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  • Populate google.visualization.DataTable for a AnnotatedTimeLine using JSON

    - by Lucifer
    Hi I have a HttpHandler which returns some JSON in (i think) the correct format for a google.visualization.DataTable, but the AnnotatedTimeLine fails to work? This is the JSON returned by the Handler: {cols: [{id: 'DATE', label: 'Date', type: 'date'}, {id: 'KEYWORD51', label: 'vw cheltenham', type: 'number'}, {id: 'KEYWORD52', label: 'volkswagen cheltenham', type: 'number'}, {id: 'KEYWORD61', label: 'vw dealer cheltenham', type: 'number'}], rows: [{c: [{v: new Date(2010, 3, 13)}, {v: 20}, {v: 1}, {v: 2}]}, {c: [{v: new Date(2010, 3, 14)}, {v: 19}, {v: 0}, {v: 0}]}, {c: [{v: new Date(2010, 3, 15)}, {v: 19}, {v: 0}, {v: 0}]}, {c: [{v: new Date(2010, 3, 16)}, {v: 18}, {v: 0}, {v: 0}]}, {c: [{v: new Date(2010, 3, 17)}, {v: 17}, {v: 0}, {v: 0}]}, {c: [{v: new Date(2010, 3, 18)}, {v: 17}, {v: 0}, {v: 0}]}, {c: [{v: new Date(2010, 3, 19)}, {v: 12}, {v: 0}, {v: 0}]}, {c: [{v: new Date(2010, 3, 20)}, {v: 13}, {v: 0}, {v: 0}]}, {c: [{v: new Date(2010, 3, 21)}, {v: 11}, {v: 0}, {v: 0}]}, {c: [{v: new Date(2010, 3, 22)}, {v: 10}, {v: 0}, {v: 0}]}, {c: [{v: new Date(2010, 3, 23)}, {v: 10}, {v: 0}, {v: 0}]}, {c: [{v: new Date(2010, 3, 24)}, {v: 8}, {v: 0}, {v: 0}]}, {c: [{v: new Date(2010, 3, 25)}, {v: 6}, {v: 0}, {v: 0}]}, {c: [{v: new Date(2010, 3, 26)}, {v: 6}, {v: 0}, {v: 0}]}, {c: [{v: new Date(2010, 3, 27)}, {v: 5}, {v: 0}, {v: 0}]}, {c: [{v: new Date(2010, 3, 28)}, {v: 4}, {v: 0}, {v: 0}]}, {c: [{v: new Date(2010, 3, 29)}, {v: 4}, {v: 0}, {v: 0}]}, {c: [{v: new Date(2010, 3, 30)}, {v: 2}, {v: 1}, {v: 1}]}, {c: [{v: new Date(2010, 4, 1)}, {v: 2}, {v: 1}, {v: 1}]}, {c: [{v: new Date(2010, 4, 2)}, {v: 1}, {v: 1}, {v: 1}]}, {c: [{v: new Date(2010, 4, 3)}, {v: 2}, {v: 1}, {v: 1}]}, {c: [{v: new Date(2010, 4, 4)}, {v: 0}, {v: 1}, {v: 1}]}, {c: [{v: new Date(2010, 4, 5)}, {v: 0}, {v: 1}, {v: 1}]}, {c: [{v: new Date(2010, 4, 6)}, {v: 0}, {v: 0}, {v: 0}]}, {c: [{v: new Date(2010, 4, 7)}, {v: 0}, {v: 0}, {v: 0}]}, {c: [{v: new Date(2010, 4, 8)}, {v: 0}, {v: 0}, {v: 0}]}, {c: [{v: new Date(2010, 4, 9)}, {v: 0}, {v: 0}, {v: 0}]}, {c: [{v: new Date(2010, 4, 10)}, {v: 0}, {v: 0}, {v: 0}]}, {c: [{v: new Date(2010, 4, 11)}, {v: 0}, {v: 1}, {v: 1}]}, {c: [{v: new Date(2010, 4, 12)}, {v: 2}, {v: 1}, {v: 1}]}]} This is the Javascript, I used JQuery to get the JSON, have also tried $.getJSON() google.load('visualization', '1', { 'packages': ['annotatedtimeline'] }); google.setOnLoadCallback(loadGraph); function loadGraph() { $.get("/GraphDataHandler.axd", function(response) { drawGraph(response); }); } function drawGraph(response) { var visualization = new google.visualization.AnnotatedTimeLine(document.getElementById('chart_div')); var data = new google.visualization.DataTable(response, 0.6); visualization.draw(data, { title: 'Rankings', titleX: 'Date', titleY: 'Position', displayAnnotations: false, allowRedraw: true }); } But, if I write the same JSON to the page like below it works fine!? <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ var gData = {cols: [{id: 'DATE', label: 'Date', type: 'date'}, {id: 'KEYWORD51', label: 'vw cheltenham', type: 'number'}], rows: [{c: [{v: new Date(2010, 3, 13)}, {v: 20}]}, {c: [{v: new Date(2010, 3, 14)}, {v: 19}]}, {c: [{v: new Date(2010, 3, 15)}, {v: 19}]}, {c: [{v: new Date(2010, 3, 16)}, {v: 18}]}, {c: [{v: new Date(2010, 3, 17)}, {v: 17}]}, {c: [{v: new Date(2010, 3, 18)}, {v: 17}]}, {c: [{v: new Date(2010, 3, 19)}, {v: 12}]}, {c: [{v: new Date(2010, 3, 20)}, {v: 13}]}, {c: [{v: new Date(2010, 3, 21)}, {v: 11}]}, {c: [{v: new Date(2010, 3, 22)}, {v: 10}]}, {c: [{v: new Date(2010, 3, 23)}, {v: 10}]}, {c: [{v: new Date(2010, 3, 24)}, {v: 8}]}, {c: [{v: new Date(2010, 3, 25)}, {v: 6}]}, {c: [{v: new Date(2010, 3, 26)}, {v: 6}]}, {c: [{v: new Date(2010, 3, 27)}, {v: 5}]}, {c: [{v: new Date(2010, 3, 28)}, {v: 4}]}, {c: [{v: new Date(2010, 3, 29)}, {v: 4}]}, {c: [{v: new Date(2010, 3, 30)}, {v: 2}]}, {c: [{v: new Date(2010, 4, 1)}, {v: 2}]}, {c: [{v: new Date(2010, 4, 2)}, {v: 1}]}, {c: [{v: new Date(2010, 4, 3)}, {v: 2}]}, {c: [{v: new Date(2010, 4, 4)}, {v: 0}]}, {c: [{v: new Date(2010, 4, 5)}, {v: 0}]}, {c: [{v: new Date(2010, 4, 6)}, {v: 0}]}, {c: [{v: new Date(2010, 4, 7)}, {v: 0}]}, {c: [{v: new Date(2010, 4, 8)}, {v: 0}]}, {c: [{v: new Date(2010, 4, 9)}, {v: 0}]}, {c: [{v: new Date(2010, 4, 10)}, {v: 0}]}, {c: [{v: new Date(2010, 4, 11)}, {v: 0}]}, {c: [{v: new Date(2010, 4, 12)}, {v: 2}]}]}; //]]> </script> Please advise how I can get it to work correctly using a the JSON calls? Thanks

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  • We have moved to larger offices

    - by Chris Houston
    First of all we should probably apologise for the complete lack of blogging over the last 6 months! As web developers we are constantly telling our clients that they should keep their blogs up to date and it seems we have been ignoring our own advice.That being said, we have been very busy moving offices and helping our new host QV Offices setup their new business. As well as all the moving we have not been sitting on our hands, we have built the new site for DairyMaster over in Ireland as well as a separate private website for their global distributor network.As Umbraco Gold Partners we have found more and more that we are working on projects where we are the silent development partners, so although we cannot talk publicly about a lot of the sites we develop, we have some real beauties now in our portfolio :)Now that the dust has settled in our new office ( and has been hovered up! ) we are read for the new year and are looking forward to working on some exciting projects that are currently in the pipeline.We are also intending to run some Hacking sessions for Umbraco as we now have lots of space for developers to come and work with us, so if you have any ideas of a theme for an Umbraco Hackathon then do let us know.And with that it just remains to say Happy Christmas to you all and see you in the new year!

