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  • Does "Value Restriction" mean that there is no higher order functional programming?

    - by Sadache
    Does "Value Restriction" mean that there is no higher order functional programming? I have a problem that each time I try to do a bit of HOP I get caught by a VR error. Example: let simple (s:string)= fun rq->1 let oops= simple "" type 'a SimpleType= F of (int ->'a-> 'a) let get a = F(fun req -> id) let oops2= get "" and I would like to know whether it is a problem of a prticular implementation of VR or it is a general problem that has no solution in a mutable type-infered language that doesn't include mutation in the type system.

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  • Advice/suggestions for my first project PHP Classes

    - by Philip
    Hi guys, Any advice is welcome! I have a very limited understanding of php classes but below is my starting point for the route I would like to take. The code is a reflection of what I see in my head and how I would like to go about business. Does my code even look ok, or am I way off base? What are your thoughts, how would you go about achieving such a task as form-validate-insertquery-sendmail-return messages and errors? Please try and keep your answers simple enough for me to digest as for me its about understanding whats going on and not just a copy/paste job. Kindest regards, Phil. Note: This is a base structure only, no complete code added. <?php //======================================= //class.logging.php //======================================== class logging { public $data = array(); public $errors = array(); function __construct() { array_pop($_POST); $this->data =($this->_logging)? is_isset(filterStr($_POST) : ''; foreach($this->data as $key=> $value) { $this->data[$key] = $value; } //print_r($this->data); de-bugging } public function is_isset($str) { if(isset($str)) ? true: false; } public function filterStr($str) { return preg_match(do somthing, $str); } public function validate_post() { try { if(!is_numeric($data['cardID'])) ? throw new Exception('CardID must be numeric!') : continue; } catch (Exception $e) { return $errors = $e->getCode(); } } public function showErrors() { foreach($errors as $error => $err) { print('<div class="notok"></div><br />'); } } public function insertQ() { $query = ""; } } //======================================= //Usercp.php //======================================== if(isset($_GET['mode'])) { $mode = $_GET['mode']; } else { $mode = 'usercp'; } switch($mode) { case 'usercp': echo 'Welcome to the User Control Panel'; break; case 'logging': require_once 'class.logging.php'; $logger = new logging(); if(isset($_POST['submit']) { if($logger->validate_post === true) { $logger->insertQ(); require_once '/scripts/PHPMailer/class.phpmailer.php'; $mailer = new PHPMailer(); $mailer->PHPMailer(); } else { echo ''.$logger->showErrors.''; } } else { echo ' <form action="'.$_SERVER['PHP_SELF'].'?mode=logging" method="post"> </form> '; } break; case 'user_logout': // do somthing break; case 'user_settings': // do somthing break; ?>

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  • Is there a practical benefit to casting a NULL pointer to an object and calling one of its member fu

    - by zdawg
    Ok, so I know that technically this is undefined behavior, but nonetheless, I've seen this more than once in production code. And please correct me if I'm wrong, but I've also heard that some people use this "feature" as a somewhat legitimate substitute of a lacking aspect of the current C++ standard, namely, the inability to obtain the address (well, offset really) of a member function. For example, this is out of a popular implementation of a PCRE (Perl-compatible Regular Expression) library: #ifndef offsetof #define offsetof(p_type,field) ((size_t)&(((p_type *)0)->field)) #endif One can debate whether the exploitation of such a language subtlety in a case like this is valid or not, or even necessary, but I've also seen it used like this: struct Result { void stat() { if(this) // do something... else // do something else... } }; // ...somewhere else in the code... ((Result*)0)->stat(); This works just fine! It avoids a null pointer dereference by testing for the existence of this, and it does not try to access class members in the else block. So long as these guards are in place, it's legitimate code, right? So the question remains: Is there a practical use case, where one would benefit from using such a construct? I'm especially concerned about the second case, since the first case is more of a workaround for a language limitation. Or is it? PS. Sorry about the C-style casts, unfortunately people still prefer to type less if they can.

