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• how to preview video camera from tv tuner in vb.net

  - by testkhan

  how can i preview / record or only preview video from my tv tuner card in vb.net....i have usb stick deny tuner card in my laptop

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• sound stops working after a while in ubuntu 12.10

  - by clio

  i did a clean install on ubuntu 12.10. Everything seemed fine at first including sound but after a while it stopped working. To get is back i have to restart it, sometimes even more than once. Any idea on how to fix this? sudo aplay -L default Playback/recording through the PulseAudio sound server sysdefault:CARD=PCH HDA Intel PCH, ALC665 Analog Default Audio Device front:CARD=PCH,DEV=0 HDA Intel PCH, ALC665 Analog Front speakers surround40:CARD=PCH,DEV=0 HDA Intel PCH, ALC665 Analog 4.0 Surround output to Front and Rear speakers surround41:CARD=PCH,DEV=0 HDA Intel PCH, ALC665 Analog 4.1 Surround output to Front, Rear and Subwoofer speakers surround50:CARD=PCH,DEV=0 HDA Intel PCH, ALC665 Analog 5.0 Surround output to Front, Center and Rear speakers surround51:CARD=PCH,DEV=0 HDA Intel PCH, ALC665 Analog 5.1 Surround output to Front, Center, Rear and Subwoofer speakers surround71:CARD=PCH,DEV=0 HDA Intel PCH, ALC665 Analog 7.1 Surround output to Front, Center, Side, Rear and Woofer speakers iec958:CARD=PCH,DEV=0 HDA Intel PCH, ALC665 Digital IEC958 (S/PDIF) Digital Audio Output hdmi:CARD=PCH,DEV=0 HDA Intel PCH, HDMI 0 HDMI Audio Output dmix:CARD=PCH,DEV=0 HDA Intel PCH, ALC665 Analog Direct sample mixing device dmix:CARD=PCH,DEV=1 HDA Intel PCH, ALC665 Digital Direct sample mixing device dmix:CARD=PCH,DEV=3 HDA Intel PCH, HDMI 0 Direct sample mixing device dsnoop:CARD=PCH,DEV=0 HDA Intel PCH, ALC665 Analog Direct sample snooping device dsnoop:CARD=PCH,DEV=1 HDA Intel PCH, ALC665 Digital Direct sample snooping device dsnoop:CARD=PCH,DEV=3 HDA Intel PCH, HDMI 0 Direct sample snooping device hw:CARD=PCH,DEV=0 HDA Intel PCH, ALC665 Analog Direct hardware device without any conversions hw:CARD=PCH,DEV=1 HDA Intel PCH, ALC665 Digital Direct hardware device without any conversions hw:CARD=PCH,DEV=3 HDA Intel PCH, HDMI 0 Direct hardware device without any conversions plughw:CARD=PCH,DEV=0 HDA Intel PCH, ALC665 Analog Hardware device with all software conversions plughw:CARD=PCH,DEV=1 HDA Intel PCH, ALC665 Digital Hardware device with all software conversions plughw:CARD=PCH,DEV=3 HDA Intel PCH, HDMI 0 Hardware device with all software conversions

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• Is having a [high-end] video card important on a server?

  - by Patrick

  My application is quite interactive application with lots of colors and drag-and-drop functionality, but no fancy 3D-stuff or animations or video, so I only used plain GDI (no GDI Plus, No DirectX). In the past my applications ran in desktops or laptops, and I suggested my customers to invest in a decent video card, with: a minimum resolution of 1280x1024 a minimum color depth of 24 pixels X Megabytes of memory on the video card Now my users are switching more and more to terminal servers, therefore my question: What is the importance of a video card on a terminal server? Is a video card needed anyway on the terminal server? If it is, is the resolution of the remote desktop client limited to the resolutions supported by the video card on the server? Can the choice of a video card in the server influence the performance of the applications running on the terminal server (but shown on a desktop PC)? If I start to make use of graphical libraries (like Qt) or things like DirectX, will this then have an influence on the choice of video card on the terminal server? Are calculations in that case 'offloaded' to the video card? Even on the terminal server? Thanks.

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• How do I repartition an SDHC card in Windows?