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  • Cannot implicitly convert type 'System.Linq.IQueryable<int>' to 'int?'

    - by Aneef
    Hi this is my code var cityList = from country in doc.Element("result").Element("cities").Descendants("city") select new { Name = country.Element("name").Value, Code = country.Element("code").Value, CountryCode = int.Parse(country.Element("countrycode").Value) }; foreach(var citee in cityList) { City city = new City(); city.CountryID = from cnt in db.Countries where cnt.DOTWInternalID == citee.CountryCode select cnt.ID; } Im getting an error on the second query as the title of this post, i tried converting to int, to nullable int nothing worked? help me guys Thanks,

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  • How can I implement NotOfType<T> in LINQ that has a nice calling syntax?

    - by Lette
    I'm trying to come up with an implementation for NotOfType, which has a readable call syntax. NotOfType should be the complement to OfType<T> and would consequently yield all elements that are not of type T My goal was to implement a method which would be called just like OfType<T>, like in the last line of this snippet: public abstract class Animal {} public class Monkey : Animal {} public class Giraffe : Animal {} public class Lion : Animal {} var monkey = new Monkey(); var giraffe = new Giraffe(); var lion = new Lion(); IEnumerable<Animal> animals = new Animal[] { monkey, giraffe, lion }; IEnumerable<Animal> fewerAnimals = animals.NotOfType<Giraffe>(); However, I can not come up with an implementation that supports that specific calling syntax. This is what I've tried so far: public static class EnumerableExtensions { public static IEnumerable<T> NotOfType<T>(this IEnumerable<T> sequence, Type type) { return sequence.Where(x => x.GetType() != type); } public static IEnumerable<T> NotOfType<T, TExclude>(this IEnumerable<T> sequence) { return sequence.Where(x => !(x is TExclude)); } } Calling these methods would look like this: // Animal is inferred IEnumerable<Animal> fewerAnimals = animals.NotOfType(typeof(Giraffe)); and // Not all types could be inferred, so I have to state all types explicitly IEnumerable<Animal> fewerAnimals = animals.NotOfType<Animal, Giraffe>(); I think that there are major drawbacks with the style of both of these calls. The first one suffers from a redundant "of type/type of" construct, and the second one just doesn't make sense (do I want a list of animals that are neither Animals nor Giraffes?). So, is there a way to accomplish what I want? If not, could it be possible in future versions of the language? (I'm thinking that maybe one day we will have named type arguments, or that we only need to explicitly supply type arguments that can't be inferred?) Or am I just being silly?

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  • LINQ-like or SQL-like DSL for end-users to run queries to select (not modify) data?

    - by Mark Rushakoff
    For a utility I'm working on, the client would like to be able to generate graphic reports on the data that has been collected. I can already generate a couple canned graphs (using ZedGraph, which is a very nice library); however, the utility would be much more flexible if the graphs were more programmable or configurable by the end-user. TLDR version I want users to be able to use something like SQL to safely extract and select data from a List of objects that I provide and can describe. What free tools or libraries will help me accomplish this? Full version I've given thought to using IronPython, IronRuby, and LuaInterface, but frankly they're all a bit overpowered for what I want to do. My classes are fairly simple, along the lines of: class Person: string Name; int HeightInCm; DateTime BirthDate; Weight[] WeighIns; class Weight: int WeightInKg; DateTime Date; Person Owner; (exact classes have been changed to protect the innocent). To come up with the data for the graph, the user will choose whether it's a bar graph, scatter plot, etc., and then to actually obtain the data, I would like to obtain some kind of List from the user simply entering something SQL-ish along the lines of SELECT Name, AVG(WeighIns) FROM People SELECT WeightInKg, Owner.HeightInCm FROM Weights And as a bonus, it would be nice if you could actually do operations as well: SELECT WeightInKg, (Date - Owner.BirthDate) AS Age FROM Weights The DSL doesn't have to be compliant SQL in any way; it doesn't even have to resemble SQL, but I can't think of a more efficient descriptive language for the task. I'm fine filling in blanks; I don't expect a library to do everything for me. What I would expect to exist (but haven't been able to find in any way, shape, or form) is something like Fluent NHibernate (which I am already using in the project) where I can declare a mapping, something like var personRequest = Request<Person>(); personRequest.Item("Name", (p => p.Name)); personRequest.Item("HeightInCm", (p => p.HeightInCm)); personRequest.Item("HeightInInches", (p => p.HeightInCm * CM_TO_INCHES)); // ... var weightRequest = Request<Weight>(); weightRequest.Item("Owner", (w => w.Owner), personRequest); // Indicate a chain to personRequest // ... var people = Table<Person>("People", GetPeopleFromDatabase()); var weights = Table<Weight>("Weights", GetWeightsFromDatabase()); // ... TryRunQuery(userInputQuery); LINQ is so close to what I want to do, but AFAIK there's no way to sandbox it. I don't want to expose any unnecessary functionality to the end user; meaning I don't want the user to be able to send in and process: from p in people select (p => { System.IO.File.Delete("C:\\something\\important"); return p.Name }) So does anyone know of any free .NET libraries that allow something like what I've described above? Or is there some way to sandbox LINQ? cs-script is close too, but it doesn't seem to offer sandboxing yet either. I'd be hesitant to expose the NHibernate interface either, as the user should have a read-only view of the data at this point in the usage. I'm using C# 3.5, and pure .NET solutions would be preferred. The bottom line is that I'm really trying to avoid writing my own parser for a subset of SQL that would only apply to this single project.

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  • How to create a WHM/cPanel account, without creating a new sub-domain?

    - by Cyclops
    I have a basic VPS (full root access), with WHM/cPanel, and am learning the ropes. I'm trying to create a new account for an existing domain (mysite.com), and so far WHM won't let me - it either wants a sub-domain or fake domain, but won't allow two accounts for one domain. In the beginning, there was only the root account, and it wouldn't let me login to cPanel - a quick chat with tech support, and I am informed that I need to create a second account, which I did. So now I have an account, call it ns1me, for domain mysite.com. Now I want to create a django account. I go through the same process, but WHM won't allow me to use mysite.com as the domain for django. The docs recommend a sub-domain, so I fill the box in with django.mysite.com. I then realize that has actually created a sub-domain - going to django.mysite.com shows me its home directory, along with helpful information about what version of Apache, Python, and other mods its running (thanks, Apache). I really don't want a sub-domain, so that's out. Another chat with tech support, and they recommend a fake domain name, as it won't create anything. Sure enough, using a domain of djangomysite.com works, and WHM allows me to create a django account. But of course, I can't send email to [email protected] (where I could to [email protected]). What I want, is to be able to create a second account, associated with mysite.com (so I can run cPanel logged in as django, send email to [email protected], etc) - without creating a whole new sub-domain, or fake domain.

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  • Windows Vista Context Menu>New... does not find entries

    - by Paul
    I was trying to remove a virus and foolishly did not backup registry keys I deleted because I (thought) I only deleted entries from the folders of programs I did not care about. However, I think I have done something wrong here: Now when I open a context menu (right click) in any location and hover over the "New..." option I don't get any options. It has a greyed out box saying "(Empty)". So far I have found out the the entries themselves are still there (using the locations provided here: Windows 7 - Add an item to 'new' context menu). I have also used a program recommended in that thread which also finds the entries intact and enabled. So it seems maybe I have deleted the entry which tells Vista where to look to find the files that can be created. How can I restore this so entries are shown again? I know system restore is an option but as I have said I did this when removing a (very stubborn) virus so that is the last resort.

