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  • How to make some functions of a class as private for third level of inheritance.

    - by Shantanu Gupta
    I have created a class say A which has some functions defined as protected. Now Class B inherits A and class C inherits B. Class A has private default constructor and protected parameterized constructor. I want Class B to be able to access all the protected functions defined in Class A but class C can have access on some of the functions only not all the functions and class C is inheriting class B. How can I restrict access to some of the functions of Class A from Class C ? Class A { private A(){} protected A(int ){} protected calc(){} protected allow(){} } Class B : A {} // calc() and allow() should be accessible here CLass C:B { // calc() should not be accessible here but allow() should be accessible here. }

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  • A pragmatic view on private vs public

    - by Denis Gorbachev
    Hello everybody! I've always wondered on the topic of public, protected and private properties. My memory can easily recall times when I had to hack somebody's code, and having the hacked-upon class variables declared as private was always upsetting. Also, there were (more) times I've written a class myself, and had never recognized any potential gain of privatizing the property. I should note here that using public vars is not in my habit: I adhere to the principles of OOP by utilizing getters and setters. So, what's the whole point in these restrictions?

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  • Help with abstract class in Java with private variable of type List<E>

    - by Nazgulled
    Hi, It's been two years since I last coded something in Java so my coding skills are bit rusty. I need to save data (an user profile) in different data structures, ArrayList and LinkedList, and they both come from List. I want to avoid code duplication where I can and I also want to follow good Java practices. For that, I'm trying to create an abstract class where the private variables will be of type List<E> and then create 2 sub-classes depending on the type of variable. Thing is, I don't know if I'm doing this correctly, you can take a look at my code: Class: DBList import java.util.List; public abstract class DBList { private List<UserProfile> listName; private List<UserProfile> listSSN; public List<UserProfile> getListName() { return this.listName; } public List<UserProfile> getListSSN() { return this.listSSN; } public void setListName(List<UserProfile> listName) { this.listName = listName; } public void setListSSN(List<UserProfile> listSSN) { this.listSSN = listSSN; } } Class: DBListArray import java.util.ArrayList; public class DBListArray extends DBList { public DBListArray() { super.setListName(new ArrayList<UserProfile>()); super.setListSSN(new ArrayList<UserProfile>()); } public DBListArray(ArrayList<UserProfile> listName, ArrayList<UserProfile> listSSN) { super.setListName(listName); super.setListSSN(listSSN); } public DBListArray(DBListArray dbListArray) { super.setListName(dbListArray.getListName()); super.setListSSN(dbListArray.getListSSN()); } } Class: DBListLinked import java.util.LinkedList; public class DBListLinked extends DBList { public DBListLinked() { super.setListName(new LinkedList<UserProfile>()); super.setListSSN(new LinkedList<UserProfile>()); } public DBListLinked(LinkedList<UserProfile> listName, LinkedList<UserProfile> listSSN) { super.setListName(listName); super.setListSSN(listSSN); } public DBListLinked(DBListLinked dbListLinked) { super.setListName(dbListLinked.getListName()); super.setListSSN(dbListLinked.getListSSN()); } } 1) Does any of this make any sense? What am I doing wrong? Do you have any recommendations? 2) It would make more sense for me to have the constructors in DBList and calling them (with super()) in the subclasses but I can't do that because I can't initialize a variable with new List<E>(). 3) I was thought to do deep copies whenever possible and for that I always override the clone() method of my classes and code it accordingly. But those classes never had any lists, sets or maps on them, they only had strings, ints, floats. How do I do deep copies in this situation?

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  • delegating into private parts

    - by FredOverflow
    Sometimes, C++'s notion of privacy just baffles me :-) class Foo { struct Bar; Bar* p; public: Bar* operator->() const { return p; } }; struct Foo::Bar { void baz() { std::cout << "inside baz\n"; } }; int main() { Foo::Bar b; // error: 'struct Foo::Bar' is private within this context Foo f; f->baz(); // fine } Since Foo::Bar is private, I cannot declare b in main. Yet I can call methods from Foo::Bar just fine. Why the hell is this allowed? Was that an accident or by design?

