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• How to make some functions of a class as private for third level of inheritance.

  - by Shantanu Gupta

  I have created a class say A which has some functions defined as protected. Now Class B inherits A and class C inherits B. Class A has private default constructor and protected parameterized constructor. I want Class B to be able to access all the protected functions defined in Class A but class C can have access on some of the functions only not all the functions and class C is inheriting class B. How can I restrict access to some of the functions of Class A from Class C ? Class A { private A(){} protected A(int ){} protected calc(){} protected allow(){} } Class B : A {} // calc() and allow() should be accessible here CLass C:B { // calc() should not be accessible here but allow() should be accessible here. }

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• calling members of class to another class

  - by Hussain

  hii every one I m using Applets i ve three classes ie three applets and I need some members(variables) of one class into another class when i m trying to access variables from one class to another class by creating of object of called class in to calling class then it doesnt give wright output it access those variables but gives null or zero values

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• Having a base class function depend on its child class C#

  - by Junk Junk

  I have a Base class with a method that a child class will almost always override. However, instead of replacing the base class' method entirely, I would like for whatever is derived in the child class to be added to what is already in the base class. For Example: class BaseClass public string str() { var string = "Hello my name is" ; } class ChildClass : BaseClass public override string str(){ var string = "Sam"; } The point is that if I want to access the str() method by creating an instance of the ChildClass, the string will print out as "Hello, my name is Sam". I've been looking around and all I have been finding is that this should NOT happen, as the base class shouldn't even know that it is being inherited. So, if the design is false, how would I go about doing this? Keep in mind that there will be multiple child classes inheriting from BaseClass. Thank you

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• choose the best class if 2 class have same P (c|d), naive bayes

  - by ryandi

  Hello I have some question about naive bayes classifier . In my project I have to classify a text into a class from 4 available class. In naive bayes we have formula like cmap=argmax.P(d|c).P(c) I have standarize the amount of training document of each class, so I got a same P(c) value for each class (0.25). Here's my question: What if a testing document token doesn't have any token which belong to any of those 4 class(in document training)? Resulted to all of the class have same value of P(d|c).P(c). Which class should i pick? What if the token exist, and 2 class or more have same value of P(d|c).P(c) what should I do? Thank you..

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• defining information out of class

  - by calccrypto

  is there a way to define a value within a class in the __init__ part, send it to some variable outside of the class without calling another function within the class? like class c: def __init__(self, a): self.a = a b = 4 # do something like this so that outside of class c, # b is set to 4 automatically when i use class c def function(self): ... # whatever. this doesnt matter i have multiple classes that have different values for b. i could just make a list that tells the computer to change b, but i would rather set b within each class

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• Use of base class object by child class referece - java

  - by JavaUser

  Hi, What is the use of creating base class object using child class reference in Java

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• Class Method not working in objective c

  - by byteSlayer

  In my code I have a class called 'ProfileShareViewController', In which I have imported another class I have created called 'OwnProfileData', And I have also created an Instance of that class (class = OwnProfileData) as a property Of 'ProfileShareViewController' and synthesized it (instance called 'OwnProfile'). In another class I have called 'EditProfileViewController', I have imported the 'ProfileShareViewController', and now I am trying to change a property of the OwnProfile object from the ProfileShareViewController within the EditProfileViewController class. For some reason that doesn't work. I have Tried typing: [[ProfileShareViewController ownProfile] setName:@"Ido"]; (The property I am trying to set is Name, and as it is synthesized in OwnProfileData, I am using 'setName'). This doesn't work and I get the warning: "No known class method for selector 'ownMethod'. Any Idea as for why that might happen and how I can fix this? Thanks for your comments! Any support is highly appreciated!

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• Should all public methods in an abstract class be marked virtual?

  - by Justin Pihony

  I recently had to update an abstract base class on some OSS that I was using so that it was more testable by making them virtual (I could not use an interface as it combined two). This got me thinking whether I should mark all of the methods that I needed virtual, or if I should mark every public method/property virtual. I generally agree with Roy Osherove that every method should be made virtual, but I came across this article that got me thinking about whether this was necessary or not. I am going to limit this down to abstract classes for simplicity, however (whether all concrete public methods should be virtual is especially debatable, I am sure). I could see where you might want to allow a sub-class to use a method, but not want it overriding the implementation. However, as long as you trust that Liskov's Substitution Principle will be followed, then why would you not allow it to be overriden? By marking it abstract, you are forcing a certain override anyway, so, it seems to me that all public methods inside of an abstract class should indeed be marked virtual. However, I wanted to ask in case there was something I might not be thinking. Should all public methods within an abstract class be made virtual?

