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• What is the better design decision approach?

  - by palm snow

  I have two classes (MyFoo1 and MyFoo2) that share some common functionality. So far it does not seem like I need any polymorphic inheritence but at this point I am considering the following options: Have the common functionality in a utility class. Both of these classes call these methods from that utility class. Have an abstract class and implement common methods in that abstract class. Then derive MyFoo1 and MyFoo2 from that abstract class. Any suggestion on what would be a better design decision?

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• Extending abstract classes in c#

  - by ng

  I am a Java developer and I have noticed some differences in extending abstract classes in c# as opposed to Java. I was wondering how a c# developer would achived the following. 1) Covarience public abstract class A { public abstract List<B> List(); } public class BList : List<T> where T : B { } public abstract class C : A { public abstract BList List(); } So in the above hierarchy, there is covarience in C where it returns a type compatible with what A returns. However this gives me an error in Visual Studio. Is there a way to specify a covarient return type in c#? 2) Adding a setter to a property public abstract class A { public abstract String Name { get; } } public abstract class B : A { public abstract String Name { get; set } } Here the compiler complains of hiding. Any suggestions? Please do not suggest using interfaces unless that is the ONLY way to do this.

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• Having trouble with extension methods for byte arrays

  - by Dave

  I'm working with a device that sends back an image, and when I request an image, there is some undocumented information that comes before the image data. I was only able to realize this by looking through the binary data and identifying the image header information inside. I've been able to make everything work fine by writing a method that takes a byte[] and returns another byte[] with all of this preamble "stuff" removed. However, what I really want is an extension method so I can write image_buffer.RemoveUpToByteArray(new byte[] { 0x42, 0x4D }); instead of byte[] new_buffer = RemoveUpToByteArray( image_buffer, new byte[] { 0x42, 0x4D }); I first tried to write it like everywhere else I've seen online: public static class MyExtensionMethods { public static void RemoveUpToByteArray(this byte[] buffer, byte[] header) { ... } } but then I get an error complaining that there isn't an extension method where the first parameter is a System.Array. Weird, everyone else seems to do it this way, but okay: public static class MyExtensionMethods { public static void RemoveUpToByteArray(this Array buffer, byte[] header) { ... } } Great, that takes now, but still doesn't compile. It doesn't compile because Array is an abstract class and my existing code that gets called after calling RemoveUpToByteArray used to work on byte arrays. I could rewrite my subsequent code to work with Array, but I am curious -- what am I doing wrong that prevents me from just using byte[] as the first parameter in my extension method?

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• Accessing Static Methods on a Generic class in c#

  - by mrlane

  Hello, I have the following situation in code, which I suspect may be a bit dodgey: I have a class: abstract class DataAccessBase<T> : IDataAccess where T : AnotherAbstractClass This class DataAccessBase also has a static factory method which creates instances of derived classes of itself using an enum value in a which statement to decide which derived type to create: static IDataAccess CreateInstance(TypeToCreateEnum) Now, the types derived from DataAccessBase<T> are themselves NOT generic, they specify a type for T: class PoLcZoneData : DataAccessBase<PoLcZone> // PoLcZone is derived from AnotherAbstractClass So far I am not sure if this is pushing the limits of good use of generics, but what I am really concerned about is how to access the static CreateInstance() method in the first place: The way I am doing this at the moment is to simply pass any type T where T : AnotherAbstractClass. In particular I am passing AnotherAbstractClass itself. This allows compilation just fine, but it does seem to me that passing any type to a generic class just to get at the statics is a bit dodgey. I have actually simplified the situation somewhat as DataAccessBase<T> is the lower level in the inheritance chain, but the static factory methods exists in a middle tier with classes such as PoLcZoneData being the most derived on the only level that is not generic. What are peoples thoughts on this arrangement?

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• Accessing "Public" methods from "Private" methods in javascript class

  - by mon4goos

  Is there a way to call "public" javascript functions from "private" ones within a class? Check out the class below: function Class() { this.publicMethod = function() { alert("hello"); } privateMethod = function() { publicMethod(); } this.test = function() { privateMethod(); } } Here is the code I run: var class = new Class(); class.test(); Firebug gives this error: publicMethod is not defined: [Break on this error] publicMethod(); Is there some other way to call publicMethod() within privateMethod() without accessing the global class variable [i.e. class.publicMethod()]?

