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  • Strange python error

    - by Werner
    Hi, I am trying to write a python program that calculates a histogram, given a list of numbers like: 1 3 2 3 4 5 3.2 4 2 2 so the input parameters are the filename and the number of intervals. The program code is: #!/usr/bin/env python import os, sys, re, string, array, math import numpy Lista = [] db = sys.argv[1] db_file = open(db,"r") ic=0 nintervals= int(sys.argv[2]) while 1: line = db_file.readline() if not line: break ll=string.split(line) #print ll[6] Lista.insert(ic,float(ll[0])) ic=ic+1 lmin=min(Lista) print "min= ",lmin lmax=max(Lista) print "max= ",lmax width=666.666 width=(lmax-lmin)/nintervals print "width= ",width nelements=len(Lista) print "nelements= ",nelements print " " Histogram = numpy.zeros(shape=(nintervals)) for item in Lista: #print item int_number = 1 + int((item-lmin)/width) print " " print "item,lmin= ",item,lmin print "(item-lmin)/width= ",(item-lmin)," / ",width," ====== ",(float(item)-float(lmin))/float(width) print "int((item-lmin)/width)= ",int((item-lmin)/width) print item , " belongs to interval ", int_number, " which is from ", lmin+width*(int_number-1), " to ",lmin+width*int_number Histogram[int_number] = Histogram[int_number] + 1 4 but somehow I am completely lost, I get strange errors, can anybody help¿ Thanks

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  • categorizing items in a list with python

    - by jtc99
    Just as a heads up, I'm really new to python. Currently I have a list of 110,000 donors in Excel. One of the pieces of information they give to us is their occupation. I would like to condense this list down to say 10 or 20 categories that I define. Normally I would just chug through this, going line by line, but since I have to do this for a years worth of data, I don't really have the time to do a line by line of 1,000,000+ rows. Is there anyway to define my 10 or 20 categories and then have python sort it out from there?

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  • Python - read numbers from text file and put into list

    - by user1647372
    So like the title says im starting to learn some python and im having trouble picking up on this technique. What I need to accomplish is to read in some numbers and store them in a list. The text file looks like the following: 0 0 3 50 50 100 4 20 Basically these are coordinates and directions to be used for python's turtle to make shapes. I got that part down the only problem is getting them in a correct format. So what I can not figure out is how to get those numbers from the file into [ [0, 0, 3, 50], [50, 100, 4, 20] ] A list, with each four coordinates being a list in that one big list. Heres my attempt but it as I said I need some help - thank you. polyShape=[] infile = open(name,"r") num = int(infile.readline(2)) while num != "": polyShape.append(num) num = int(infile.readline(2)) infile.close()

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  • python's `with` statement

    - by Prestel Nué
    Hi there, seems like I do not understand something with---the python with statement. Consider this class: class test(object): def __enter__(self): pass def __exit__(self, *ignored): pass now, when using it with with, like in with test() as michael: print repr(michael) I would expect some output like <test instance at memore blah>. But I get None. Something wrong here? Any suggestions would help. (I am using Python 2.6.6.) EDIT: Thanks to ephement for pointing me to the documentation. The __enter__ method should read def __enter__(self): return self

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  • Python "string_escape" vs "unicode_escape"

    - by Mike Boers
    According to the docs, the builtin string encoding string_escape: Produce[s] a string that is suitable as string literal in Python source code ...while the unicode_escape: Produce[s] a string that is suitable as Unicode literal in Python source code So, they should have roughly the same behaviour. BUT, they appear to treat single quotes differently: >>> print """before '" \0 after""".encode('string-escape') before \'" \x00 after >>> print """before '" \0 after""".encode('unicode-escape') before '" \x00 after The string_escape escapes the single quote while the Unicode one does not. Is it safe to assume that I can simply: >>> escaped = my_string.encode('unicode-escape').replace("'", "\\'") ...and get the expected behaviour?