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  • Why do pure virtual base classes get direct access to static data members while derived instances do

    - by Shamster
    I've created a simple pair of classes. One is pure virtual with a static data member, and the other is derived from the base, as follows: #include <iostream> template <class T> class Base { public: Base (const T _member) { member = _member; } static T member; virtual void Print () const = 0; }; template <class T> T Base<T>::member; template <class T> void Base<T>::Print () const { std::cout << "Base: " << member << std::endl; } template <class T> class Derived : public Base<T> { public: Derived (const T _member) : Base<T>(_member) { } virtual void Print () const { std::cout << "Derived: " << this->member << std::endl; } }; I've found from this relationship that when I need access to the static data member in the base class, I can call it with direct access as if it were a regular, non-static class member. i.e. - the Base::Print() method does not require a this- modifier. However, the derived class does require the this-member indirect access syntax. I don't understand why this is. Both class methods are accessing the same static data, so why does the derived class need further specification? A simple call to test it is: int main () { Derived<double> dd (7.0); dd.Print(); return 0; } which prints the expected "Derived: 7"

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  • .NET Properties - Use Private Set or ReadOnly Property?

    - by tgxiii
    In what situation should I use a Private Set on a property versus making it a ReadOnly property? Take into consideration the two very simplistic examples below. First example: Public Class Person Private _name As String Public Property Name As String Get Return _name End Get Private Set(ByVal value As String) _name = value End Set End Property Public Sub WorkOnName() Dim txtInfo As TextInfo = _ Threading.Thread.CurrentThread.CurrentCulture.TextInfo Me.Name = txtInfo.ToTitleCase(Me.Name) End Sub End Class // ---------- public class Person { private string _name; public string Name { get { return _name; } private set { _name = value; } } public void WorkOnName() { TextInfo txtInfo = System.Threading.Thread.CurrentThread.CurrentCulture.TextInfo; this.Name = txtInfo.ToTitleCase(this.Name); } } Second example: Public Class AnotherPerson Private _name As String Public ReadOnly Property Name As String Get Return _name End Get End Property Public Sub WorkOnName() Dim txtInfo As TextInfo = _ Threading.Thread.CurrentThread.CurrentCulture.TextInfo _name = txtInfo.ToTitleCase(_name) End Sub End Class // --------------- public class AnotherPerson { private string _name; public string Name { get { return _name; } } public void WorkOnName() { TextInfo txtInfo = System.Threading.Thread.CurrentThread.CurrentCulture.TextInfo; _name = txtInfo.ToTitleCase(_name); } } They both yield the same results. Is this a situation where there's no right and wrong, and it's just a matter of preference?

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  • Class Plugins in PHP?

    - by YuriKolovsky
    i just got some more questions while learning PHP, does php implement any built in plugin system? so the plugin would be able to change the behavior of the core component. for example something like this works: include 'core.class.php'; include 'plugin1.class.php'; include 'plugin2.class.php'; new plugin2; where core.class.php contains class core { public function coremethod1(){ echo 'coremethod1'; } public function coremethod2(){ echo 'coremethod2'; } } plugin1.class.php contains class plugin1 extends core { public function coremethod1(){ echo 'plugin1method1'; } } plugin2.class.php contains class plugin2 extends plugin1 { public function coremethod2(){ echo 'plugin2method2'; } } This would be ideal, if not for the problem that now the plugins are dependable on each other, and removing one of the plugins: include 'core.class.php'; //include 'plugin1.class.php'; include 'plugin2.class.php'; new plugin2; breaks the whole thing... are there any proper methods to doing this? if there are not, them i might consider moving to a different langauge that supports this... thanks for any help.