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• Why does python use 'magic methods'?

  - by Greg Beech

  I've been playing around with Python recently, and one thing I'm finding a bit odd is the extensive use of 'magic methods', e.g. to make its length available an object implements a method def __len__(self) and then it is called when you write len(obj). I was just wondering why objects don't simply define a len(self) method and have it called directly as a member of the object, e.g. obj.len()? I'm sure there must be good reasons for Python doing it the way it does, but as a newbie I haven't worked out what they are yet.

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• Size of Objects in Java Heap w/ Regards to Methods

  - by Eric

  I know about primitives and objects living on the heap, but how does the number of methods effect heap size of the object? For example: public class A { int x; public getX() { return x; } } public class B { int x; public getX() { return x; } public getXString() { return String.valueOf(x); } public doMoreInterestingStuff() { return x * 42; } //etc } When instantiated, both objects live on the heap, both have memory allocated to their primitive x, but is B allocated more heap space due to having more method signatures? Or are those ONLY on the classLoader? In this example its trivial, but when there are 100,000+ of these objects in memory at any given time I imagine it could add up.

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• How extension methods work in background ?

  - by Freshblood

  I am just cuirous about behind of extension method mechanism.Some questions and answer appear in my mind. MyClass.OrderBy(x=>x.a).OrderBy(x=>x.b); I was guessing that mechanism was first orderby method works and order them by a member then returns sorted items in IEnumarable interface then next Orderby method of IEnumarable Order them for b paramater.But i am wrong when i look at this linq query. MyClass.Orderby(x=>x.a).ThenOrderBy(x=>x.b); this is slightly different and tells me that i am wrong.Because this is not ordering by a then b and not possible to have such result if i was right.This get me confuse enough... Similiar structure is possible to write withot extension methods as first query but second is not possible.This prove i am wrong . Can u explain it ?

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• Call methods on native Javascript types without wrapping with ()

  - by Anurag

  In Javascript, we can call methods on string literals directly without enclosing it within round brackets. But not for other types such as numbers, or functions. It is a syntax error, but is there a reason as to why the Javascript lexer needs these other types to be enclosed in round brackets? For example, if we extend Number, String, and Function with an alert method and try calling this method on the literals, it's a SyntaxError for Number and Function, while it works for a String. function alertValue() { alert(this); } Number.prototype.alert = alertValue; String.prototype.alert = alertValue; Function.prototype.alert = alertValue; We can call alert directly on a string object: "someStringLiteral".alert() // alerts someStringLiteral but it's a SyntaxError on numbers, and functions. 7.alert(); function() {}.alert(); To work with these types, we have to enclose it within brackets: (7).alert(); // alerts "7" (function() {}).alert(); // alerts "function() {}"

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• Ruby Methods: return an usage string when insufficient arguments are given

  - by Shyam

  Hi, After creating a serious bunch of classes, with initialize methods, loading them in IRb requires to look back at the code. However, I think it should be easy enough to return a usage message, instead of: ArgumentError: wrong number of arguments (0 for 9) So I prefer to return a string with the human readable arguments, by example using "puts" or just a return of a string. Now I have seen the rescue keyword inside begin-end code, but I wonder how I could catch the ArgumentError when the initialize method is called. Thank you for your answers, feedback and comments!

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• Differences between extension methods in C#3 & 4

  - by Buh Buh

  I think I remember reading a long time ago that in C#3 extension methods could only be applied to primitive types and interfaces; and that in C#4 they could be used to extend any type. This doesn't seam to match up with what I am seeing now and I am finding it difficult to find this documented. Is there any truth to this or did my memory make it all up? What are the rules relating to which types can be extended? Are there any differences between C# 3 and 4?