  - by Peter Mortensen

  How do I repartition an SDHC card (4 GB or more)? Do I need third-part tools or Linux (a live CD solution would be OK)? In Windows' Disk Management the option Delete Partition is dimmed out: I can reformat the card as FAT32, copy files to and from the card and even change the file system to NTFS using the command line command CONVERT, but not repartition it. The article How to Partition an SD Card in Windows XP talks about using "a Windows enabler program" which sound rather dubious to me. I have tried to change from “Optimize for quick removal” to “Optimize for performance”. The option to format as NTFS appeared, but the Delete Partition option is still dimmed out. Platform: Windows XP 64-bit SD card reader: USB 2.0 device, LogiLink® CR0005C Cardreader 3,5' USB 2.0 intern 54-in-1 mit USB Front Kingston 16 GB SDHC card, speed class 4. (It could be formatted as FAT32 and successfully used in a 4 GB ReadyBoost setup (Windows 7).) I have also tried on different versions of Windows and with different cards with the same result: Kingston 4 GB SDHC card, speed class 4 (the one shown in the screenshot) Transcend 2 GB (not marked as SDHC, but SD) Windows 7 32-bit (albeit with a somewhat an older card reader) and Windows XP 32-bit on an EliteBook 8730w

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• Sound card not detected in 13.04

  - by Ganessh Kumar R P

  I have a problem with my sound card. I don't have volume up or down option anywhere. In the setting -> Sound I don't have any card detected. But when I run the command sudo aplay -l, I get the following output **** List of PLAYBACK Hardware Devices **** Failed to create secure directory (/home/ganessh/.config/pulse): Permission denied card 0: MID [HDA Intel MID], device 0: STAC92xx Analog [STAC92xx Analog] Subdevices: 0/1 Subdevice #0: subdevice #0 card 1: NVidia [HDA NVidia], device 3: HDMI 0 [HDMI 0] Subdevices: 1/1 Subdevice #0: subdevice #0 card 1: NVidia [HDA NVidia], device 7: HDMI 0 [HDMI 0] Subdevices: 1/1 Subdevice #0: subdevice #0 card 1: NVidia [HDA NVidia], device 8: HDMI 0 [HDMI 0] Subdevices: 1/1 Subdevice #0: subdevice #0 card 1: NVidia [HDA NVidia], device 9: HDMI 0 [HDMI 0] Subdevices: 1/1 Subdevice #0: subdevice #0 And the command lspci -v | grep -A7 -i "audio" outputs 00:1b.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation 5 Series/3400 Series Chipset High Definition Audio (rev 06) Subsystem: Dell Device 02a2 Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 48 Memory at f0f20000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16K] Capabilities: <access denied> Kernel driver in use: snd_hda_intel 00:1c.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 5 Series/3400 Series Chipset PCI Express Root Port 1 (rev 06) (prog-if 00 [Normal decode]) -- 02:00.1 Audio device: NVIDIA Corporation GF106 High Definition Audio Controller (rev a1) Subsystem: Dell Device 02a2 Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 17 Memory at d3efc000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16K] Capabilities: <access denied> Kernel driver in use: snd_hda_intel 07:00.0 Network controller: Intel Corporation Ultimate N WiFi Link 5300 So, I assume that the drivers are properly installed but still I don't get any option in the settings or volume control. The same card used to work well back in 2010 versions(04 and 10) Any help is appreciated. Thanks

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• Parse Credit Card input from Magnetic Stripe

  - by rockinthesixstring

  Does anyone know how to parse a credit card string input from a Magnetic Card Swiper? I tried a JavaScript parser but never got it to work. This is what the input looks like. %BNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN^DOE/JOHN ^1210201901000101000100061000000?;NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN=12102019010106111001? The N's are the credit card number.

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• How to access a SIM card programatically?

  - by mawg

  Just any old GSM compatible SIM card (bonus for 3G USIM). I presume I need some hardware? Can anyone recommend something cheap for hobbyist, and something more professional? I presume that there will be full docs of an API with the h/w, so maybe this should be tagged "no-programming-related"? Sorry, if so. Any good URLs or books (I am conversant with the 3GPP standards). I'm not (black hat) hacking, don't worry, just not pleased with the likes of SIM Card Secretary, Data Doctor Recovery, etc, so would like to code my own, but might turn it commercial, or offer SIM card programming services (data recover from damaged card, etc) as a sideline.

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• What is the best credit card processing service?

