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  • Test-driven Development: Writing tests for private / protected variables

    - by Chetan
    I'm learning TDD, and I have a question about private / protected variables. My question is: If a function I want to test is operating on a private variable, how should I test it? Here is the example I'm working with: I have a class called Table that contains an instance variable called internalRepresentation that is a 2D array. I want to create a function called multiplyValuesByN that multiplies all the values in the 2D array by the argument n. So I write the test for it (in Python): def test_multiplyValuesByN (self): t = Table(3, 3) # 3x3 table, filled with 0's t.set(0, 0, 4) # Set value at position (0,0) to 4 t.multiplyValuesByN(3) assertEqual(t.internalRepresentation, [[12, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0]]) Now, if I make internalRepresentation private or protected, this test will not work. How am I supposed to write the test so it doesn't depend on internalRepresentation but still tests that it looks correct after calling multiplyValuesByN?

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  • How is inheritance implemented at the memory level?

    - by cambr
    Suppose I have class A { public: void print(){cout<<"A"; }}; class B: public A { public: void print(){cout<<"B"; }}; class C: public C { }; How is inheritance implemented at the memory level? Does C copy print() code to itself or does it have a pointer to the it that points somewhere in A part of the code? How does the same thing happen when we override the previous definition, for example in B (at the memory level)?

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  • C++ private pointer "leaking"?

    - by jbu
    I'm going to create a class to hold a long list of parameters that will be passed to a function. Let's use this shorter example: class ParamList{ public: ParamList(string& a_string); string& getString(); //returns my_string private: string& my_string; } My question is this: my_string is private, yet I'm returning the reference to it. Isn't that called something like private pointer leaking in C++? Is this not good programming practice? I want callers of getString to be able to get the reference and also modify it. Please let me know. Thanks, jbu edit1: callers will use getString() and modify the string that was returned.

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  • Imitating Multiple Inheritance in PHP

    - by fabieno
    I am working on my own MVC framework and found myself stuck. I need the following construction: Controller -- Backend_Controller -- Backend_Crud_Controller -- Frontend_Controller -- Frontend_Crud_Controller Both 'Backend_Crud_Controller' and 'Frontend_Crud_Controller' have the same functionality and thus they should extend another class named 'Base_Crud_Controller', the only difference comes from the 'Backend/Frontend' Controllers which implement different mechanisms. Basically they should inherit both classes but my problem is that 'Backend/Frontend' controller doesn't necessarily extend 'Base_Crud_Controller'. I know multiple inheritance doesn't exist in PHP but I am looking for a solution, I choose to refrain Mixins (like in Symfony) as I don't consider that an elegant solution. Interfaces do not suit me as all of these end up as concrete classes that should implement methods.

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  • Java Inheritance Concept Understanding

    - by Nirmal
    Hello All.... I am just refreshing the oops features of the java. So, I have a little confusion regarding inheritance concept. For that I have a following sample code : class Super{ int index = 5; public void printVal(){ System.out.println("Super"); } } class Sub extends Super{ int index = 2; public void printVal(){ System.out.println("Sub"); } } public class Runner { public static void main(String args[]){ Super sup = new Sub(); System.out.println(sup.index+","); sup.printVal(); } } Now above code is giving me output as : 5,Sub. Here, we are overriding printVal() method, so that is understandable that it is accessing child class method only. But I could not understand why it's accessing the value of x from Super class... Thanks in advance....

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  • C++ inheritance question

    - by user233973
    Hi guys, I have a C++ inheritance related question. I have a set of classes like this (I have not given the complete class structure coz I am lazy :) ). I want to access chiComponent class public methods using com pointer. How should I go about it? Note that I am having to change the object which "com" is pointing to in a lot of places. So I do not think I can have another chiComponent *ccom = <some_cast> com; ccom.chiComponentMethod() How should I go about it? class Component{ }; class chiComponent : public Component { public: void chiComponentMethod() { cout << "Hi! Chi component function called!!"; } } class parent { protected: Component *com; }; class child : public parent{ public: child() { com = new chiComponent(); } } Regards Arun

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  • Problem about C++ class (inheritance, variables scope and functions)

    - by Luigi Giaccari
    I have a class that contains some data: class DATA Now I would to create some functions that uses those data. I can do it easily by writing member functions like DATA::usedata(); Since there are hundreds of functions, I would to keep an order in my code, so I would like to have some "categories" (not sure of the correct name) like: DATA data; data.memory.free(); data.memory.allocate(); data.file.import(); data.whatever.foo(); where memory, file and whatever are the "categories" and free, allocate and foo are the functions. I tried the inheritance way, but I got lost since I can not declare inside DATA a memory or file object, error C2079 occurs: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/9ekhdcxs%28VS.80%29.aspx Since I am not a programmer please don't be too complicated and if you have an easier way I am all ears.