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  • Creating a Function in SQL Server with a Phone Number as a parameter and returns a Random Number

    - by Emer
    Hi Guys, I am hoping someone can help me here as google is not being as forthcoming as I would have liked. I am relatively new to SQL Server and so this is the first function I have set myself to do. The outline of the function is that it has a Phone number varchar(15) as a parameter, it checks that this number is a proper number, i.e. it is 8 digits long and contains only numbers. The main character I am trying to avoid is '+'. Good Number = 12345678 Bad Number = +12345678. Once the number is checked I would like to produce a random number for each phone number that is passed in. I have looked at substrings, the like operator, Rand(), left(), Right() in order to search through the number and then produce a random number. I understand that Rand() will produce the same random number unless alterations are done to it but right now it is about actually getting some working code. Any hints on this would be great or even point me towards some more documentation. I have read books online and they haven't helped me, maybe I am not looking in the right places. Here is a snippet of code I was working on the Rand declare @Phone Varchar (15) declare @Counter Varchar (1) declare @NewNumber Varchar(15) set @Phone = '12345678' set @Counter = len(@Phone) while @Counter > 0 begin select case when @Phone like '%[0-9]%' then cast(rand()*100000000 as int) else 'Bad Number' end set @counter = @counter - 1 end return Thanks for the help in advance Emer

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  • Ruby - print the variable name and then its value

    - by tyndall
    What is the best way to write a function (or something DSLish) that will allow me to write this code in Ruby. How would I construct the function write_pair? username = "tyndall" write_pair username # where write_pair username outputs username: tyndall Is it possible to do? Looking for the most simple way to do this.

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  • How do I flatten an associative array into an array with only values in PHP?

    - by aalaap
    I have an array that has keys and values. For eg: Array ( [name] => aalaap [age] => 29 [location] => mumbai ) I want to convert the keys from this into values, but I want the values to apear right after the keys. For eg: Array ( [0] => name [1] => aalaap [2] => age [3] => 29 [4] => location [5] => mumbai ) I can easily write an iteration function that will do this... for eg: array_flatten($arr) { foreach ($arr as $arrkey => $arrval) { $arr_new[] = $arrkey; $arr_new[] = $arrval; } return $arr_new; } ...but I'm trying to find out if there's any way this can be accomplished using array_combine, array_keys, array_values and/or array_merge, preferably in one, so i don't need to use a custom function. Is there?

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  • Why can't I override WP's 'excerpt_more' filter via my child theme functions?

    - by Osu
    I can't seem to get my functions to work for changing the excerpt_more filter of the Twenty Eleven parent theme. I suspect it might actually be add_action( 'after_setup_theme', 'twentyeleven_setup' ); that's the problem, but I've even tried remove_filter( 'excerpt_more', 'twentyeleven_auto_excerpt_more' ) to get rid Twenty Eleven's function and still my functions aren't changing anything... Can you help? Here's the functions.php code in full: http://pastie.org/3758708 Here's the functions I've added to /mychildtheme/functions.php function clientname_continue_reading_link() { return ' <a href="'. esc_url( get_permalink() ) . '">' . __( 'Read more... <span class="meta-nav">&rarr;</span>', 'clientname' ) . '</a>'; } function clientname_auto_excerpt_more( $more ) { return ' &hellip;' . clientname_continue_reading_link(); } add_filter( 'excerpt_more', 'clientname_auto_excerpt_more' ); Thanks, Osu

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  • GQL, Aggregation and Order By

    - by Koran
    Hi, How can GQL support ORDER BY when it does not support aggregation? The question is - if say the result of the query is more than 1000, does ORDER BY return fully ordered list or only the first 1000 items which is then ordered? To explain the question more: is conceptually MIN() same as query.orderby('asc').fetch(1)? If it is properly ordering the list, then how can it not provide COUNT(), since to properly order the list, GQL possibly has to parse through the whole list - in which case, COUNT() is not an issue at all? Or is item indexed and kept in some type of tree so that it does not need to parse it all the time?