  - by JerSchneid

  We're looking to add credit card payments to our system (and it needs to be fairly custom, handling variable "per use" charges each month). We would like the integration to be simple and secure (i.e. no storing of credit card data on our system). What, in your opinion, is the best credit card processing provider to offer this kind of security and flexibility. List only one provider per answer to let the voting system do it's thing.

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• Sound card / microphone impedance mismatch

  - by axk

  First of all I'm not completely sure this is impedance mismatch, but from what I found on the Internet I believe it is. It seems to be a common problem. The question is not as much about solving the problem as about why it is happening (if I'm right about the cause of the problem, of course). I had this quiet microphone problem with several built in cards and microphones and now with a Creative Audigy SE. There's a microphone boost option which introduces a lot of noise with volume increase, but even this doesn't seem to give loud enough sound in some cases. The mic on my current headphones is very quiet with Audigy SE without the boost but is very loud and low noise with an external Sound Blaster Connect. So the question is have I just been unlucky with my sound cards and microphones or is it a common problem? And if it is a common problem why is it so difficult for the vendors to standardize on the sound card / microphone impedance? Edit: the OS is Windows (XP/7), but I don't believe it is OS-specific.

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• Video Card needs additional mounting support

  - by Sean

  We are creating a fairly decent system with crossfire. The issue we are having is apparently the video cards are physically to heavy to be supported purely by the motherboard and case mounts. Whenever we have the case horizontal everything works fine however when we bring the case upright the computer stops working. Relevant Info: Video Cards (2) - Sapphire 5870 (http://www.newegg.com/Product/Product.aspx?Item=N82E16814102856) MotherBoard - Asus M4A79T Deluxe Case - CoolerMaster 922 HAF To me it looks as if an additional support bracket that could hold up the end of the card would be required (included with the viideo cards!!!) Does anyone have any experience with this.

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• Dual HDMI input - HD Video Capture Card

  - by Shivan Raptor

  Any suggestion for HD video capture card? Here is my requirements: I need 2 HDMI input for 2 HD Camera the signal captured will be encoded with Adobe Live Encoder (does it support dual input sources? I do not require mixing of 2 sources) the encoding format will be H.264 (720p), then will be sent to Adobe Flash Media Interactive Server for LIVE broadcasting. http://www.blackmagic-design.com/products/intensity/ I found the one above online, but I am not sure about its performance, and it has only 1 HDMI input. If I plug 2 of them into my workstation, will it conflict with each other?

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• Blue Screen Of Death after Graphics Card Update

  - by John Smith

  I recently installed the game watch dogs After installing it i upgraded the drivers on my graphics card AMD Radion R9 200 series via the catalyst software and since then windows has been crashing on an ad-hoc basis even when sitting idle I have recieved two different sets of errors OXOOOOOOO1 and VIDEO_SCHEDULER_INTERNAL_ERROR I am running windows 8.1 with the driver 14.4 from AMD My PC shouldnt really be having this problem as it is pretty high spec due to my work Any help would be greatly appreciated as it is driving me up the walls a bit [UPDATE 08-06-2014] I have been looking around online and have crashed the PC a few times now trying to recreate the bug I have looked into the event history viewer and gotten the following errors amdacpusrsvc acpusrsvc: IOCTL_ACPKSD_KSD_TO_USR_SVC_SET_FB_APERTURES: FAILED acpusrsvc: GfxMemServiceInitialize: FAILED amdacpusrsvc acpusrsvc: IOCTL_ACPKSD_KSD_TO_USR_SVC_SET_FB_APERTURES: FAILED amdacpusrsvc acpusrsvc: GfxMemServiceInitialize: FAILED I took some advice from the AMD forums to re-install the old drivers to see if they would work. I uninstalled the old ones first and installed directly from the CD I got the warnings below but the driver installed "successfully" The Warnings are amdacpusrsvc acpusrsvc: ConfigureFrameBufferMemory: FAILED. Hopefully this will spark something off for someone Thanks John

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• I want to upgrade my GPU to MSI NVIDIA N630GT-MD4GD3 4 GB DDR3 Graphic card

  - by jatin singh

  Hello every body this is my first post here.. I want to know about my motherboard's PCI express version , my motherboard as I don't have 10 reputation so I am providing image link here http://i.stack.imgur.com/6PWV9.png I have PCI express slot and I want to upgrade it to MSI NVIDIA N630GT-MD4GD3 4 GB DDR3 Graphic card.. this GPU has PCI exp version 2. Here in my city,the shopkeeper said that we have to check if the PCI express of my board is compatible to that GPU but I want to purchase it from flipkart because they sell it for less money (sorry for bad English :/) I mailed to my computers company (Acer) but they didn't reply to any of my mail so my friend told me about Super User.

