/" on it (I know it's not recommended to do this, but it's not the point here) with no problems et al. Everything went just "naturally"... Now with the released image of 13.10 server, I just can't get any BTRFS partition done from installer. I'm getting a "Can't create filesystem" error whenever I try to create any BTRFS partition, like the 13.10 server final installer can't handle format BTRFS partitions... Am I doing something wrong? Or it's a bug in the installer? Is there anything that I can do to workaround this and get my BTRFS partition set on installation, or I'll need to work this after the installation. I can just leave some space left and create a btrfs partition later on, with Saucy already installed and proceed to use to LXC (which is my solo purpose to have btrfs), but anyway, why installer can't do btrfs anymore?

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• Linux DD command partition -to- partition

  - by Ben Jackson

  I just used the DD command to copy the contents of one partition over to another partition on another drive, like this: dd if=/dev/sda2 of=/dev/sdb2 bs=4096 conv=noerror sda2 partition was 66GB and sdb2 was 250GB. I read that by doing this the extra space on the drive I am copying to will be wasted, is this true? I wasn't worried about loosing the extra space for the time being however, I just ran: sudo kill -USR1 (PID) to view the current status of DD and it has written over 66GB of data, will it continue to write data until it gets to 250GB? If so, is there a way to stop the process without corrupting it as waiting for it to write blank space seems like a waste of time.

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• Ubuntu 13.10 software raid

  - by Piotr Belniak

  I had already Ubuntu OS installed on my desktop PC, where the software RAID 5 is configured ( 3 partitions /, swap and home ). This system was upgraded from the 11.04 till 13.04, it was quite messy, so I decided to install fresh system on existing partitions. 1st of all i found that there is no alternate version of the installer ( which i used to create previous installation ), so i stared with the regular image. I installed mdadm tools, assemble the partitions - fdisk are showing them properly - so i'm starting the installation - and everything i going fine until the GRUB instalation - this part fails - regardless of which partition i use as a target. From the other hand, neither OpenSUse and Ubuntu 12.04 alternate does not have any problems with installing the GRUB - on this configuration, unfortunatelly Ubuntu 12.04 - 12.10 upgrade is failing bacause of some Xorg issues ;(. Maybe someone has an experience with installation of ubuntu 13.10 GRUB on the RAID 5 partitions - and could give me a hint, how to solve my problem. Thanks in advance, Piotr

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• Creating properly aligned partitions on a replacement disk

  - by Marius Gedminas

  I've a typical small office server with two hard disks configured for RAID-1 (mirroring). Each disk has several partitions: one for swap, the others paired in several /dev/mdX arrays. Every couple of years one of the disks dies and is replaced. The replacement typically goes something like this: # copy partition table from the remaining good disk to the empty replacement disk # (instead of /dev/good_disk and /dev/new_disk I use /dev/sda and /dev/sdb, as appropriate) sfdisk -d /dev/good_disk | sfdisk /dev/new_disk # install boot loader grub-install /dev/new_disk # create swap partition reusing the same UUID, so I don't need to edit /etc/fstab mkswap /dev/new_disk1 -U xxxxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx # hot-add the new partitions to my RAID arrays mdadm /dev/md0 -a /dev/new_disk2 mdadm /dev/md1 -a /dev/new_disk5 mdadm /dev/md2 -a /dev/new_disk6 mdadm /dev/md3 -a /dev/new_disk7 mdadm /dev/md4 -a /dev/new_disk8 The disks were originally partitioned with cfdisk back in 2009, and so the partition table is aligned traditionally to cylinder boundaries (255 heads * 63 sectors). This is not the optimum configuration for new 4K-sector drives. My question is: how can I create a set of partitions for the new disk and ensure they're properly aligned, and have correct sizes for my RAID arrays (rounding up is acceptable, I suppose, but rounding down is definitely not)?

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• How can I get data off of a (probably) very corrupt drive?

  - by Mercury1964

  So, my younger brother wanted my help today. Apparently, he was helping a friend install Ubuntu to his laptop, and midway through the install (on a filled hard-drive with Windows 8, from the liveusb thing): 1) They realized that they had chosen "Erase and install" accidentally and decided the best course of action was to (in the middle of an install, remember) 2) Force shutdown the computer. After I had replaced my eyeballs back into their sockets, my bro asked if I could do anything about his friend's data, which he wanted back. This, however, drifts out of my normal comfort zone. I know this about the install: 1) It was on a fairly new Windows 8 laptop, so it had whatever filesystem it uses nowadays on the entire drive 2) They didn't choose the "zero out drive data" option 3) They stopped the install at some point (not sure if before or after wipe) I can imagine that it now has two corrupted filesystems on it (whatever Windows 8 was on and ext3) and that some of the data still exists (assuming it wasn't overwritten already). Is there anything that can be done for whatever data is left on the drive?

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