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  • Java combine parents of two large inheritance chains

    - by Soylent Green
    I have two parent classes in a huge project, let's say ClassA and ClassB. Each class has many subclasses, which in turn have many subclasses, which in turn have many subclasses, etc. My task is to "marry" these two "families" so that both inherit from a SINGLE parent. I need to essentially make ClassA and ClassB one class (parent) to both of their combined subclasses (children). ClassA and ClassB both currently implement Serializable. I am currently trying to make both inheritance chains inherit from ClassA, and then copy all functions and data members from ClassB into ClassA. This is tedious, and I think a terrible solution. What would be the CORRECT way to solve this problem?

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  • Exception and Inheritance in JAVA

    - by user1759950
    Suppose we have this problem public class Father{ public void method1(){...} } public class Child1 extends Father{ public void method1() throws Exception{ super.method1(); ... } } Child1 extends Father and override method1 but given implementation Child1.method1 now throws a exception, this wont compile as override method can't throw new exceptions. What is the best solution? Propagate the required exception to the Father.. to me this is against encapsulation, inheritance and general OOP ( the father potentially throw and exception that will never happen ) Use a RuntimeException instead? This solution wont propagate the Exception to the father but I read In Oracle docs and others sources states class of exceptions should be used when "Client code cannot do anything" this is not that case, this exception will b useful to recover blablabla ( why is wrong to use RuntimeException instead? ) Other.. thanks, Federico

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  • Sharing base object with inheritance

    - by max
    I have class Base. I'd like to extend its functionality in a class Derived. I was planning to write: class Derived(Base): def __init__(self, base_arg1, base_arg2, derived_arg1, derived_arg2): super().__init__(base_arg1, base_arg2) # ... def derived_method1(self): # ... Sometimes I already have a Base instance, and I want to create a Derived instance based on it, i.e., a Derived instance that shares the Base object (doesn't re-create it from scratch). I thought I could write a static method to do that: b = Base(arg1, arg2) # very large object, expensive to create or copy d = Derived.from_base(b, derived_arg1, derived_arg2) # reuses existing b object but it seems impossible. Either I'm missing a way to make this work, or (more likely) I'm missing a very big reason why it can't be allowed to work. Can someone explain which one it is? [Of course, if I used composition rather than inheritance, this would all be easy to do. But I was hoping to avoid the delegation of all the Base methods to Derived through __getattr__.]

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  • c++ templates and inheritance

    - by Armen Ablak
    Hey, I'm experiencing some problems with breaking my code to reusable parts using templates and inheritance. I'd like to achieve that my tree class and avltree class use the same node class and that avltree class inherits some methods from the tree class and adds some specific ones. So I came up with the code below. Compiler throws an error in tree.h as marked below and I don't really know how to overcome this. Any help appreciated! :) node.h: #ifndef NODE_H #define NODE_H #include "tree.h" template <class T> class node { T data; ... node() ... friend class tree<T>; }; #endif tree.h #ifndef DREVO_H #define DREVO_H #include "node.h" template <class T> class tree { public: //signatures tree(); ... void insert(const T&); private: node<T> *root; //missing type specifier - int assumed. Note: C++ does not support default-int }; //implementations #endif avl.h #ifndef AVL_H #define AVL_H #include "tree.h" #include "node.h" template <class T> class avl: public tree<T> { public: //specific int findMin() const; ... protected: void rotateLeft(node<T> *)const; private: node<T> *root; }; #endif avl.cpp (I tried separating headers from implementation, it worked before I started to combine avl code with tree code) #include "drevo" #include "avl.h" #include "vozlisce.h" template class avl<int>; //I know that only avl with int can be used like this, but currently this is doesn't matter :) //implementations ...