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  • finding elements in python association lists efficiently

    - by user248237
    I have a set of lists that look like this: conditions = [ ["condition1", ["sample1", "sample2", "sample3"]], ["condition2", ["sample4", "sample5", "sample6"], ...] how can I do the following things efficiently and elegantly in Python? Find all the elements in a certain condition? e.g. get all the samples in condition2. Right now I can do: for cond in conditions: cond_name, samples = cond if cond_name == requested_cond: return samples but that's clunky. Find the ordered union of a list of conditions? E.g. ordered_union(["condition1", "condition2"], conditions) should return: ["sample1", "sample2", "sample3", "sample4", "sample5", "sample6"] How can I do this efficiently in Python? There are probably clever one liners?

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  • Python read files in directory and concatenate

    - by JJ Beck
    I want to write a Python script that searches all folders in the current directory, looks for all .txt files, and creates a file that is a concatenation of all those files (in any order) in the current directory. If folders have subfolders, it should not search those subfolders. An example is main_folder folder_1 sub_folder file1.txt file2.txt folder_2 file3.txt The script is placed inside main_folder. It should create a file that is a concatenation of file2.txt and file3.txt (in any order) inside main_folder. My question is: How can I tell Python to traverse through the folders, look for .txt files, without going into the subfolders?

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  • Reboot windows machines at a certain time of day and automatically login with Python

    - by Tom
    I know how to reboot machines remotely, so that's the easy part. However, the complexity of the issue is trying to setup the following. I'd like to control machines on a network for after-hours use such that when users logoff and go home, or shutdown their computers, whatever, python or some combination of python + windows could restart their machines (for cleanliness) and automatically login, running a process for the night, then in the morning, stop said process and restart the machine so the user could easily login like normal. I've looked around, haven't had too terribly much luck, though it looks like one could do it with a changing of the registry. That sounds like a rough idea though, modifying the registry on a per-day basis. Is there an easier way?

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  • Python: Matching & Stripping port number from socket data

    - by tobywuk
    Hello, I have data coming in to a python server via a socket. Within this data is the string '<port>80</port>' or which ever port is being used. I wish to extract the port number into a variable. The data coming in is not XML, I just used the tag approach to identifying data for future XML use if needed. I do not wish to use an XML python library, but simply use something like regexp and strings. What would you recommend is the best way to match and strip this data? I am currently using this code with no luck: p = re.compile('<port>\w</port>') m = p.search(data) print m Thank you :)

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  • How does * work in Python

    - by Deqing
    Just switched from C++ to Python, and found that sometimes it is a little hard to understand ideas behind Python. I guess, a variable is a reference to the real object. For example, a=(1,2,5) meaning a - (1,2,5), so if b=a, then b and a are 2 references pointing to the same (1,2,5). It is a little like pointers in C/C++. If I have: def foo(a,b,c): print a,b,c a=(1,3,5) foo(*a) What does * mean here? Looks like it expands tuple a to a[0], a[1] and a[2]. But why print(*a) is not working while print(a[0],a[1],a[2]) works fine?

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  • Python in Finance by Yuxing Yan, Packt Publishing Book Review

