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• Forwarding ports with ssh on Linux

  - by Patrick Klingemann

  I have a database server, let's call it: dbserver I have a web server with access to my dbserver, let's call it: webserver I have a development machine that I'd like to use to access a database on dbserver, let's call it: dev dbserver has a firewall rule set to allow TCP requests from webserver to dbserver:1433 I'd like to set up a tunnel from dev:1433 to dbserver:1433, so all requests to 1433 on dev are passed along to dbserver:1433 My sshd_config on webserver has the following rules set: AllowTcpForwarding yes GatewayPorts yes This is what I've tried: ssh -v -L localhost:1433:dbserver:1433 webserver In another terminal: telnet localhost 1433 Results in: Trying ::1... Connected to localhost. Escape character is '^]'. Connection closed by foreign host. Any idea what I'm doing wrong here? Thanks in advance!

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• CentOS default installation gave 60% disk space to tmpfs partition

  - by garconcn

  I installed a CentOS server which will be used for xen hypervisor. The server has two Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5620 and 148G memory. The OS was installed on a 120G SSD drive. After the installation, I found that the tmpfs partition occupied about 60% of the drive. Even though I don't need much space for the OS, will there be any problem with 71G tmp partition? Thanks for any comment. [root@cloud ~]# df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LogVol00 55G 1.1G 51G 3% / /dev/sda1 99M 13M 82M 14% /boot tmpfs 71G 0 71G 0% /dev/shm

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• Making fdisk see software RAID 0

  - by unknownthreat

  I am following http://grub.enbug.org/Grub2LiveCdInstallGuide and I am using software RAID 0. I am using Ubuntu 10.10 LiveCD and is trying to restore grub2 after installing Windows 7 in another partition. Here is the console's outputs: ubuntu@ubuntu:~$ sudo fdisk -l Unable to seek on /dev/sad ubuntu@ubuntu:~$ sudo dmraid -r /dev/sdb: nvidia, "nvidia_acajefec", stripe, ok, 488397166 sectors, data@ 0 /dev/sda: nvidia, "nvidia_acajefec", stripe, ok, 488397166 sectors, data@ 0 So do you have an idea for how to make fdisk see my RAID array? How to make fdisk detect the Software RAID like dmraid?

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• How to determine if a CentOS system is Raid-1?

  - by Tedd Johnson

  I've tried searching for this answer, but haven't found anything elegant. I have numerous servers in a colo that is in another state. I need to find a way to check that the servers have RAID-1 on them, so that I can determine if they were setup correctly by my colo. df -h shows: Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LogVol00 442G 1.5G 418G 1% / /dev/sda1 99M 19M 75M 20% /boot tmpfs 4.0G 0 4.0G 0% /dev/shm however as CentOS uses LVM by default, this doesn't indicate if a RAID-1 is present. it is supposed to be a software raid, so I'm pretty sure there should be a way to check. Thanks

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• Cannot use scp on Mac OS X

  - by Robert

  Hi all, when I try to copy any file with scp on Mac OS X Snow Leopard from another machine I get this error: scp [email protected]:/home/me/file.zip . Password: ... ---> Couldn't open /dev/null: Permission denied this is the output of "ls -l /dev/null": crw-rw-rw- 1 root wheel 3, 2 May 14 14:10 /dev/null I am in the group wheel, and even if I do "sudo scp..." it doesn't work. It's driving me crazy, do you have any suggestion? Thanx!

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• Resizing mysterious partition written by DDing an ISO file

  - by Jon

  I downloaded clonezilla and then wrote it to a USB flash drive with this: dd if=clonezilla.iso of=/dev/sdb I've confirmed that the system boots and clonezilla runs from the flash drive. I want to store a clonezilla backup on the same flash drive clonezilla is running on, but I tried it and ran out of space, so I started looking at how to resize the mysterious partition type that was generated from the ISO. fdisk -l /dev/sdb .... Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 * 1 111 113664 17 Hidden HPFS/NTFS .... I've tried using ntfsresize from the Debian ntfsprogs package. I'm trying gparted next, but thought I'd ask here if anyone knows a neat way to resize a partition created on flash from a liveCD image. Thanks in advance Jon ps. Assume Debian 6 please.