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• Question on Virtual Methods

  - by bobber205

  IF both methods are declared as virtual, shouldn't both instances of Method1() that are called be the derived class's Method1()? I am seeing BASE then DERIVED called each time. I am doing some review for an interview and I want to make sure I have this straight. xD class BaseClass { public: virtual void Method1() { cout << "Method 1 BASE" << endl; } }; class DerClass: public BaseClass { public: virtual void Method1() { cout << "Method 1 DERVIED" << endl; } }; DerClass myClass; ((BaseClass)myClass).Method1(); myClass.Method1(); Method 1 BASE Method 1 DERVIED

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• Extension methods on a static object

  - by Max Malygin

  I know (or so I hear) that writing extension methods for a single stand alone .net class (not an implementation of IEnumerable) is potential code smell. However, for the sake of making the life easier I need to attach a method to the ConfigurationManager class in asp.net. It's a static object so this won't work: public static List<string> GetSupportedDomains(this ConfigurationManager manager) { //the manager needs to be static. } So the question is - is it possible to write an extension method for a static class in .net?

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• How to avoid general names for abstract classes?

  - by djechlin

  In general it's good to avoid words like "handle" or "process" as part of routine names and class names, unless you are dealing with (e.g.) file handles or (e.g.) unix processes. However abstract classes often don't really know what they're going to do with something besides, say, process it. In my current situation I have an "EmailProcessor" that logs into a user's inbox and processes messages from it. It's not really clear to me how to give this a more precise name, although I've noticed the following style matter arises: better to treat derived classes as clients and named the base class by the part of the functionality it implements? Gives it more meaning but will violate is-a. E.g. EmailAcquirer would be a reasonable name since it's acquiring for the derived class, but the derived class won't be acquiring for anyone. Or just really vague name since who knows what the derived classes will do. However "Processor" is still too general since it's doing many relevant operations, like logging in and using IMAP. Any way out of this dilemma? Problem is more evident for abstract methods, in which you can't really answer the question "what does this do?" because the answer is simply "whatever the client wants."

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• Getting link to abstract indexed in Google Scholar

  - by JordanReiter

  We have a large digital library with thousands of papers indexed in Google Scholar. We allow Google Scholar to index our PDFs but they're blocked unless you have a subscription. So Google has full-text indexing/searching of our PDFs (great!) but then the links point just to those PDFs (boo!) instead of the more helpful abstract pages. Does anyone know what could cause an issue like this? I am, to the best of my knowledge, following all of the guidelines laid out in their Inclusion Guidelines. Here's some example meta data: <meta name="citation_title" content="Sample Title"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="LastName, FirstName"/> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2012/06/26"/> <meta name="citation_volume" content="1"/> <meta name="citation_issue" content="1"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="10"/> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="20"/> <meta name="citation_conference_title" content="Name of the Conference"/> <meta name="citation_isbn" content="1-234567-89-X"/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="http://www.example.org/p/1234/proceeding_1234.pdf"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="http://www.example.org/f/1234/"/> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="http://www.example.org/p/1234/"/> <link rel="canonical" href="http://www.example.org/p/1234/" /> example.org/p/1234 is the abstract page for the article; example.org/f/1234 is the fulltext link accessible to subscribers only (and to Google Scholar). example.org/p/1234/proceeding_1234.pdf is the fulltext PDF link.

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• Question on methods in Object Oriented Programming

  - by mal

  I’m learning Java at the minute (first language), and as a project I’m looking at developing a simple puzzle game. My question relates to the methods within a class. I have my Block type class; it has its many attributes, set methods, get methods and just plain methods. There are quite a few. Then I have my main board class. At the moment it does most of the logic, positioning of sprites collision detection and then draws the sprites etc... As I am learning to program as much as I’m learning to program games I’m curious to know how much code is typically acceptable within a given method. Is there such thing as having too many methods? All my draw functionality happens in one method, should I break this into a few ‘sub’ methods? My thinking is if I find at a later stage that the for loop I’m using to cycle through the array of sprites searching for collisions in the spriteCollision() method is inefficient I code a new method and just replace the old method calls with the new one, leaving the old code intact. Is it bad practice to have a method that contains one if statement, and place the call for that method in the for loop? I’m very much in the early stages of coding/designing and I need all the help I can get! I find it a little intimidating when people are talking about throwing together a prototype in a day too! Can’t wait until I’m that good!

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• What am I not getting about this abstract class implementation?