    - by Compudicted
    Originally posted on: http://geekswithblogs.net/Compudicted/archive/2014/06/04/python-in-finance-by-yuxing-yan-packt-publishing-book-review.aspx I picked Python in Finance from Packt Publishing to review expecting to bore myself with complex algorithms and senseless formulas while seeing little actual Python in action, indeed at 400 pages plus it may seem so. But, it turned out to be quite the opposite. I learned a lot about practical implementations of various Python modules as SciPy, NumPy and several more, I think they empower a developer a lot. No wonder Python is on the track to become a de-facto scientist language of choice! But I am not going to compromise the truth, the book does discuss numerous financial terms, many of them, and this is where the enormous power of this book is coming from: it is like standing on the shoulders of a giant. Python is that giant - flexible and powerful, yet very approachable. The TOC is very detailed thanks to Packt, any one can see what financial algorithms are covered, I am only going to name a few which I had most fun with (though all of them are covered in enough details): Fama*, Fat Tail, ARCH, Monte-Carlo and of course the volatility smile! I am under an impression this book is best suited for students in Finance, especially those who are about to join the workforce, but I suspect the material in this book is very well suited for mature Financists, an investor who has some programming skills and wants to benefit from it, or even a programmer, or a mathematician who already knows Python or any other language, but wants to have fun in Quantitative Finance and earn a few buck! Pure fun, real results, tons of practical insight from reading data from a file to downloading trade data from Yahoo! Lastly, I need to complement Yuxing – he is a talented teacher, this book could not be what it is otherwise. It is a 5 out of 5 product. Disclaimer: I received a  free copy of this book for review purposes from the publisher.

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  • Cinnamon is broken after upgrade to 13.10

    - by user2306488
    I see reports of people with Unity broken after upgrading to 13.10. In my case Unity works fine but cinnamon is broken. It opens the startup applications but no window manager, no menus and the keyboad shortcuts won't work. As a consequence I can't even log out or shut down cleanly. The logs say: Oct 19 10:32:42 Aveline colord: Profile added: icc-1727cc5030c477b20ad75593e757248d Oct 19 10:32:43 Aveline gnome-session[9157]: WARNING: App 'cinnamon.desktop' exited with code 1 Oct 19 10:32:43 Aveline gnome-session[9157]: WARNING: App 'cinnamon.desktop' respawning too quickly Oct 19 10:32:43 Aveline gnome-session[9157]: CRITICAL: We failed, but the fail whale is dead. Sorry.... Oct 19 10:32:43 Aveline gnome-session[9157]: WARNING: App 'cinnamon.desktop' exited with code 1 Oct 19 10:32:46 Aveline whoopsie[1054]: online Oct 19 10:32:53 whoopsie[1054]: last message repeated 12 times Oct 19 10:32:53 Aveline kernel: [ 1982.637049] python[9626]: segfault at 1511 ip b6c9e850 sp bf8d0980 error 4 in libglib-2.0.so.0.3800.0[b6c5b000+102000] Oct 19 10:32:53 Aveline kernel: [ 1982.837527] python[9631]: segfault at 0 ip b6eb13fa sp b69ff848 error 6 in libdbus-1.so.3.7.4[b6e89000+49000] Oct 19 10:32:54 Aveline kernel: [ 1983.030271] python[9634]: segfault at a6f4098b ip b6e52389 sp bfcdad68 error 4 in libdbus-1.so.3.7.4[b6e34000+49000] Oct 19 10:32:54 Aveline kernel: [ 1983.253259] python[9639]: segfault at 4 ip b6e710f4 sp b69c1bfc error 6 in libdbus-1.so.3.7.4[b6e4b000+49000] Oct 19 10:32:54 Aveline kernel: [ 1983.501771] python[9642]: segfault at b4 ip b6e0f076 sp bf82524c error 4 in libdbus-1.so.3.7.4[b6dfd000+49000] Oct 19 10:32:54 Aveline kernel: [ 1983.721334] python[9647]: segfault at 4 ip b6eab0f4 sp b69fbbfc error 6 in libdbus-1.so.3.7.4[b6e85000+49000] Any idea?

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  • tkinter frame does not show on startup

