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  • Self-signed certificates for a known community

    - by costlow
    Recently announced changes scheduled for Java 7 update 51 (January 2014) have established that the default security slider will require code signatures and the Permissions Manifest attribute. Code signatures are a common practice recommended in the industry because they help determine that the code your computer will run is the same code that the publisher created. This post is written to help users that need to use self-signed certificates without involving a public Certificate Authority. The role of self-signed certificates within a known community You may still use self-signed certificates within a known community. The difference between self-signed and purchased-from-CA is that your users must import your self-signed certificate to indicate that it is valid, whereas Certificate Authorities are already trusted by default. This works for known communities where people will trust that my certificate is mine, but does not scale widely where I cannot actually contact or know the systems that will need to trust my certificate. Public Certificate Authorities are widely trusted already because they abide by many different requirements and frequent checks. An example would be students in a university class sharing their public certificates on a mailing list or web page, employees publishing on the intranet, or a system administrator rolling certificates out to end-users. Managed machines help this because you can automate the rollout, but they are not required -- the major point simply that people will trust and import your certificate. How to distribute self-signed certificates for a known community There are several steps required to distribute a self-signed certificate to users so that they will properly trust it. These steps are: Creating a public/private key pair for signing. Exporting your public certificate for others Importing your certificate onto machines that should trust you Verify work on a different machine Creating a public/private key pair for signing Having a public/private key pair will give you the ability both to sign items yourself and issue a Certificate Signing Request (CSR) to a certificate authority. Create your public/private key pair by following the instructions for creating key pairs.Every Certificate Authority that I looked at provided similar instructions, but for the sake of cohesiveness I will include the commands that I used here: Generate the key pair.keytool -genkeypair -alias erikcostlow -keyalg EC -keysize 571 -validity 730 -keystore javakeystore_keepsecret.jks Provide a good password for this file. The alias "erikcostlow" is my name and therefore easy to remember. Substitute your name of something like "mykey." The sigalg of EC (Elliptical Curve) and keysize of 571 will give your key a good strong lifetime. All keys are set to expire. Two years or 730 days is a reasonable compromise between not-long-enough and too-long. Most public Certificate Authorities will sign something for one to five years. You will be placing your keys in javakeystore_keepsecret.jks -- this file will contain private keys and therefore should not be shared. If someone else gets these private keys, they can impersonate your signature. Please be cautious about automated cloud backup systems and private key stores. Answer all the questions. It is important to provide good answers because you will stick with them for the "-validity" days that you specified above.What is your first and last name?  [Unknown]:  First LastWhat is the name of your organizational unit?  [Unknown]:  Line of BusinessWhat is the name of your organization?  [Unknown]:  MyCompanyWhat is the name of your City or Locality?  [Unknown]:  City NameWhat is the name of your State or Province?  [Unknown]:  CAWhat is the two-letter country code for this unit?  [Unknown]:  USIs CN=First Last, OU=Line of Business, O=MyCompany, L=City, ST=CA, C=US correct?  [no]:  yesEnter key password for <erikcostlow>        (RETURN if same as keystore password): Verify your work:keytool -list -keystore javakeystore_keepsecret.jksYou should see your new key pair. Exporting your public certificate for others Public Key Infrastructure relies on two simple concepts: the public key may be made public and the private key must be private. By exporting your public certificate, you are able to share it with others who can then import the certificate to trust you. keytool -exportcert -keystore javakeystore_keepsecret.jks -alias erikcostlow -file erikcostlow.cer To verify this, you can open the .cer file by double-clicking it on most operating systems. It should show the information that you entered during the creation prompts. This is the file that you will share with others. They will use this certificate to prove that artifacts signed by this certificate came from you. If you do not manage machines directly, place the certificate file on an area that people within the known community should trust, such as an intranet page. Import the certificate onto machines that should trust you In order to trust the certificate, people within your known network must import your certificate into their keystores. The first step is to verify that the certificate is actually yours, which can be done through any band: email, phone, in-person, etc. Known networks can usually do this Determine the right keystore: For an individual user looking to trust another, the correct file is within that user’s directory.e.g. USER_HOME\AppData\LocalLow\Sun\Java\Deployment\security\trusted.certs For system-wide installations, Java’s Certificate Authorities are in JAVA_HOMEe.g. C:\Program Files\Java\jre8\lib\security\cacerts File paths for Mac and Linux are included in the link above. Follow the instructions to import the certificate into the keystore. keytool -importcert -keystore THEKEYSTOREFROMABOVE -alias erikcostlow -file erikcostlow.cer In this case, I am still using my name for the alias because it’s easy for me to remember. You may also use an alias of your company name. Scaling distribution of the import The easiest way to apply your certificate across many machines is to just push the .certs or cacerts file onto them. When doing this, watch out for any changes that people would have made to this file on their machines. Trusted.certs: When publishing into user directories, your file will overwrite any keys that the user has added since last update. CACerts: It is best to re-run the import command with each installation rather than just overwriting the file. If you just keep the same cacerts file between upgrades, you will overwrite any CAs that have been added or removed. By re-importing, you stay up to date with changes. Verify work on a different machine Verification is a way of checking on the client machine to ensure that it properly trusts signed artifacts after you have added your signing certificate. Many people have started using deployment rule sets. You can validate the deployment rule set by: Create and sign the deployment rule set on the computer that holds the private key. Copy the deployment rule set on to the different machine where you have imported the signing certificate. Verify that the Java Control Panel’s security tab shows your deployment rule set. Verifying an individual JAR file or multiple JAR files You can test a certificate chain by using the jarsigner command. jarsigner -verify filename.jar If the output does not say "jar verified" then run the following command to see why: jarsigner -verify -verbose -certs filename.jar Check the output for the term “CertPath not validated.”