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• Significant amount of the time, I can't think of a reason to have an object instead of a static class. Do objects have more benefits than I think?

  - by Prog

  I understand the concept of an object, and as a Java programmer I feel the OO paradigm comes rather naturally to me in practice. However recently I found myself thinking: Wait a second, what are actually the practical benefits of using an object over using a static class (with proper encapsulation and OO practices)? I could think of two benefits of using an object (both significant and powerful): Polymorphism: allows you to swap functionality dynamically and flexibly during runtime. Also allows to add new functionality 'parts' and alternatives to the system easily. For example if there's a Car class designed to work with Engine objects, and you want to add a new Engine to the system that the Car can use, you can create a new Engine subclass and simply pass an object of this class into the Car object, without having to change anything about Car. And you can decide to do so during runtime. Being able to 'pass functionality around': you can pass an object around the system dynamically. But are there any more advantages to objects over static classes? Often when I add new 'parts' to a system, I do so by creating a new class and instantiating objects from it. But recently when I stopped and thought about it, I realized that a static class would do just the same as an object, in a lot of the places where I normally use an object. For example, I'm working on adding a save/load-file mechanism to my app. With an object, the calling line of code will look like this: Thing thing = fileLoader.load(file); With a static class, it would look like this: Thing thing = FileLoader.load(file); What's the difference? Fairly often I just can't think of a reason to instantiate an object when a plain-old static-class would act just the same. But in OO systems, static classes are fairly rare. So I must be missing something. Are there any more advantages to objects other from the two that I listed? Please explain.

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• Is there a good design pattern for this messaging class?

  - by salonMonsters

  Is there a good design pattern for this? I want to create a messaging class. The class will be passed: the type of message (eg. signup, signup confirmation, password reminder etc) the client's id The class needs to then look up the client's messaging preferences in the db (whether they want communication by email, sms or both) Then depending on the client's preference it will format the message for the medium (short version for sms, long form for email) and send it through our mail or sms provider's API. Because the fact that we want to be able to change out email and sms providers if need be I wondered if the Command Pattern would be a good choice.

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• Visibility of nester class constructor

  - by user295502

  Is there a way to limit the instantiation of the nested class in C#? I want to prevent nested class being instantiated from any other class except the nesting class, but to allow full access to the nested class from other code.

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• access exception when invoking method of an anonymous class using java reflection

  - by Asaf David

  Hello I'm trying to use an event dispatcher to allow a model to notify subscribed listeners when it changes. the event dispatcher receives a handler class and a method name to call during dispatch. the presenter subscribes to the model changes and provide a Handler implementation to be called on changes. Here's the code (I'm sorry it's a bit long). EventDispacther: package utils; public class EventDispatcher<T> { List<T> listeners; private String methodName; public EventDispatcher(String methodName) { listeners = new ArrayList<T>(); this.methodName = methodName; } public void add(T listener) { listeners.add(listener); } public void dispatch() { for (T listener : listeners) { try { Method method = listener.getClass().getMethod(methodName); method.invoke(listener); } catch (Exception e) { System.out.println(e.getMessage()); } } } } Model: package model; public class Model { private EventDispatcher<ModelChangedHandler> dispatcher; public Model() { dispatcher = new EventDispatcher<ModelChangedHandler>("modelChanged"); } public void whenModelChange(ModelChangedHandler handler) { dispatcher.add(handler); } public void change() { dispatcher.dispatch(); } } ModelChangedHandler: package model; public interface ModelChangedHandler { void modelChanged(); } Presenter: package presenter; public class Presenter { private final Model model; public Presenter(Model model) { this.model = model; this.model.whenModelChange(new ModelChangedHandler() { @Override public void modelChanged() { System.out.println("model changed"); } }); } } Main: package main; public class Main { public static void main(String[] args) { Model model = new Model(); Presenter presenter = new Presenter(model); model.change(); } } Now, I except to get the "model changed" message. However, I'm getting an java.lang.IllegalAccessException: Class utils.EventDispatcher can not access a member of class presenter.Presenter$1 with modifiers "public". I understand that the class to blame is the anonymous class i created inside the presenter, however I don't know how to make it any more 'public' than it currently is. If i replace it with a named nested class it seem to work. It also works if the Presenter and the EventDispatcher are in the same package, but I can't allow that (several presenters in different packages should use the EventDispatcher) any ideas?