    - by Jzz
    this is my first question on SO, so correct me please if I make a fool of myself. I have this fairly complicated python / Tkinter application (python 2.7). On startup, the __init__ loads several frames, and loads a database. When that is finished, I want to set the application to a default state (there are 2 program states, 'calculate' and 'config'). Setting the state of the application means that the appropriate frame is displayed (using grid). When the program is running, the user can select a program state in the menu. Problem is, the frame is not displayed on startup. I get an empty application (menu bar and status bar are displayed). When I select a program state in the menu, the frame displays as it should. Question: What am I doing wrong? Should I update idletasks? I tried, but no result. Anything else? Background: I use the following to switch program states: def set_program_state(self, state): '''sets the program state''' #try cleaning all the frames: try: self.config_frame.grid_forget() except: pass try: self.tidal_calculations_frame.grid_forget() except: pass try: self.tidal_grapth_frame.grid_forget() except: pass if state == "calculate": print "Switching to calculation mode" self.tidal_calculations_frame.grid() #frame is preloaded self.tidal_calculations_frame.fill_data(routes=self.routing_data.routes, deviations=self.misc_data.deviations, ship_types=self.misc_data.ship_types) self.tidal_grapth_frame.grid() self.program_state = "calculate" elif state == "config": print "Switching to config mode" self.config_frame = GUI_helper.config_screen_frame(self, self.user) #load frame first (contents depend on type of user) self.config_frame.grid() self.program_state = "config" I understand that this is kind of messy to read, so I simplified things for testing, using this: def set_program_state(self, state): '''sets the program state''' #try cleaning all the frames: try: self.testlabel_1.grid_forget() except: pass try: self.testlabel_2.grid_forget() except: pass if state == "calculate": print "switching to test1" self.testlabel_1 = tk.Label(self, text="calculate", borderwidth=1, relief=tk.RAISED) self.testlabel_1.grid(row=0, sticky=tk.W+tk.E) elif state == "config": print "switching to test1" self.testlabel_2 = tk.Label(self, text="config", borderwidth=1, relief=tk.RAISED) self.testlabel_2.grid(row=0, sticky=tk.W+tk.E) But the result is the same. The frame (or label in this test) is not displayed at startup, but when the user selects the state (calling the same function) the frame is displayed. UPDATE the sample code in the comments (thanks for that!) pointed me in another direction. Further testing revealed (what I think) the cause of the problem. Disabling the display of the status bar made the program work as expected. Turns out, I used pack to display the statusbar and grid to display the frames. And they are in the same container, so problems arise. I fixed that by using only pack inside the main container. But the same problem is still there. This is what I use for the statusbar: self.status = GUI_helper.StatusBar(self.parent) self.status.pack(side=tk.BOTTOM, fill=tk.X) And if I comment out the last line (pack), the config frame loads on startup, as per this line: self.set_program_state("config") But if I let the status bar pack inside the main window, the config frame does not show. Where it does show when the user asks for it (with the same command as above).

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  • Dynamically loading modules in Python (+ multi processing question)

    - by morpheous
    I am writing a Python package which reads the list of modules (along with ancillary data) from a configuration file. I then want to iterate through each of the dynamically loaded modules and invoke a do_work() function in it which will spawn a new process, so that the code runs ASYNCHRONOUSLY in a separate process. At the moment, I am importing the list of all known modules at the beginning of my main script - this is a nasty hack I feel, and is not very flexible, as well as being a maintenance pain. This is the function that spawns the processes. I will like to modify it to dynamically load the module when it is encountered. The key in the dictionary is the name of the module containing the code: def do_work(work_info): for (worker, dataset) in work_info.items(): #import the module defined by variable worker here... # [Edit] NOT using threads anymore, want to spawn processes asynchronously here... #t = threading.Thread(target=worker.do_work, args=[dataset]) # I'll NOT dameonize since spawned children need to clean up on shutdown # Since the threads will be holding resources #t.daemon = True #t.start() Question 1 When I call the function in my script (as written above), I get the following error: AttributeError: 'str' object has no attribute 'do_work' Which makes sense, since the dictionary key is a string (name of the module to be imported). When I add the statement: import worker before spawning the thread, I get the error: ImportError: No module named worker This is strange, since the variable name rather than the value it holds are being used - when I print the variable, I get the value (as I expect) whats going on? Question 2 As I mentioned in the comments section, I realize that the do_work() function written in the spawned children needs to cleanup after itself. My understanding is to write a clean_up function that is called when do_work() has completed successfully, or an unhandled exception is caught - is there anything more I need to do to ensure resources don't leak or leave the OS in an unstable state? Question 3 If I comment out the t.daemon flag statement, will the code stil run ASYNCHRONOUSLY?. The work carried out by the spawned children are pretty intensive, and I don't want to have to be waiting for one child to finish before spawning another child. BTW, I am aware that threading in Python is in reality, a kind of time sharing/slicing - thats ok Lastly is there a better (more Pythonic) way of doing what I'm trying to do? [Edit] After reading a little more about Pythons GIL and the threading (ahem - hack) in Python, I think its best to use separate processes instead (at least IIUC, the script can take advantage of multiple processes if they are available), so I will be spawning new processes instead of threads. I have some sample code for spawning processes, but it is a bit trivial (using lambad functions). I would like to know how to expand it, so that it can deal with running functions in a loaded module (like I am doing above). This is a snippet of what I have: def do_mp_bench(): q = mp.Queue() # Not only thread safe, but "process safe" p1 = mp.Process(target=lambda: q.put(sum(range(10000000)))) p2 = mp.Process(target=lambda: q.put(sum(range(10000000)))) p1.start() p2.start() r1 = q.get() r2 = q.get() return r1 + r2 How may I modify this to process a dictionary of modules and run a do_work() function in each loaded module in a new process?