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  • Why wouldn't I be able to establish a trust relationship for a SSL/TLS channel?

    - by Abe Miessler
    I have a piece of .NET code that is erroring out when it makes a call to HTTPWebRequest.GetRequestStream. Here is the error message: The underlying connection was closed: Could not establish trust relationship for the SSL/TLS secure channel. I've read a few things that suggest that I might need a certificate on the machine running the code, but i'm not sure if that's true or how to do it. If I need to get a certificate, how do I do it? Code: var request = (HttpWebRequest)HttpWebRequest.Create(requestUrl); //my url request.Method = StringUtilities.ConvertToString(httpMethod); // Set the http method GET, POST, etc. if (postData != null) { request.ContentLength = postData.Length; request.ContentType = contentType; using (var dataStream = request.GetRequestStream()) { dataStream.Write(postData, 0, postData.Length); } }

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  • Is it possible to create a jdbc connection without a password (using postgresql 'trust')?

    - by mojones
    I am using jdbc to connect to a postgresql database in a java application (actually the app is written in Groovy). I have postgresql set up to use the 'trust' authentication method. Is it possible to open a jdbc connection without specifying a password? When I try to use the normal constructor with a blank password, it fails with Exception in thread "Thread-2" org.postgresql.util.PSQLException: FATAL: password authentication failed for user "myuser" Even though, from the command line, this works fine psql -U myuser mydatabase Welcome to psql 8.3.5, the PostgreSQL interactive terminal. Type: \copyright for distribution terms \h for help with SQL commands \? for help with psql commands \g or terminate with semicolon to execute query \q to quit

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  • C++ corrupt my thinking, how to trust auto garbage collector?

    - by SnirD
    I use to program mainly with C/C++, that's make me dealing with pointers and memory management daily. This days I'm trying to develop using other tools, such as Java, Python and Ruby. The problem is that I keep thinking C++ style, I'm writing code as C++ usually written in almost every programming language, and the biggest problem is the memory management, I keep writing bad code using references in Java and just get as close as I can to the C++ style. So I need 2 thinks here, one is to trust the garbage collector, let's say by seeing benchmarks and proofs that it's realy working in Java, and know what I should never do in order to get my code the best way it can be. And the second think is knowing how to write other languages code. I mean I know what to do, I'm just never write the code as most Java or Python programmers usually do, are there any books for C++ programmers just to introduce me to the writing conventions? (by the way, forgive me for my English mistakes)

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  • This program will not run - Windows did not trust this program because its identity can't be verified.

    - by r0ca
    Hi all, I just installed Windows 7 (MSDN) on a HP Z200. When I install McAfee 8.7i, i get in the Action Center a message that I need to turn on McAfee. When I hit "Turn on", i get the following error message: Please note that this picture has been taken from Google and this is related to another program, not McAfee So McAfee is installed on 4 other Z200 with the same Windows 7. So I'm kinda clueless now. Any takers?

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  • Hard drive had reallocated sectors...but now it magically doesn't! Can I trust it?

    - by rob
    Last week my SMART diagnostics utility, CrystalDiskInfo, reported that the external hard drive that I was saving my backups to had suddenly reported 900+ reallocated sectors. I double-checked to confirm, then ordered a replacement drive. I spent all of this week copying data from that drive to the new drive. But toward the end of the copy, something peculiar happened. CrystalDiskInfo popped up an alert that the reallocated sector count had gone back down to 0. I know that when SMART detects a read error on a block, it adds that block to the current pending reallocation list. If it subsequently is successfully written or read later, it is removed from the list and assumed to be fine, but if a subsequent write fails, it is marked bad and added to the reallocated sector count. What concerns me most is that I've never read anywhere that a sector can be recovered as "good" after it has been marked as a bad sector and remapped. I've just finished running an extended SMART diagnostic, and it found no surface errors. Now I'm doubtful that the manufacturer will honor a warranty claim if the SMART info does not report any problems. Has anyone had this happen? If so, then is the drive, indeed, okay, or should I be concerned about an imminent failure?

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  • Can a malicious hacker share Linux distributions which trust bad root certificates?

    - by iamrohitbanga
    Suppose a hacker launches a new Linux distro with firefox provided with it. Now a browser contains the certificates of the root certification authorities of PKI. Because firefox is a free browser anyone can package it with fake root certificates. Thus a fake root certificate would contain a the certification authority that is not actually certified. Can this be used to authenticate some websites. How? Many existing linux distros are mirrored by people. They can easily package software containing certificates that can lead to such attacks. Is the above possible? Has such an attack taken place before?

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  • The security database on the server does not have a computer account for this workstation trust relationship

    - by alex
    I have a Server 2008 machine called OTTO I recently, by mistake, booted up an old machine, also called OTTO (the hardware was unstable, so the new one was set up to take it's place) I shut down the old machine, turned it off, and recycled it (it won't ever be back on) Now, whenever i try to log in to the real OTTO with the domain account (mydomain\Administrator) i get the following error: The security database on the server does not have a computer account for this workstation What can I do to fix this? It doesn't appear in active directory any more I've added it, but I'm guessing this had no effect, due to a different SID I can log in as the local administrator however

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  • When buying hardware, what sites do you trust for information? [closed]

    - by Matt Dawdy
    I won't ask "what laptop should I buy" since the information is likely to change very quickly. However, I am about to buy a laptop, and I honestly don't know where to begin researching this based on my needs. I am hoping that asking about specific sites that do reviews/recommendations that this will still be on topic. I read the 6 guidelines for subjective questions and believe that this question scores favorably. I'm starting a new job in a few weeks, and they want to know what specific laptop to purchase. I'd like to get the most for their money and get a machine that will not need to be replaced in a year. When looking at a site like Dell, it's hard to get a full picture of the performance of a laptop. Does it work with a docking station, and if so, what kinds of video outs are on it? Will it work well when compiling several large projects in .Net? Has anyone had any issues with the machine getting flaky when dragging it from work to home and back all the time? etc. So, if people would enter in their preferred sites they use when researching hardware, and why they prefer that site (x is great for laptop comparisons, y is great for gaming machine reviews, etc) the I hope that this can be a question with valuable answers to others than just myself.