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• After Upgrading Ubuntu to 9.10 my hard drive now has a warning.

  - by Sean

  it is a 500gb hard drive format as ext3 path /dev/sdc1 The disk utility does not even see this. This Warning is from gparted: e2label: No such device or address while trying to open /dev/sdc1 Couldn't find valid filesystem superblock. Couldn't find valid filesystem superblock. dump2fs 1.41.9 (22-Aug-2009) dumpe2fs: No such device or address while trying to open /dev/sdc1 Unable to read contents of this file system? Because of this some operations may be unavailable. END OF ERROR MESSAGE Did I lose something during the upgrade of the system? Was it the hard drive or the Ubuntu system that went bad?

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• gltail “Missing gem net-ssh”

  - by Ian

  I'm attempting to get gltail set up on my local system to monitor logs remotely. I've got all the dependencies installed, but when I go to run gltail ... ./gl_tail configfile ../config.yaml I get this output: Missing gem net-ssh. Ubuntu: sudo gem install -y net-ssh -r .. which I've done a number of times. Here is the output: dev@ubuntu:~/Desktop/Fudge-gltail-e5b252d/bin$ sudo gem install net-ssh Successfully installed net-ssh-2.0.15 1 gem installed Installing ri documentation for net-ssh-2.0.15... Installing RDoc documentation for net-ssh-2.0.15... But when I go to run it again, I get the same missing gem net-ssh error. dev@ubuntu:~/Desktop/Fudge-gltail-e5b252d/bin$ which ruby /usr/bin/ruby dev@ubuntu:~/Desktop/Fudge-gltail-e5b252d/bin$ which gem /usr/bin/gem Why isn't net-ssh being seen as properly installed?

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• Why does Apache ignore my Directory block?

  - by Codemonkey

  I just moved my projects into a new workstation. I'm having trouble getting my Apache installation to acknowledge my .htaccess files. This is my /etc/apache2/conf.d/dev config file: <Directory /home/codemonkey/dev/myproject/> Options -Indexes AllowOverride All Order Allow,Deny Deny from all </Directory> I know the config file is being included by Apache because it complains if I put erroneous syntax in it (Action 'configtest' fails). My project is reachable through Apache by a symlink in the /var/www directory. The server is running with my user and group, so it has my permissions. My entire dev folder has permissions set to 770 recursively. Despite all this, I'm still getting an indexed display of my project folder when I visit http://localhost/myproject. Why isn't the above config making it impossible to view the folder in the browser?

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• Why is my hosts file not working?

  - by elliot100

  I've been using the hosts file to for local website development, and it's recently stopped working. No entries other than localhost resolve. I've simplified to test, so it now contains only 127.0.0.1 localhost ::1 localhost 127.0.0.1 test.dev localhost responds to ping, test.dev does not. The file is called hosts with no extension It has no trailing spaces It's saved in C:\WINDOWS\System32\drivers\etc which matches the value of HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\Tcpip\Parameters\DataBasePath Oddly, despite UAC being on, I can edit, delete and save the file without admin permissions No proxy is being used, PC is not connected to network for testing Stopping the DNS Client service seemed to resolve the issue for a few minutes, test.dev briefly resolved but doesn't any more. Only firewall is Windows' Machine has been restarted. Is there anything else I should try?