  - by Schnapple

  PREFACE: I'm relatively inexperienced in C++ so this very well could be a Day 1 n00b question. I'm working on something whose long term goal is to be portable across multiple operating systems. I have the following files: Utilities.h #include <string> class Utilities { public: Utilities() { }; virtual ~Utilities() { }; virtual std::string ParseString(std::string const& RawString) = 0; }; UtilitiesWin.h (for the Windows class/implementation) #include <string> #include "Utilities.h" class UtilitiesWin : public Utilities { public: UtilitiesWin() { }; virtual ~UtilitiesWin() { }; virtual std::string ParseString(std::string const& RawString); }; UtilitiesWin.cpp #include <string> #include "UtilitiesWin.h" std::string UtilitiesWin::ParseString(std::string const& RawString) { // Magic happens here! // I'll put in a line of code to make it seem valid return ""; } So then elsewhere in my code I have this #include <string> #include "Utilities.h" void SomeProgram::SomeMethod() { Utilities *u = new Utilities(); StringData = u->ParseString(StringData); // StringData defined elsewhere } The compiler (Visual Studio 2008) is dying on the instance declaration c:\somepath\somecode.cpp(3) : error C2259: 'Utilities' : cannot instantiate abstract class due to following members: 'std::string Utilities::ParseString(const std::string &)' : is abstract c:\somepath\utilities.h(9) : see declaration of 'Utilities::ParseString' So in this case what I'm wanting to do is use the abstract class (Utilities) like an interface and have it know to go to the implemented version (UtilitiesWin). Obviously I'm doing something wrong but I'm not sure what. It occurs to me as I'm writing this that there's probably a crucial connection between the UtilitiesWin implementation of the Utilities abstract class that I've missed, but I'm not sure where. I mean, the following works #include <string> #include "UtilitiesWin.h" void SomeProgram::SomeMethod() { Utilities *u = new UtilitiesWin(); StringData = u->ParseString(StringData); // StringData defined elsewhere } but it means I'd have to conditionally go through the different versions later (i.e., UtilitiesMac(), UtilitiesLinux(), etc.) What have I missed here?

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• Can I use an abstract class instead of a private __construct() when creating a singleton in PHP?

  - by Pheter

  When creating a Singleton in PHP, I ensure that it cannot be instantiated by doing the following: class Singleton { private function __construct() {} private function __clone() {} public static function getInstance() {} } However, I realised that defining a class as 'abstract' means that it cannot be instantiated. So is there anything wrong with doing the following instead: abstract class Singleton { public static function getInstance() {} } The second scenario allows me to write fewer lines of code which would be nice. (Not that it actually makes much of a difference.)

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• Is it possible for an abstract class to force it's children to have a constructor in PHP?

  - by Logan Serman

  I would like to do something like this: abstract class Foo { public function __construct() { echo 'This is the parent constructor'; } abstract function __construct(); } class Bar extends Foo { // constructor is required as this class extends Foo public function __construct() { //call parent::__construct() if necessary echo 'This is the child constructor'; } } But I get a fatal error when doing this: Fatal error: Cannot redeclare Foo::__construct() in Foo.php on line 8 Is there another way to ensure child classes have a constructor?

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• Extension methods in class library project

  - by Mostafa

  I've implemented some extension methods and put those in separate Class Library project. Imagine I have a simple extension method like this in class library called MD.Utility: namespace MD.Utility { public static class ExtenMethods { public static bool IsValidEmailAddress(this string s) { Regex regex = new Regex(@"^[\w-\.]+@([\w-]+\.)+[\w-]{2,4}$"); return regex.IsMatch(s); } } } But nowhere in WebApp like App_code folder or WebFroms code-behind page I can't use this Extension method. If I do like this: using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Web; using System.Web.UI; using System.Web.UI.WebControls; using MD.Utility; public partial class _Default : System.Web.UI.Page { protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e) { string email = "[email protected]"; if (email.IsValidEmailAddress()) { //To do } } } The compiler doesn't recognize IsValidEmailAddress() and even no intellisense support. While if I put my extension method in App_Code folder it's ok for using in another cs file in App_code Folder or Web Form code-behind pages.