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  • replace a bunch of show/hide with switch/case in javascript

    - by Adam
    Page has menu items that would replace a 'div id=foo_(current menu item)' with 'div id=foo_(selected menu item)' in 'div class=foo' Here's what I've got, and try to keep your breakfast down... $('#t1').click(function() { $('#attorney').show(); $('#insurance,#financial,#estate,#trust,#death').hide(); }); $('#t2').click(function() { $('#insurance').show(); $('#attorney,#financial,#estate,#trust,#death').hide(); }); $('#t3').click(function() { $('#financial').show(); $('#attorney,#insurance,#estate,#trust,#death').hide(); }); $('#t4').click(function() { $('#estate').show(); $('#attorney,#insurance,#financial,#trust,#death').hide(); }); $('#t5').click(function() { $('#trust').show(); $('#attorney,#insurance,#financial,#estate,#death').hide(); }); $('#t6').click(function() { $('#death').show(); $('#attorney,#insurance,#financial,#estate,#trust').hide(); });

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  • replace a buch of show/hide with switch/case in javascript

    - by Adam
    Page has menu items that would replace a 'div id=foo_(current menu item)' with 'div id=foo_(selected menu item)' in 'div class=foo' Here's what I've got, and try to keep your breakfast down... $('#t1').click(function() { $('#attorney').show(); $('#insurance,#financial,#estate,#trust,#death').hide(); }); $('#t2').click(function() { $('#insurance').show(); $('#attorney,#financial,#estate,#trust,#death').hide(); }); $('#t3').click(function() { $('#financial').show(); $('#attorney,#insurance,#estate,#trust,#death').hide(); }); $('#t4').click(function() { $('#estate').show(); $('#attorney,#insurance,#financial,#trust,#death').hide(); }); $('#t5').click(function() { $('#trust').show(); $('#attorney,#insurance,#financial,#estate,#death').hide(); }); $('#t6').click(function() { $('#death').show(); $('#attorney,#insurance,#financial,#estate,#trust').hide(); });

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  • What is New in ASP.NET 4.0 Code Access Security

    - by HosamKamel
    ASP.NET Code Access Security (CAS) is a feature that helps protect server applications on hosting multiple Web sites, ASP.NET lets you assign a configurable trust level that corresponds to a predefined set of permissions. ASP.NET has predefined ASP.NET Trust Levels and Policy Files that you can assign to applications, you also can assign custom trust level and policy files. Most web hosting companies run ASP.NET applications in Medium Trust to prevent that one website affect or harm another site etc. As .NET Framework's Code Access Security model has evolved, ASP.NET 4.0 Code Access Security also has introduced several changes and improvements.   A Full post addresses the new changes in ASP.NET 4.0 is published at Asp.Net QA Team Here http://weblogs.asp.net/asptest/archive/2010/04/23/what-is-new-in-asp-net-4-0-code-access-security.aspx

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  • Help diagnosing Likewise Open Active Directory authentication problem

    - by purpletonic
    I have two servers which were up until recently authenticating against the companies Active Directory Domain controller. I believe a recent change to the Active Directory administrator password caused the servers to stop authenticating against AD. I tried to add the servers back to the domain using the command: domainjoin-cli join example.com adusername this seemed to work without complaints, but when I try to login via ssh with my domain account, I get an invalid password error. When I run the command: lw-enum-users it prints all of the domain users, and looking up my own account, I see that it is valid and my password hasn't expired. I also ran lw-get-status and received the following: LSA Server Status: Agent version: 5.0.0 Uptime: 0 days 3 hours 35 minutes 46 seconds [Authentication provider: lsa-activedirectory-provider] Status: Online Mode: Un-provisioned Domain: example.com Forest: example.com Site: Default-First-Site-Name Online check interval: 300 seconds \[Trusted Domains: 1\] \[Domain: EXAMPLE\] DNS Domain: example.com Netbios name: EXAMPLE Forest name: example.com Trustee DNS name: Client site name: Default-First-Site-Name Domain SID: S-1-5-24-1081533780-4562211299-822531512 Domain GUID: 057f0239-7715-4711-e64b-eb5eeed20e65 Trust Flags: \[0x001d\] \[0x0001 - In forest\] \[0x0004 - Tree root\] \[0x0008 - Primary\] \[0x0010 - Native\] Trust type: Up Level Trust Attributes: \[0x0000\] Trust Direction: Primary Domain Trust Mode: In my forest Trust (MFT) Domain flags: \[0x0001\] \[0x0001 - Primary\] \[Domain Controller (DC) Information\] DC Name: dc1.example.com DC Address: 10.11.0.103 DC Site: Default-First-Site-Name DC Flags: \[0x000003fd\] DC Is PDC: yes DC is time server: yes DC has writeable DS: yes DC is Global Catalog: yes DC is running KDC: yes [Authentication provider: lsa-local-provider] Status: Online Mode: Local system Anyone got any ideas what might be occurring? Thanks in advance!

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  • Is there a way to set two C#.Net projects to trust one another?