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  • python socket related question.

    - by paul
    Hello,All im totally new to socket programming in python. i was read some tutorial and manual, but i didn't found what i want to make python related socket script in manual or tutorial. i want to make socket script which can send some info to server and also receive some info from server. For example, i want to send my login information to server, and want to receive result reply from server. but i have no idea..how to send my login information(id and password) to server. i was captured with wireshark, some process to send login info to server. and i was found port number is 5300 and server ip is 58.225.56.152 and i was send id is 'aaaaaaa' and password 'bbbbbbb' and i was received 'USER NOT FOUND' result from server. how can i make this kind of process with python socket ? if anyone help me some reference or some example or anything help much appreciate! 0000 00 50 56 f2 c8 cc 00 0c 29 a8 f8 c0 08 00 45 00 .PV.....).....E. 0010 00 e2 2a 19 40 00 80 06 d0 55 c0 a8 cb 85 3a e1 ..*[email protected]....:. 0020 38 98 05 f3 15 9a b9 86 62 7b 0d ab 0f ba 50 18 8.......b{....P. 0030 fa f0 26 14 00 00 50 54 3f 09 a2 91 7f 13 00 00 ..&...PT?....... 0040 00 1f 14 00 02 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 07 00 00 00 ................ 0050 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 50 54 3f 09 a2 91 7f 8b 00 aaaaaaaPT?...... 0060 00 00 1f 15 00 08 00 00 00 07 00 00 00 61 61 61 .............aaa 0070 61 61 61 61 07 00 00 00 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 01 aaaa....bbbbbbb. 0080 00 00 00 31 02 00 00 00 4b 52 0f 00 00 00 31 39 ...1....KR....19 0090 32 2e 31 36 38 2e 32 30 33 2e 31 33 33 30 00 00 2.168.203.1330.. 00a0 00 4d 69 63 72 6f 73 6f 66 74 20 57 69 6e 64 6f .Microsoft Windo 00b0 77 73 20 58 50 20 50 72 6f 66 65 73 73 69 6f 6e ws XP Profession 00c0 61 6c 20 53 65 72 76 69 63 65 20 50 61 63 6b 20 al Service Pack 00d0 32 14 00 00 00 31 30 30 31 33 30 30 35 33 31 35 2....10013005315 00e0 37 38 33 37 32 30 31 32 33 03 00 00 00 34 37 30 783720123....470 0000 00 0c 29 a8 f8 c0 00 50 56 f2 c8 cc 08 00 45 00 ..)....PV.....E. 0010 00 28 ae 37 00 00 80 06 8c f1 3a e1 38 98 c0 a8 .(.7......:.8... 0020 cb 85 15 9a 05 f3 0d ab 0f ba b9 86 63 35 50 10 ............c5P. 0030 fa f0 5f 8e 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 .._......... 0000 00 0c 29 a8 f8 c0 00 50 56 f2 c8 cc 08 00 45 00 ..)....PV.....E. 0010 00 4c ae 38 00 00 80 06 8c cc 3a e1 38 98 c0 a8 .L.8......:.8... 0020 cb 85 15 9a 05 f3 0d ab 0f ba b9 86 63 35 50 18 ............c5P. 0030 fa f0 3e 75 00 00 50 54 3f 09 a2 91 7f 16 00 00 ..>u..PT?....... 0040 00 1f 18 00 01 00 00 00 0e 00 00 00 55 73 65 72 ............User 0050 20 4e 6f 74 20 46 6f 75 6e 64 Not Found