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  • Class-Level Model Validation with EF Code First and ASP.NET MVC 3

    - by ScottGu
    Earlier this week the data team released the CTP5 build of the new Entity Framework Code-First library.  In my blog post a few days ago I talked about a few of the improvements introduced with the new CTP5 build.  Automatic support for enforcing DataAnnotation validation attributes on models was one of the improvements I discussed.  It provides a pretty easy way to enable property-level validation logic within your model layer. You can apply validation attributes like [Required], [Range], and [RegularExpression] – all of which are built-into .NET 4 – to your model classes in order to enforce that the model properties are valid before they are persisted to a database.  You can also create your own custom validation attributes (like this cool [CreditCard] validator) and have them be automatically enforced by EF Code First as well.  This provides a really easy way to validate property values on your models.  I showed some code samples of this in action in my previous post. Class-Level Model Validation using IValidatableObject DataAnnotation attributes provides an easy way to validate individual property values on your model classes.  Several people have asked - “Does EF Code First also support a way to implement class-level validation methods on model objects, for validation rules than need to span multiple property values?”  It does – and one easy way you can enable this is by implementing the IValidatableObject interface on your model classes. IValidatableObject.Validate() Method Below is an example of using the IValidatableObject interface (which is built-into .NET 4 within the System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations namespace) to implement two custom validation rules on a Product model class.  The two rules ensure that: New units can’t be ordered if the Product is in a discontinued state New units can’t be ordered if there are already more than 100 units in stock We will enforce these business rules by implementing the IValidatableObject interface on our Product class, and by implementing its Validate() method like so: The IValidatableObject.Validate() method can apply validation rules that span across multiple properties, and can yield back multiple validation errors. Each ValidationResult returned can supply both an error message as well as an optional list of property names that caused the violation (which is useful when displaying error messages within UI). Automatic Validation Enforcement EF Code-First (starting with CTP5) now automatically invokes the Validate() method when a model object that implements the IValidatableObject interface is saved.  You do not need to write any code to cause this to happen – this support is now enabled by default. This new support means that the below code – which violates one of our above business rules – will automatically throw an exception (and abort the transaction) when we call the “SaveChanges()” method on our Northwind DbContext: In addition to reactively handling validation exceptions, EF Code First also allows you to proactively check for validation errors.  Starting with CTP5, you can call the “GetValidationErrors()” method on the DbContext base class to retrieve a list of validation errors within the model objects you are working with.  GetValidationErrors() will return a list of all validation errors – regardless of whether they are generated via DataAnnotation attributes or by an IValidatableObject.Validate() implementation.  Below is an example of proactively using the GetValidationErrors() method to check (and handle) errors before trying to call SaveChanges(): ASP.NET MVC 3 and IValidatableObject ASP.NET MVC 2 included support for automatically honoring and enforcing DataAnnotation attributes on model objects that are used with ASP.NET MVC’s model binding infrastructure.  ASP.NET MVC 3 goes further and also honors the IValidatableObject interface.  This combined support for model validation makes it easy to display appropriate error messages within forms when validation errors occur.  To see this in action, let’s consider a simple Create form that allows users to create a new Product: We can implement the above Create functionality using a ProductsController class that has two “Create” action methods like below: The first Create() method implements a version of the /Products/Create URL that handles HTTP-GET requests - and displays the HTML form to fill-out.  The second Create() method implements a version of the /Products/Create URL that handles HTTP-POST requests - and which takes the posted form data, ensures that is is valid, and if it is valid saves it in the database.  If there are validation issues it redisplays the form with the posted values.  The razor view template of our “Create” view (which renders the form) looks like below: One of the nice things about the above Controller + View implementation is that we did not write any validation logic within it.  The validation logic and business rules are instead implemented entirely within our model layer, and the ProductsController simply checks whether it is valid (by calling the ModelState.IsValid helper method) to determine whether to try and save the changes or redisplay the form with errors. The Html.ValidationMessageFor() helper method calls within our view simply display the error messages our Product model’s DataAnnotations and IValidatableObject.Validate() method returned.  We can see the above scenario in action by filling out invalid data within the form and attempting to submit it: Notice above how when we hit the “Create” button we got an error message.  This was because we ticked the “Discontinued” checkbox while also entering a value for the UnitsOnOrder (and so violated one of our business rules).  You might ask – how did ASP.NET MVC know to highlight and display the error message next to the UnitsOnOrder textbox?  It did this because ASP.NET MVC 3 now honors the IValidatableObject interface when performing model binding, and will retrieve the error messages from validation failures with it. The business rule within our Product model class indicated that the “UnitsOnOrder” property should be highlighted when the business rule we hit was violated: Our Html.ValidationMessageFor() helper method knew to display the business rule error message (next to the UnitsOnOrder edit box) because of the above property name hint we supplied: Keeping things DRY ASP.NET MVC and EF Code First enables you to keep your validation and business rules in one place (within your model layer), and avoid having it creep into your Controllers and Views.  Keeping the validation logic in the model layer helps ensure that you do not duplicate validation/business logic as you add more Controllers and Views to your application.  It allows you to quickly change your business rules/validation logic in one single place (within your model layer) – and have all controllers/views across your application immediately reflect it.  This help keep your application code clean and easily maintainable, and makes it much easier to evolve and update your application in the future. Summary EF Code First (starting with CTP5) now has built-in support for both DataAnnotations and the IValidatableObject interface.  This allows you to easily add validation and business rules to your models, and have EF automatically ensure that they are enforced anytime someone tries to persist changes of them to a database.  ASP.NET MVC 3 also now supports both DataAnnotations and IValidatableObject as well, which makes it even easier to use them with your EF Code First model layer – and then have the controllers/views within your web layer automatically honor and support them as well.  This makes it easy to build clean and highly maintainable applications. You don’t have to use DataAnnotations or IValidatableObject to perform your validation/business logic.  You can always roll your own custom validation architecture and/or use other more advanced validation frameworks/patterns if you want.  But for a lot of applications this built-in support will probably be sufficient – and provide a highly productive way to build solutions. Hope this helps, Scott P.S. In addition to blogging, I am also now using Twitter for quick updates and to share links. Follow me at: twitter.com/scottgu

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  • What's new in Xamarin and iOS7 - webinar

    - by Wallym
    I recently did an online webinar regarding the new iOS7 and Xamarin.  In it, I covered the basics of what is new in iOS7 along with what is new in Xamarin's developer platform.  Please take some time and view this webinar.  The items that were covered include:What's new in iOS7.The XCode Design Surface.An example showing new iOS7 View Animations.What's new with Xamarin and async, await, and HttpClient.A demo of Razor Templating.The Xamarin.iOS Plugin for Visual Studio.  ** The video only works in Windows.  I don't control the content, so I have to go with what I am given. :-( **

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  • Read XML Files using LINQ to XML and Extension Methods