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• Sound card doesn't work and yet does.

  - by Xeoncross

  I have a really weird one tonight. Today we had a LAN party and all of a sudden the sound on a couple PC's stopped working for programs like the games, windows media player, etc. However, when errors would popup (like trying to change the volume settings) you would here the default error chime. Restarting the computers you would here the logoff-login sounds and after a restart the sound would work for a bit in both games and apps and then suddenly stop. Restarting also didn't always fix the problem. I can't figure this out. If the sound card/driver didn't work then how could we hear sounds from the windows sound scheme? No sound with VLC, windows media player, youtube, games, nothing. The only thing I can figure out is that this is a bad game crashing the primary driver or some kind of weird virus these PC's might have picked up.

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• Virtual Sd-card won't transfer [migrated]

  - by Hyztname

  I have a Verizon Galaxy Nexus 32GB. I've installed AOKP on it and it has been running pretty okay with no bugs etc... But after I connected it too my Nintendo Wii I think it mounted sdcard as FAT32 itself :\ I'm receiving the following error when trying to download something from 4Shared sync app(But actually none can download or transfer anything to Virtual sdcard): XXXXX.apk: open failed: EACCES(Permission denied) I already restored my old backup wiped all data etc, nothing seems to work. Note that I can access my sd-card, i can't only transfer, take pics... basically data. PS: I showed 4sync problem because it was the only one that specify something

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• How to access an SD card from a virtual machine?

  - by Punit Soni

  I want to format an SD card from my Linux virtual machine. I have a built-in SD card reader in my laptop. I tried using VirtualBox and VMware Player and installed Ubuntu 10.04 guest. None of them are showing the SD card reader as a device. I can access the SD card from the Windows host. I am not interested in solutions using shared folders as I want to access the SD card as hardware (it should show up in /dev). I basically want to set up the SD card for BeagleBoard, but I don't want to install physical Ubuntu in my PC.

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• Audio card with built-in ground isolator?

  - by Dave Jarvis

  What audio cards would you recommend that eliminate hum, and hard-drive & mouse movement signal interference? Hardware components: Motherboard. Asus P5Q SE Audio. Realtek ALC 1200, 8-Channel High-Definition Audio CODEC (on board) Harddrive. WD Caviar 320 GB Mouse. Logitech Marbleman USB Mixer. Mackie d.4 Pro Amplifier. Sonance Sonamp 260 All components are plugged into the same Monster Power HDP 910 powerbar (does not help eliminate noise). I have no other components plugged in. The computer uses a Monster iCable 1000 to go from mini (on board audio) to RCA (mixer). I have moved the cable as far from other cables as possible. A ground loop isolator between the mixer and on board audio eliminates all noise. I would rather not use a ground loop isolator; an internal audio card that is Linux-compatible (Kubuntu) would be ideal. Suggestions?

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• Running Jackd on Ubuntu for my External Firewire Sound card

  - by Asaf

  Hello, I'm running Ubuntu 10.04 and I have an external Sound card: Phonic Firefly 302. I've connected the device, installed Jackd, added the lines: @audio - rtprio 99 @audio - memlock 500000 @audio - nice -10 to /etc/security/limits.conf logged out, logged back in, ran qjackctl (sudo qjackctl to be exact), ran the settings and chose "firewire" on the driver option, pressed "Start" and that was the output: 20:10:19.450 Patchbay deactivated. 20:10:19.578 Statistics reset. 20:10:19.601 ALSA connection graph change. 20:10:19.828 ALSA connection change. 20:10:21.293 Startup script... 20:10:21.293 artsshell -q terminate sh: artsshell: not found 20:10:21.695 Startup script terminated with exit status=32512. 20:10:21.695 JACK is starting... 20:10:21.695 /usr/bin/jackd -dfirewire -r44100 -p1024 -n3 jackd 0.118.0 Copyright 2001-2009 Paul Davis, Stephane Letz, Jack O'Quinn, Torben Hohn and others. jackd comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions; see the file COPYING for details 20:10:21.704 JACK was started with PID=22176. no message buffer overruns JACK compiled with System V SHM support. loading driver .. libffado 2.0.0 built Mar 31 2010 14:47:42 firewire ERR: Error creating FFADO streaming device cannot load driver module firewire no message buffer overruns 20:10:21.819 JACK was stopped successfully. 20:10:21.819 Post-shutdown script... 20:10:21.822 killall jackd jackd: no process found 20:10:22.230 Post-shutdown script terminated with exit status=256. 20:10:23.865 Could not connect to JACK server as client. - Overall operation failed. - Unable to connect to server. Please check the messages window for more info. Error: "/tmp/kde-asaf" is owned by uid 1000 instead of uid 0.

