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• Globe SSL with NGINX SSL certificate problem, please help

  - by PartySoft

  I have a big problem with installing a certificat for nginx (same happends with apache though) I have 3 files __domain_com.crt __domain_com.ca-bundle and ssl.key. I tried to append cat __domain_com.crt __leechpack_com.ca-bundle bundle.crt but if I do it like this i get an error: [emerg]: SSL_CTX_use_certificate_chain_file("/etc/nginx/__leechpack_com.crt") failed (SSL: error:0906D066:PEM routines:PEM_read_bio:bad end line error:140DC009:SSL routines:SSL_CTX_use_certificate_chain_file:PEM lib) And that's because the delimiters of the certificates arren't separated. ZqTjb+WBJQ== -----END CERTIFICATE----------BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- MIIE6DCCA9CgAwIBAgIQdIYhlpUQySkmKUvMi/gpLDANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFADBv If i separate them with an enter between certificated it will at least start but i will get the same warning from Firefox: This Connection is Untrusted You have asked Firefox to connect securely to domain.com, but we can't confirm that your connection is secure. The concatenate solution it is given by Globe SSL and the NGINX site but it doesn't work. I think the bundle is ignored though. http://customer.globessl.com/knowledgebase/55/Certificate-Installation--Nginx.html http://nginx.org/en/docs/http/configuring_https_servers.html#chains%20http://wiki.nginx.org/NginxHttpSslModule if i do openssl s_client -connect down.leechpack.com:443 CONNECTED(00000003) depth=0 /OU=Domain Control Validated/OU=Provided by Globe Hosting, Inc./OU=Globe Standard Wildcard SSL/CN=*.domain.com verify error:num=20:unable to get local issuer certificate verify return:1 depth=0 /OU=Domain Control Validated/OU=Provided by Globe Hosting, Inc./OU=Globe Standard Wildcard SSL/CN=*.domain.com verify error:num=27:certificate not trusted verify return:1 depth=0 /OU=Domain Control Validated/OU=Provided by Globe Hosting, Inc./OU=Globe Standard Wildcard SSL/CN=*.domain.com verify error:num=21:unable to verify the first certificate verify return:1 --- Certificate chain 0 s:/OU=Domain Control Validated/OU=Provided by Globe Hosting, Inc./OU=Globe Standard Wildcard SSL/CN=*.domain.com i:/C=RO/O=GLOBE HOSTING CERTIFICATION AUTHORITY/CN=GLOBE SSL Domain Validated CA 1 s:/C=US/O=Globe Hosting, Inc./OU=GlobeSSL DV Certification Authority/CN=GlobeSSL CA i:/C=SE/O=AddTrust AB/OU=AddTrust External TTP Network/CN=AddTrust External CA Root --- Server certificate -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- MIIFQzCCBCugAwIBAgIQRnpCmtwX7z7GTla0QktE6DANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFADBl MQswCQYDVQQGEwJSTzEuMCwGA1UEChMlR0xPQkUgSE9TVElORyBDRVJUSUZJQ0FU SU9OIEFVVEhPUklUWTEmMCQGA1UEAxMdR0xPQkUgU1NMIERvbWFpbiBWYWxpZGF0 ZWQgQ0EwHhcNMTAwMjExMDAwMDAwWhcNMTEwMjExMjM1OTU5WjCBjTEhMB8GA1UE CxMYRG9tYWluIENvbnRyb2wgVmFsaWRhdGVkMSgwJgYDVQQLEx9Qcm92aWRlZCBi eSBHbG9iZSBIb3N0aW5nLCBJbmMuMSQwIgYDVQQLExtHbG9iZSBTdGFuZGFyZCBX aWxkY2FyZCBTU0wxGDAWBgNVBAMUDyoubGVlY2hwYWNrLmNvbTCCASIwDQYJKoZI hvcNAQEBBQADggEPADCCAQoCggEBAKX7jECMlYEtcvqVWQVUpXNxO/VaHELghqy/ Ml8dOfOXG29ZMZsKUMqS0jXEwd+Bdpm31lBxOALkj8o79hX0tspLMjgtCnreaker 49y62BcjfguXRFAaiseXTNbMer5lDWiHlf1E7uCoTTiczGqBNfl6qSJlpe4rYBtq XxBAiygaNba6Owghuh19+Uj8EICb2pxbJNFfNzU1D9InFdZSVqKHYBem4Cdrtxua W4+YONsfLnnfkRQ6LOLeYExHziTQhSavSv9XaCl9Zqzm5/eWbQqLGRpSJoEPY/0T GqnmeMIq5M35SWZgOVV10j3pOCS8o0zpp7hMJd2R/HwVaPCLjukCAwEAAaOCAcQw ggHAMB8GA1UdIwQYMBaAFB9UlnKtPUDnlln3STFTCWb5DWtyMB0GA1UdDgQWBBT0 8rPIMr7JDa2Xs5he5VXAvMWArjAOBgNVHQ8BAf8EBAMCBaAwDAYDVR0TAQH/BAIw ADAdBgNVHSUEFjAUBggrBgEFBQcDAQYIKwYBBQUHAwIwVQYDVR0gBE4wTDBKBgsr BgEEAbIxAQICGzA7MDkGCCsGAQUFBwIBFi1odHRwOi8vd3d3Lmdsb2Jlc3NsLmNv bS9kb2NzL0dsb2JlU1NMX0NQUy5wZGYwRgYDVR0fBD8wPTA7oDmgN4Y1aHR0cDov L2NybC5nbG9iZXNzbC5jb20vR0xPQkVTU0xEb21haW5WYWxpZGF0ZWRDQS5jcmww dwYIKwYBBQUHAQEEazBpMEEGCCsGAQUFBzAChjVodHRwOi8vY3J0Lmdsb2Jlc3Ns LmNvbS9HTE9CRVNTTERvbWFpblZhbGlkYXRlZENBLmNydDAkBggrBgEFBQcwAYYY aHR0cDovL29jc3AuZ2xvYmVzc2wuY29tMCkGA1UdEQQiMCCCDyoubGVlY2hwYWNr LmNvbYINbGVlY2hwYWNrLmNvbTANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFAAOCAQEAB2Y7vQsq065K s+/n6nJ8ZjOKbRSPEiSuFO+P7ovlfq9OLaWRHUtJX0sLntnWY1T9hVPvS5xz/Ffl w9B8g/EVvvfMyOw/5vIyvHq722fAAC1lWU1rV3ww0ng5bgvD20AgOlIaYBvRq8EI 5Dxo2og2T1UjDN44GOSWsw5jetvVQ+SPeNPQLWZJS9pNCzFQ/3QDWNPOvHqEeRcz WkOTCqbOSZYvoSPvZ3APh+1W6nqiyoku/FCv9otSCtXPKtyVa23hBQ+iuxqIM4/R gncnUKASi6KQrWMQiAI5UDCtq1c09uzjw+JaEzAznxEgqftTOmXAJSQGqZGd6HpD ZqTjb+WBJQ== -----END CERTIFICATE----- subject=/OU=Domain Control Validated/OU=Provided by Globe Hosting, Inc./OU=Globe Standard Wildcard SSL/CN=*.domain.com issuer=/C=RO/O=GLOBE HOSTING CERTIFICATION AUTHORITY/CN=GLOBE SSL Domain Validated CA --- No client certificate CA names sent --- SSL handshake has read 3313 bytes and written 343 bytes --- New, TLSv1/SSLv3, Cipher is DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA Server public key is 2048 bit Secure Renegotiation IS supported Compression: NONE Expansion: NONE SSL-Session: Protocol : TLSv1 Cipher : DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA Session-ID: 5F9C8DC277A372E28A4684BAE5B311533AD30E251369D144A13DECA3078E067F Session-ID-ctx: Master-Key: 9B531A75347E6E7D19D95365C1208F2ED37E4004AA8F71FC614A18937BEE2ED9F82D58925E0B3931492AD3D2AA6EFD3B Key-Arg : None Start Time: 1288618211 Timeout : 300 (sec) Verify return code: 21 (unable to verify the first certificate) ---