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• Problem reinstalling GRUB

  - by DisgruntledGoat

  I have a PC that dual-boots Ubuntu and Windows Vista. I recently reinstalled Windows Vista after some problems and now the bootloader's gone. I've been trying to follow this Ubuntu community guide but it's not working. I have Grub Legacy according to the first part (I installed Ubuntu 9.04 originally then upgraded). From the 9.04 LiveCD, I ran this: sudo grub-install --root-directory=/media/disk /dev/sda5 sda5 is the Ubuntu partition. I get this output: grub-probe: error: Cannot open `/boot/grub/device.map` [: 494: =: unexpected operator Installing GRUB to /dev/sda5 as (hd0,4)... Installation finished.No errors reported. This is the contents...(etc) (hd0) /dev/sda In the bit below, when I run setup (hd0) I get an error, "Error 17: Cannot mount selected partition" Little help?

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• DNS Replication issue

  - by BillN

  We host the DNS for our domain. Two weeks ago, the developer requested that we setup a new zone 'dev.ourdomain.com' and place two host records in it my.dev.ourdomain.com and admin.dev.ourdomain.com. We added the zone to our DNS and added A records for the host. Now a week later, some DNS servers like google (8.8.8.8) and gtei (4.2.2.2) will resolve the hosts, but others like OpenDNS (208.67.222.222 ) and ATT Uverse (68.94.156.1) cannot resolve it. Any Ideas?

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• Problem booting hard drive after installing Centos from USB Stick

  - by Rick

  Here is the situation, I created a Centos Live 5.4 Bootable USB drive. I used this to install Centos on a HP Netbook. BTW: the Netbook doesn't have a CDRom so I used the usb key. When the system goes to write the Grub boot loader to disk, it wants to write the boot loader to the usb drive (/dev/sda), not the hard disk (/dev/hda). I do have the option of writing the boot loader to /dev/hda, (not to the mbr!) but when I reboot I get an load error and the Grub prompt. How can I get Centos booting from the hard disk instead of using the USB key. Thanks.

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• Wamp virtualhost with supporting of remote access

  - by Farid

  To cut the long story short, I've setup a Wamp server with local virtual host for domain like sample.dev, now I've bind my static IP and port 80 to my Apache and asked the client to make some changes in his hosts file and add x.x.x.x sample.dev , I've also configured my httpd virtual host like this : <VirtualHost *:80> ServerAlias sample.dev DocumentRoot 'webroot_directory' </VirtualHost> Client can reach to my web server using the direct access by ip address, but when he tries using the sample domain looks like he gets in to some infinite loop. The firewall is off too. What would be the problem?! Thanks.

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• Subdomain only accessible from one computer

  - by Edan Maor

  I recently added a wildcard A record to my domain (*.root.com), mapping it to a certain elastic ip on AWS. I've configured apache to redirect all references to something.root.com to root.com, except for one specific "dev" subdomain, which is hosting its own site (a Django app, specifically). The Problem: This setup works perfectly for me on my computer. But on other computers around the office, it doesn't seem to work. Specifically, trying to visit dev.root.com gives an "unable to find server" error. Pinging dev.root.com gives a "cannot resolve hostname" error. The weird thing: pinging any other subdomain of root.com does work, from all machines. I would think this was all due to DNS propagation, except all the computers are behind the same office router, so how could that be the case? Any ideas?

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• Pygrub with DRBD on Xen 3.2

  - by Joril

  Hi all, we have a two-node cluster using DRBD 8.2 on CentOS 5.2 64bit. The cluster runs a few VMs on top of Xen 3.2.1, here's the configuration for an Ubuntu Jaunty VM: name = 'dev' bootloader = '/usr/bin/pygrub' memory = '512' vif = [ 'ip=192.168.1.217,mac=00:16:3E:CD:60:80' ] disk = [ 'phy:/dev/drbd24,xvda1,w', 'phy:/dev/drbd25,xvda2,w' ] As you can see, the disks are specified like "phy:", and as such pygrub doesn't know a thing about the underlying drbd device... So my problem is that even though the VM boots just fine, it doesn't handle the state of the drbd device. As a result, when for some reason the device gets to a secondary/secondary state, the VM won't boot, and I have to manually specify which node is primary. I read that starting with Xen 3.3 pygrub understands the "drbd:" specification, and I think that it would fix my problem, but I can't upgrade Xen at the moment... Is there a workaround? For example, could I use the 3.3 version of pygrub? Thanks!