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  • Reversible numerical calculations in Prolog

    - by user8472
    While reading SICP I came across logic programming chapter 4.4. Then I started looking into the Prolog programming language and tried to understand some simple assignments in Prolog. I found that Prolog seems to have troubles with numerical calculations. Here is the computation of a factorial in standard Prolog: f(0, 1). f(A, B) :- A > 0, C is A-1, f(C, D), B is A*D. The issues I find is that I need to introduce two auxiliary variables (C and D), a new syntax (is) and that the problem is non-reversible (i.e., f(5,X) works as expected, but f(X,120) does not). Naively, I expect that at the very least C is A-1, f(C, D) above may be replaced by f(A-1,D), but even that does not work. My question is: Why do I need to do this extra "stuff" in numerical calculations but not in other queries? I do understand (and SICP is quite clear about it) that in general information on "what to do" is insufficient to answer the question of "how to do it". So the declarative knowledge in (at least some) math problems is insufficient to actually solve these problems. But that begs the next question: How does this extra "stuff" in Prolog help me to restrict the formulation to just those problems where "what to do" is sufficient to answer "how to do it"?

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  • Java function changing input

    - by Doodle
    I would like to go from one number to another. For example if I started at 6 and my goal was 10 I want a function that on every pass would bring me from 6 towards 10 or if I had the number 14 and my goal was 9 it would count down from 14 towards 9.So far I have (this is written in Processing a Java Api but there is essentially no difference from regualr Java, draw is just a continuous loop) int x=100; void draw(){ x=towards(x,10); println(x); } int towards(int current ,int target){ if(current!=target){ if (current <target){ current=current+1; } else { current=current-1; } } return current; } this gives me the results I would like but I would like to have everything in side of the towards() function. When I replace X with a variable it of course resets it self to the static variable. To sum it up how can I pass a variable to a function and have that variable thats been passed change on every subsequent pass. I have looked into recursion as a solution but that of just brings me to a final solution. I can pass the count to an array but wouldn't like to do that either.

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  • Calling a function that resides in the main page from a plugin?

    - by Justin Lee
    I want to call a function from within plugin, but the function is on the main page and not the plugin's .js file. EDIT I have jQuery parsing a very large XML file and building, subsequently, a large list (1.1 MB HTML file when dynamic content is copied, pasted, then saved) that has expand/collapse functionality through a plugin. The overall performance on IE is super slow and doggy, assuming since the page/DOM is so big. I am currently trying to save the collapsed content in the event.data when it is collapsed and remove it from the DOM, then bring it back when it is told to expand... the issue that I am having is that when I bring the content back, obviously the "click" and "hover" events are gone. I'm trying to re-assign them, currently doing so inside the plugin after the plugin expands the content. The issue then though is that is says the function that I declare within the .click() is not defined. Also the hover event doesn't seem to be re-assigning either.... if ($(event.data.trigger).attr('class').indexOf('collapsed') != -1 ) { // if expanding // console.log(event.data.targetContent); $(event.data.trigger).after(event.data.targetContent); $(event.data.target).hide(); /* This Line --->*/ $(event.data.target + 'a.addButton').click(addResourceToList); $(event.data.target + 'li.resource') .hover( function() { if (!($(this).attr("disabled"))) { $(this).addClass("over"); $(this).find("a").css({'display':'block'}); } }, function () { if (!($(this).attr("disabled"))) { $(this).removeClass("over"); $(this).children("a").css({'display':'none'}); } } ); $(event.data.target).css({ "height": "0px", "padding-top": "0px", "padding-bottom": "0px", "margin-top": "0px", "margin-bottom": "0px"}); $(event.data.target).show(); $(event.data.target).animate({ height: event.data.heightVal + "px", paddingTop: event.data.topPaddingVal + "px", paddingBottom: event.data.bottomPaddingVal + "px", marginTop: event.data.topMarginVal + "px", marginBottom: event.data.bottomMarginVal + "px"}, "normal");//, function(){$(this).hide();}); $(event.data.trigger).removeClass("collapsed"); $.cookies.set('jcollapserSub_' + event.data.target, 'expanded', {hoursToLive: 24 * 365}); } else if ($(event.data.trigger).attr('class').indexOf('collapsed') == -1 ) { // if collapsing $(event.data.target).animate({ height: "0px", paddingTop: "0px", paddingBottom: "0px", marginTop: "0px", marginBottom: "0px"}, "normal", function(){$(this).hide();$(this).remove();}); $(event.data.trigger).addClass("collapsed"); $.cookies.set('jcollapserSub_' + event.data.target, 'collapsed', {hoursToLive: 24 * 365}); } EDIT So, having new eyes truly makes a difference. As I was reviewing the code in this post this morning after being away over the weekend, I found where I had err'd. This: $(event.data.target + 'a.addButton').click(addResourceToList); Should be this (notice the space before a.addbutton): $(event.data.target + ' a.addButton').click(addResourceToList); Same issue with the "li.resource". So it was never pointing to the right elements... Thank you, Rene, for your help!!

