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  • lxc bandwidth control using tc

    - by kumar
    I am trying to restrict bandwidth inside my containers. I have tried using the following commands , But I think it is not getting effective. cd /sys/fs/cgroup/net_cls/ echo 0x1001 > A/net_cls.classid # 10:1 echo 0x1002 > B/net_cls.classid # 10:2 tc qdisc add dev eth0 root \ handle 10: htb tc class add dev eth0 parent 10: \ classid 10:1 htb rate 40mbit tc class add dev eth0 parent 10: \ classid 10:2 htb rate 30mbit tc filter add dev eth0 parent 10: \ protocol ip prio 10 \ handle 1: cgroup Here A and B are containers created with this command. lxc-execute -n A -f configfile /bin/bash lxc-execute -n B -f configfile /bin/bash Whereas configfile contains only this entry: lxc.utsname = test_lxc AFter starting the container , I have started vsftpd inside container A and try to access the files using the ftp client from another machine. Then I killed vsftpd in container A and started vsftpd in container B and try to access the files using ftp client from another machine. I cannot observe any difference in performance, for that matter it is nowhere nearer to 40mbit/30mbit. Please correct me whether anything wrong here.

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  • OpenVPN Client timing out

    - by Austin
    I recently installed OpenVPN on my Ubuntu VPS. Whenenver I try to connect to it, I can establish a connection just fine. However, everything I try to connect to times out. If I try to ping something, it will resolve the IP, but will time out after resolving the IP. (So DNS Server seems to be working correctly) My server.conf has this relevant information (At least I think it's relevant. I'm not sure if you need more or not) # Which local IP address should OpenVPN # listen on? (optional) ;local a.b.c.d # Which TCP/UDP port should OpenVPN listen on? # If you want to run multiple OpenVPN instances # on the same machine, use a different port # number for each one. You will need to # open up this port on your firewall. port 1194 # TCP or UDP server? ;proto tcp proto udp # "dev tun" will create a routed IP tunnel, # "dev tap" will create an ethernet tunnel. # Use "dev tap0" if you are ethernet bridging # and have precreated a tap0 virtual interface # and bridged it with your ethernet interface. # If you want to control access policies # over the VPN, you must create firewall # rules for the the TUN/TAP interface. # On non-Windows systems, you can give # an explicit unit number, such as tun0. # On Windows, use "dev-node" for this. # On most systems, the VPN will not function # unless you partially or fully disable # the firewall for the TUN/TAP interface. ;dev tap dev tun # Windows needs the TAP-Win32 adapter name # from the Network Connections panel if you # have more than one. On XP SP2 or higher, # you may need to selectively disable the # Windows firewall for the TAP adapter. # Non-Windows systems usually don't need this. ;dev-node MyTap # SSL/TLS root certificate (ca), certificate # (cert), and private key (key). Each client # and the server must have their own cert and # key file. The server and all clients will # use the same ca file. # # See the "easy-rsa" directory for a series # of scripts for generating RSA certificates # and private keys. Remember to use # a unique Common Name for the server # and each of the client certificates. # # Any X509 key management system can be used. # OpenVPN can also use a PKCS #12 formatted key file # (see "pkcs12" directive in man page). ca ca.crt cert server.crt key server.key # This file should be kept secret # Diffie hellman parameters. # Generate your own with: # openssl dhparam -out dh1024.pem 1024 # Substitute 2048 for 1024 if you are using # 2048 bit keys. dh dh1024.pem # Configure server mode and supply a VPN subnet # for OpenVPN to draw client addresses from. # The server will take 10.8.0.1 for itself, # the rest will be made available to clients. # Each client will be able to reach the server # on 10.8.0.1. Comment this line out if you are # ethernet bridging. See the man page for more info. server 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.0 # Maintain a record of client <-> virtual IP address # associations in this file. If OpenVPN goes down or # is restarted, reconnecting clients can be assigned # the same virtual IP address from the pool that was # previously assigned. ifconfig-pool-persist ipp.txt # Configure server mode for ethernet bridging. # You must first use your OS's bridging capability # to bridge the TAP interface with the ethernet # NIC interface. Then you must manually set the # IP/netmask on the bridge interface, here we # assume 10.8.0.4/255.255.255.0. Finally we # must set aside an IP range in this subnet # (start=10.8.0.50 end=10.8.0.100) to allocate # to connecting clients. Leave this line commented # out unless you are ethernet bridging. ;server-bridge 10.8.0.4 255.255.255.0 10.8.0.50 10.8.0.100 # Configure server mode for ethernet bridging # using a DHCP-proxy, where clients talk # to the OpenVPN server-side DHCP server # to receive their IP address allocation # and DNS server addresses. You must first use # your OS's bridging capability to bridge the TAP # interface with the ethernet NIC interface. # Note: this mode only works on clients (such as # Windows), where the client-side TAP adapter is # bound to a DHCP client. ;server-bridge # Push routes to the client to allow it # to reach other private subnets behind # the server. Remember that these # private subnets will also need # to know to route the OpenVPN client # address pool (10.8.0.0/255.255.255.0) # back to the OpenVPN server. ;push "route 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0" ;push "route 192.168.20.0 255.255.255.0" # To assign specific IP addresses to specific # clients or if a connecting client has a private # subnet behind it that should also have VPN access, # use the subdirectory "ccd" for client-specific # configuration files (see man page for more info). # EXAMPLE: Suppose the client # having the certificate common name "Thelonious" # also has a small subnet behind his connecting # machine, such as 192.168.40.128/255.255.255.248. # First, uncomment out these lines: ;client-config-dir ccd ;route 192.168.40.128 255.255.255.248 # Then create a file ccd/Thelonious with this line: # iroute 192.168.40.128 255.255.255.248 # This will allow Thelonious' private subnet to # access the VPN. This example will only work # if you are routing, not bridging, i.e. you are # using "dev tun" and "server" directives. # EXAMPLE: Suppose you want to give # Thelonious a fixed VPN IP address of 10.9.0.1. # First uncomment out these lines: ;client-config-dir ccd ;route 10.9.0.0 255.255.255.252 # Then add this line to ccd/Thelonious: # ifconfig-push 10.9.0.1 10.9.0.2 # Suppose that you want to enable different # firewall access policies for different groups # of clients. There are two methods: # (1) Run multiple OpenVPN daemons, one for each # group, and firewall the TUN/TAP interface # for each group/daemon appropriately. # (2) (Advanced) Create a script to dynamically # modify the firewall in response to access # from different clients. See man # page for more info on learn-address script. ;learn-address ./script # If enabled, this directive will configure # all clients to redirect their default # network gateway through the VPN, causing # all IP traffic such as web browsing and # and DNS lookups to go through the VPN # (The OpenVPN server machine may need to NAT # or bridge the TUN/TAP interface to the internet # in order for this to work properly). push "redirect-gateway def1 bypass-dhcp" push "dhcp-option DNS 8.8.8.8" # Certain Windows-specific network settings # can be pushed to clients, such as DNS # or WINS server addresses. CAVEAT: # http://openvpn.net/faq.html#dhcpcaveats # The addresses below refer to the public # DNS servers provided by opendns.com. ;push "dhcp-option DNS 8.8.8.8" push "dhcp-option DNS 8.8.4.4" # Uncomment this directive to allow different # clients to be able to "see" each other. # By default, clients will only see the server. # To force clients to only see the server, you # will also need to appropriately firewall the # server's TUN/TAP interface. ;client-to-client # Uncomment this directive if multiple clients # might connect with the same certificate/key # files or common names. This is recommended # only for testing purposes. For production use, # each client should have its own certificate/key # pair. # # IF YOU HAVE NOT GENERATED INDIVIDUAL # CERTIFICATE/KEY PAIRS FOR EACH CLIENT, # EACH HAVING ITS OWN UNIQUE "COMMON NAME", # UNCOMMENT THIS LINE OUT. ;duplicate-cn # The keepalive directive causes ping-like # messages to be sent back and forth over # the link so that each side knows when # the other side has gone down. # Ping every 10 seconds, assume that remote # peer is down if no ping received during # a 120 second time period. keepalive 10 120 # For extra security beyond that provided # by SSL/TLS, create an "HMAC firewall" # to help block DoS attacks and UDP port flooding. # # Generate with: # openvpn --genkey --secret ta.key # # The server and each client must have # a copy of this key. # The second parameter should be '0' # on the server and '1' on the clients. ;tls-auth ta.key 0 # This file is secret # Select a cryptographic cipher. # This config item must be copied to # the client config file as well. ;cipher BF-CBC # Blowfish (default) ;cipher AES-128-CBC # AES ;cipher DES-EDE3-CBC # Triple-DES # Enable compression on the VPN link. # If you enable it here, you must also # enable it in the client config file. comp-lzo # The maximum number of concurrently connected # clients we want to allow. ;max-clients 100 # It's a good idea to reduce the OpenVPN # daemon's privileges after initialization. # # You can uncomment this out on # non-Windows systems. ;user nobody ;group nogroup # The persist options will try to avoid # accessing certain resources on restart # that may no longer be accessible because # of the privilege downgrade. persist-key persist-tun # Output a short status file showing # current connections, truncated # and rewritten every minute. status openvpn-status.log # By default, log messages will go to the syslog (or # on Windows, if running as a service, they will go to # the "\Program Files\OpenVPN\log" directory). # Use log or log-append to override this default. # "log" will truncate the log file on OpenVPN startup, # while "log-append" will append to it. Use one # or the other (but not both). ;log openvpn.log ;log-append openvpn.log # Set the appropriate level of log # file verbosity. # # 0 is silent, except for fatal errors # 4 is reasonable for general usage # 5 and 6 can help to debug connection problems # 9 is extremely verbose verb 3 # Silence repeating messages. At most 20 # sequential messages of the same message # category will be output to the log. ;mute 20 I've tried on multiple computers by the way. The same result on all of them. What could be wrong? Thanks in advance, and if you need other information I'll gladly post it. Information for new comments root@vps:~# iptables -L -n -v Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT 862K packets, 51M bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT 3 packets, 382 bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination 0 0 ACCEPT all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state RELATED,ESTABLISHED 4641 298K ACCEPT all -- * * 10.8.0.0/24 0.0.0.0/0 0 0 REJECT all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 reject-with icmp-port-unreachable Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 1671K packets, 2378M bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination And root@vps:~# iptables -t nat -L -n -v Chain PREROUTING (policy ACCEPT 17937 packets, 2013K bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination Chain POSTROUTING (policy ACCEPT 8975 packets, 562K bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination 1579 103K SNAT all -- * * 10.8.0.0/24 0.0.0.0/0 to:SERVERIP Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 8972 packets, 562K bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination