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• MicroSD card getting corrupted for no good reason

  - by ChaosR

  I recently bought an MicroSD card online. It's a Sandisk 16GB class 2. However, it has a nasty problem. Every time I fill it with my data, the fat tables get corrupted. I've tried reformatting it, blanking it, doesn't seem to solve the problem. I have tried windows and linux (ubuntu), both have the problem. I've used my usb microsd readers, and even tried putting it in my phone and putting data on it from there. All have this problem. Now the really odd thing is, besides the corrupted file tables, no programs can find anything wrong with the hardware. I've tried both chkdisk and "badblocks -w", neither give any type of error. Now I don't know if the actual data gets corrupted, or if its just filesystem tables. What happens is that one or more folders start showing a load of chinese-charred (random UTF8 symbols I suppose) folders and files, and it is impossible to do anything with those. All the other data (outside of the corrupted folders) seems fine. I've tried to test it, and the problem doesn't seem to show up until I fill the disk upto about 3~4GB. After that I can still access the data. But as soon as I eject/safely remove/unmount it, the bad things happen somehow. Next time I plug it in, the folders I most recently wrote to (but sometimes also the folders I wrote the time before last time to) are all gibberish. Does anybody have any clue what might be going on here? EDIT: It seems I can't even put ext3 or ext4 on it, they both complain about a corrupted journal. Gheh, guess something is really broken here.

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• How to set TV-out options under Linux of an Geforce 9600 GT video card

  - by polemon

  I'm using the TV-out connector of my Geforce 9600 GT to connect it to an old TV set. It's obviously in Composite mode, the other two cables of Component video are dead, only Pb/VIDEO labeled one gives me a signal. The picture appears black/white on the TV, I presume it's because the video card gives me an NTSC signal, but it's a PAL tv set. How do I change the TV-out from NTSC to PAL? My Component to SCART adapter hasn't arrived yet, but I think I should be able to set manually, whether the signal should be Composite or Component. How do I switch modes of the TV-out, between Component and Composite? I'm running Linux, so it's probably some settings I need to make in xorg.conf. Edit: I got this far: I need to set in the "Device" section of my xorg.conf: Option "TVStandard" "PAL-B" Option "TVOutFormat" "COMPOSITE" The whole section looks like this now: Section "Device" Identifier "Device0" Driver "nvidia" VendorName "NVIDIA Corporation" BoardName "GeForce 9600 GT" Option "AddARGBGLXVisuals" "True" Option "TVStandard" "PAL-B" Option "TVOutFormat" "COMPOSITE" EndSection How can I list all available settings for "TVStandard" and "TVOutFormat"?

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• Problems reviving old pc including graphics card issue.

  - by Mick

  I have a PC that seemed to have died years ago that I am trying to revive. It has a dual core athlon processor and a gigabyte motherboard. It had two dual output graphics cards, and I have long since forgotten which output would print out the diagnostic information as the PC starts up. Also I suspect that the resolution set on all the monitors was probably higher than my current single monitor is capable of displaying. The motherboard also has a built in graphics card, so I thought it may be simplest to remove both the graphics cards and plug my monitor into the onboard graphics just while I get things going. Does that seem sensible? Now the other problem: The PC has two hard drives. I have no idea which one is the primary one it is attempting to boot from. When I power up, the fan comes on and I hear some chuga-chuga-pause chuga-chuga-pause repeat indefinitely. I'm not sure which device is making the noise. There are no-beeps at any time. I see nothing on the screen at any time, not even for a second. Any suggestions? EDIT: If T start up the PC without the power connected to the CDrom there is no chuga-chugan noise.