    - by Eric
    I have two C#.NET projects in a single solution ModelProject and PluginProject. PlugInProject is a plug-in for another application, and consequently references its API. PlugInProject is used to extract data from the application it plugs into. ModelProject contains the data model of classes that are extracted by PlugInProject. The extracted data can be used independent of the application or the plug-in, which is why I am keeping PlugInProject separate from ModelProject. I want ModelProject to remain independent of PlugInProject, and the Applications API. Or in other words I want someone to be able to access the extracted data without needing access to PlugInProject, the application, or the application's API. The problem I'm running into though is PlugInProject needs to be able to create and modify classes in ModelProject. However, I'd prefer to not make these actions public to anyone using ModelProject. The extracted data should effectively be read-only, unless later modified by PlugInProject. How can I keep these projects separate but give PlugInProject exclusive access to ModelProject? Is this possible?

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  • How much one can trust the information published in the wikipedia? [closed]

    - by AKN
    Wikipedia has answers for many question almost in all categories. Let it be Technical Sports Personalities Important events (this day, that day) Scientific terms etc... I know the source of contents are from volunteers (Please correct me if I'm wrong here). But what measures they have to ensure that contents are properly written. Even if they have admin/moderator and all that, they may not be experts in all areas. So how do they validate the appropriateness of the content?

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  • How do I trust a self signed cert using https?

    - by dave
    Edit: I originally thought the server's certificate was self signed. Turns out it was signed by a self-signed CA certificate. I'm trying to write a Node.js application that accesses an HTTPS site that's protected using a self-signed certificate certificate signed by a private, self-signed CA certificate. I'd also like to not completely disable certificate checking. I tried putting the self signed certificate server's certificate in the request options, but that doesn't seem to be working. Anyone know how to do this? I expect the following code to print statusCode 200, but instead it prints [Error: SELF_SIGNED_CERT_IN_CHAIN]. I've tried similar code with request with the same results. var https = require('https'); var fs = require('fs'); var opts = { hostname: host, port: 443, path: '/', method: 'GET', ca: fs.readFileSync(serverCertificateFile, 'utf-8') }; var req = https.request(opts, function (res) { console.log('statusCode', res.statusCode); }); req.end(); req.on('error', function (err) { console.error(err); });

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  • Root cause for high CPU usage; which measurement to trust more: Windows Task Manager or Process Explorer?

    - by p.campbell
    Consider this Windows 8.1 machine (in-place upgrade from Windows 8) with differing reports on its CPU usage. The machine is idle, and has been for 3 days. There are no CPU intensive tasks running currently nor over the 3 day idle period. Windows Task Manager is reporting CPU usage constantly at an incredibly high value (and increasing over time!) at around 75%. Process Explorer from SysInternals reports that the CPU usage is much different at around 42% How does Process Explorer report 42.14% usage, but its columns report Idle at 57%, with the sum of the other processes not even approaching 10%? Which of these two values should I trust more, and why should it be trusted over the other measurement? How can I actually determine which process is causing Task Manager to report its values? These Proc Exp metrics were taken with Administrator privileges, and with option 'Show Details for All Processes' Click for larger view:

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  • .NET Security Part 3

    - by Simon Cooper
    You write a security-related application that allows addins to be used. These addins (as dlls) can be downloaded from anywhere, and, if allowed to run full-trust, could open a security hole in your application. So you want to restrict what the addin dlls can do, using a sandboxed appdomain, as explained in my previous posts. But there needs to be an interaction between the code running in the sandbox and the code that created the sandbox, so the sandboxed code can control or react to things that happen in the controlling application. Sandboxed code needs to be able to call code outside the sandbox. Now, there are various methods of allowing cross-appdomain calls, the two main ones being .NET Remoting with MarshalByRefObject, and WCF named pipes. I’m not going to cover the details of setting up such mechanisms here, or which you should choose for your specific situation; there are plenty of blogs and tutorials covering such issues elsewhere. What I’m going to concentrate on here is the more general problem of running fully-trusted code within a sandbox, which is required in most methods of app-domain communication and control. Defining assemblies as fully-trusted In my last post, I mentioned that when you create a sandboxed appdomain, you can pass in a list of assembly strongnames that run as full-trust within the appdomain: // get the Assembly object for the assembly Assembly assemblyWithApi = ... // get the StrongName from the assembly's collection of evidence StrongName apiStrongName = assemblyWithApi.Evidence.GetHostEvidence<StrongName>(); // create the sandbox AppDomain sandbox = AppDomain.CreateDomain( "Sandbox", null, appDomainSetup, restrictedPerms, apiStrongName); Any assembly that is loaded into the sandbox with a strong name the same as one in the list of full-trust strong names is unconditionally given full-trust permissions within the sandbox, irregardless of permissions and sandbox setup. This is very powerful! You should only use this for assemblies that you trust as much as the code creating the sandbox. So now you have a class that you want the sandboxed code to call: // within assemblyWithApi public class MyApi { public static void MethodToDoThings() { ... } } // within the sandboxed dll public class UntrustedSandboxedClass { public void DodgyMethod() { ... MyApi.MethodToDoThings(); ... } } However, if you try to do this, you get quite an ugly exception: MethodAccessException: Attempt by security transparent method ‘UntrustedSandboxedClass.DodgyMethod()’ to access security critical method ‘MyApi.MethodToDoThings()’ failed. Security transparency, which I covered in my first post in the series, has entered the picture. Partially-trusted code runs at the Transparent security level, fully-trusted code runs at the Critical security level, and Transparent code cannot under any circumstances call Critical code. Security transparency and AllowPartiallyTrustedCallersAttribute So the solution is easy, right? Make MethodToDoThings SafeCritical, then the transparent code running in the sandbox can call the api: [SecuritySafeCritical] public static void MethodToDoThings() { ... } However, this doesn’t solve the problem. When you try again, exactly the same exception is thrown; MethodToDoThings is still running as Critical code. What’s going on? By default, a fully-trusted assembly always runs Critical code, irregardless of any security attributes on its types and methods. This is because it may not have been designed in a secure way when called from transparent code – as we’ll see in the next post, it is easy to open a security hole despite all the security protections .NET 4 offers. When exposing an assembly to be called from partially-trusted code, the entire assembly needs a security audit to decide what should be transparent, safe critical, or critical, and close any potential security holes. This is where AllowPartiallyTrustedCallersAttribute (APTCA) comes in. Without this attribute, fully-trusted assemblies run Critical code, and partially-trusted assemblies run Transparent code. When this attribute is applied to an assembly, it confirms that the assembly has had a full security audit, and it is safe to be called from untrusted code. All code in that assembly runs as Transparent, but SecurityCriticalAttribute and SecuritySafeCriticalAttribute can be applied to individual types and methods to make those run at the Critical or SafeCritical levels, with all the restrictions that entails. So, to allow the sandboxed assembly to call the full-trust API assembly, simply add APCTA to the API assembly: [assembly: AllowPartiallyTrustedCallers] and everything works as you expect. The sandboxed dll can call your API dll, and from there communicate with the rest of the application. Conclusion That’s the basics of running a full-trust assembly in a sandboxed appdomain, and allowing a sandboxed assembly to access it. The key is AllowPartiallyTrustedCallersAttribute, which is what lets partially-trusted code call a fully-trusted assembly. However, an assembly with APTCA applied to it means that you have run a full security audit of every type and member in the assembly. If you don’t, then you could inadvertently open a security hole. I’ll be looking at ways this can happen in my next post.