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  • Computer Comparison - which is "better"

    - by David Murdoch
    A company I work with recently replaced their old server and gave it to me. Their old server is a Dell PowerEdge 2600. I've been playing with the machine and even installed Windows Server 2008 on it...and it seems to run it pretty well. Here are the specs for the two machines: Dev Machine: AMD Athlon64 3000+ 2.38 GHz (overclocked from 1.8GHz [@ 280x8.5] - it is stable-ish) Memory (RAM): 1x1GB OCZ PC3200 (Dual-Channel) 300GB HD OS: Windows XP Pro (32bit) SuperPi 1M digit test: 40 seconds Dell PowerEdge 2600 Server: Intel Xeon CPU 2.8GHz 2.8GHz Memory (RAM): 512MBx2 (PC2700, not dual channel) 68GB HD (RAID 5) OS: Windows Server 2000 (32bit) SuperPi 1M digit test: 56 seconds [using 1 processor] (Themes and Aero-Flass UI turned off, of course) I use my computer to regularly run Photoshop CS5, Illustrator CS5, Flash CS5, 5 browsers (Chrome, FF, IE, Safari, Opera), iTunes, Visual Studio 2010, and Kaspersky Internet Security 2010 [sometimes simultaneously :-) ]. The SuperPi test has my dev machine coming in about 30% faster than the Server machine...though this could be due to the server running "Vista" with background processes prioritized. Do you think it would be realistic/advantageous for me to move from my dev machine to the Dell PowerEdge 2600? Is it possible to install additional DVD drives/burners on the server? Can I install my internal 300 GB hard drive on the server? Can I add some USB 2.0 ports? Note: I'll probably install Win XP Pro on the dev machine if I do switch. If not, are there any creative and useful way for me to take advantage of this server (with the goal of faster computing)?