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• HELP! Free space not reclaimed after online resizing ext4 in Ubuntu 9.10

  - by TiansHUo

  My root partition was filling up, with only 500 mbs left, I wanted to resize my root partition from 20 Gb to 40Gb So I resized my partition by using these steps: Using Gparted to resize another partition to give space for the EXT4 Using fdisk, deleting the root partition (on /dev/sda2), and creating it again using the new size resize2fs /dev/sda2 Updating grub2 But now the problem is that although I can boot in my new partition and the new partition shows it is 40Gb, but the free size was still 500mb. So I booted from a LiveCD and checked with e2fsck -p /dev/sda2, it reported clean. So I added the -f flag (force check), still, the drive is full.

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• OpenVPN route missing

  - by dajuric

  I can connect to an OpenVPN server from Windows without any problems. But when I try to connect from Ubuntu 12.04 (start OpenVPN) I receive the following: OpenVPN needs a gateway parameter for a --route option and no default was specified by either --route-gateway or --ifconfig options SERVER IP: 161.53.X.X internal network: 10.0.0.0 / 8 What I need to do ? client configuration: client dev tap proto udp remote 161.53.X.X 1194 resolv-retry infinite nobind ca ca.crt cert client.crt key client.key ns-cert-type server comp-lzo verb 3 server conf: local 161.53.X.X port 1194 proto udp dev tap dev-node OpenVPN ca ca.crt cert server.crt key server.key # This file should be kept secret dh dh1024.pem # DHCP leases addresses to clients server-bridge # Push routes to the client to allow it # to reach other private subnets behind # the server. Remember that these # private subnets will also need # to know to route the OpenVPN client # address pool (10.8.0.0/255.255.255.0) # back to the OpenVPN server. push "route 10.0.0.1 255.255.0.0" client-to-client duplicate-cn keepalive 10 120 comp-lzo verb 6

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• Confirm that two filesystems are identical, ignoring special files

  - by endolith

  /media/A and /media/B should be identical, but I want to confirm before deleting one. Duplicate file finders don't work, because they'll find two copies of the same file within B, for instance. I only want to confirm that every file in one is identical to the other. diff -qr /media/A/ /media/B/ seems to work, but the output is cluttered with garbage like diff: /media/A//etc/alternatives/ControlPanel: No such file or directory and File /media/A//dev/tty8 is a character special file while file /media/B//dev/tty8 is a character special file I can suppress the former with 2> /dev/null, but I don't know about the latter. rsync -avn /media/A/ /media/B/ also produces a bunch of clutter, like "skipping non-regular file". How can I compare the two trees and just make sure that all the real files exist in both and are identical?

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• fsck: FILE SYSTEM WAS MODIFIED after each check with -c, why?

  - by Chris

  I use a script to partition and format CF cards (connected with a USB card writer) in an automated way. After the main process I check the card again with fsck. To check bad blocks I also tried the '-c' switch, but I always get a return value != 0 and the message "FILE SYSTEM WAS MODIFIED" (see below). I get the same result when checking the very same drive several times... Does anyone know why a) the file system is modified at all and b) why this seems to happen every time I check and not only in case of an error (like bad blocks)? Here's the output: linux-box# fsck.ext3 -c /dev/sdx1 e2fsck 1.40.2 (12-Jul-2007) Checking for bad blocks (read-only test): done Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes Pass 2: Checking directory structure Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity Pass 4: Checking reference counts Pass 5: Checking group summary information Volume (/dev/sdx1): ***** FILE SYSTEM WAS MODIFIED ***** Volume (/dev/sdx1): 5132/245760 files (1.2% non-contiguous), 178910/1959896 blocks

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• Is it possible to limit output bandwidth between eth0 and lo?