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• Cocoa class not displaying data in NSWindow

  - by Matt S.

  I have one class that controls one window, and another class that controls a different window in the same xib, however, the second window never displays what it should. In the first class I alloc and init the second class, then pass some information to it. In the second class it displays that data in the table view. Yes, in the .xib I have all the connections set up correctly, I've quadruple checked. Also the code is correct, same with the connections, I've quadruple checked.

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• PHP object class variable

  - by mck89

  I have built a class in PHP and I must declare a class variable as an object. Everytime I want to declare an empty object I use: $var=new stdClass; But if I use it to declare a class variable as class foo { var $bar=new stdClass; } a parse error occurs. Is there a way to do this or must I declare the class variable as an object in the constructor function? PS: I'm using PHP 4.

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• Problem with OOP Class Definitions

  - by oben

  Hi, this is Oben from Turkey. I work for my homework in C++ and i have some problems with multiply definitions. My graph class ; class Graph{ private: string name; //Graph name fstream* graphFile; //Graph's file protected: string opBuf; //Operations buffer int containsNode(string); //Query if a node is present Node* nodes; //Nodes in the graph int nofNodes; //Number of nodes in the graph public: static int nOfGraphs; //Number of graphs produced Graph(); //Constructors and destructor Graph(int); Graph(string); Graph(const Graph &); ~Graph(); string getGraphName(); //Get graph name bool addNode(string); //add a node to the graph bool deleteNode(string); //delete a node from the graph bool addEdge(string,string); //add an edge to the graph bool deleteEdge(string,string); //delete an edge from the graph void intersect(const Graph&); //intersect the graph with the <par> void unite(const Graph&); //intersect the graph with the <par> string toString(); //get string representation of the graph void acceptTraverse(BreadthFirst*); void acceptTraverse(DepthFirst *); }; and my traversal class; class Traversal { public: string *visitedNodes; virtual string traverse (const Graph & ); }; class BreadthFirst : public Traversal { public : BreadthFirst(); string traverse(); }; class DepthFirst : public Traversal { public : DepthFirst(); string traverse(); }; My problem is in traversal class , i need to declare Graph class at the same time , in graph class i need traversal class to declare. I have big problems with declerations :) Could you please help me ?

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• Difference between abstract class and interface

  - by nectar

  A class implementing an interface has to implement all the methods of the interface, but if that class is implementing an abctract class is it necessary to implement all abstract methods? If not, can we create the object of that class which is implementing the Abstract class???

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• Using java abstract class

  - by user969131

  In my UI project, I have few screens that share the same header style only the text is specific to the screens. What will be a good way to implement this? Have the super class create all the header component and open the components to the sub class, the sub class will access to component's setText method to update the text? or Have abstract method in super class to create the components, sub class will implement these methods to create the component. Hope it make sense..

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• Create a new instance in a static function of an abstract class

  - by arno

  abstract class db_table { static function get_all_rows() { ... while(...) { $rows[] = new self(); ... } return $rows; } } class user extends db_table { } $rows = user::get_all_rows(); I want to create instances of a class from a static method defined in the abstract parent class but PHP tells me "Fatal error: Cannot instantiate abstract class ..." How should I implement it correctly?

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• How to determine which inheriting class is using an abstract class' methods.