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  • Interface vs Abstract Class (general OO)

    - by Kave
    Hi, I have had recently two telephone interviews where I've been asked about the differences between an Interface and an Abstract class. I have explained every aspect of them I could think of, but it seems they are waiting for me to mention something specific, and I dont know what it is. From my experience I think the following is true, if i am missing a major point please let me know: Interface: Every single Method declared in an Interface will have to be implemented in the subclass. Only Events, Delegates, Properties (C#) and Methods can exist in a Interface. A class can implement multiple Interfaces. Abstract Class Only Abstract methods have to be implemented by the subclass. An Abstract class can have normal methods with implementations. Abstract class can also have class variables beside Events, Delegates, Properties and Methods. A class can only implement one abstract class only due non-existence of Multi-inheritance in C#. 1) After all that the interviewer came up with the question What if you had an Abstract class with only abstract methods, how would that be different from an interface? I didnt know the answer but I think its the inheritance as mentioned above right? 2) An another interviewer asked me what if you had a Public variable inside the interface, how would that be different than in Abstract Class? I insisted you can't have a public variable inside an interface. I didn't know what he wanted to hear but he wasn't satisfied either. Many Thanks for clarification, Kave See Also: When to use an interface instead of an abstract class and vice versa Interfaces vs. Abstract Classes How do you decide between using an Abstract Class and an Interface?

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  • (C#) iterate over read-only private collection member

    - by DGH
    I have a class which has two HashSet collections as private members. Other classes in my code would like to be able to iterate over those HashSets and read their contents. I don't want to write a standard getter because another class could still do something like myClass.getHashSet().Clear(); Is there any other way to expose the elements of my HashSets to iteration without exposing the reference to the HashSet itself? I'd love to be able to do this in a way that is compatible with for-each loops.

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  • C# Reflection - Casting private Object field

    - by alhazen
    I have the following classes: public class MyEventArgs : EventArgs { public object State; public MyEventArgs (object state) { this.State = state; } } public class MyClass { // ... public List<string> ErrorMessages { get { return errorMessages; } } } When I raise my event, I set 'State' of the MyEventArgs object to an object of type MyClass. I'm trying to retrieve ErrorMessages by reflection in my event handler: public static void OnEventEnded(object sender, EventArgs args) { Type type = args.GetType(); FieldInfo stateInfo = type.GetField("State"); PropertyInfo errorMessagesInfo = stateInfo.FieldType.GetProperty("ErrorMessages"); object errorMessages = errorMessagesInfo.GetValue(null, null); } But this returns errorMessagesInfo as null (even though stateInfo is not null). Is it possible to retrieve ErrorMessages ? Thank you

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  • Class Mapping Error: 'T' must be a non-abstract type with a public parameterless constructor