  - by mmcbro

  I'm trying to limit the bandwidth between my eth0 output (nginx proxy) to my loopback inteface (apache) by filtering on destination port. Incoming Packet -> Eth0 -> 0.0.0.0:80 Nginx -> tc qdisc class/iptable mangle 2525port -> 127.0.0.1:2525 Apache I don't know if it's even possible I'm just experimenting. My rules are the followings : tc qdisc add dev eth0 root handle 1:0 htb tc class add dev eth0 parent 1:0 classid 1:10 htb rate 2mbps ceil 2mbps prio 0 tc filter add dev eth0 parent 1:0 prio 0 protocol ip handle 10 fw flowid 1:10 iptables -A OUTPUT -t mangle -p tcp --dport 2525 -j MARK --set-mark 10 I also tried to with FORWARD chain but its still the same.

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• Feeding the kernels entropy source from other machines and/or increasing its maximum size

  - by David Spillett

  We have has a little trouble with a small box that acts as a VPN end-point and mail relay for our network, caused by the available entropy for /dev/random being too low (which causes TLS connection attempts by exim to fail). The machine doesn't do anything else, so the normal feed into the entropy pool (interrupt timings from things like disk access) is not enough. As a quick hack I've set a looping script that reads from /dev/hda at a couple of Mbyte/sec which keeps it topped up. Other than buying a hardware RNG, is there a clean way of piping data for entry from elsewhere, such as a copy of the data our file server uses for its entropy source? I've spotted several tips for using rng-tools to feed it from /dev/urandom on the same machine but that "feels dirty". Also, is it possible to increase the maximum pool size? It currently seems to max out at 3585.

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• How to create a filesystem mountable by windows in linux?

  - by wcoenen

  I have attached an external USB disk to my debian gnu/linux system. The disk showed up as device /dev/sdc, and I prepared it like this: created a single partition with fdisk /dev/sdc (and some more commands in the interactive session that follows) formatted the partition with mkfs.msdos /dev/sdc1 If I then attach the USB disk to a Windows XP or Vista system, then no new drive becomes available. The disk and its partition show up fine in the disk managment tool under "computer management", but apparently the file system in the partition is not recognized. How do I create a FAT32 file system which can actually be used in windows? edit: I've given up on this and went with a NTFS file system created by windows. In debian lenny this can be mounted read-write but apparently it requires you to install the "ntfs-3g" package and explicitly pass the -t ntfs-3g option to the mount command.

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• Are there any command line utilities which can calculate and/or limit how fast a pipe is running?

  - by stsquad

  I'm doing some basic stress testing of a Linux kernel network IWF with netcat. The set-up is fairly simple. On the target side: nc -l -p 10000 > /dev/null And on my desktop I was running: cat /dev/urandom | nc 192.168.0.20 10000 I'm using urandom for some poor-mans fuzz testing. However I find that even at this rate I can break something quite quickly. EDIT So I've been playing with trickle to rate limit how fast I'm generating data: cat /dev/urandom | trickle -u 10 nc 192.168.0.20 10000 But it's hard to tell if this is working. What would be really useful is a the pv equivilent of trickle that can work with pipes.

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• Installing Ubuntu next to Windows XP

  - by jess

  I have iso image for Ubuntu 11.0.4 on a CD. My OS is windows XP. I have 3 partions c, E and F. Windows is installed on C, and F has data. E is empty drive. Now, after I start installation , I choose the third option. Then click forward and I am shown three figures -- /dev/sda1 52427(total)/50931(used) /dev/sda5 52427(total)/3221(used) -- surprised, since it should be empty. I had used wubi to install earlier but have uninstalled. /dev/sda5 215206(total)/37545(used) Now, it means I need to choose sda5. Now how should I go about creating 3 partions for /(root), /home and /swap. Click edit partion and give size for each of them?

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