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  • Problem passing a reference as a named parameter to a variadic function

    - by Michael Mrozek
    I'm having problems in Visual Studio 2003 with the following: void foo(const char*& str, ...) { va_list args; va_start(args, str); const char* foo; while((foo = va_arg(args, const char*)) != NULL) { printf("%s\n", foo); } } When I call it: const char* one = "one"; foo(one, "two", "three", NULL); I get: Access violation reading location 0xcccccccc on the printf() line -- va_arg() returned 0xcccccccc. I finally discovered it's the first parameter being a reference that breaks it -- if I make it a normal char* everything is fine. It doesn't seem to matter what the type is; being a reference causes it to fail at runtime. Is this a known problem with VS2003, or is there some way in which that's legal behavior? It doesn't happen in GCC; I haven't tested with newer Visual Studios to see if the behavior goes away

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  • What is the naming convention in Python for variable and function names?

    - by Ray Vega
    Coming from a C# background the naming convention for variables and method names are usually either CamelCase or Pascal Case: // C# example string thisIsMyVariable = "a" public void ThisIsMyMethod() In Python, I have seen the above but I have also seen underscores being used: # python example this_is_my_variable = 'a' def this_is_my_function(): Is there a more preferable, definitive coding style for Python?

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  • SQL vs MySQL: Rules about aggregate operations and GROUP BY

    - by Phazyck
    In this book I'm currently reading while following a course on databases, the following example of an illegal query using an aggregate operator is given: Find the name and age of the oldest sailor. Consider the following attempt to answer this query: SELECT S.name, S.age FROM Sailors.S The intent is for this query to return not only the maximum age but also the name of the sailors having that age. However, this query is illegal in SQL--if the SELECT clause uses an aggregate operation, then it must use only aggregate operations unless the query contains a GROUP BY clause! Some time later while doing an exercise using MySQL, I faced a similar problem, and made a mistake similar to the one mentioned. However, MySQL didn't complain and just spit out some tables which later turned out not be what I needed. Is the query above really illegal in SQL, but legal in MySQL, and if so, why is that? In what situation would one need to make such a query?

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  • Autocompletion based on filenames in a directory

    - by Nils Riedemann
    Hi there, I want to have a function in my zsh for faster accessing my todo-files. It should look inside the folder ~/tasks where i put my todo-lists and stuff. Now i want to type task p and when I hit tab, it should use the files in that directory for autocompletition. Can anyone point me some direction? Or share some snippet to work with? Thanks

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  • Question of using static_cast on "this" pointer in a derived object to base class