  - by Kin

  In my console application have an abstract Factory class "Listener" which contains code for listening and accepting connections, and spawning client classes. This class is inherited by two more classes (WorldListener, and MasterListener) that contain more protocol specific overrides and functions. I also have a helper class (ConsoleWrapper) which encapsulates and extends System.Console, containing methods for writing to console info on what is happening to instances of the WorldListener and MasterListener. I need a way to determine in the abstract ListenerClass which Inheriting class is calling its methods. Any help with this problem would be greatly appreciated! I am stumped :X Simplified example of what I am trying to do. abstract class Listener { public void DoSomething() { if(inheriting class == WorldListener) ConsoleWrapper.WorldWrite("Did something!"); if(inheriting class == MasterListener) ConsoleWrapper.MasterWrite("Did something!"); } } public static ConsoleWrapper { public void WorldWrite(string input) { System.Console.WriteLine("[World] {0}", input); } } public class WorldListener : Listener { public void DoSomethingSpecific() { ConsoleWrapper.WorldWrite("I did something specific!"); } } public void Main() { new WorldListener(); new MasterListener(); } Expected output [World] Did something! [World] I did something specific! [Master] Did something! [World] I did something specific!

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• Cannot access Class methods from previous windows form - C#

  - by George

  I am writing an app, still, where I need to test some devices every minute for 30 minutes. It made sense to use a timer set to kick off every 60 secs and do whats required in the event handler. However, I need the app to wait for the 30 mins until I have finished with the timer since the following code alters the state of the devices I am trying to monitor. I obviously don't want to use any form of loop to do this. I thought of using another windows form, since I also display the progress, which will simply kick off the timer and wait until its complete. The problem I am having with this is that I use a device Class and cant seem to get access to the methods in the device class from the 2nd (3rd actually - see below) windows form. I have an initial windows form where I get input from the user, then call the 2nd windows form where it work out which tests need to be done and which device classes need to be used, and then I want to call the 3rd windows form to handle the timer. I will have up to 6-7 device classes and so wanted to only instantiate them when actually requiring them, from the 2nd form. Should I have put this logic into the 1st windows form (program class ??) ? Would I not still have the problem of not being able to access device class methods from there too ? Anyway, perhaps someone knows of a better way to do the checks every minute without the rest of the code executing (and changing the status of the devices) or how I should be accessing the methods in the app ?? Well that's the problem, I cant get that part of it to work correctly. Here is the definition for the calling form including the device class - namespace NdtStart { public partial class fclsNDTCalib : Form { NDTClass NDT = new NDTClass(); public fclsNDTCalib() (new fclsNDTTicker(NDT)).ShowDialog(); Here is the class def for the called form - namespace NdtStart { public partial class fclsNDTTicker : Form { public fclsNDTTicker() I tried lots but couldn't get the arguments to work.

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• How to determine which inheriting class is using an abstract class's methods.

  - by Kin

  In my console application have an abstract Factory class "Listener" which contains code for listening and accepting connections, and spawning client classes. This class is inherited by two more classes (WorldListener, and MasterListener) that contain more protocol specific overrides and functions. I also have a helper class (ConsoleWrapper) which encapsulates and extends System.Console, containing methods for writing to console info on what is happening to instances of the WorldListener and MasterListener. I need a way to determine in the abstract ListenerClass which Inheriting class is calling its methods. Any help with this problem would be greatly appreciated! I am stumped :X Simplified example of what I am trying to do. abstract class Listener { public void DoSomething() { if(inheriting class == WorldListener) ConsoleWrapper.WorldWrite("Did something!"); if(inheriting class == MasterListener) ConsoleWrapper.MasterWrite("Did something!"); } } public static ConsoleWrapper { public void WorldWrite(string input) { System.Console.WriteLine("[World] {0}", input); } } public class WorldListener : Listener { public void DoSomethingSpecific() { ConsoleWrapper.WorldWrite("I did something specific!"); } } public void Main() { new WorldListener(); new MasterListener(); } Expected output [World] Did something! [World] I did something specific! [Master] Did something! [World] I did something specific!