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  • Inheritance not working

    - by Pendo826
    Hey im just practicing inheritance and i encountered a problem. Im getting an error in my car class(sub-class) that the variables in Vehicle(parent) are not visible. i didnt do anything to change this and i dont even know how to make it invisible. Can anyone help me with this. public class Vehicle { private String make, model, colour; private int registrationNumber; public Vehicle() { this.make = ""; this.model = ""; this.colour = ""; this.registrationNumber = 0; } public Vehicle(String make, String model, String colour, int registrationNumber) { this.make = make; this.model = model; this.colour = colour; this.registrationNumber = registrationNumber; } public String getMake() { return make; } public void setMake(String make) { this.make = make; } public String getModel() { return model; } public void setModel(String model) { this.model = model; } public String getColour() { return colour; } public void setColour(String colour) { this.colour = colour; } public int getRegistrationNumber() { return registrationNumber; } public void setRegistrationNumber(int registrationNumber) { this.registrationNumber = registrationNumber; } public String toString() { return "Vehicle [make=" + make + ", model=" + model + ", colour=" + colour + ", registrationNumber=" + registrationNumber + "]"; } } public Car() { super(); this.doors = 0; this.shape = ""; } public Car(int doors, String shape, String make, String model, String colour, int registrationNumber) { super(); this.doors = doors; this.shape = shape; this.make = make;//Error this.model = model;//Error this.colour = colour;//Error this.registrationNumber = registrationNumber;//Error } The error message: Description Resource Path Location Type The field Vehicle.make is not visible Car.java /VehicleApp/src line 19 Java Problem The field Vehicle.model is not visible Car.java /VehicleApp/src line 20 Java Problem The field Vehicle.colour is not visible Car.java /VehicleApp/src line 21 Java Problem The field Vehicle.registrationNumber is not visible Car.java /VehicleApp/src line 22 Java Problem

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  • Closest Ruby representation of a 'private static final' and 'public static final' class variable in

    - by Hosh
    Given the Java code below, what's the closest you could represent these two static final variables in a Ruby class? And, is it possible in Ruby to distinguish between private static and public static variables as there is in Java? public class DeviceController { ... private static final Device myPrivateDevice = Device.getDevice("mydevice"); public static final Device myPublicDevice = Device.getDevice("mydevice"); ... public static void main(String args[]) { ... } }

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  • Connecting private IPs

    - by Greg Roberts
    A friend of mine told me there was a way to connect two private IPs without using a proxy server. The idea was that both computers connected to a public server and some how the server joined the private connections and won't use any more bandwidth. Is this true? How's this technique named? Thanks

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  • Error code while trying to use private variables in a function

    - by Cortopasta
    I get an error that says Parse error: syntax error, unexpected T_PRIVATE in E:\PortableApps\xampp\htdocs\SN\AC\ACclass.php on line 6 while trying to run my script. I'm new to classes in PHP and was wondering if someone could point out my error. Here's the code for that part. <?php class ac { public function authentication() { private $plain_username = $_POST['username']; private $md5_password = md5($_POST['password']); $ac = new ac();

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  • functional test for rails controller private method

    - by mohit
    I have a private method in my controller. which is used for some database update. this method i am calling from another controller method. and it works fine. But when i am trying to write a test case for that method then It is tripping on accessing (session variable and params) in my functional all other methods are working fine the problem is only with private method? In my setup method in functional test, I am setting session also.?

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  • final and private static

    - by xdevel2000
    I read that doing: public final void foo() {} is equals to: private static void foo() {} both meaning that the method is not overridable! But I don't see the equivalence if a method is private it's automatically not accessible...

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  • Default class for SQLAlchemy single table inheritance

    - by eclaird
    I've set up a single table inheritance, but I need a "default" class to use when an unknown polymorphic identity is encountered. The database is not in my control and so the data can be pretty much anything. A working example setup: import sqlalchemy as sa from sqlalchemy import orm engine = sa.create_engine('sqlite://') metadata = sa.MetaData(bind=engine) table = sa.Table('example_types', metadata, sa.Column('id', sa.Integer, primary_key=True), sa.Column('type', sa.Integer), ) metadata.create_all() class BaseType(object): pass class TypeA(BaseType): pass class TypeB(BaseType): pass base_mapper = orm.mapper(BaseType, table, polymorphic_on=table.c.type, polymorphic_identity=None, ) orm.mapper(TypeA, inherits=base_mapper, polymorphic_identity='A', ) orm.mapper(TypeB, inherits=base_mapper, polymorphic_identity='B', ) Session = orm.sessionmaker(autocommit=False, autoflush=False) session = Session() Now, if I insert a new unmapped identity... engine.execute('INSERT INTO EXAMPLE_TYPES (TYPE) VALUES (\'C\')') session.query(BaseType).first() ...things break. Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> File ".../SQLAlchemy-0.6.5-py2.6.egg/sqlalchemy/orm/query.py", line 1619, in first ret = list(self[0:1]) File ".../SQLAlchemy-0.6.5-py2.6.egg/sqlalchemy/orm/query.py", line 1528, in __getitem__ return list(res) File ".../SQLAlchemy-0.6.5-py2.6.egg/sqlalchemy/orm/query.py", line 1797, in instances rows = [process[0](row, None) for row in fetch] File ".../SQLAlchemy-0.6.5-py2.6.egg/sqlalchemy/orm/mapper.py", line 2179, in _instance _instance = polymorphic_instances[discriminator] File ".../SQLAlchemy-0.6.5-py2.6.egg/sqlalchemy/util.py", line 83, in __missing__ self[key] = val = self.creator(key) File ".../SQLAlchemy-0.6.5-py2.6.egg/sqlalchemy/orm/mapper.py", line 2341, in configure_subclass_mapper discriminator) AssertionError: No such polymorphic_identity u'C' is defined What I expected: >>> result = session.query(BaseType).first() >>> result <BaseType object at 0x1c8db70> >>> result.type u'C' I think this used to work with some older version of SQLAlchemy, but I haven't been keeping up with the development lately. Any pointers on how to accomplish this?