    - by Amit Ranjan
    Hi, While mapping class i am getting error 'T' must be a non-abstract type with a public parameterless constructor in order to use it as parameter 'T' in the generic type or method. Below is my SqlReaderBase Class public abstract class SqlReaderBase<T> : ConnectionProvider { #region Abstract Methods protected abstract string commandText { get; } protected abstract CommandType commandType { get; } protected abstract Collection<IDataParameter> GetParameters(IDbCommand command); **protected abstract MapperBase<T> GetMapper();** #endregion #region Non Abstract Methods /// <summary> /// Method to Execute Select Queries for Retrieveing List of Result /// </summary> /// <returns></returns> public Collection<T> ExecuteReader() { //Collection of Type on which Template is applied Collection<T> collection = new Collection<T>(); // initializing connection using (IDbConnection connection = GetConnection()) { try { // creates command for sql operations IDbCommand command = connection.CreateCommand(); // assign connection to command command.Connection = connection; // assign query command.CommandText = commandText; //state what type of query is used, text, table or Sp command.CommandType = commandType; // retrieves parameter from IDataParameter Collection and assigns it to command object foreach (IDataParameter param in GetParameters(command)) command.Parameters.Add(param); // Establishes connection with database server connection.Open(); // Since it is designed for executing Select statements that will return a list of results // so we will call command's execute reader method that return a Forward Only reader with // list of results inside. using (IDataReader reader = command.ExecuteReader()) { try { // Call to Mapper Class of the template to map the data to its // respective fields MapperBase<T> mapper = GetMapper(); collection = mapper.MapAll(reader); } catch (Exception ex) // catch exception { throw ex; // log errr } finally { reader.Close(); reader.Dispose(); } } } catch (Exception ex) { throw ex; } finally { connection.Close(); connection.Dispose(); } } return collection; } #endregion } What I am trying to do is , I am executine some command and filling my class dynamically. The class is given below: namespace FooZo.Core { public class Restaurant { #region Private Member Variables private int _restaurantId = 0; private string _email = string.Empty; private string _website = string.Empty; private string _name = string.Empty; private string _address = string.Empty; private string _phone = string.Empty; private bool _hasMenu = false; private string _menuImagePath = string.Empty; private int _cuisine = 0; private bool _hasBar = false; private bool _hasHomeDelivery = false; private bool _hasDineIn = false; private int _type = 0; private string _restaurantImagePath = string.Empty; private string _serviceAvailableTill = string.Empty; private string _serviceAvailableFrom = string.Empty; public string Name { get { return _name; } set { _name = value; } } public string Address { get { return _address; } set { _address = value; } } public int RestaurantId { get { return _restaurantId; } set { _restaurantId = value; } } public string Website { get { return _website; } set { _website = value; } } public string Email { get { return _email; } set { _email = value; } } public string Phone { get { return _phone; } set { _phone = value; } } public bool HasMenu { get { return _hasMenu; } set { _hasMenu = value; } } public string MenuImagePath { get { return _menuImagePath; } set { _menuImagePath = value; } } public string RestaurantImagePath { get { return _restaurantImagePath; } set { _restaurantImagePath = value; } } public int Type { get { return _type; } set { _type = value; } } public int Cuisine { get { return _cuisine; } set { _cuisine = value; } } public bool HasBar { get { return _hasBar; } set { _hasBar = value; } } public bool HasHomeDelivery { get { return _hasHomeDelivery; } set { _hasHomeDelivery = value; } } public bool HasDineIn { get { return _hasDineIn; } set { _hasDineIn = value; } } public string ServiceAvailableFrom { get { return _serviceAvailableFrom; } set { _serviceAvailableFrom = value; } } public string ServiceAvailableTill { get { return _serviceAvailableTill; } set { _serviceAvailableTill = value; } } #endregion public Restaurant() { } } } For filling my class properties dynamically i have another class called MapperBase Class with following methods: public abstract class MapperBase<T> where T : new() { protected T Map(IDataRecord record) { T instance = new T(); string fieldName; PropertyInfo[] properties = typeof(T).GetProperties(); for (int i = 0; i < record.FieldCount; i++) { fieldName = record.GetName(i); foreach (PropertyInfo property in properties) { if (property.Name == fieldName) { property.SetValue(instance, record[i], null); } } } return instance; } public Collection<T> MapAll(IDataReader reader) { Collection<T> collection = new Collection<T>(); while (reader.Read()) { collection.Add(Map(reader)); } return collection; } } There is another class which inherits the SqlreaderBaseClass called DefaultSearch. Code is below public class DefaultSearch: SqlReaderBase<Restaurant> { protected override string commandText { get { return "Select Name from vw_Restaurants"; } } protected override CommandType commandType { get { return CommandType.Text; } } protected override Collection<IDataParameter> GetParameters(IDbCommand command) { Collection<IDataParameter> parameters = new Collection<IDataParameter>(); parameters.Clear(); return parameters; } protected override MapperBase<Restaurant> GetMapper() { MapperBase<Restaurant> mapper = new RMapper(); return mapper; } } But whenever I tried to build , I am getting error 'T' must be a non-abstract type with a public parameterless constructor in order to use it as parameter 'T' in the generic type or method. Even T here is Restaurant has a Parameterless Public constructor.

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  • PHP Access property of a class from within a class instantiated in the original class.