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  • GlassFish v3: Security related updates?

    - by chris_l
    I've used GlassFish v3.0 as my main development application server for a few weeks now. Now that I want to install it on my VPS, I'd like to get the latest security updates, because Glassfish v3 Release 3.0 (Open Source Edition or not) is already a few months old, and v3.1 is only available as "early access" nightlies (see https://glassfish.dev.java.net/public/downloadsindex.html). GlassFish offers an update mechanism (via pkg or updateTool), but when I simply try to get the latest updates (pkg image-update), it finds nothing. However, when I change the preferred publisher to dev.glassfish.org, I get a list with lots of updates. The interesting thing is, that I haven't been able to find any description about the exact meaning of the diverse publishers/repositories (release, stable, contrib and dev) anywhere on the web, most importantly answering the question: Am I supposed to use the "dev" repository for security updates, or is it (probably more likely) for unstable updates? Where do I get security updates from then? Or are there simply no security updates yet? Asking on the GlassFish forum resulted in 56 views, but 0 answers.

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  • IPSec Tunnel to Amazon EC2 - Netkey, NAT, and routing problem

    - by Ernest Mueller
    Hey all, I'm working on getting an IPSec VPN working between Amazon EC2 and my on-premise. The goal is to be able to safely administer stuff, up/download data, etc. over that tunnel. I have gotten the tunnel up in openswan between a Fedora 12 instance with an elastic IP and a Cisco router that's also NATted. I think the ipsec part is OK, but I'm having trouble figuring out how to route traffic that way; there's no "ipsec0" virutal interface because on Amazon you have to use netkey and not KLIPS for the vpn. I hear iptables may be required and I'm an iptables noob. On the left (Amazon), I have a 10. network. Box 1 is privately 10.254.110.A, publically IP 184.73.168.B. Netkey tunnel is up. Box 2 is publically 130.164.26.C, privately 130.164.0.D And my .conf is: conn ni type= tunnel authby= secret left= 10.254.110.A leftid= 184.73.168.B leftnexthop= %defaultroute leftsubnet= 10.254.0.0/32 right= 130.164.26.C rightid= 130.164.0.D rightnexthop= %defaultroute rightsubnet= 130.164.0.0/18 keyexchange= ike pfs= no auto= start keyingtries= 3 disablearrivalcheck=no ikelifetime= 240m auth= esp compress= no keylife= 60m forceencaps= yes esp= 3des-md5 I added a route to box 1 (130.164.0.0/18 via 10.254.110.A dev eth0) but that doesn't do it for predictable reasons, when I traceroute the traffic's still going "around" and not through the vpn. Routing table: 10.254.110.0/23 dev eth0 proto kernel scope link src 10.254.110.A 130.164.0.0/18 via 10.254.110.178 dev eth0 src 10.254.110.A 169.254.0.0/16 dev eth0 scope link metric 1002 Anyone know how to do the routing with a netkey ipsec tunnel where both sides are NATted? Thanks...

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  • Natting trafic from a tunnel to internet

    - by mezgani
    I'm trying to set up a GRE tunnel between a linux box and a router (LAN), and I'm having a few problems which seem to depend to my iptables configuration. Watching with tcpdump on linux box, I can see packets coming with flags GREv0, all i need right know is forwarding this data to internet, found here some trace : iptables -F iptables -X iptables -P INPUT ACCEPT iptables -P FORWARD ACCEPT iptables -P OUTPUT ACCEPT iptables -t nat -F iptables -t nat -X iptables -t nat -P PREROUTING ACCEPT iptables -t nat -P POSTROUTING ACCEPT iptables -t nat -P OUTPUT ACCEPT iptables -t mangle -F iptables -t mangle -X iptables -t mangle -P PREROUTING ACCEPT iptables -t mangle -P OUTPUT ACCEPT iptables -A INPUT -p 47 -j ACCEPT iptables -A FORWARD -i ppp0 -o cloud -j ACCEPT iptables -A FORWARD -i cloud -o ppp0 -j ACCEPT iptables -A FORWARD -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o ppp0 -j MASQUERADE echo "1" /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward cloud Link encap:UNSPEC HWaddr C4-CE-7A-2E-F2-BF-DD-C0-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00 inet adr:10.3.3.3 P-t-P:10.3.3.3 Masque:255.255.255.255 UP POINTOPOINT RUNNING NOARP MTU:1476 Metric:1 RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:124 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 lg file transmission:0 RX bytes:0 (0.0 B) TX bytes:10416 (10.1 KiB) Table de routage IP du noyau Destination Passerelle Genmask Indic MSS Fenêtre irtt Iface 196.206.120.1 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 ppp0 192.168.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 10.3.3.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 cloud 0.0.0.0 196.206.120.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 ppp0 root@aldebaran:~# ip route 196.206.120.1 dev ppp0 proto kernel scope link src 196.206.122.46 192.168.0.0/24 dev eth0 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.0.18 10.3.3.0/24 dev cloud scope link default via 196.206.120.1 dev ppp0

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  • Is wiper.sh working?

    - by Aleksander Blomskøld
    I'm setting up a server running Ubuntu Precise, and I'm trying to verify if SSD TRIM is working. fstrim is failing: ~ sudo fstrim -v / fstrim: /: FITRIM ioctl failed: Operation not supported So I tried wiper.sh in hdparm: wiper-3.5 sudo ./wiper.sh --verbose --commit /dev/sda1 wiper.sh: Linux SATA SSD TRIM utility, version 3.5, by Mark Lord. rootdev=/dev/sda1 fsmode2: fsmode=read-write /: fstype=ext4 freesize = 169502088 KB, reserved = 1695020 KB Preparing for online TRIM of free space on /dev/sda1 (ext4 mounted read-write at /). This operation could silently destroy your data. Are you sure (y/N)? y Creating temporary file (167807068 KB).. Syncing disks.. Beginning TRIM operations.. get_trimlist=/sbin/hdparm --fibmap WIPER_TMPFILE.11503 /dev/sda: trimming 3211263 sectors from 64 ranges succeeded trimming 3571713 sectors from 64 ranges succeeded trimming 3915776 sectors from 64 ranges succeeded (...) trimming 3657913 sectors from 60 ranges succeeded Removing temporary file.. Syncing disks.. Done. It seems to be working, but I'm wondering if it really is. Are there any cases where wiper.sh should work when fstrim isn't? Is there any way I can check if the TRIMing actually has succeeded (other than trusting the wiper.sh-log)?