    - by psheriff
    In previous blog posts I have discussed how to use XML files to store data in your applications. I showed you how to read those XML files from your project and get XML from a WCF service. One of the problems with reading XML files is when elements or attributes are missing. If you try to read that missing data, then a null value is returned. This can cause a problem if you are trying to load that data into an object and a null is read. This blog post will show you how to create extension methods to detect null values and return valid values to load into your object. The XML Data An XML data file called Product.xml is located in the \Xml folder of the Silverlight sample project for this blog post. This XML file contains several rows of product data that will be used in each of the samples for this post. Each row has 4 attributes; namely ProductId, ProductName, IntroductionDate and Price. <Products>  <Product ProductId="1"           ProductName="Haystack Code Generator for .NET"           IntroductionDate="07/01/2010"  Price="799" />  <Product ProductId="2"           ProductName="ASP.Net Jumpstart Samples"           IntroductionDate="05/24/2005"  Price="0" />  ...  ...</Products> The Product Class Just as you create an Entity class to map each column in a table to a property in a class, you should do the same for an XML file too. In this case you will create a Product class with properties for each of the attributes in each element of product data. The following code listing shows the Product class. public class Product : CommonBase{  public const string XmlFile = @"Xml/Product.xml";   private string _ProductName;  private int _ProductId;  private DateTime _IntroductionDate;  private decimal _Price;   public string ProductName  {    get { return _ProductName; }    set {      if (_ProductName != value) {        _ProductName = value;        RaisePropertyChanged("ProductName");      }    }  }   public int ProductId  {    get { return _ProductId; }    set {      if (_ProductId != value) {        _ProductId = value;        RaisePropertyChanged("ProductId");      }    }  }   public DateTime IntroductionDate  {    get { return _IntroductionDate; }    set {      if (_IntroductionDate != value) {        _IntroductionDate = value;        RaisePropertyChanged("IntroductionDate");      }    }  }   public decimal Price  {    get { return _Price; }    set {      if (_Price != value) {        _Price = value;        RaisePropertyChanged("Price");      }    }  }} NOTE: The CommonBase class that the Product class inherits from simply implements the INotifyPropertyChanged event in order to inform your XAML UI of any property changes. You can see this class in the sample you download for this blog post. Reading Data When using LINQ to XML you call the Load method of the XElement class to load the XML file. Once the XML file has been loaded, you write a LINQ query to iterate over the “Product” Descendants in the XML file. The “select” portion of the LINQ query creates a new Product object for each row in the XML file. You retrieve each attribute by passing each attribute name to the Attribute() method and retrieving the data from the “Value” property. The Value property will return a null if there is no data, or will return the string value of the attribute. The Convert class is used to convert the value retrieved into the appropriate data type required by the Product class. private void LoadProducts(){  XElement xElem = null;   try  {    xElem = XElement.Load(Product.XmlFile);     // The following will NOT work if you have missing attributes    var products =         from elem in xElem.Descendants("Product")        orderby elem.Attribute("ProductName").Value        select new Product        {          ProductId = Convert.ToInt32(            elem.Attribute("ProductId").Value),          ProductName = Convert.ToString(            elem.Attribute("ProductName").Value),          IntroductionDate = Convert.ToDateTime(            elem.Attribute("IntroductionDate").Value),          Price = Convert.ToDecimal(elem.Attribute("Price").Value)        };     lstData.DataContext = products;  }  catch (Exception ex)  {    MessageBox.Show(ex.Message);  }} This is where the problem comes in. If you have any missing attributes in any of the rows in the XML file, or if the data in the ProductId or IntroductionDate is not of the appropriate type, then this code will fail! The reason? There is no built-in check to ensure that the correct type of data is contained in the XML file. This is where extension methods can come in real handy. Using Extension Methods Instead of using the Convert class to perform type conversions as you just saw, create a set of extension methods attached to the XAttribute class. These extension methods will perform null-checking and ensure that a valid value is passed back instead of an exception being thrown if there is invalid data in your XML file. private void LoadProducts(){  var xElem = XElement.Load(Product.XmlFile);   var products =       from elem in xElem.Descendants("Product")      orderby elem.Attribute("ProductName").Value      select new Product      {        ProductId = elem.Attribute("ProductId").GetAsInteger(),        ProductName = elem.Attribute("ProductName").GetAsString(),        IntroductionDate =            elem.Attribute("IntroductionDate").GetAsDateTime(),        Price = elem.Attribute("Price").GetAsDecimal()      };   lstData.DataContext = products;} Writing Extension Methods To create an extension method you will create a class with any name you like. In the code listing below is a class named XmlExtensionMethods. This listing just shows a couple of the available methods such as GetAsString and GetAsInteger. These methods are just like any other method you would write except when you pass in the parameter you prefix the type with the keyword “this”. This lets the compiler know that it should add this method to the class specified in the parameter. public static class XmlExtensionMethods{  public static string GetAsString(this XAttribute attr)  {    string ret = string.Empty;     if (attr != null && !string.IsNullOrEmpty(attr.Value))    {      ret = attr.Value;    }     return ret;  }   public static int GetAsInteger(this XAttribute attr)  {    int ret = 0;    int value = 0;     if (attr != null && !string.IsNullOrEmpty(attr.Value))    {      if(int.TryParse(attr.Value, out value))        ret = value;    }     return ret;  }   ...  ...} Each of the methods in the XmlExtensionMethods class should inspect the XAttribute to ensure it is not null and that the value in the attribute is not null. If the value is null, then a default value will be returned such as an empty string or a 0 for a numeric value. Summary Extension methods are a great way to simplify your code and provide protection to ensure problems do not occur when reading data. You will probably want to create more extension methods to handle XElement objects as well for when you use element-based XML. Feel free to extend these extension methods to accept a parameter which would be the default value if a null value is detected, or any other parameters you wish. NOTE: You can download the complete sample code at my website. http://www.pdsa.com/downloads. Choose “Tips & Tricks”, then "Read XML Files using LINQ to XML and Extension Methods" from the drop-down. Good Luck with your Coding,Paul D. Sheriff  

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  • Why do we need fork to create new process

    - by user3671483
    In Unix whenever we want to create a new process, we fork the current process i.e. we create a new child process which is exactly the same as the parent process and then we do exec system call to replace the child process with a new process i.e. we replace all the data for the parent process eith that for the new process. Why do we create a copy of the parent process in the first place and why don't we create a new process directly? I am new to Unix please explain in lay-man terms.

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  • Microsoft&rsquo;s new technical computing initiative