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  • How does the "Steam" platform work? Is it DRM? Can I trust "Steam"-powered software? [closed]

    - by Chris W. Rea
    So – I just bought the new game Supreme Commander 2. This question is not about the game, but about the online software installation platform that it seems to require. I haven't bought a game in a long time, and I'm puzzled: Apparently, SC2 is a "Steam"-powered game. When I went to install the game, it asked me to either create a new Steam account, or log in with an existing account. I clicked "Cancel" because I don't plan to play online and I don't want anything unnecessary installed on my computer, since I only plan to play single player! However, after clicking "Cancel", the installer asked for my confirmation that I indeed wanted to cancel installation of the game! I thought I was just canceling the "online" portions! So I really want to know: How do "Steam" powered games work? Is this essentially a form of DRM (Digital Rights Management)? Can I trust this software platform? Has anybody done any independent verification on how this platform works? (I'm very leery of any DRM after the Sony BMG CD copy protection scandal. Thank goodness for Mark Russinovich.) Does the "Steam" platform install anything particularly nasty or unwanted on my computer? High-rep users: Please vote to reopen this question. It is not about the game, but about the software update platform / updater / DRM. Imagine if the software in question were a productivity application. The issues remain the same.

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  • How does the "Steam" platform work? Is it DRM? Can I trust "Steam"-powered games?

    - by Chris W. Rea
    So – I just bought the new game Supreme Commander 2. This question is not about the game, but about the online software installation platform that it seems to require. I haven't bought a game in a long time, and I'm puzzled: Apparently, SC2 is a "Steam"-powered game. When I went to install the game, it asked me to either create a new Steam account, or log in with an existing account. I clicked "Cancel" because I don't plan to play online and I don't want anything unnecessary installed on my computer, since I only plan to play single player! However, after clicking "Cancel", the installer asked for my confirmation that I indeed wanted to cancel installation of the game! I thought I was just canceling the "online" portions! So I really want to know: How do "Steam" powered games work? Is this essentially a form of DRM (Digital Rights Management)? Can I trust this software platform? Has anybody done any independent verification on how this platform works? (I'm very leery of any DRM after the Sony BMG CD copy protection scandal. Thank goodness for Mark Russinovich.) Does the "Steam" platform install anything particularly nasty or unwanted on my computer?

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  • Quick guide to Oracle IRM 11g: Configuring SSL