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  • Inheritance mapping with Fluent NHibernate

    - by Berryl
    Below is an example of how I currently use automapping overrides to set up a my db representation of inheritance. It gets the job done functionality wise BUT by using some internal default values. For example, the discriminator column name winds up being the literal value 'discriminator' instead of "ActivityType, and the discriminator values are the fully qualified type of each class, instead of "ACCOUNT" and "PROJECT". I am guessing that this is a bug that doesn't get much attention now that conventions are preferred, and that the convention approach works correctly. I am looking for a sample of usage. Cheers, Berryl public class ActivityBaseMap : IAutoMappingOverride<ActivityBase> { public void Override(AutoMapping<ActivityBase> mapping) { ... mapping.DiscriminateSubClassesOnColumn("ActivityType"); } } public class AccountingActivityMap : SubclassMap<AccountingActivity> { public AccountingActivityMap() { ... DiscriminatorValue("ACCOUNT"); } } public class ProjectActivityMap : SubclassMap<ProjectActivity> { public ProjectActivityMap() { ... DiscriminatorValue("PROJECT"); } }

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  • Objective-C Simple Inheritance and OO Principles

    - by bleeckerj
    I have a subclass SubClass that inherits from baseclass BaseClass. BaseClass has an initializer, like so: -(id)init { self = [super init]; if(self) { [self commonInit]; } return self; } -(void)commonInit { self.goodStuff = [[NSMutableArray alloc]init]; } SubClass does its initializer, like so: -(id)init { self = [super init]; if(self) { [self commonInit]; } return self; } -(void)commonInit { self.extraGoodStuff = [[NSMutableArray alloc]init]; } Now, I've *never taken a proper Objective-C course, but I'm a programmer more from the Electrical Engineering side, so I make do. I've developed server-side applications mostly in Java though, so I may be seeing the OO world through Java principles. When SubClass is initialized, it calls the BaseClass init and my expectation would be — because inheritance to me implies that characteristics of a BaseClass pass through to SubClass — that the commonInit method in BaseClass would be called during BaseClass init. It is not. I can *sorta understand maybe-possibly-stretch-my-imagination why it wouldn't be. But, then — why wouldn't it be based on the principles of OOP? What does "self" represent if not the instance of the class of the running code? Okay, so — I'm not going to argue that what a well-developed edition of Objective-C is doing is wrong. So, then — what is the pattern I should be using in this case? I want SubClass to have two main bits — the goodStuff that BaseClass has as well as the extraGoodStuff that it deserves as well. Clearly, I've been using the wrong pattern in this type of situation. Am I meant to expose commonInit (which makes me wonder about encapsulation principles — why expose something that, in the Java world at least, would be considered "protected" and something that should only ever be called once for each instance)? I've run into a similar problem in the recent past and tried to muddle through it, but now — I'm really wondering if I've got my principles and concepts all straight in my head. Little help, please.