    - by Randy Walker
    I made a mental note from earlier in the year.  Microsoft literally buys computers by the truckload.  From what I understand, it’s a typical practice amongst large software vendors.  You plug a few wires in, you test it, and you instantly have mega tera tera flops (don’t hold me to that number).  Microsoft has been trying to plug away at their cloud services (named Azure).  Which, for the layman, means Microsoft runs your software on their computers, and as demand increases you can allocate more computing power on the fly. With this in mind, it doesn’t surprise me that I was recently sent an executive email concerning Microsoft’s new technical computing initiative.  I find it to be a great marketing idea with actual substance behind their real work.  From the programmer academic perspective, in college we dreamed about this type of processing power.  This has decades of computer science theory behind it. A copy of the email received.  (note that I almost deleted this email, thinking it was spam due to it’s length) We don't often think about how complex life really is. Take the relatively simple task of commuting to and from work: it is, in fact, a complicated interplay of variables such as weather, train delays, accidents, traffic patterns, road construction, etc. You can however, take steps to shorten your commute - using a good, predictive understanding of a few of these variables. In fact, you probably are already taking these inputs and instinctively building a predictive model that you act on daily to get to your destination more quickly. Now, when we apply the same method to very complex tasks, this modeling approach becomes much more challenging. Recent world events clearly demonstrated our inability to process vast amounts of information and variables that would have helped to more accurately predict the behavior of global financial markets or the occurrence and impact of a volcano eruption in Iceland. To make sense of issues like these, researchers, engineers and analysts create computer models of the almost infinite number of possible interactions in complex systems. But, they need increasingly more sophisticated computer models to better understand how the world behaves and to make fact-based predictions about the future. And, to do this, it requires a tremendous amount of computing power to process and examine the massive data deluge from cameras, digital sensors and precision instruments of all kinds. This is the key to creating more accurate and realistic models that expose the hidden meaning of data, which gives us the kind of insight we need to solve a myriad of challenges. We have made great strides in our ability to build these kinds of computer models, and yet they are still too difficult, expensive and time consuming to manage. Today, even the most complicated data-rich simulations cannot fully capture all of the intricacies and dependencies of the systems they are trying to model. That is why, across the scientific and engineering world, it is so hard to say with any certainty when or where the next volcano will erupt and what flight patterns it might affect, or to more accurately predict something like a global flu pandemic. So far, we just cannot collect, correlate and compute enough data to create an accurate forecast of the real world. But this is about to change. Innovations in technology are transforming our ability to measure, monitor and model how the world behaves. The implication for scientific research is profound, and it will transform the way we tackle global challenges like health care and climate change. It will also have a huge impact on engineering and business, delivering breakthroughs that could lead to the creation of new products, new businesses and even new industries. Because you are a subscriber to executive e-mails from Microsoft, I want you to be the first to know about a new effort focused specifically on empowering millions of the world's smartest problem solvers. Today, I am happy to introduce Microsoft's Technical Computing initiative. Our goal is to unleash the power of pervasive, accurate, real-time modeling to help people and organizations achieve their objectives and realize their potential. We are bringing together some of the brightest minds in the technical computing community across industry, academia and science at www.modelingtheworld.com to discuss trends, challenges and shared opportunities. New advances provide the foundation for tools and applications that will make technical computing more affordable and accessible where mathematical and computational principles are applied to solve practical problems. One day soon, complicated tasks like building a sophisticated computer model that would typically take a team of advanced software programmers months to build and days to run, will be accomplished in a single afternoon by a scientist, engineer or analyst working at the PC on their desktop. And as technology continues to advance, these models will become more complete and accurate in the way they represent the world. This will speed our ability to test new ideas, improve processes and advance our understanding of systems. Our technical computing initiative reflects the best of Microsoft's heritage. Ever since Bill Gates articulated the then far-fetched vision of "a computer on every desktop" in the early 1980's, Microsoft has been at the forefront of expanding the power and reach of computing to benefit the world. As someone who worked closely with Bill for many years at Microsoft, I am happy to share with you that the passion behind that vision is fully alive at Microsoft and is carried out in the creation of our new Technical Computing group. Enabling more people to make better predictions We have seen the impact of making greater computing power more available firsthand through our investments in high performance computing (HPC) over the past five years. Scientists, engineers and analysts in organizations of all sizes and sectors are finding that using distributed computational power creates societal impact, fuels scientific breakthroughs and delivers competitive advantages. For example, we have seen remarkable results from some of our current customers: Malaria strikes 300,000 to 500,000 people around the world each year. To help in the effort to eradicate malaria worldwide, scientists at Intellectual Ventures use software that simulates how the disease spreads and would respond to prevention and control methods, such as vaccines and the use of bed nets. Technical computing allows researchers to model more detailed parameters for more accurate results and receive those results in less than an hour, rather than waiting a full day. Aerospace engineering firm, a.i. solutions, Inc., needed a more powerful computing platform to keep up with the increasingly complex computational needs of its customers: NASA, the Department of Defense and other government agencies planning space flights. To meet that need, it adopted technical computing. Now, a.i. solutions can produce detailed predictions and analysis of the flight dynamics of a given spacecraft, from optimal launch times and orbit determination to attitude control and navigation, up to eight times faster. This enables them to avoid mistakes in any areas that can cause a space mission to fail and potentially result in the loss of life and millions of dollars. Western & Southern Financial Group faced the challenge of running ever larger and more complex actuarial models as its number of policyholders and products grew and regulatory requirements changed. The company chose an actuarial solution that runs on technical computing technology. The solution is easy for the company's IT staff to manage and adjust to meet business needs. The new solution helps the company reduce modeling time by up to 99 percent - letting the team fine-tune its models for more accurate product pricing and financial projections. Our Technical Computing direction Collaborating closely with partners across industry and academia, we must now extend the reach of technical computing even further to help predictive modelers and data explorers make faster, more accurate predictions. As we build the Technical Computing initiative, we will invest in three core areas: Technical computing to the cloud: Microsoft will play a leading role in bringing technical computing power to scientists, engineers and analysts through the cloud. Existing high- performance computing users will benefit from the ability to augment their on-premises systems with cloud resources that enable 'just-in-time' processing. This platform will help ensure processing resources are available whenever they are needed-reliably, consistently and quickly. Simplify parallel development: Today, computers are shipping with more processing power than ever, including multiple cores, but most modern software only uses a small amount of the available processing power. Parallel programs are extremely difficult to write, test and trouble shoot. However, a consistent model for parallel programming can help more developers unlock the tremendous power in today's modern computers and enable a new generation of technical computing. We are delivering new tools to automate and simplify writing software through parallel processing from the desktop... to the cluster... to the cloud. Develop powerful new technical computing tools and applications: We know scientists, engineers and analysts are pushing common tools (i.e., spreadsheets and databases) to the limits with complex, data-intensive models. They need easy access to more computing power and simplified tools to increase the speed of their work. We are building a platform to do this. Our development efforts will yield new, easy-to-use tools and applications that automate data acquisition, modeling, simulation, visualization, workflow and collaboration. This will allow them to spend more time on their work and less time wrestling with complicated technology. Thinking bigger There is so much left to be discovered and so many questions yet to be answered in the fascinating world around us. We believe the technical computing community will show us that we have not seen anything yet. Imagine just some of the breakthroughs this community could make possible: Better predictions to help improve the understanding of pandemics, contagion and global health trends. Climate change models that predict environmental, economic and human impact, accessible in real-time during key discussions and debates. More accurate prediction of natural disasters and their impact to develop more effective emergency response plans. With an ambitious charter in hand, this new team is ready to build on our progress to-date and execute Microsoft's technical computing vision over the months and years ahead. We will steadily invest in the right technologies, tools and talent, and work to bring together the technical computing community. I invite you to visit www.modelingtheworld.com today. We welcome your ideas and feedback. I look forward to making this journey with you and others who want to answer the world's biggest questions, discover solutions to problems that seem impossible and uncover a host of new opportunities to change the world we live in for the better. Bob

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  • Smart Grid Gateway and New Meter Data Management released

    - by Anthony Shorten
    Two products have just been released and are available from edlivery.oracle.com. Smart Grid Gateway 2.0.0 - A new product to integrate to Smart Grid networks Meter Data Management 2.0.1 - A new version of the Meter Data Management product. These products are the first products to use the brand new version of the Oracle Utilities Applicaton Framework (V4.1). The new framework builds up on FW2.2 and FW4.0.2 to add exciting new features (this is just a subset): Support for Database Vault Enhancements to Business Object Maintenance Batch Statistics Portal for benchmarking Custom template user exit support File permissions now consistent with other Oracle products Use of Universal Connection Pool for all database pool access Ability to manage the batch data cache Over the next few weeks I will be publishing articles and updates to existing whitepapers to highlight all the new features.

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  • New Enhanced Visual WebGui WINWEB and .NETHTML5 Versions

    - by Webgui
    After a long wait and huge anticipation from the Visual WebGui community, I am happy to announce the release of new versions for the WINWEB and .NETHTML5 branches. The new 6.4.0 Release d and 6.4.0 beta3 versions are available after an extensive work on core capabilities of Visual WebGui including extension of existing controls and adding new controls such as Strip Controls, RibbonBar, DataGridView, ComboBox, PropertyGrid and RadioButton, DataGridView, ComboBox, PropertyGrid and RadioButton, as well as some major enhancements to both versions in terms of cross-browser support and performance.We apologize for the delay in the release of those most expected versions, but we believe that the extra time lead to a more mature and complete product. As you can see the changelog is pretty long and includes a list of enhancements, new features and bug fixes: http://visualwebgui.com/Developers/KB/tabid/654/article/w_changelogs/Default.aspx The new versions are available for all versions with open source and for The new versions are available for all versions with open sources for Visual Studio 2005, 2008 and 2010. You are welcome to download the WINWEB Free Trial and the Free .NETHTML5 beta on the downloads page.

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  • Ubuntu 11.10 Gnome Shell new window focus problem

    - by grafthez
    I'm using gnome shell with new ubuntu for few days now and have experienced really annoying behaviour with new windows. Sometimes when I use another window and press e.g. Alt Ctrl T to open new terminal window, I don't get this window being brought to front. Instead I get notification at the bottom that "New terminal window is ready to use". The same is with Pidgin being integrated with gnome shell (via extension). Every time I get new message, window pops up but doesn't show. I need to either Alt Tab it or click the notification. Is there any way to have new windows being always brought to front, and remove those annoying "Window is ready" notifications?

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  • Transition to new site

    - by James Hill
    I'm almost finished rewriting the website for a non-profit organization. The existing site receives ~5,000 a month. The new site is being written in ASP.Net and the existing site is PHP. The current hosting provider does not support .Net hosting, so I'll be switching providers. My question revolves around the transition from the old site to the new. I would really like to get the new site up at the new hosting provider and do thorough testing before changing the DNS records for the domain. Question: How can I put the new site up, test it, make any changes/additions necessary before updating the domain DNS to point to the new IP without Google indexing the content? Also, what SEO repercussions should I be aware of when making such a drastic change to the content that exists under the domain name?

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  • Sometimes new windows don't come to the front when launched

    - by grafthez
    I'm using gnome shell with new ubuntu for few days now and have experienced really annoying behaviour with new windows. Sometimes when I use another window and press e.g. Alt Ctrl T to open new terminal window, I don't get this window being brought to front. Instead I get notification at the bottom that "New terminal window is ready to use". The same is with Pidgin being integrated with gnome shell (via extension). Every time I get new message, window pops up but doesn't show. I need to either Alt Tab it or click the notification. Is there any way to have new windows being always brought to front, and remove those annoying "Window is ready" notifications? UPDATE - gconftool-2 --search-key focus_new_windows (as severin asked): /schemas/apps/metacity/general/focus_new_windows = Schema (type: `string' list_type: '*invalid*' car_type: '*invalid*' cdr_type: '*invalid*' locale: `C') /apps/metacity/general/focus_new_windows = smart

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  • What is "top new free" on GooglePlay

    - by Lumis
    On Android Market i.e. GooglePlay, there used to be a page with the latest new games. So every game had a chance to get noticed and make its way up especially if it was good. But now I see "top new free" page and no more the latest apps. I don't understand how can be "top new" Anybody knows how this works? If there are no more pages with the very latest uploaded games then the new apps will be barely seen to exist even if they are excellent, and new programmers have very little chance of getting noticed. Any good advice how to promote a new Android app these days?