    - by Simon Thorpe
    Quick guide to Oracle IRM 11g index So far in this guide we have an IRM Server up and running, however I skipped over SSL configuration in the previous article because I wanted to focus in more detail now. You can, if you wish, not bother with setting up SSL, but considering this is a security technology it is worthwhile doing. Contents Setting up a one way, self signed SSL certificate in WebLogic Setting up an official SSL certificate in Apache 2.x Configuring Apache to proxy traffic to the IRM server There are two common scenarios in which an Oracle IRM server is configured. For a development or evaluation system, people usually communicate directly to the WebLogic Server running the IRM service. However in a production environment and for some proof of concept evaluations that require a setup reflecting a production system, the traffic to the IRM server travels via a web server proxy, commonly Apache. In this guide we are building an Oracle Enterprise Linux based IRM service and this article will go over the configuration of SSL in WebLogic and also in Apache. Like in the past articles, we are going to use two host names in the configuration below,irm.company.com will refer to the public Apache server irm.company.internal will refer to the internal WebLogic IRM server Setting up a one way, self signed SSL certificate in WebLogic First lets look at creating just a simple self signed SSL certificate to be used in WebLogic. This is a quick and easy way to get SSL working in your environment, however the downside is that no browsers are going to trust this certificate you create and you'll need to manually install the certificate onto any machine's communicating with the server. This is fine for development or when you have only a few users evaluating the system, but for any significant use it's usually better to have a fully trusted certificate in use and I explain that in the next section. But for now lets go through creating, installing and testing a self signed certificate. We use a library in Java to create the certificates, open a console and running the following commands. Note you should choose your own secure passwords whenever you see password below. [oracle@irm /] source /oracle/middleware/wlserver_10.3/server/bin/setWLSEnv.sh [oracle@irm /] cd /oracle/middleware/user_projects/domains/irm_domain/config/fmwconfig/ [oracle@irm /] java utils.CertGen -selfsigned -certfile MyOwnSelfCA.cer -keyfile MyOwnSelfKey.key -keyfilepass password -cn "irm.oracle.demo" [oracle@irm /] java utils.ImportPrivateKey -keystore MyOwnIdentityStore.jks -storepass password -keypass password -alias trustself -certfile MyOwnSelfCA.cer.pem -keyfile MyOwnSelfKey.key.pem -keyfilepass password [oracle@irm /] keytool -import -trustcacerts -alias trustself -keystore TrustMyOwnSelf.jks -file MyOwnSelfCA.cer.der -keyalg RSA We now have two Java Key Stores, MyOwnIdentityStore.jks and TrustMyOwnSelf.jks. These contain keys and certificates which we will use in WebLogic Server. Now we need to tell the IRM server to use these stores when setting up SSL connections for incoming requests. Make sure the Admin server is running and login into the WebLogic Console at http://irm.company.intranet:7001/console and do the following; In the menu on the left, select the + next to Environment to expose the submenu, then click on Servers. You will see two servers in the list, AdminServer(admin) and IRM_server1. If the IRM server is running, shut it down either by hitting CONTROL + C in the console window it was started from, or you can switch to the CONTROL tab, select IRM_server1 and then select the Shutdown menu and then Force Shutdown Now. In the Configuration tab select IRM_server1 and switch to the Keystores tab. By default WebLogic Server uses it's own demo identity and trust. We are now going to switch to the self signed one's we've just created. So select the Change button and switch to Custom Identity and Custom Trust and hit save. Now we have to complete the resulting fields, the setting's i've used in my evaluation server are below. IdentityCustom Identity Keystore: /oracle/middleware/user_projects/domains/irm_domain/config/fmwconfig/MyOwnIdentityStore.jks Custom Identity Keystore Type: JKS Custom Identity Keystore Passphrase: password Confirm Custom Identity Keystore Passphrase: password TrustCustom Trust Keystore: /oracle/middleware/user_projects/domains/irm_domain/config/fmwconfig/TrustMyOwnSelf.jks Custom Trust Keystore Type: JKS Custom Trust Keystore Passphrase: password Confirm Custom Trust Keystore Passphrase: password Now click on the SSL tab for the IRM_server1 and enter in the alias and passphrase, in my demo here the details are; IdentityPrivate Key Alias: trustself Private Key Passphrase: password Confirm Private Key Passphrase: password And hit save. Now lets test a connection to the IRM server over HTTPS using SSL. Go back to a console window and start the IRM server, a quick reminder on how to do this is... [oracle@irm /] cd /oracle/middleware/user_projects/domains/irm_domain/bin [oracle@irm /] ./startManagedWeblogic IRM_server1 Once running, open a browser and head to the SSL port of the server. By default the IRM server will be listening on the URL https://irm.company.intranet:16101/irm_rights. Note in the example image on the right the port is 7002 because it's a system that has the IRM services installed on the Admin server, this isn't typical (or advisable). Your system is going to have a separate managed server which will be listening on port 16101. Once you open this address you will notice that your browser is going to complain that the server certificate is untrusted. The images on the right show how Firefox displays this error. You are going to be prompted every time you create a new SSL session with the server, both from the browser and more annoyingly from the IRM Desktop. If you plan on always using a self signed certificate, it is worth adding it to the Windows certificate store so that when you are accessing sealed content you do not keep being informed this certificate is not trusted. Follow these instructions (which are for Internet Explorer 8, they may vary for your version of IE.) Start Internet Explorer and open the URL to your IRM server over SSL, e.g. https://irm.company.intranet:16101/irm_rights. IE will complain that about the certificate, click on Continue to this website (not recommended). From the IE Tools menu select Internet Options and from the resulting dialog select Security and then click on Trusted Sites and then the Sites button. Add to the list of trusted sites a URL which mates the server you are accessing, e.g. https://irm.company.intranet/ and select OK. Now refresh the page you were accessing and next to the URL you should see a red cross and the words Certificate Error. Click on this button and select View Certificates. You will now see a dialog with the details of the self signed certificate and the Install Certificate... button should be enabled. Click on this to start the wizard. Click next and you'll be asked where you should install the certificate. Change the option to Place all certificates in the following store. Select browse and choose the Trusted Root Certification Authorities location and hit OK. You'll then be prompted to install the certificate and answer yes. You also need to import the root signed certificate into the same location, so once again select the red Certificate Error option and this time when viewing the certificate, switch to the Certification Path tab and you should see a CertGenCAB certificate. Select this and then click on View Certificate and go through the same process as above to import the certificate into the store. Finally close all instances of the IE browser and re-access the IRM server URL again, this time you should not receive any errors. Setting up an official SSL certificate in Apache 2.x At this point we now have an IRM server that you can communicate with over SSL. However this certificate isn't trusted by any browser because it's path of trust doesn't end in a recognized certificate authority (CA). Also you are communicating directly to the WebLogic Server over a non standard SSL port, 16101. In a production environment it is common to have another device handle the initial public internet traffic and then proxy this to the WebLogic server. The diagram below shows a very simplified view of this type of deployment. What i'm going to walk through next is configuring Apache to proxy traffic to a WebLogic server and also to use a real SSL certificate from an official CA. First step is to configure Apache to handle incoming requests over SSL. In this guide I am configuring the IRM service in Oracle Enterprise Linux 5 update 3 and Apache 2.2.3 which came with OpenSSL and mod_ssl components. Before I purchase an SSL certificate, I need to generate a certificate request from the server. Oracle.com uses Verisign and for my own personal needs I use cheaper certificates from GoDaddy. The following instructions are specific to Apache, but there are many references out there for other web servers. For Apache I have OpenSSL and the commands are; [oracle@irm /] cd /usr/bin [oracle@irm bin] openssl genrsa -des3 -out irm-apache-server.key 2048 Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus ............................