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  • ServerName wildcards in Apache name-based virtual hosts?

    - by Martijn Heemels
    On our LAN I've set up several 'fake' TLDs in the DNS server, with the intention of using them for Apache name-based virtual hosting. I'd like to combine this with mass-virtual-hosting (i.e. VirtualDocumentRoot) on an Ubuntu 10.04 LAMP server. However, I can't get it to select the right vhost! Here is a summary of the Apache config: NameVirtualHost 10.10.0.205 <VirtualHost 10.10.0.205> ServerName *.test VirtualDocumentRoot /var/www/%-3.0.%-2/test/%1/ CustomLog /var/log/apache2/access.log vhost_combined </VirtualHost> <VirtualHost 10.10.0.205> ServerName *.dev VirtualDocumentRoot /var/www/%-3.0.%-2/dev/%1/ CustomLog /var/log/apache2/access.log vhost_combined </VirtualHost> A hostname such as www.domain.com.dev, correctly resolves to 10.10.0.205, but always selects the top vhost, instead of the bottom one, which matches more closely. I was under the impression that Apache would first try to match the ServerName before defaulting to the top vhost for a given IP. What am I doing wrong? Or is this not possible and must I use another IP for each TLD? apachectl -S outputs (trimmed): 10.10.0.205:* is a NameVirtualHost default server *.test port * namevhost *.test port * namevhost *.dev

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  • Resize a RAID 1 volume on OS X Snow Leopard - how? (Note: software raid)

    - by Emmel
    I've scoured the Internet in search of an answer to this question, and as usual with OSX-related topics, I often don't find any deep-dive technical explanations sufficient enough to feel confident doing dangerous things. Here is my question: I have a Mac Pro, running OS X 10.6.2. I have, as my main root/boot disk, a RAID 1 volume called "Mirror1". Mirror1 is comprised of two 1 TB disks. Mirror1, however, is fixed at 640 GB. That's because, I originally took a 640GB disk, bought a terabyte disk, mirrored it (using diskutil appleraid enable), when it synced I removed the 640GB and replaced it with a second 1 TB disk, and synced again. Voila! A single 640 GB replaced by two 1 TB disks in a mirror.. Actually, no. There's still something missing from the equation: Mirror1 needs to be expanded from 640GB to 1 TB to match the partition sizes on each of those disks. How do I do this? Perhaps the diskutil output will help: -> diskutil list /dev/disk0 #: TYPE NAME SIZE IDENTIFIER 0: GUID_partition_scheme *1.0 TB disk0 1: EFI 209.7 MB disk0s1 2: Apple_RAID 999.9 GB disk0s2 3: Apple_Boot Boot OSX 134.2 MB disk0s3 /dev/disk1 #: TYPE NAME SIZE IDENTIFIER 0: GUID_partition_scheme *1.0 TB disk1 1: EFI 209.7 MB disk1s1 2: Apple_RAID 999.9 GB disk1s2 3: Apple_Boot Boot OSX 134.2 MB disk1s3 /dev/disk2 #: TYPE NAME SIZE IDENTIFIER 0: GUID_partition_scheme *640.1 GB disk2 1: EFI 209.7 MB disk2s1 2: Apple_HFS Mac Disk 2 536.7 GB disk2s2 3: Microsoft Basic Data BOOTCAMP 103.1 GB disk2s3 /dev/disk3 #: TYPE NAME SIZE IDENTIFIER 0: Apple_HFS Mirror1 *639.8 GB disk3 -> diskutil appleraid list AppleRAID sets (1 found) =============================================================================== Name: Macintosh HD Unique ID: 1953F864-B474-4EB6-8E69-41834EBD0247 Type: Mirror Status: Online Size: 639.8 GB (639791038464 Bytes) Rebuild: manual Device Node: disk3 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- # Device Node UUID Status ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0 disk1s2 25109BAE-5697-40EA-B612-0217851444F7 Online 1 disk0s2 11B83AB0-8148-4DB6-8761-DEF08C855F8D Online =============================================================================== Thanks in advance.

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  • LVM and cloning HDs

    - by jcea
    Using Linux, I have several backup levels. One of them is a periodical sector by sector copy (using dd) of my laptop harddisk to an external USB disk. Yes, I have other backups too, like remote rsync. This approach (the disk dd) is OK when cloning a HDD with no LVM volumes, since I can plug the external disk anytime and mount the partitions simply mounting /dev/sdb* instead of /dev/sda*. Trivial and handy. Today I moved ALL my harddisk (including the /boot) to LVM. Everything works fine. I will stress it for a couple of days, and then I will do a sector by sector copy to my external harddisk. Now I have a problem, I guess. If in the future I plug the external USB HDD to recover any file, the OS will detect a duplicate LVM configuration, with the same name and the same UUID. Even doing a vgrename (which LVM would be renamed, the internal HDD or the external HDD?), the cloned UUID will not change. Is there any command to change name and UUID? Ideally I would clone the HDD and then change the LVM group name and its UUID, but I don't know how to do it. Another related issue would be... In the past I have booted my laptop using the external disk, using the BIOS boot menu and changing GRUB entries manually to boot from /dev/sdb instead of /dev/sda. But now my current GRUB configuration boots directly from a LVM logical volume, something like: set root='(LVM-root)' in my grub.cfg. So... What is going to happen with duplicated volumes? Any suggestion? I guess I could repartition my external harddisk and change backup strategy from dd to rsync, but this disk has windows installed too, and I really would like to have a physical "real" copy.