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• C# ambiguity in Func + extension methods + lambdas

  - by Hobbes

  I've been trying to make my way through this article: http://blogs.msdn.com/wesdyer/archive/2008/01/11/the-marvels-of-monads.aspx ... And something on page 1 made me uncomfortable. In particular, I was trying to wrap my head around the Compose<() function, and I wrote an example for myself. Consider the following two Func's: Func<double, double> addTenth = x => x + 0.10; Func<double, string> toPercentString = x => (x * 100.0).ToString() + "%"; No problem! It's easy to understand what these two do. Now, following the example from the article, you can write a generic extension method to compose these functions, like so: public static class ExtensionMethods { public static Func<TInput, TLastOutput> Compose<TInput, TFirstOutput, TLastOutput>( this Func<TFirstOutput, TLastOutput> toPercentString, Func<TInput, TFirstOutput> addTenth) { return input => toPercentString(addTenth(input)); } } Fine. So now you can say: string x = toPercentString.Compose<double, double, string>(addTenth)(0.4); And you get the string "50%" So far, so good. But there's something ambiguous here. Let's say you write another extension method, so now you have two functions: public static class ExtensionMethods { public static Func<TInput, TLastOutput> Compose<TInput, TFirstOutput, TLastOutput>( this Func<TFirstOutput, TLastOutput> toPercentString, Func<TInput, TFirstOutput> addTenth) { return input => toPercentString(addTenth(input)); } public static Func<double, string> Compose<TInput, TFirstOutput, TLastOutput>(this Func<double, string> toPercentString, Func<double, double> addTenth) { return input => toPercentString(addTenth(input + 99999)); } } Herein is the ambiguity. Don't these two function have overlapping signatures? Yes. Does this even compile? Yes. Which one get's called? The second one (which clearly gives you the "wrong" result) gets called. If you comment out either function, it still compiles, but you get different results. It seems like nitpicking, but there's something that deeply offends my sensibilities here, and I can't put my finger on it. Does it have to do with extension methods? Does it have to do with lambdas? Or does it have to do with how Func< allows you to parameterize the return type? I'm not sure. I'm guessing that this is all addressed somewhere in the spec, but I don't even know what to Google to find this. Help!

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• Call methods in main method

  - by Niloo

  this is my main method that gets 3 integers from command line and I parse then in my validating method. However I have one operation method that calls 3 other methods, but i don't know what type of data and howmany I have to put in my operatinMethod() " cuase switch only gets one); AND also in my mainMethod() for calling the operationMehod(); itself? please let me know if i'm not clear? Thanx! main method: public class test { // Global Constants final static int MIN_NUMBER = 1; final static int MAX_PRIME = 10000; final static int MAX_FACTORIAL = 12; final static int MAX_LEAPYEAR = 4000; //Global Variables static int a,b,c; public static void main (String[] args) { for(int i =0; i< args.length; i++){} if(validateInput(args[0],args[1],args[2])){ performOperations(); } } //Validate User Input public static boolean validateInput(String num1,String num2,String num3){ boolean isValid = false; try{ try{ try{ a = Integer.parseInt(num1); if(!withinRange(a,MIN_NUMBER, MAX_PRIME)) { System.out.println("The entered value " + num1 +" is out of range [1 TO 10000]."); } isValid = true; } catch(Exception ex) { System.out.println("The entered value " + num1 + " is not a valid integer. Please try again."); } b = Integer.parseInt(num2); if(!withinRange(b,MIN_NUMBER, MAX_FACTORIAL)) { System.out.println("The entered value " + num2 +" is out of range [1 TO 12]."); } isValid = true; } catch(Exception ex) { System.out.println("The entered value " + num2 + " is not a valid integer. Please try again."); } c = Integer.parseInt(num3); if(!withinRange(c,MIN_NUMBER, MAX_LEAPYEAR)) { System.out.println("The entered value " + num3 +" is out of range [1 TO 4000]."); } isValid = true; } catch(Exception ex) { System.out.println("The entered value " + num3 + " is not a valid integer. Please try again."); } return isValid; } //Check the value within the specified range private static boolean withinRange(int userInput ,int min, int max){ boolean isInRange = true; if(userInput < min || userInput > max){ isInRange = false; } return isInRange; } //Perform operations private static void performOperations(int userInput) { switch(userInput) { case 1: // count Prime numbers countPrimes(a); break; case 2: // Calculate factorial getFactorial(b); break; case 3: // find Leap year isLeapYear(c); break; } } // Verify Prime Number private static boolean isPrime(int prime) { for(int i = 2; i <= Math.sqrt(prime) ; i++) { if ((prime % i) == 0) { return false; } } return true; } // Calculate Prime private static int countPrimes(int userInput){ int count =0; for(int i=userInput; i<=MAX_PRIME; i++) { if(isPrime(i)){ count++; } } System.out.println("Exactly "+ count + " prime numbers exist between "+ a + " and 10,000."); return count; } // Calculate the factorial value private static int getFactorial(int userInput){ int ans = userInput; if(userInput >1 ){ ans*= (getFactorial(userInput-1)); //System.out.println("The value of "+ b +"! is "+ getFactorial(userInput)); } return ans; } // Determine whether the integer represents a leap year private static boolean isLeapYear(int userInput){ if (userInput % 4 == 0 && userInput % 400 == 0 && userInput % 100 ==0){ System.out.println("The year "+ c +" is a leap year"); } else { System.out.println("The year "+ c +" is a not leap year"); } return false; } }