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  • Javascript: prototypeal inheritance and the prototype proprity

    - by JanD
    Hi, I have a simple code fragment in JS working with prototype inheritance. function object(o) { function F() {} F.prototype = o; return new F(); } //the following code block has a alternate version var mammal={ color: "brown", getColor: function(){ return this.color; } } var myCat = object(mammal); myCat.meow = function(){return "meow";} that worked fine but adding this: mammal.prototype.kindOf = "predator"; does not. ("mammal.prototype is undefined") Since I guessed that object maybe have no prototype I rewrote it, replacing the var mammal={... block with: function mammal(){ this.color="brown"; this.getColor = function(){return this.color;} } which gave me a bunch of other errors: "Function.prototype.toString called on incompatible object" and if I try to call _myCat.getColor() "myCat.getColor is not a function" Now I am totally confused. After reading Crockford, and Flanagan I did not get the solution for the errors. So it would be great if somebody knows... - why is the prototype undefined in the first example (which is foremost concern; I thought the prototype of explicitly set in the object() function) - why get I these strange errors trying to use the mammal function as prototype object in the object() function?

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  • Javascript: prototypal inheritance and the prototype property

    - by JanD
    Hi, I have a simple code fragment in JS working with prototype inheritance. function object(o) { function F() {} F.prototype = o; return new F(); } //the following code block has a alternate version var mammal = { color: "brown", getColor: function() { return this.color; } } var myCat = object(mammal); myCat.meow = function(){return "meow";} that worked fine but adding this: mammal.prototype.kindOf = "predator"; does not. ("mammal.prototype is undefined") Since I guessed that object maybe have no prototype I rewrote it, replacing the var mammal={... block with: function mammal() { this.color = "brown"; this.getColor = function() { return this.color; } } which gave me a bunch of other errors: "Function.prototype.toString called on incompatible object" and if I try to call _myCat.getColor() "myCat.getColor is not a function" Now I am totally confused. After reading Crockford, and Flanagan I did not get the solution for the errors. So it would be great if somebody knows... - why is the prototype undefined in the first example (which is foremost concern; I thought the prototype of explicitly set in the object() function) - why get I these strange errors trying to use the mammal function as prototype object in the object() function? Edit by the Creator of the Question: These two links helped a lot too: Prototypes_in_JavaScript on the spheredev wiki explains the way the prototype property works relativily simple. What it lacks is some try-out code examples. Some good examples are provided by Morris John's Article. I personally find the explanations are not that easy as in the first link, but still very good. The most difficult part even after I actually got it is really not to confuse the .prototype propery with the internal [[Prototype]] of an object.

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  • Generics vs inheritance (whenh no collection classes are involved)

    - by Ram
    This is an extension of this questionand probably might even be a duplicate of some other question(If so, please forgive me). I see from MSDN that generics are usually used with collections The most common use for generic classes is with collections like linked lists, hash tables, stacks, queues, trees and so on where operations such as adding and removing items from the collection are performed in much the same way regardless of the type of data being stored. The examples I have seen also validate the above statement. Can someone give a valid use of generics in a real-life scenario which does not involve any collections ? Pedantically, I was thinking about making an example which does not involve collections public class Animal<T> { public void Speak() { Console.WriteLine("I am an Animal and my type is " + typeof(T).ToString()); } public void Eat() { //Eat food } } public class Dog { public void WhoAmI() { Console.WriteLine(this.GetType().ToString()); } } and "An Animal of type Dog" will be Animal<Dog> magic = new Animal<Dog>(); It is entirely possible to have Dog getting inherited from Animal (Assuming a non-generic version of Animal)Dog:Animal Therefore Dog is an Animal Another example I was thinking was a BankAccount. It can be BankAccount<Checking>,BankAccount<Savings>. This can very well be Checking:BankAccount and Savings:BankAccount. Are there any best practices to determine if we should go with generics or with inheritance ?

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  • Javascript: prototypeal inheritance and the prototype property

    - by JanD
    Hi, I have a simple code fragment in JS working with prototype inheritance. function object(o) { function F() {} F.prototype = o; return new F(); } //the following code block has a alternate version var mammal = { color: "brown", getColor: function() { return this.color; } } var myCat = object(mammal); myCat.meow = function(){return "meow";} that worked fine but adding this: mammal.prototype.kindOf = "predator"; does not. ("mammal.prototype is undefined") Since I guessed that object maybe have no prototype I rewrote it, replacing the var mammal={... block with: function mammal() { this.color = "brown"; this.getColor = function() { return this.color; } } which gave me a bunch of other errors: "Function.prototype.toString called on incompatible object" and if I try to call _myCat.getColor() "myCat.getColor is not a function" Now I am totally confused. After reading Crockford, and Flanagan I did not get the solution for the errors. So it would be great if somebody knows... - why is the prototype undefined in the first example (which is foremost concern; I thought the prototype of explicitly set in the object() function) - why get I these strange errors trying to use the mammal function as prototype object in the object() function?

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