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  • Xorg input devices fail without udev

    - by Sampo
    What I am trying to do: Launch Xorg server without udev device manager. What I have tried to do: Make sure that /dev/ has all required nodes, such as /dev/input/*. Make sure that all required kernel modules are loaded. Launch Xorg. What happens: Xorg starts up as excepted. Xorg loads correct GPU driver and sets right screen resolution. Xorg blocks all input devices (keyboard, mouse), Alt+F[1-12] does not work (can't go back to tty1). Unraw'ing keyboard to take its control from X removes blocking and after unraw I can Alt+F1 back to tty1. Xorg still does not handle any input. Why I think that it should work: Same configuration works well if udev is loaded. Loading udev does not add or modify /dev/ contents, all nodes stays same. My main question is: How to make Xorg input devices work without udev? Any additional information about how Xorg really uses/detects/grabs keyboard would be helpful. And any additional information about what udev really does (other than populating /dev/) would also be helpful.

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  • Resize a RAID 1 volume on OS X Snow Leopard - how? (Note: software raid)

    - by Emmel
    I've scoured the Internet in search of an answer to this question, and as usual with OSX-related topics, I often don't find any deep-dive technical explanations sufficient enough to feel confident doing dangerous things. Here is my question: I have a Mac Pro, running OS X 10.6.2. I have, as my main root/boot disk, a RAID 1 volume called "Mirror1". Mirror1 is comprised of two 1 TB disks. Mirror1, however, is fixed at 640 GB. That's because, I originally took a 640GB disk, bought a terabyte disk, mirrored it (using diskutil appleraid enable), when it synced I removed the 640GB and replaced it with a second 1 TB disk, and synced again. Voila! A single 640 GB replaced by two 1 TB disks in a mirror.. Actually, no. There's still something missing from the equation: Mirror1 needs to be expanded from 640GB to 1 TB to match the partition sizes on each of those disks. How do I do this? Perhaps the diskutil output will help: -> diskutil list /dev/disk0 #: TYPE NAME SIZE IDENTIFIER 0: GUID_partition_scheme *1.0 TB disk0 1: EFI 209.7 MB disk0s1 2: Apple_RAID 999.9 GB disk0s2 3: Apple_Boot Boot OSX 134.2 MB disk0s3 /dev/disk1 #: TYPE NAME SIZE IDENTIFIER 0: GUID_partition_scheme *1.0 TB disk1 1: EFI 209.7 MB disk1s1 2: Apple_RAID 999.9 GB disk1s2 3: Apple_Boot Boot OSX 134.2 MB disk1s3 /dev/disk2 #: TYPE NAME SIZE IDENTIFIER 0: GUID_partition_scheme *640.1 GB disk2 1: EFI 209.7 MB disk2s1 2: Apple_HFS Mac Disk 2 536.7 GB disk2s2 3: Microsoft Basic Data BOOTCAMP 103.1 GB disk2s3 /dev/disk3 #: TYPE NAME SIZE IDENTIFIER 0: Apple_HFS Mirror1 *639.8 GB disk3 -> diskutil appleraid list AppleRAID sets (1 found) =============================================================================== Name: Macintosh HD Unique ID: 1953F864-B474-4EB6-8E69-41834EBD0247 Type: Mirror Status: Online Size: 639.8 GB (639791038464 Bytes) Rebuild: manual Device Node: disk3 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- # Device Node UUID Status ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0 disk1s2 25109BAE-5697-40EA-B612-0217851444F7 Online 1 disk0s2 11B83AB0-8148-4DB6-8761-DEF08C855F8D Online =============================================================================== Thanks in advance.

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  • IPSec Tunnel to Amazon EC2 - Netkey, NAT, and routing issue

    - by Ernest Mueller
    I'm working on getting an IPSec VPN working between Amazon EC2 and my on-premise. The goal is to be able to safely administer stuff, up/download data, etc. over that tunnel. I have gotten the tunnel up in openswan between a Fedora 12 instance with an elastic IP and a Cisco router that's also NATted. I think the ipsec part is OK, but I'm having trouble figuring out how to route traffic that way; there's no "ipsec0" virutal interface because on Amazon you have to use netkey and not KLIPS for the vpn. I hear iptables may be required and I'm an iptables noob. On the left (Amazon), I have a 10. network. Box 1 is privately 10.254.110.A, publically IP 184.73.168.B. Netkey tunnel is up. Box 2 is publically 130.164.26.C, privately 130.164.0.D And my .conf is: conn ni type= tunnel authby= secret left= 10.254.110.A leftid= 184.73.168.B leftnexthop= %defaultroute leftsubnet= 10.254.0.0/32 right= 130.164.26.C rightid= 130.164.0.D rightnexthop= %defaultroute rightsubnet= 130.164.0.0/18 keyexchange= ike pfs= no auto= start keyingtries= 3 disablearrivalcheck=no ikelifetime= 240m auth= esp compress= no keylife= 60m forceencaps= yes esp= 3des-md5 I added a route to box 1 (130.164.0.0/18 via 10.254.110.A dev eth0) but that doesn't do it for predictable reasons, when I traceroute the traffic's still going "around" and not through the vpn. Routing table: 10.254.110.0/23 dev eth0 proto kernel scope link src 10.254.110.A 130.164.0.0/18 via 10.254.110.178 dev eth0 src 10.254.110.A 169.254.0.0/16 dev eth0 scope link metric 1002 Anyone know how to do the routing with a netkey ipsec tunnel where both sides are NATted? Thanks...