    - by Johnyy
    Hi, this is an example taken from Effective C++ 3ed, it says that if the static_cast is used this way, the base part of the object is copied, and the call is invoked from that part. I wanted to understand what is happening under the hood, will anyone help? class Window { // base class public: virtual void onResize() { } // base onResize impl }; class SpecialWindow: public Window { // derived class public: virtual void onResize() { // derived onResize impl; static_cast<Window>(*this).onResize(); // cast *this to Window, // then call its onResize; // this doesn't work! // do SpecialWindow- } // specific stuff };

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  • how to use expressons as function parameters in powershell

    - by rmeador
    This is a very simple task in every language I have ever used, but I can't seem to figure it out in PowerShell. An example of what I'm talking about in C: abs(x + y) The expression x + y is evaluated, and the result passed to abs as the parameter... how do I do that in PowerShell? The only way I have figured out so far is to create a temporary variable to store the result of the expression, and pass that. PowerShell seems to have very strange grammar and parsing rules that are constantly catching me by surprise, just like this situation. Does anyone know of documentation or a tutorial that explains the basic underlying theory of the language? I can't believe these are all special cases, there must be some rhyme or reason that no tutorial I have yet read explains. And yes, I've read this question, and all of those tutorials are awful. I've pretty much been relegated to learning from existing code.

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  • Drupal theme preprocess function - primary links and suckerfish menus

    - by slimcady
    I have a preprocess function that works fine when the menu is single level list. However I would like it to work w/ suckerfish menus. I want to add a class to the top level menu item so that I can style it. This is the code I used for the single level menu: function cti_flex_preprocess_page(&$vars, $hook) { // Make a shortcut for the primary links variables $primary_links = $vars['primary_links']; // Loop thru the menu, adding a new class for CSS selectors $i = 1; foreach ($primary_links as $link => $attributes){ // Append the new class to existing classes for each menu item $class = $attributes['attributes']['class'] . " item-$i"; // Add revised classes back to the primary links temp variable $primary_links[$link]['attributes']['class'] = $class; $link['title'] = '<span class="hide">' . check_plain($link['title']) . '</span>'; $i++; } // end the foreach loop // reset the variable to contain the new markup $vars['primary_links'] = $primary_links; } I've been trying to use the menu_tree() function to no avail, for example: function cti_flex_preprocess_page(&$vars, $hook) { // Make a shortcut for the primary links variables $primary_links = $vars['primary_links']; // Loop thru the menu, adding a new class for CSS selectors $i = 1; foreach ($primary_links as $link => $attributes){ // Append the new class to existing classes for each menu item $class = $attributes['attributes']['class'] . " item-$i"; // Add revised classes back to the primary links temp variable $primary_links[$link]['attributes']['class'] = $class; $link['title'] = '<span class="hide">' . check_plain($link['title']) . '</span>'; $i++; } // end the foreach loop // reset the variable to contain the new markup $vars['primary_links_tree'] = menu_tree(variable_get('menu_primary_links_source', '$primary_links')); } Any ideas would be greatly appreciated.

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  • How do I introduce row names to a function in R

    - by Tahnoon Pasha
    Hi I have a utility function I've put together to insert rows into a dataframe below. If I was writing out the formula by hand I would put something like newframe=rbind(oldframe[1:rownum,],row_to_insert=row_to_insert,oldframe[(rownum+1:nrow(oldframe),] to name row_to_insert. Could someone tell me how to do this in a function? Thanks insertrows=function (x, y, rownum) { newframe = rbind(y[1:rownum, ], x, y[(rownum + 1):nrow(y), ]) return(data.frame(newframe)) } MWE of some underlying data added below financials=data.frame(sales=c(100,150,200,250),some.direct.costs=c(25,30,35,40),other.direct.costs=c(15,25,25,35),indirect.costs=c(40,45,45,50)) oldframe=t(financials) colnames(oldframe)=make.names(seq(2000,2003,1)) total.direct.costs=oldframe['some.direct.costs',]+oldframe['other.direct.costs',] newframe=total.direct.costs n=rownum=3 oldframe=insertrows(total.direct.costs=newframe,oldframe,n)

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