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  • New features of C# 4.0

    This article covers New features of C# 4.0. Article has been divided into below sections. Introduction. Dynamic Lookup. Named and Optional Arguments. Features for COM interop. Variance. Relationship with Visual Basic. Resources. Other interested readings… 22 New Features of Visual Studio 2008 for .NET Professionals 50 New Features of SQL Server 2008 IIS 7.0 New features Introduction It is now close to a year since Microsoft Visual C# 3.0 shipped as part of Visual Studio 2008. In the VS Managed Languages team we are hard at work on creating the next version of the language (with the unsurprising working title of C# 4.0), and this document is a first public description of the planned language features as we currently see them. Please be advised that all this is in early stages of production and is subject to change. Part of the reason for sharing our plans in public so early is precisely to get the kind of feedback that will cause us to improve the final product before it rolls out. Simultaneously with the publication of this whitepaper, a first public CTP (community technology preview) of Visual Studio 2010 is going out as a Virtual PC image for everyone to try. Please use it to play and experiment with the features, and let us know of any thoughts you have. We ask for your understanding and patience working with very early bits, where especially new or newly implemented features do not have the quality or stability of a final product. The aim of the CTP is not to give you a productive work environment but to give you the best possible impression of what we are working on for the next release. The CTP contains a number of walkthroughs, some of which highlight the new language features of C# 4.0. Those are excellent for getting a hands-on guided tour through the details of some common scenarios for the features. You may consider this whitepaper a companion document to these walkthroughs, complementing them with a focus on the overall language features and how they work, as opposed to the specifics of the concrete scenarios. C# 4.0 The major theme for C# 4.0 is dynamic programming. Increasingly, objects are “dynamic” in the sense that their structure and behavior is not captured by a static type, or at least not one that the compiler knows about when compiling your program. Some examples include a. objects from dynamic programming languages, such as Python or Ruby b. COM objects accessed through IDispatch c. ordinary .NET types accessed through reflection d. objects with changing structure, such as HTML DOM objects While C# remains a statically typed language, we aim to vastly improve the interaction with such objects. A secondary theme is co-evolution with Visual Basic. Going forward we will aim to maintain the individual character of each language, but at the same time important new features should be introduced in both languages at the same time. They should be differentiated more by style and feel than by feature set. The new features in C# 4.0 fall into four groups: Dynamic lookup Dynamic lookup allows you to write method, operator and indexer calls, property and field accesses, and even object invocations which bypass the C# static type checking and instead gets resolved at runtime. Named and optional parameters Parameters in C# can now be specified as optional by providing a default value for them in a member declaration. When the member is invoked, optional arguments can be omitted. Furthermore, any argument can be passed by parameter name instead of position. COM specific interop features Dynamic lookup as well as named and optional parameters both help making programming against COM less painful than today. On top of that, however, we are adding a number of other small features that further improve the interop experience. Variance It used to be that an IEnumerable<string> wasn’t an IEnumerable<object>. Now it is – C# embraces type safe “co-and contravariance” and common BCL types are updated to take advantage of that. Dynamic Lookup Dynamic lookup allows you a unified approach to invoking things dynamically. With dynamic lookup, when you have an object in your hand you do not need to worry about whether it comes from COM, IronPython, the HTML DOM or reflection; you just apply operations to it and leave it to the runtime to figure out what exactly those operations mean for that particular object. This affords you enormous flexibility, and can greatly simplify your code, but it does come with a significant drawback: Static typing is not maintained for these operations. A dynamic object is assumed at compile time to support any operation, and only at runtime will you get an error if it wasn’t so. Oftentimes this will be no loss, because the object wouldn’t have a static type anyway, in other cases it is a tradeoff between brevity and safety. In order to facilitate this tradeoff, it is a design goal of C# to allow you to opt in or opt out of dynamic behavior on every single call. The dynamic type C# 4.0 introduces a new static type called dynamic. When you have an object of type dynamic you can “do things to it” that are resolved only at runtime: dynamic d = GetDynamicObject(…); d.M(7); The C# compiler allows you to call a method with any name and any arguments on d because it is of type dynamic. At runtime the actual object that d refers to will be examined to determine what it means to “call M with an int” on it. The type dynamic can be thought of as a special version of the type object, which signals that the object can be used dynamically. It is easy to opt in or out of dynamic behavior: any object can be implicitly converted to dynamic, “suspending belief” until runtime. Conversely, there is an “assignment conversion” from dynamic to any other type, which allows implicit conversion in assignment-like constructs: dynamic d = 7; // implicit conversion int i = d; // assignment conversion Dynamic operations Not only method calls, but also field and property accesses, indexer and operator calls and even delegate invocations can be dispatched dynamically: dynamic d = GetDynamicObject(…); d.M(7); // calling methods d.f = d.P; // getting and settings fields and properties d[“one”] = d[“two”]; // getting and setting thorugh indexers int i = d + 3; // calling operators string s = d(5,7); // invoking as a delegate The role of the C# compiler here is simply to package up the necessary information about “what is being done to d”, so that the runtime can pick it up and determine what the exact meaning of it is given an actual object d. Think of it as deferring part of the compiler’s job to runtime. The result of any dynamic operation is itself of type dynamic. Runtime lookup At runtime a dynamic operation is dispatched according to the nature of its target object d: COM objects If d is a COM object, the operation is dispatched dynamically through COM IDispatch. This allows calling to COM types that don’t have a Primary Interop Assembly (PIA), and relying on COM features that don’t have a counterpart in C#, such as indexed properties and default properties. Dynamic objects If d implements the interface IDynamicObject d itself is asked to perform the operation. Thus by implementing IDynamicObject a type can completely redefine the meaning of dynamic operations. This is used intensively by dynamic languages such as IronPython and IronRuby to implement their own dynamic object models. It will also be used by APIs, e.g. by the HTML DOM to allow direct access to the object’s properties using property syntax. Plain objects Otherwise d is a standard .NET object, and the operation will be dispatched using reflection on its type and a C# “runtime binder” which implements C#’s lookup and overload resolution semantics at runtime. This is essentially a part of the C# compiler running as a runtime component to “finish the work” on dynamic operations that was deferred by the static compiler. Example Assume the following code: dynamic d1 = new Foo(); dynamic d2 = new Bar(); string s; d1.M(s, d2, 3, null); Because the receiver of the call to M is dynamic, the C# compiler does not try to resolve the meaning of the call. Instead it stashes away information for the runtime about the call. This information (often referred to as the “payload”) is essentially equivalent to: “Perform an instance method call of M with the following arguments: 1. a string 2. a dynamic 3. a literal int 3 4. a literal object null” At runtime, assume that the actual type Foo of d1 is not a COM type and does not implement IDynamicObject. In this case the C# runtime binder picks up to finish the overload resolution job based on runtime type information, proceeding as follows: 1. Reflection is used to obtain the actual runtime types of the two objects, d1 and d2, that did not have a static type (or rather had the static type dynamic). The result is Foo for d1 and Bar for d2. 2. Method lookup and overload resolution is performed on the type Foo with the call M(string,Bar,3,null) using ordinary C# semantics. 3. If the method is found it is invoked; otherwise a runtime exception is thrown. Overload resolution with dynamic arguments Even if the receiver of a method call is of a static type, overload resolution can still happen at runtime. This can happen if one or more of the arguments have the type dynamic: Foo foo = new Foo(); dynamic d = new Bar(); var result = foo.M(d); The C# runtime binder will choose between the statically known overloads of M on Foo, based on the runtime type of d, namely Bar. The result is again of type dynamic. The Dynamic Language Runtime An important component in the underlying implementation of dynamic lookup is the Dynamic Language Runtime (DLR), which is a new API in .NET 4.0. The DLR provides most of the infrastructure behind not only C# dynamic lookup but also the implementation of several dynamic programming languages on .NET, such as IronPython and IronRuby. Through this common infrastructure a high degree of interoperability is ensured, but just as importantly the DLR provides excellent caching mechanisms which serve to greatly enhance the efficiency of runtime dispatch. To the user of dynamic lookup in C#, the DLR is invisible except for the improved efficiency. However, if you want to implement your own dynamically dispatched objects, the IDynamicObject interface allows you to interoperate with the DLR and plug in your own behavior. This is a rather advanced task, which requires you to understand a good deal more about the inner workings of the DLR. For API writers, however, it can definitely be worth the trouble in order to vastly improve the usability of e.g. a library representing an inherently dynamic domain. Open issues There are a few limitations and things that might work differently than you would expect. · The DLR allows objects to be created from objects that represent classes. However, the current implementation of C# doesn’t have syntax to support this. · Dynamic lookup will not be able to find extension methods. Whether extension methods apply or not depends on the static context of the call (i.e. which using clauses occur), and this context information is not currently kept as part of the payload. · Anonymous functions (i.e. lambda expressions) cannot appear as arguments to a dynamic method call. The compiler cannot bind (i.e. “understand”) an anonymous function without knowing what type it is converted to. One consequence of these limitations is that you cannot easily use LINQ queries over dynamic objects: dynamic collection = …; var result = collection.Select(e => e + 5); If the Select method is an extension method, dynamic lookup will not find it. Even if it is an instance method, the above does not compile, because a lambda expression cannot be passed as an argument to a dynamic operation. There are no plans to address these limitations in C# 4.0. Named and Optional Arguments Named and optional parameters are really two distinct features, but are often useful together. Optional parameters allow you to omit arguments to member invocations, whereas named arguments is a way to provide an argument using the name of the corresponding parameter instead of relying on its position in the parameter list. Some APIs, most notably COM interfaces such as the Office