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• MicroSD card getting corrupted for no good reason

  - by ChaosR

  I recently bought an MicroSD card online. It's a Sandisk 16GB class 2. However, it has a nasty problem. Every time I fill it with my data, the fat tables get corrupted. I've tried reformatting it, blanking it, doesn't seem to solve the problem. I have tried windows and linux (ubuntu), both have the problem. I've used my usb microsd readers, and even tried putting it in my phone and putting data on it from there. All have this problem. Now the really odd thing is, besides the corrupted file tables, no programs can find anything wrong with the hardware. I've tried both chkdisk and "badblocks -w", neither give any type of error. Now I don't know if the actual data gets corrupted, or if its just filesystem tables. What happens is that one or more folders start showing a load of chinese-charred (random UTF8 symbols I suppose) folders and files, and it is impossible to do anything with those. All the other data (outside of the corrupted folders) seems fine. I've tried to test it, and the problem doesn't seem to show up until I fill the disk upto about 3~4GB. After that I can still access the data. But as soon as I eject/safely remove/unmount it, the bad things happen somehow. Next time I plug it in, the folders I most recently wrote to (but sometimes also the folders I wrote the time before last time to) are all gibberish. Does anybody have any clue what might be going on here?

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• Google Earth-Unsupported graphics card

  - by VIPaul

  I've just installed Google Earth on my PC,which runs Ubuntu 12.04 LTS. When I open Google Earth,a window pop-ups and says:"Unsupported Graphics Card Your graphics card does nor meet the minimum spec required to run Google Earth,which is a 3D accelerated card with shader support.It is strongly recommended that you try running Google Earth on a different machine or in a different rendering mode or upgrade to a newer graphics card.You may continue,but the application is unlikely to work." Maybe you'll say:"Buy a better graphics card!",but I used Google Earth on this machine an year ago,when I had Windows 7 & everything worked well,so my graphics card is good enough. The Linux version has bigger requirements than the Windows one or what???

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• PCI Tv Tuner not receiving signal

  - by C-dizzle

  I inherited an Angel II PCI Dual TV Tuner card, popped it into my computer's PCI slot, plugged in my coax cable, but am having trouble getting any type of signal to it. The computer I am using is Windows 7 Ultimate 32 bit, I know the card works because the computer recognizes it and installs the drivers, or at least I assume it works because of that. I'm trying to use Windows Media Center to watch/record tv. Here are a few things I have tried to get it working: Uninstalled/Reinstalled the newest drivers Tried hooking up an antenna to the coax input instead of my cable Instead of using cable splitter, went directly from wall output into card with coax cable Tried using different output on splitter in case the out port was bad I haven't tried a different coax cable yet, it should be fine since it's pretty new. Since this is my first time setting up a TV Tuner card, is there anything specific that I need to do with it? Is there any configuration that needs to be done on it? Do I need to have a digial receiver? I was getting pretty frustrated with it so I wanted to turn here to the experts, I'm sure someone can help me figure it out.

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• How can I format an SD card with a more robust Linux-usable filesystem with a specific cluster size for better write performace?

  - by Harvey

  Goal: microSD card formatted... for best write performance for use only with embedded Linux for better reliability (random power failures may occur) using an 64kB cluster size I'm using an 8GB microSD card for data storage inside an embedded Linux/ARM device. The SD card is not removable. I've been using ext3 instead of the pre-installed FAT32 because it seems to better handle random power failures during writes. However, I kept noticing that my write performance is always best with the pre-installed FAT32 from Kingston. If I reformat the card with FAT32, the performance still suffers. After browsing wikipedia, I stumbled upon the following comment saying that some cards are optimized for specific cluster sizes. In my case, the Kingston comes pre-formatted for an 64kB cluster size. Risks of reformatting Reformatting an SD card with a different file system, or even with the same one, may make the card slower, or shorten its lifespan. Some cards use wear leveling, in which frequently modified blocks are mapped to different portions of memory at different times, and some wear-leveling algorithms are designed for the access patterns typical of the file allocation table on a FAT16 or FAT32 device.[60] In addition, the preformatted file system may use a cluster size that matches the erase region of the physical memory on the card; reformatting may change the cluster size and make writes less efficient.

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