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  • Allignment of ext3 partition on LVM RAID volume group

    - by John P
    I'm trying to add a partition on a LVM that resides on a RAID6 volume group and fdisk is complaining about the partition not residing on a physical sector boundry. My question is, how do you calculate the correct starting sector for a partition on a LVM? This partition will be formated ext3. Would it be better to just format the LVM directly instead of creating a new partition? Disk /dev/dedvol/backup: 2199.0 GB, 2199023255552 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 267349 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 1048576 bytes / 8388608 bytes Disk identifier: 0x4e428f49 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/dedvol/backup1 63 267349 2146982827+ 83 Linux Partition 1 does not start on physical sector boundary. lvdisplay /dev/dedvol/backup --- Logical volume --- LV Name /dev/dedvol/backup VG Name dedvol LV UUID OV2n5j-7LHb-exJL-t8dI-dU8A-2vxf-uIicCt LV Write Access read/write LV Status available # open 0 LV Size 2.00 TiB Current LE 524288 Segments 1 Allocation inherit Read ahead sectors auto - currently set to 32768 Block device 253:1 vgdisplay dedvol --- Volume group --- VG Name dedvol System ID Format lvm2 Metadata Areas 1 Metadata Sequence No 3 VG Access read/write VG Status resizable MAX LV 0 Cur LV 2 Open LV 1 Max PV 0 Cur PV 1 Act PV 1 VG Size 14.55 TiB PE Size 4.00 MiB Total PE 3815448 Alloc PE / Size 3670016 / 14.00 TiB Free PE / Size 145432 / 568.09 GiB VG UUID 8fBcOk-aXGx-P3Qy-VVpJ-0zK1-fQgy-Cb691J

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  • Using a named pipe to simulate a serial port on a VMware virtual machine (linux host and client)

    - by Dave M
    Trying to write a python program to create a simulated data stream and feed it, through a named pipe, to a VMware virtual machine. The host is running Ubuntu 11.10 and VMware player 5.0.0. The Vm is running Ubuntu netbook 10.04. I am able to get the pipe working on the local machine but I am not able to get the pipe to pass data through the virtual serial port to the programs running on the virtual machine. #!/usr/bin/python import os # # Create a named pipe that will be used as the serial port on a VMware virtual machine SerialPipe = '/tmp/gpsd2NMEA' try: os.unlink(SerialPipe) except: pass os.mkfifo(SerialPipe) # # Open the named pipe NMEApipe = os.open(SerialPipe, os.O_RDWR|os.O_NONBLOCK) # # Write a string to the named pipe NMEAtime = "235959" os.write(NMEApipe, str( '%s\n' % NMEAtime )) Test to see if the python program is working on the host machine (displays 235959 if data is passing through the pipe) $ cat /tmp/gpsd2NMEA 235959 Serial port as defined in the VMware .vmx file: serial0.present = "TRUE" serial0.startConnected = "TRUE" serial0.fileType = "pipe" serial0.fileName = "/tmp/gpsd2NMEA" serial0.pipe.endPoint = "client" serial0.autodetect = "FALSE" serial0.tryNoRxLoss = "TRUE" serial0.yieldOnMsrRead = "TRUE" Test to see if the serial port in the VM is receiving data $ cat /dev/ttyS0 or $ minicom -D /dev/ttyS0 or $ stty -F /dev/ttyS0 cs8 -parenb -cstopb 115200 $ echo < /dev/ttyS0 None of these display any data from the python program.

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  • Translating debian network configuration to gentoo

    - by thpetrus
    I just got rid off Debian on my VPS (OpenVZ) and installed Gentoo on it, however it is a plain Gentoo image without further configuration, i.e. no working network. I'm not familiar with Debian and coulnd't figure out how to get the network set up, these are the debian network files /etc/network/interfaces: auto venet0 iface venet0 inet manual up ifconfig venet0 up up ifconfig venet0 127.0.0.2 up route add default dev venet0 down route del default dev venet0 down ifconfig venet0 down iface venet0 inet6 manual up ifconfig venet0 add ipv6addr/128 down ifconfig venet0 del ipv6addr/128 up route -A inet6 add default dev venet0 down route -A inet6 del default dev venet0 auto venet0:0 iface venet0:0 inet static address external_ip netmask 255.255.255.255 auto venet0:1 iface venet0:1 inet static address internal_ip netmask 255.255.255.255 Please note that external_ip, internal_ip and ipv6addr are placeholders. I copied the /etc/resolv.conf, know the gateway_ip and also have another ouput of ifconfig, if necessary. This is what I came up with, /etc/conf.d/net: config_venet0="127.0.0.2 netmask 255.255.255.255 brd 0.0.0.0" config_venet0:0="external_ip netmask 255.255.255.255 brd 0.0.0.0" route_venet0:0="default via gateway_ip" config_venet0:1="internal_ip netmask 255.255.255.255 brd 0.0.0.0" Broadcast IP is taken from ifconfig debian output - however it doesn't work. A symbolic link net.venet0:0 -> net.lo in /etc/init.d/ was created and I added net.venet0:0 to the boot runlevel.

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  • linux: mount old ATA disk to USB adapter

    - by 130490868091234
    I am trying to recover data from an old Linux that was installed in a computer on an ATA hard drive. I found a ScanLogic Corp. SL11R-IDE IDE Bridge (04ce:0002), an ATA adapter to USB 1.0 like the one in the picture: and after switching it on, I plugged it into a laptop with Ubuntu 12.04. I am used to the drives being automatically mounted, but this one doesn't show up in /media. After doing a dmesg, all I got is this: [215298.671924] usb 2-1.1: new full-speed USB device number 5 using ehci_hcd [215298.767330] scsi19 : usb-storage 2-1.1:1.0 [215299.841701] usb 2-1.1: reset full-speed USB device number 5 using ehci_hcd [215300.017258] usb 2-1.1: reset full-speed USB device number 5 using ehci_hcd [215300.197050] usb 2-1.1: reset full-speed USB device number 5 using ehci_hcd [215300.372730] usb 2-1.1: reset full-speed USB device number 5 using ehci_hcd I tried plugging in the adapter to the three different USB ports in my laptop (one of them USB 3.0), but got no luck with any of them. I get different devices under, for example: /dev/bus/usb/003/002 or /dev/bus/usb/002/004, but I don't get any /dev/sdbN links. The output blkid -o list -c /dev/null is just the laptop's partitions. I have tried taking out the jumper, putting it as master and as CS Enabled, but didn't change the result. Any ideas?