    - by Iain
    I'm not certain how to explain this with the correct terms so maybe an example is the best method... $master = new MasterClass(); $master->doStuff(); class MasterClass { var $a; var $b; var $c; var $eventProccer; function MasterClass() { $this->a = 1; $this->eventProccer = new EventProcess(); } function printCurrent() { echo '<br>'.$this->a.'<br>'; } function doStuff() { $this->printCurrent(); $this->eventProccer->DoSomething(); $this->printCurrent(); } } class EventProcess { function EventProcess() {} function DoSomething() { // trying to access and change the parent class' a,b,c properties } } My problem is i'm not certain how to access the properties of the MasterClass from within the EventProcess-DoSomething() method? I would need to access, perform operations on and update the properties. The a,b,c properties will be quite large arrays and the DoSomething() method would be called many times during the execuction of the script. Any help or pointers would be much appreciated :)

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  • DataAnnotation attributes buddy class strangeness - ASP.NET MVC

    - by JK
    Given this POCO class that was automatically generated by an EntityFramework T4 template (has not and can not be manually edited in any way): public partial class Customer { [Required] [StringLength(20, ErrorMessage = "Customer Number - Please enter no more than 20 characters.")] [DisplayName("Customer Number")] public virtual string CustomerNumber { get;set; } [Required] [StringLength(10, ErrorMessage = "ACNumber - Please enter no more than 10 characters.")] [DisplayName("ACNumber")] public virtual string ACNumber{ get;set; } } Note that "ACNumber" is a badly named database field, so the autogenerator is unable to generate the correct display name and error message which should be "Account Number". So we manually create this buddy class to add custom attributes that could not be automatically generated: [MetadataType(typeof(CustomerAnnotations))] public partial class Customer { } public class CustomerAnnotations { [NumberCode] // This line does not work public virtual string CustomerNumber { get;set; } [StringLength(10, ErrorMessage = "Account Number - Please enter no more than 10 characters.")] [DisplayName("Account Number")] public virtual string ACNumber { get;set; } } Where [NumberCode] is a simple regex based attribute that allows only digits and hyphens: [AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Property)] public class NumberCodeAttribute: RegularExpressionAttribute { private const string REGX = @"^[0-9-]+$"; public NumberCodeAttribute() : base(REGX) { } } NOW, when I load the page, the DisplayName attribute works correctly - it shows the display name from the buddy class not the generated class. The StringLength attribute does not work correctly - it shows the error message from the generated class ("ACNumber" instead of "Account Number"). BUT the [NumberCode] attribute in the buddy class does not even get applied to the AccountNumber property: foreach (ValidationAttribute attrib in prop.Attributes.OfType<ValidationAttribute>()) { // This collection correctly contains all the [Required], [StringLength] attributes // BUT does not contain the [NumberCode] attribute ApplyValidation(generator, attrib); } Why does the prop.Attributes.OfType<ValidationAttribute>() collection not contain the [NumberCode] attribute? NumberCode inherits RegularExpressionAttribute which inherits ValidationAttribute so it should be there. If I manually move the [NumberCode] attribute to the autogenerated class, then it is included in the prop.Attributes.OfType<ValidationAttribute>() collection. So what I don't understand is why this particular attribute does not work in when in the buddy class, when other attributes in the buddy class do work. And why this attribute works in the autogenerated class, but not in the buddy. Any ideas? Also why does DisplayName get overriden by the buddy, when StringLength does not?

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  • Cutting down repeating code in c# Class

    - by Tom Gullen
    This is a wrapper for an API I'm working on, am I doing it sort of right? I'm not particularly fond of all the repeating code in the constructor, if someone can show me if I can reduce that it would be very helpful! public class WebWizForumVersion { // Properties of returned data public string Software { get; private set; } public string Version { get; private set; } public string APIVersion { get; private set; } public string Copyright { get; private set; } public string BoardName { get; private set; } public string URL { get; private set; } public string Email { get; private set; } public string Database { get; private set; } public string InstallationID { get; private set; } public bool NewsPad { get; private set; } public string NewsPadURL { get; private set; } public WebWizForumVersion(XmlReader Data) { try { Data.ReadToFollowing("Software"); this.Software = Data.ReadElementContentAsString(); Data.ReadToFollowing("Version"); this.Version = Data.ReadElementContentAsString(); Data.ReadToFollowing("ApiVersion"); this.APIVersion = Data.ReadElementContentAsString(); Data.ReadToFollowing("Copyright"); this.Copyright = Data.ReadElementContentAsString(); Data.ReadToFollowing("BoardName"); this.BoardName = Data.ReadElementContentAsString(); Data.ReadToFollowing("URL"); this.URL = Data.ReadElementContentAsString(); Data.ReadToFollowing("Email"); this.Email = Data.ReadElementContentAsString(); Data.ReadToFollowing("Database"); this.Database = Data.ReadElementContentAsString(); Data.ReadToFollowing("InstallID"); this.InstallationID = Data.ReadElementContentAsString(); Data.ReadToFollowing("NewsPad"); this.NewsPad = bool.Parse(Data.ReadElementContentAsString()); Data.ReadToFollowing("NewsPadURL"); this.NewsPadURL = Data.ReadElementContentAsString(); } catch (Exception e) { } } }