automation APIs, are written specifically with named and optional parameters in mind. Up until now it has been very painful to call into these APIs from C#, with sometimes as many as thirty arguments having to be explicitly passed, most of which have reasonable default values and could be omitted. Even in APIs for .NET however you sometimes find yourself compelled to write many overloads of a method with different combinations of parameters, in order to provide maximum usability to the callers. Optional parameters are a useful alternative for these situations. Optional parameters A parameter is declared optional simply by providing a default value for it: public void M(int x, int y = 5, int z = 7); Here y and z are optional parameters and can be omitted in calls: M(1, 2, 3); // ordinary call of M M(1, 2); // omitting z – equivalent to M(1, 2, 7) M(1); // omitting both y and z – equivalent to M(1, 5, 7) Named and optional arguments C# 4.0 does not permit you to omit arguments between commas as in M(1,,3). This could lead to highly unreadable comma-counting code. Instead any argument can be passed by name. Thus if you want to omit only y from a call of M you can write: M(1, z: 3); // passing z by name or M(x: 1, z: 3); // passing both x and z by name or even M(z: 3, x: 1); // reversing the order of arguments All forms are equivalent, except that arguments are always evaluated in the order they appear, so in the last example the 3 is evaluated before the 1. Optional and named arguments can be used not only with methods but also with indexers and constructors. Overload resolution Named and optional arguments affect overload resolution, but the changes are relatively simple: A signature is applicable if all its parameters are either optional or have exactly one corresponding argument (by name or position) in the call which is convertible to the parameter type. Betterness rules on conversions are only applied for arguments that are explicitly given – omitted optional arguments are ignored for betterness purposes. If two signatures are equally good, one that does not omit optional parameters is preferred. M(string s, int i = 1); M(object o); M(int i, string s = “Hello”); M(int i); M(5); Given these overloads, we can see the working of the rules above. M(string,int) is not applicable because 5 doesn’t convert to string. M(int,string) is applicable because its second parameter is optional, and so, obviously are M(object) and M(int). M(int,string) and M(int) are both better than M(object) because the conversion from 5 to int is better than the conversion from 5 to object. Finally M(int) is better than M(int,string) because no optional arguments are omitted. Thus the method that gets called is M(int). Features for COM interop Dynamic lookup as well as named and optional parameters greatly improve the experience of interoperating with COM APIs such as the Office Automation APIs. In order to remove even more of the speed bumps, a couple of small COM-specific features are also added to C# 4.0. Dynamic import Many COM methods accept and return variant types, which are represented in the PIAs as object. In the vast majority of cases, a programmer calling these methods already knows the static type of a returned object from context, but explicitly has to perform a cast on the returned value to make use of that knowledge. These casts are so common that they constitute a major nuisance. In order to facilitate a smoother experience, you can now choose to import these COM APIs in such a way that variants are instead represented using the type dynamic. In other words, from your point of view, COM signatures now have occurrences of dynamic instead of object in them. This means that you can easily access members directly off a returned object, or you can assign it to a strongly typed local variable without having to cast. To illustrate, you can now say excel.Cells[1, 1].Value = "Hello"; instead of ((Excel.Range)excel.Cells[1, 1]).Value2 = "Hello"; and Excel.Range range = excel.Cells[1, 1]; instead of Excel.Range range = (Excel.Range)excel.Cells[1, 1]; Compiling without PIAs Primary Interop Assemblies are large .NET assemblies generated from COM interfaces to facilitate strongly typed interoperability. They provide great support at design time, where your experience of the interop is as good as if the types where really defined in .NET. However, at runtime these large assemblies can easily bloat your program, and also cause versioning issues because they are distributed independently of your application. The no-PIA feature allows you to continue to use PIAs at design time without having them around at runtime. Instead, the C# compiler will bake the small part of the PIA that a program actually uses directly into its assembly. At runtime the PIA does not have to be loaded. Omitting ref Because of a different programming model, many COM APIs contain a lot of reference parameters. Contrary to refs in C#, these are typically not meant to mutate a passed-in argument for the subsequent benefit of the caller, but are simply another way of passing value parameters. It therefore seems unreasonable that a C# programmer should have to create temporary variables for all such ref parameters and pass these by reference. Instead, specifically for COM methods, the C# compiler will allow you to pass arguments by value to such a method, and will automatically generate temporary variables to hold the passed-in values, subsequently discarding these when the call returns. In this way the caller sees value semantics, and will not experience any side effects, but the called method still gets a reference. Open issues A few COM interface features still are not surfaced in C#. Most notably these include indexed properties and default properties. As mentioned above these will be respected if you access COM dynamically, but statically typed C# code will still not recognize them. There are currently no plans to address these remaining speed bumps in C# 4.0. Variance An aspect of generics that often comes across as surprising is that the following is illegal: IList<string> strings = new List<string>(); IList<object> objects = strings; The second assignment is disallowed because strings does not have the same element type as objects. There is a perfectly good reason for this. If it were allowed you could write: objects[0] = 5; string s = strings[0]; Allowing an int to be inserted into a list of strings and subsequently extracted as a string. This would be a breach of type safety. However, there are certain interfaces where the above cannot occur, notably where there is no way to insert an object into the collection. Such an interface is IEnumerable<T>. If instead you say: IEnumerable<object> objects = strings; There is no way we can put the wrong kind of thing into strings through objects, because objects doesn’t have a method that takes an element in. Variance is about allowing assignments such as this in cases where it is safe. The result is that a lot of situations that were previously surprising now just work. Covariance In .NET 4.0 the IEnumerable<T> interface will be declared in the following way: public interface IEnumerable<out T> : IEnumerable { IEnumerator<T> GetEnumerator(); } public interface IEnumerator<out T> : IEnumerator { bool MoveNext(); T Current { get; } } The “out” in these declarations signifies that the T can only occur in output position in the interface – the compiler will complain otherwise. In return for this restriction, the interface becomes “covariant” in T, which means that an IEnumerable<A> is considered an IEnumerable<B> if A has a reference conversion to B. As a result, any sequence of strings is also e.g. a sequence of objects. This is useful e.g. in many LINQ methods. Using the declarations above: var result = strings.Union(objects); // succeeds with an IEnumerable<object> This would previously have been disallowed, and you would have had to to some cumbersome wrapping to get the two sequences to have the same element type. Contravariance Type parameters can also have an “in” modifier, restricting them to occur only in input positions. An example is IComparer<T>: public interface IComparer<in T> { public int Compare(T left, T right); } The somewhat baffling result is that an IComparer<object> can in fact be considered an IComparer<string>! It makes sense when you think about it: If a comparer can compare any two objects, it can certainly also compare two strings. This property is referred to as contravariance. A generic type can have both in and out modifiers on its type parameters, as is the case with the Func<…> delegate types: public delegate TResult Func<in TArg, out TResult>(TArg arg); Obviously the argument only ever comes in, and the result only ever comes out. Therefore a Func<object,string> can in fact be used as a Func<string,object>. Limitations Variant type parameters can only be declared on interfaces and delegate types, due to a restriction in the CLR. Variance only applies when there is a reference conversion between the type arguments. For instance, an IEnumerable<int> is not an IEnumerable<object> because the conversion from int to object is a boxing conversion, not a reference conversion. Also please note that the CTP does not contain the new versions of the .NET types mentioned above. In order to experiment with variance you have to declare your own variant interfaces and delegate types. COM Example Here is a larger Office automation example that shows many of the new C# features in action. using System; using System.Diagnostics; using System.Linq; using Excel = Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel; using Word = Microsoft.Office.Interop.Word; class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { var excel = new Excel.Application(); excel.Visible = true; excel.Workbooks.Add(); // optional arguments omitted excel.Cells[1, 1].Value = "Process Name"; // no casts; Value dynamically excel.Cells[1, 2].Value = "Memory Usage"; // accessed var processes = Process.GetProcesses() .OrderByDescending(p =&gt; p.WorkingSet) .Take(10); int i = 2; foreach (var p in processes) { excel.Cells[i, 1].Value = p.ProcessName; // no casts excel.Cells[i, 2].Value = p.WorkingSet; // no casts i++; } Excel.Range range = excel.Cells[1, 1]; // no casts Excel.Chart chart = excel.ActiveWorkbook.Charts. Add(After: excel.ActiveSheet); // named and optional arguments chart.ChartWizard( Source: range.CurrentRegion, Title: "Memory Usage in " + Environment.MachineName); //named+optional chart.ChartStyle = 45; chart.CopyPicture(Excel.XlPictureAppearance.xlScreen, Excel.XlCopyPictureFormat.xlBitmap, Excel.XlPictureAppearance.xlScreen); var word = new Word.Application(); word.Visible = true; word.Documents.Add(); // optional arguments word.Selection.Paste(); } } The code is much more terse and readable than the C# 3.0 counterpart. Note especially how the Value property is accessed dynamically. This is actually an indexed property, i.e. a property that takes an argument; something which C# does not understand. However the argument is optional. Since the access is dynamic, it goes through the runtime COM binder which knows to substitute the default value and call the indexed property. Thus, dynamic COM allows you to avoid accesses to the puzzling Value2 property of Excel ranges. Relationship with Visual Basic A number of the features introduced to C# 4.0 already exist or will be introduced in some form or other in Visual Basic: · Late binding in VB is similar in many ways to dynamic lookup in C#, and can be expected to make more use of the DLR in the future, leading to further parity with C#. · Named and optional arguments have been part of Visual Basic for a long time, and the C# version of the feature is explicitly engineered with maximal VB interoperability in mind. · NoPIA and variance are both being introduced to VB and C# at the same time. VB in turn is adding a number of features that have hitherto been a mainstay of C#. As a result future versions of C# and VB will have much better feature parity, for the benefit of everyone. Resources All available resources concerning C# 4.0 can be accessed through the C# Dev Center. Specifically, this white paper and other resources can be found at the Code Gallery site. Enjoy! span.fullpost {display:none;}