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  • HP DL185 - very slow disk read speed

    - by fistameeny
    Hi, I have a HP DL185 G6 Server (12 disk model) with the following spec: Quad Core Xeon 2.27GHz 6GB RAM HP P212 RAID controller with battery backup 2 x 128GB 15K SAS 3.5" (RAID-1 for the operating system) 4 x 750GB 7.5K SAS 3.5" (RAID-5 for the data, 2TB usable space) The operating system is Ubuntu Server 9.10. Both drives have been formatted as EXT4. We are finding that read speed of the RAID-5 array is poor. Disk test results below: sudo hdparm -tT /dev/cciss/c0d1p1 /dev/cciss/c0d1p1: Timing cached reads: 15284 MB in 2.00 seconds = 7650.18 MB/sec Timing buffered disk reads: 74 MB in 3.02 seconds = 24.53 MB/sec For info, the RAID-1 array performs as follows: sudo hdparm -tT /dev/cciss/c0d0p1 /dev/cciss/c0d0p1: Timing cached reads: 15652 MB in 2.00 seconds = 7834.26 MB/sec Timing buffered disk reads: 492 MB in 3.01 seconds = 163.46 MB/sec We thought this was because with no battery, read/write cache is disabled. We have bought and installed the battery backup and have used the HP bootable CD to change the cache settings to 50% read / 50% write and check cache is enabled on the drives and the controller. Is there something I'm missing?

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  • smartctl short test doesn't seem to complete

    - by Cédric COPY
    I am working on project which involve automated HDD testing through smartctl. The station is working fine on most product, but I have two specific products that fail the smartctl test. Those two product are both WD product (WD2500BUDT series) Smartctl behaviour is quite strange, in fact the test is launched without any problem, i wait about 2min (test length), and when i check the smartctl, i have got no result at all. It's like I hadn't launched any test (no fail, no success in smartctl result). No error return on command, nothing in syslog, .. As i said before, the test is working for other product, thousands products worked well with this test. The main smartctl command used are : smarctl -t shortest /dev/sdX #Launch test smartctl -l selftest /dev/sdX #Look at test result I have tried to use: smartctl -s on /dev/sdX or smartctl -o on /dev/sdX But doesn't change anything. The system is using Debian 6.0, smartctl v5.40 (rev 3124) x86_64, HDD are plug through SATA to PCI controller. I have 4 HDD connected at a time. Well if anyone has some hints to give with this problem, because I have no idea how can i fix this. Thanks in advance. PS: Not sure if it was a serverfault topic, sorry if i was wrong!

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  • Is my OCZ SSD aligned correctly? (Linux)

    - by Barney Gumble
    I have an OCZ Agility 2 SSD with 40 GB of space. I use it as a system drive in Debian Linux (Squeeze) and in my opinion it's really fast. But I've read a lot on aligning partitions and file systems... And I'm not sure if I succeeded in aligning the partitions correctly. Maybe the SSD could be even faster?? ;-) I use ext4 and here is the output of fdisk -cul: Disk /dev/sda: 40.0 GB, 40018599936 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 4865 cylinders, total 78161328 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: [...] Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 2048 73242623 36620288 83 Linux /dev/sda2 73244670 78159871 2457601 5 Extended /dev/sda5 73244672 78159871 2457600 82 Linux swap / Solaris My partitions were created just by the Debian Squeeze setup assistant. So I didn't care about the details of partitioning. But now I think maybe the installer didn't align it correctly? Actually, 2048 looks good to me (better than odd values like 63 or something like that) but I've no idea... ;-) Help plz! According to some "SSD Alignment Calculator" I found on the web, the OCZ SSDs have a NAND Erase Block Size of 512kB and their NAND Page Size is 4kB. 2048 is divisible by 4 and 512. So are the partitions aligned correctly?

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  • IPv6 working fine, IPv4 throws OpenSSL error

    - by jippie
    I am building a webserver ( http://blog.linformatronics.nl/ ), which functions just fine on both IPv4 and IPv6 and when using a non-SSL connection. However when I connect to it through https, IPv6 works as expected, but an IPv4 connection throws a client side error. Server side logs are empty for the IPv4/https connection. Summarized in a table: | http | https -----+-------+------------------------------------------------------- IPv4 | works | OpenSSL error, failed. No server side logging. -----+-------+------------------------------------------------------- IPv6 | works | self signed certificate warning, but works as expected Apparently the SSL tunnel isn't even set up, which accounts for the Apache logs being empty. But why does it work fine for IPv6 and fail for IPv4? My question is why is this OpenSSL error being thrown and how can I solve it? Below is some extra information about the setup. IPv6 https Command used to reproduce IPv6/https behaviour: $ wget --no-check-certificate -O /dev/null -6 https://blog.linformatronics.nl --2012-11-03 15:46:48-- https://blog.linformatronics.nl/ Resolving blog.linformatronics.nl (blog.linformatronics.nl)... 2001:980:1b7f:1:a00:27ff:fea6:a2e7 Connecting to blog.linformatronics.nl (blog.linformatronics.nl)|2001:980:1b7f:1:a00:27ff:fea6:a2e7|:443... connected. WARNING: cannot verify blog.linformatronics.nl's certificate, issued by `/CN=localhost': Self-signed certificate encountered. WARNING: certificate common name `localhost' doesn't match requested host name `blog.linformatronics.nl'. HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK Length: 4556 (4.4K) [text/html] Saving to: `/dev/null' 100%[=======================================================================>] 4,556 --.-K/s in 0s 2012-11-03 15:46:49 (62.5 MB/s) - `/dev/null' saved [4556/4556] IPv4 https Command used to reproduce IPv6/https behaviour: $ wget --no-check-certificate -O /dev/null -4 https://blog.linformatronics.nl --2012-11-03 15:47:28-- https://blog.linformatronics.nl/ Resolving blog.linformatronics.nl (blog.linformatronics.nl)... 82.95.251.247 Connecting to blog.linformatronics.nl (blog.linformatronics.nl)|82.95.251.247|:443... connected. OpenSSL: error:140770FC:SSL routines:SSL23_GET_SERVER_HELLO:unknown protocol Unable to establish SSL connection. Notes I am on Ubuntu Server 12.04.1 LTS

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  • Routing table on Linux not respected