+++ .........+++ e is 65537 (0x10001) Enter pass phrase for irm-apache-server.key: Verifying - Enter pass phrase for irm-apache-server.key: [oracle@irm bin] openssl req -new -key irm-apache-server.key -out irm-apache-server.csr Enter pass phrase for irm-apache-server.key: You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated into your certificate request. What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN. There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank For some fields there will be a default value, If you enter '.', the field will be left blank. ----- Country Name (2 letter code) [GB]:US State or Province Name (full name) [Berkshire]:CA Locality Name (eg, city) [Newbury]:San Francisco Organization Name (eg, company) [My Company Ltd]:Oracle Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:Security Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:irm.company.com Email Address []:[email protected] Please enter the following 'extra' attributes to be sent with your certificate request A challenge password []:testing An optional company name []: You must make sure to remember the pass phrase you used in the initial key generation, you will need this when later configuring Apache. In the /usr/bin directory there are now two new files. The irm-apache-server.csr contains our certificate request and is what you cut and paste, or upload, to your certificate authority when you purchase and validate your SSL certificate. In response you will typically get two files. Your server certificate and another certificate file that will likely contain a set of certificates from your CA which validate your certificate's trust. Next we need to configure Apache to use these files. Typically there is an ssl.conf file which is where all the SSL configuration is done. On my Oracle Enterprise Linux server this file is located in /etc/httpd/conf.d/ssl.conf and i've added the following lines. <VirtualHost irm.company.com> # Setup SSL for irm.company.com ServerName irm.company.com SSLEngine On SSLCertificateFile /oracle/secure/irm.company.com.crt SSLCertificateKeyFile /oracle/secure/irm.company.com.key SSLCertificateChainFile /oracle/secure/gd_bundle.crt </VirtualHost> Restarting Apache (apachectl restart) and I can now attempt to connect to the Apache server in a web browser, https://irm.company.com/. If all is configured correctly I should now see an Apache test page delivered to me over HTTPS. Configuring Apache to proxy traffic to the IRM server Final piece in setting up SSL is to have Apache proxy requests for the IRM server but do so securely. So the requests to Apache will be over HTTPS using a legitimate certificate, but we can also configure Apache to proxy these requests internally across to the IRM server using SSL with the self signed certificate we generated at the start of this article. To do this proxying we use the WebLogic Web Server plugin for Apache which you can download here from Oracle. Download the zip file and extract onto the server. The file extraction reveals a set of zip files, each one specific to a supported web server. In my instance I am using Apache 2.2 32bit on an Oracle Enterprise Linux, 64 bit server. If you are not sure what version your Apache server is, run the command /usr/sbin/httpd -V and you'll see version and it its 32 or 64 bit. Mine is a 32bit server so I need to extract the file WLSPlugin1.1-Apache2.2-linux32-x86.zip. The from the resulting lib folder copy the file mod_wl.so into /usr/lib/httpd/modules/. First we want to test that the plug in will work for regular HTTP traffic. Edit the httpd.conf for Apache and add the following section at the bottom. LoadModule weblogic_module modules/mod_wl.so <IfModule mod_weblogic.c>    WebLogicHost irm.company.internal    WebLogicPort 16100    WLLogFile /tmp/wl-proxy.log </IfModule> <Location /irm_rights>    SetHandler weblogic-handler </Location> <Location /irm_desktop>    SetHandler weblogic-handler </Location> <Location /irm_sealing>    SetHandler weblogic-handler </Location> <Location /irm_services>    SetHandler weblogic-handler </Location> Now restart Apache again (apachectl restart) and now open a browser to http://irm.company.com/irm_rights. Apache will proxy the HTTP traffic from the port 80 of your Apache server to the IRM service listening on port 16100 of the WebLogic Managed server. Note above I have included all four of the Locations you might wish to proxy. http://irm.company.internalirm_rights is the URL to the management website, /irm_desktop is the URL used for the IRM Desktop to communicate. irm_sealing is for web services based document sealing and irm_services is for IRM server web services. The last two are typically only used when you have the IRM server integrated with another application and it is unlikely you'd be accessing these resources from the public facing Apache server. However, just in case, i've mentioned them above. Now let's enable SSL communication from Apache to WebLogic. In the ZIP file we extracted were some more modules we need to copy into the Apache folder. Looking back in the lib that we extracted, there are some more files. Copy the following into the /usr/lib/httpd/modules/ folder. libwlssl.so libnnz11.so libclntsh.so.11.1 Now the documentation states that should only need to do this, but I found that I also needed to create an environment variable called LD_LIBRARY_PATH and point this to the folder /usr/lib/httpd/modules/. If I didn't do this, starting Apache with the WebLogic module configured to SSL would throw the error. [crit] (20014)Internal error: WL SSL Init failed for server: (null) on 0 So I had to edit the file /etc/profile and add the following lines at the bottom. You may already have the LD_LIBRARY_PATH variable defined, therefore simply add this path to it. LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/lib/httpd/modules/ export LD_LIBRARY_PATH Now the WebLogic plug in uses an Oracle Wallet to store the required certificates.You'll need to copy the self signed certificate from the IRM server over to the Apache server. Copy over the MyOwnSelfCA.cer.der into the same folder where you are storing your public certificates, in my example this is /oracle/secure. It's worth mentioning these files should ONLY be readable by root (the user Apache runs as). Now lets create an Oracle Wallet and import the self signed certificate from the IRM server. The file orapki was included in the bin folder of the Apache 1.1 plugin zip you extracted. orapki wallet create -wallet /oracle/secure/my-wallet -auto_login_only orapki wallet add -wallet /oracle/secure/my-wallet -trusted_cert -cert MyOwnSelfCA.cer.der -auto_login_only Finally change the httpd.conf to reflect that we want the WebLogic Apache plug-in to use HTTPS/SSL and not just plain HTTP. <IfModule mod_weblogic.c>    WebLogicHost irm.company.internal    WebLogicPort 16101    SecureProxy ON    WLSSLWallet /oracle/secure/my-wallet    WLLogFile /tmp/wl-proxy.log </IfModule> Then restart Apache once more and you can go back to the browser to test the communication. Opening the URL https://irm.company.com/irm_rights will proxy your request to the WebLogic server at https://irm.company.internal:16101/irm_rights. At this point you have a fully functional Oracle IRM service, the next step is to create a sealed document and test the entire system.