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  • LINQ, "Argument types do not match" error, what does it mean, how do I address it?

    - by Biff MaGriff
    Hello, I'm new to linq and I'm trying to databind to an anonymous type. I'm using SubSonic 3.0 as my DAL. I'm doing a select from 2 tables like so var myDeal = (from u in db.Users select new { UserID = u.UserID, UserRoleID = (from ur in u.UserRoles where u.UserRoleID == ur.UserRoleID select ur).FirstOrDefault().UserRoleID }); foreach (var v in myDeal) //dies first time here { } Then when I databind or try to iterate through the collection I get the "Argument types do not match" error during run time. I'm not sure what is going on here.

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  • Linq to Sql saying that item by 'Customer' already exists. Choose a different name.

    - by Anthony Potts
    I have been going round and round with a linq to sql file while using svn for quite some time. The latest is that my dbml file shows as having an error which states that An item named "Customer" already exists. Please choose a different name. And then it repeats that again. In fact, it says it for almost every object. What is my fix? I have tried renaming the one named Customer, but that didn't fix it. I don't know where to go to fix this. I went to the .dbml file and don't see any duplication, and I went to the .dbml.layout file and didn't see any duplication there either.

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  • Reading XML using XDocument & Linq - check if element is NULL?

    - by adchased
    I'm using LINQ together with XDocument to read a XML File. This is the code: XDocument xml = XDocument.Load(filename); var q = from b in xml.Descendants("product") select new { name = b.Element("name").Value, price = b.Element("price").Value, extra = b.Element("extra1").Value, deeplink = b.Element("deepLink").Value }; Now the problem is, the extra1 field is not always present. There are items in the XML file without that node. If that happens it's crashing with a NullReferenceException. Is there any possibility to include a "check if null" so I can prevent it from crashing?

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  • How can I get this dynamic WHERE statement in my LINQ-to-XML to work?

    - by Edward Tanguay
    In this question Jon Skeet offered a very interesting solution to making a LINQ-to-XML statement dynamic, but my knowledge of lambdas and delegates is not yet advanced enough to implement it: I've got it this far, but of course I get the error "smartForm does not exist in the current context": private void LoadWithId(int id) { XDocument xmlDoc = null; try { xmlDoc = XDocument.Load(FullXmlDataStorePathAndFileName); } catch (Exception ex) { throw new Exception(String.Format("Cannot load XML file: {0}", ex.Message)); } Func<XElement, bool> whereClause = (int)smartForm.Element("id") == id"; var smartForms = xmlDoc.Descendants("smartForm") .Where(whereClause) .Select(smartForm => new SmartForm { Id = (int)smartForm.Element("id"), WhenCreated = (DateTime)smartForm.Element("whenCreated"), ItemOwner = smartForm.Element("itemOwner").Value, PublishStatus = smartForm.Element("publishStatus").Value, CorrectionOfId = (int)smartForm.Element("correctionOfId"), IdCode = smartForm.Element("idCode").Value, Title = smartForm.Element("title").Value, Description = smartForm.Element("description").Value, LabelWidth = (int)smartForm.Element("labelWidth") }); foreach (SmartForm smartForm in smartForms) { _collection.Add(smartForm); } } Ideally I want to be able to just say: var smartForms = GetSmartForms(smartForm=> (int) smartForm.Element("DisplayOrder").Value > 50); I've got it this far, but I'm just not grokking the lambda magic, how do I do this? public List<SmartForm> GetSmartForms(XDocument xmlDoc, XElement whereClause) { var smartForms = xmlDoc.Descendants("smartForm") .Where(whereClause) .Select(smartForm => new SmartForm { Id = (int)smartForm.Element("id"), WhenCreated = (DateTime)smartForm.Element("whenCreated"), ItemOwner = smartForm.Element("itemOwner").Value, PublishStatus = smartForm.Element("publishStatus").Value, CorrectionOfId = (int)smartForm.Element("correctionOfId"), IdCode = smartForm.Element("idCode").Value, Title = smartForm.Element("title").Value, Description = smartForm.Element("description").Value, LabelWidth = (int)smartForm.Element("labelWidth") }); }

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  • How do I get Linq-to-SQL to refresh its local copy of a database record?

    - by Gary McGill
    Suppose I have an Orders table in my database and a corresponding model class generated by the VS2008 "Linq to SQL Classes" designer. Suppose I also have a stored procedure (ProcessOrder) in my database that I use to do some processing on an order record. If I do the following: var order = dataContext.Orders.Where(o => o.id == orderId).First(); // More code here dataContext.ProcessOrder(orderId); order.Status = "PROCESSED"; dataContext.SubmitChanges(); ...then I'll get a concurrency violation if the ProcessOrder stored proc has modified the order (which is of course very likely), because L2S will detect that the order record has changed, and will fail to submit the changes to that order. That's all fairly logical, but what if I want to update the order record after calling the stored proc? How do I tell L2S to forget about its cached copy and refresh it from the DB?

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