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• Jquery adding and removing class dynamically

  - by user244394

  I am trying to add the class"selected" when a link is clicked and when the user click on the next link , I want to remove the previously "selected" class and add "selected" to the link clicked.. -Thanks in advance $(document).ready(function() { $('.news a').click(function(){ $(this).addClass("selected"); }); }); <div class="news-w"> <div class="news" id="getnews-1"> <a href="#" >topic</a> </div> <div class="news" id="getnews-2"> <a href="#">topic</a> </div> <div class="news" id="getnews-3"> <a href="#" >topic</a> </div> <div class="news" id="getnews-4"> <a href="#">topic</a> </div> <div class="news" id="getnews-5"> <a href="#">topic</a> </div> </div>

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• Remove second class from an element and add another class

  - by rahul

  Hi, $(document).ready ( function () { $(".MenuItem").mouseover ( function () { // Remove second class and add another class [ Maintain MenuItem class ] // Eg: For div1 remove Sprite1 and then add Sprite1Dis and for div2 // remove Sprite2 and add Spprite2Dis }); $(".MenuItem").mouseout ( function () { // Reverse of mouseover. ie Remove Sprite1Dis and add Sprite1 }); }); <div id="div1" class="MenuItem Sprite1"> &nbsp; </div> <div id="div2" class="MenuItem Sprite2"> &nbsp; </div> <div id="div3" class="MenuItem Sprite3"> &nbsp; </div> <div id="div4" class="MenuItem Sprite4"> &nbsp; </div> <div id="div5" class="MenuItem Sprite5"> &nbsp; </div> <div id="div6" class="MenuItem Sprite6"> &nbsp; </div> My problem is listed as comment inside the code section. What will be the easiest way to achieve this? Thanks in advance

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• Which is better: many class definitions in the same file or every class definition in a separate file?

  - by Javed Akram

  Which is better: many class definitions in same file or every class definition in separate file? Examples: 1) Many classes in same file. Say, myManyClasses.cs: namespace myPack { class myClass1() { } class myClass2() { } class myClass3() { } . . . } 2) Every class in separate file: myClass1.cs namespace myPack { class myClass1() { } } myClass2.cs namespace myPack { class myClass2() { } } . . .

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• Using Lazy<T> and abstract wrapper class to lazy-load complex system parameters

  - by DigiMortal

  .NET Framework 4.0 introduced new class called Lazy<T> and I wrote blog post about it: .Net Framework 4.0: Using System.Lazy<T>. One thing is annoying for me – we have to keep lazy loaded value and its value loader as separate things. In this posting I will introduce you my Lazy<T> wrapper for complex to get system parameters that uses template method to keep lazy value loader in parameter class. Problem with original implementation Here’s the sample code that shows you how Lazy<T> is usually used. This is just sample code, don’t focus on the fact that this is dummy console application. class Program {     static void Main(string[] args)     {         var temperature = new Lazy<int>(LoadMinimalTemperature);           Console.WriteLine("Minimal room temperature: " + temperature.Value);         Console.ReadLine();     }       protected static int LoadMinimalTemperature()     {         var returnValue = 0;           // Do complex stuff here           return true;     } } The problem is that our class with many lazy loaded properties will grow messy if it has all value loading code inside it. This code may be complex for more than one parameter and in this case it is better to use separate class for this parameter. Defining base class for parameters As a first step I will define base class for all lazy-loaded parameters. This class is wrapper around Lazy<T> and it also offers one template method that parameter classes have to override to provide loaded data. public abstract class LazyParameter<T> {     private Lazy<T> _lazyParam;       public LazyParameter()     {         _lazyParam = new Lazy<T>(Load);     }       protected abstract T Load();       public T Value     {         get { return _lazyParam.Value; }     } } It is also possible to extend Lazy<T> but I don’t prefer to do it as Lazy<T> has six constructors we have to take care of. Also I don’t like to expose Lazy<T> public interface to users of my parameter classes. Creating parameter class Now it’s time to create our first parameter class. Notice how few stuff we have in this class besides overridden Load() method. public class MinimalRoomTemperature : LazyParameter<int> {     protected override int Load()     {         var returnValue = 0;           // Do complex stuff here           return returnValue;     } } Using parameter class is simple. Here’s my test code. class Program {     static void Main(string[] args)     {         var parameter = new MinimalRoomTemperature();         Console.WriteLine("Minimal room temperature: " + parameter.Value);         Console.ReadLine();     } } Conclusion Lazy<T> is useful class that you usually don’t want to use outside from API-s. I like this class but I don’t like when people are using this class directly in application code. In this posting I showed you how to use Lazy<T> with wrapper class to get complex parameter loading code out from classes that use this parameter. We ended up with generic base class for parameters that you can also use as base for other similar classes (you have to find better name to base class in this case).

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