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  • Why and when should I make a class 'static'? What is the purpose of 'static' keyword on classes?

    - by Saeed Neamati
    The static keyword on a member in many languages mean that you shouldn't create an instance of that class to be able to have access to that member. However, I don't see any justification to make an entire class static. Why and when should I make a class static? What benefits do I get from making a class static? I mean, after declaring a static class, one should still declare all members which he/she wants to have access to without instantiation, as static too. This means that for example, Math class could be declared normal (not static), without affecting how developers code. In other words, making a class static or normal is kind of transparent to developers.

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  • Java Design Questions - Class, Function, Access Modifiers

    - by Ron
    I am newbie to Java. I have some design questions. Say I have a crawler application, that does the following: 1. Crawls a url and gets its content 2. Parses the contents 3. Displays the contents How do you decide between implementing a function or a class? -- Should the parser be a function of the crawler class, or should it be a class in itself, so it can be used by other applications as well? -- If it should be a class, should it be protected or public class? How do you decide between implementing a public or protected class? -- If I had to create a class to generate stats from the parsed contents for eg, should that class be protected (so only the crawler class can access it) or should it be public? Thanks Ron

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  • Private member vector of vector dynamic memory allocation

    - by Geoffroy
    Hello, I'm new to C++ (I learned programming with Fortran), and I would like to allocate dynamically the memory for a multidimensional table. This table is a private member variable : class theclass{ public: void setdim(void); private: std::vector < std::vector <int> > thetable; } I would like to set the dimension of thetable with the function setdim(). void theclass::setdim(void){ this->thetable.assign(1000,std::vector <int> (2000)); } I have no problem compiling this program, but as I execute it, I've got a segmentation fault. The strange thing for me is that this piece (see under) of code does exactly what I want, except that it doesn't uses the private member variable of my class : std::vector < std::vector < int > > thetable; thetable.assign(1000,std::vector <int> (2000)); By the way, I have no trouble if thetable is a 1D vector. In theclass : std::vector < int > thetable; and if in setdim : this->thetable.assign(1000,2); So my question is : why is there such a difference with "assign" between thetable and this-thetable for a 2D vector? And how should I do to do what I want? Thank-you for your help, Best regards, -- Geoffroy

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  • How can I load class's part using linq to sql without anonymous class or additional class?

    - by ais
    class Test { int Id{get;set;} string Name {get;set;} string Description {get;set;} } //1)ok context.Tests.Select(t => new {t.Id, t.Name}).ToList().Select(t => new Test{Id = t.Id, Name = t.Name}); //2)ok class TestPart{ int Id{get;set;} string Name {get;set;} } context.Tests.Select(t => new TestPart{Id = t.Id, Name = t.Name}).ToList().Select(t => new Test{Id = t.Id, Name = t.Name}); //3)error Explicit construction of entity type 'Test' in query is not allowed. context.Tests.Select(t => new Test{Id = t.Id, Name = t.Name}).ToList(); Is there any way to use third variant?

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  • question about class derivation in c++?

    - by jack22
    hi, i want to know some things about class derivation in c++ so i have super class x and an inherited class y and i did this class x{ public:a; private:b; protected:c; } class y:public x{ public:d; } in this case how y can access a,b,and c and by how i mean(public,protected,private) the second case: class x{ public:a; private:b; protected:c; } class y:private x{ public:d; } the same question? the third case: class x{ public:a; private:b; protected:c; } class y:private x{ public:d; } again the same question? sorry i think i wrote too much bye

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