    - by MRHaarmann
    I have a very specific problem, building a Linux VPN endpoint (with external VPN Gateway), which should route certain networks over the tunnel, others via default gateway. The Linux VPN should do a NAT on the outgoing connections for the VPN peers. Setup is as following: Internet gateway LAN 192.168.25.1/24 VPN Gateway LAN 10.45.99.2/24 (VPN tunnel 10.45.99.1 to net 87.115.17.40/29, separate connection to Internet) Linux VPN Router eth0 192.168.25.71/24 eth0:503 10.45.99.1/24 Default 192.168.25.1 route to 87.115.17.40/29 via 10.45.99.2 (send_redirects disabled, ip_forward enabled) Linux clients (multiple): eth0 192.168.25.x/24 Default 192.168.25.1 route to 87.115.17.40/29 via 192.168.25.71 Ping to the machines via tunnel from the VPN Router is working. Now I want to establish a routing from my clients over the VPN gateway and the client packet gets routed to 192.168.25.1 ! traceroute output shows the packets get routed to 192.168.25.71, but then to 192.168.25.1. So the route is not respected in forward ! IPTables and Routing: ip route show 87.115.17.40/29 via 10.45.99.2 dev eth0 10.45.99.0/24 dev eth0 proto kernel scope link src 10.45.99.1 192.168.25.0/24 dev eth0 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.25.71 default via 192.168.25.1 dev eth0 iptables -A INPUT -i eth0:503 -j REJECT iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0:503 -j MASQUERADE iptables -A FORWARD -i eth0:503 -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT iptables -A FORWARD -s 192.168.25.0/24 -o eth0:503 -j ACCEPT So what is wrong with my setup ? The route is chosen correctly from localhost, but all the clients get forwarded to the Internet GW. thanks for helping, Marcus

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  • Accidentally dd'ed an image to wrong drive / overwrote partition table + NTFS partition start

    - by Kento Locatelli
    I screwed up and set the wrong output for dd when trying to copy a freenas iso, overwriting the wrong external hard drive. Ironically, I was trying to setup a freenas server for data backup... External drive is only used for data storage, system is entirely intact Drive had a single NTFS partition filing the entire device (2TB WD elements) Drive originally had an MBR partition table. Drive now shows as having a GPT, presumably from the freenas image. Drive was mounted at the time, with maybe a couple kB of data written/read after running dd Drive is just a few months old and healthy (regular SMART / fs checks) I have not reboot the OS (crunchbang) /proc/partition still holds the correct information (and has been stored) Have dd's output (records in / out / bytes) testdrive did not find any partitions on quick or deep search running photorec to recover the more important data (a couple recent plaintext files that hadn't been backed up yet). Vast majority of disk content ( 80%) is unnecessary media files. My current plan is to let photorec do it's thing, then recreate the mbr with gparted and use cfdisk to create another NTFS partition using the sector information from /sys/block/.../. Is that a good course of action (that is, a chance of success)? Or anything else I should try first? Possibly relevant information: dd if=FreeNAS-8.0.4-RELEASE-p3-x86.iso of=/dev/sdc: 194568+0 records in 194568+0 records out 99618816 bytes (100 MB) copied grep . /sys/block/sdc/sdc*/{start,size}: /sys/block/sdc/sdc1/start:2048 /sys/block/sdc/sdc1/size:3907022848 cat /proc/partitions: major minor #blocks name ** Snipped ** 8 32 1953512448 sdc 8 33 1953511424 sdc1 current fdisk -l output: WARNING: GPT (GUID Partition Table) detected on '/dev/sdc'! The util fdisk doesn't support GPT. Use GNU Parted. Disk /dev/sdc: 2000.4 GB, 2000396746752 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 243201 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/sdc doesn't contain a valid partition table

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  • Poor performance on IIS7, only on Windows Server 2008, fine on Windows 7?

    - by user32005
    Hi, I'm new to IIS7 but have experience with other versions. I've been working on an application that works great in a dev environment (as always) but when I push it to a windows server 2008/IIS7 box performance takes a noticeable hit. The dev environment is Windows7/IIS7. The configuration in IIS is the same on the dev box as the server. I've tried all sorts of things to try and find a reason for this but I cant come to any conclusion. I've ruled out database problems on the live box as all data is cached after the first request. I've confirmed this to be true and made sure there is no additional database traffic. I've ruled out network issues with a combination of monitoring requests with fiddler and local debugging on the server. Whenever the code runs on the server there seems to be a performance issue. The server: Intel Core 2 Quad CPU Q6600 @ 2.40ghz with 2gb RAM. I know this is not fantastic but I was expecting it to at least perform as well as my dev environment (which is running much more on a lower spec). The CPU using peaks at under 60%, and memory usage is less than half of the available. I've enabled failed request tracing and most of the time is spent in a custom HttpModule, this module works to handle every request, I cant get any more detail as to what within the module may be causing the problem. Any ideas, I've been pulling my hair out for days now. Thanks

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  • Using udev to create a character device based on a driver being loaded

    - by SteveCB
    I'm in the process of setting up RAID monitoring for a number of Dell servers that use the PERC 6i integrated card. We're using Nagios at present and the check_megasasctl plugin seems to fit the bill. However, the plugin relies upon the existence of: /dev/megaraid_sas_ioctl_node This device node doesn't exist by default, you have to create it by hand using something like: mknod /dev/megaraid_sas_ioctl_node c 253 0 Now, to make the existence of this device node persistent across reboots, I thought I could write a udev rule, but as usual, I'm missing something. I thought I could create a file such as /etc/udev/rules.d/10-local/rules that contained: DRIVER=="megasas" NAME="megaraid_sas_ioctl_node" MODE="0600" But this doesn't work - no device node after a reboot. Dmesg output indicates the megasas driver is loaded and functional: megasas: 00.00.04.01-RH1 Thu July 10 09:41:51 PST 2008 megasas: 0x1000:0x0060:0x1028:0x1f0c: bus 1:slot 0:func 0 megasas: FW now in Ready state Further, I don't see any means to instruct udev on which type of device node to create: character or block. I suspect I'm failing to understand exactly how udev is meant to work. I realise I could just cheat and run MegaCLI in /etc/rc.local, redirecting output to /dev/null; it creates the megaraid_sas_ioctl_node device node as part of its execution. I just thought using udev rules would be a) cleaner and b) a useful learning exercise. Perhaps I should just dump the above mknod command in /etc/rc.local... So how do I get udev to create the /dev/megaraid_sas_ioctl_node device node based on the presence of the megasas driver? Cheers Steve

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