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• How to determine which inheriting class is using an abstract class' methods.

  - by Kin

  In my console application have an abstract Factory class "Listener" which contains code for listening and accepting connections, and spawning client classes. This class is inherited by two more classes (WorldListener, and MasterListener) that contain more protocol specific overrides and functions. I also have a helper class (ConsoleWrapper) which encapsulates and extends System.Console, containing methods for writing to console info on what is happening to instances of the WorldListener and MasterListener. I need a way to determine in the abstract ListenerClass which Inheriting class is calling its methods. Any help with this problem would be greatly appreciated! I am stumped :X Simplified example of what I am trying to do. abstract class Listener { public void DoSomething() { if(inheriting class == WorldListener) ConsoleWrapper.WorldWrite("Did something!"); if(inheriting class == MasterListener) ConsoleWrapper.MasterWrite("Did something!"); } } public static ConsoleWrapper { public void WorldWrite(string input) { System.Console.WriteLine("[World] {0}", input); } } public class WorldListener : Listener { public void DoSomethingSpecific() { ConsoleWrapper.WorldWrite("I did something specific!"); } } public void Main() { new WorldListener(); new MasterListener(); } Expected output [World] Did something! [World] I did something specific! [Master] Did something! [World] I did something specific!

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• How to determine which inheriting class is using an abstract class's methods.

  - by Kin

  In my console application have an abstract Factory class "Listener" which contains code for listening and accepting connections, and spawning client classes. This class is inherited by two more classes (WorldListener, and MasterListener) that contain more protocol specific overrides and functions. I also have a helper class (ConsoleWrapper) which encapsulates and extends System.Console, containing methods for writing to console info on what is happening to instances of the WorldListener and MasterListener. I need a way to determine in the abstract ListenerClass which Inheriting class is calling its methods. Any help with this problem would be greatly appreciated! I am stumped :X Simplified example of what I am trying to do. abstract class Listener { public void DoSomething() { if(inheriting class == WorldListener) ConsoleWrapper.WorldWrite("Did something!"); if(inheriting class == MasterListener) ConsoleWrapper.MasterWrite("Did something!"); } } public static ConsoleWrapper { public void WorldWrite(string input) { System.Console.WriteLine("[World] {0}", input); } } public class WorldListener : Listener { public void DoSomethingSpecific() { ConsoleWrapper.WorldWrite("I did something specific!"); } } public void Main() { new WorldListener(); new MasterListener(); } Expected output [World] Did something! [World] I did something specific! [Master] Did something! [World] I did something specific!

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• Is there a case for parameterising using Abstract classes rather than Interfaces?

  - by Chris

  I'm currently developing a component based API that is heavily stateful. The top level components implement around a dozen interfaces each. The stock top-level components therefore sit ontop of a stack of Abstract implementations which in turn contain multiple mixin implementations and implement multiple mixin interfaces. So far, so good (I hope). The problem is that the base functionality is extremely complex to implement (1,000s of lines in 5 layers of base classes) and therefore I do not wish for component writers to implement the interfaces themselves but rather to extend my base classes (where all the boiler plate code is already written). If the API therefore accepts interfaces rather than references to the Abstract implementation that I wish for component writers to extends, then I have a risk that the implementer will not perform the validation that is both required and assumed by other areas of code. Therefore, my question is, is it sometimes valid to paramerise API methods using an abstract implementation reference rather than a reference to the interface(s) that it implements? Do you have an example of a well-designed API that uses this technique or am I trying to talk myself into bad-practice?

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