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  • OpenSSL: certificate signature failure error

    - by e-t172
    I'm trying to wget La Banque Postale's website. $ wget https://www.labanquepostale.fr/ --2009-10-08 17:25:03-- https://www.labanquepostale.fr/ Resolving www.labanquepostale.fr... 81.252.54.6 Connecting to www.labanquepostale.fr|81.252.54.6|:443... connected. ERROR: cannot verify www.labanquepostale.fr's certificate, issued by `/C=US/O=VeriSign, Inc./OU=VeriSign Trust Network/OU=Terms of use at https://www.verisign.com/rpa (c)06/CN=VeriSign Class 3 Extended Validation SSL SGC CA': certificate signature failure To connect to www.labanquepostale.fr insecurely, use `--no-check-certificate'. Unable to establish SSL connection. I'm using Debian Sid. On another machine which is running Debian Sid with same software versions the command works perfectly. ca-certificates is installed on both machines (I tried removing it and reinstalling it in case a certificate got corrupted somehow, no luck). Opening https://www.labanquepostale.fr/ in Iceweasel on the same machine works perfectly. Additional information: $ openssl s_client -CApath /etc/ssl/certs -connect www.labanquepostale.fr:443 CONNECTED(00000003) depth=3 /C=US/O=VeriSign, Inc./OU=Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority verify error:num=7:certificate signature failure verify return:0 --- Certificate chain 0 s:/1.3.6.1.4.1.311.60.2.1.3=FR/2.5.4.15=V1.0, Clause 5.(b)/serialNumber=421100645/C=FR/postalCode=75006/ST=PARIS/L=PARIS/streetAddress=115 RUE DE SEVRES/O=LA BANQUE POSTALE/OU=DISF2/CN=www.labanquepostale.fr i:/C=US/O=VeriSign, Inc./OU=VeriSign Trust Network/OU=Terms of use at https://www.verisign.com/rpa (c)06/CN=VeriSign Class 3 Extended Validation SSL SGC CA 1 s:/C=US/O=VeriSign, Inc./OU=VeriSign Trust Network/OU=Terms of use at https://www.verisign.com/rpa (c)06/CN=VeriSign Class 3 Extended Validation SSL SGC CA i:/C=US/O=VeriSign, Inc./OU=VeriSign Trust Network/OU=(c) 2006 VeriSign, Inc. - For authorized use only/CN=VeriSign Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority - G5 2 s:/C=US/O=VeriSign, Inc./OU=VeriSign Trust Network/OU=(c) 2006 VeriSign, Inc. - For authorized use only/CN=VeriSign Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority - G5 i:/C=US/O=VeriSign, Inc./OU=Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority 3 s:/C=US/O=VeriSign, Inc./OU=Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority i:/C=US/O=VeriSign, Inc./OU=Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority --- Server certificate -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- <base64-encoded certificate removed for lisibility> -----END CERTIFICATE----- subject=/1.3.6.1.4.1.311.60.2.1.3=FR/2.5.4.15=V1.0, Clause 5.(b)/serialNumber=421100645 /C=FR/postalCode=75006/ST=PARIS/L=PARIS/streetAddress=115 RUE DE SEVRES/O=LA BANQUE POSTALE/OU=DISF2/CN=www.labanquepostale.fr issuer=/C=US/O=VeriSign, Inc./OU=VeriSign Trust Network/OU=Terms of use at https://www.verisign.com/rpa (c)06/CN=VeriSign Class 3 Extended Validation SSL SGC CA --- No client certificate CA names sent --- SSL handshake has read 5101 bytes and written 300 bytes --- New, TLSv1/SSLv3, Cipher is RC4-MD5 Server public key is 1024 bit Compression: NONE Expansion: NONE SSL-Session: Protocol : TLSv1 Cipher : RC4-MD5 Session-ID: 0009008CB3ADA9A37CE45B464E989C82AD0793D7585858584ACE056700035363 Session-ID-ctx: Master-Key: 1FB7DAD98B6738BEA7A3B8791B9645334F9C760837D95E3403C108058A3A477683AE74D603152F6E4BFEB6ACA48BC2C3 Key-Arg : None Start Time: 1255015783 Timeout : 300 (sec) Verify return code: 7 (certificate signature failure) --- Any idea why I get certificate signature failure? As if this wasn't strange enough, copy-pasting the "server certificate" mentionned in the output and running openssl verify on it returns OK...

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