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  • socket.error: [Errno 10013] An attempt was made to access a socket in a way forbidden by its access

    - by Sean Ochoa
    Hello all. I'm trying to create a custom TCP stack using Python 2.6.5 on Windows 7 to serve valid http page requests on port 80 locally. But, I've run into a snag with what seems like Windows 7 tightened up security. This code worked on Vista. Here's my sample code: import SocketServer class MyTCPHandler(SocketServer.BaseRequestHandler): def handle(self): headerText = """HTTP/1.0 200 OK Date: Fri, 31 Dec 1999 23:59:59 GMT Content-Type: text/html Content-Length: 1354""" bodyText = "<html><body>some page</body></html>" self.request.send(headerText + "\n" + bodyText) if __name__ == "__main__": HOST, PORT = "localhost", 80 server = SocketServer.TCPServer((HOST, PORT), MyTCPHandler) server.serve_forever() C:\pythonpython TestServer.py Traceback (most recent call last): File "TestServer.py", line 19, in server = SocketServer.TCPServer((HOST, PORT), MyTCPHandler) File "C:\Python26\lib\SocketServer.py", line 400, in init self.server_bind() File "C:\Python26\lib\SocketServer.py", line 411, in server_bind self.socket.bind(self.server_address) File "", line 1, in bind socket.error: [Errno 10013] An attempt was made to access a socket in a way forbidden by its access permissions How exactly do I get this to work on Windows 7?

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  • cannot override sys.excepthook

    - by Mert Nuhoglu
    I try to customize behavior of sys.excepthook as described by the recipe. in ipython: :import pdb, sys, traceback :def info(type, value, tb): : traceback.print_exception(type, value, tb) : pdb.pm() :sys.excepthook = info :-- >>> x[10] = 5 ------------------------------------------------- Traceback (most recent call last): File "<ipython console>", line 1, in <module> NameError: name 'x' is not defined >>> pdb.pm() is not being called. It seems that sys.excepthook = info doesn't work in my python 2.5 installation. What should I look into? Any suggestion? Thank you

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  • Implicitly invoking parent class initializer

    - by Matt Joiner
    class A(object): def __init__(self, a, b, c): #super(A, self).__init__() super(self.__class__, self).__init__() class B(A): def __init__(self, b, c): print super(B, self) print super(self.__class__, self) #super(B, self).__init__(1, b, c) super(self.__class__, self).__init__(1, b, c) class C(B): def __init__(self, c): #super(C, self).__init__(2, c) super(self.__class__, self).__init__(2, c) C(3) In the above code, the commented out __init__ calls appear to the be the commonly accepted "smart" way to do super class initialization. However in the event that the class hierarchy is likely to change, I have been using the uncommented form, until recently. It appears that in the call to the super constructor for B in the above hierarchy, that B.__init__ is called again, self.__class__ is actually C, not B as I had always assumed. Is there some way in Python-2.x that I can overcome this, and maintain proper MRO when calling super constructors without actually naming the current class?

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