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• Globe SSL with NGINX SSL certificate problem, please help

  - by PartySoft

  Hello, I have a big problem with installing a certificat for nginx (same happends with apache though) I have 3 files __domain_com.crt __domain_com.ca-bundle and ssl.key. I tried to append cat __domain_com.crt __leechpack_com.ca-bundle bundle.crt but if I do it like this i get an error: [emerg]: SSL_CTX_use_certificate_chain_file("/etc/nginx/__leechpack_com.crt") failed (SSL: error:0906D066:PEM routines:PEM_read_bio:bad end line error:140DC009:SSL routines:SSL_CTX_use_certificate_chain_file:PEM lib) And that's because the delimiters of the certificates arren't separated. ZqTjb+WBJQ== -----END CERTIFICATE----------BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- MIIE6DCCA9CgAwIBAgIQdIYhlpUQySkmKUvMi/gpLDANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFADBv If i separate them with an enter between certificated it will at least start but i will get the same warning from Firefox: This Connection is Untrusted You have asked Firefox to connect securely to domain.com, but we can't confirm that your connection is secure. The concatenate solution it is given by Globe SSL and the NGINX site but it doesn't work. I think the bundle is ignored though. http://customer.globessl.com/knowledgebase/55/Certificate-Installation--Nginx.html http://nginx.org/en/docs/http/configuring_https_servers.html#chains%20http://wiki.nginx.org/NginxHttpSslModule if i do openssl s_client -connect down.leechpack.com:443 CONNECTED(00000003) depth=0 /OU=Domain Control Validated/OU=Provided by Globe Hosting, Inc./OU=Globe Standard Wildcard SSL/CN=*.domain.com verify error:num=20:unable to get local issuer certificate verify return:1 depth=0 /OU=Domain Control Validated/OU=Provided by Globe Hosting, Inc./OU=Globe Standard Wildcard SSL/CN=*.domain.com verify error:num=27:certificate not trusted verify return:1 depth=0 /OU=Domain Control Validated/OU=Provided by Globe Hosting, Inc./OU=Globe Standard Wildcard SSL/CN=*.domain.com verify error:num=21:unable to verify the first certificate verify return:1 --- Certificate chain 0 s:/OU=Domain Control Validated/OU=Provided by Globe Hosting, Inc./OU=Globe Standard Wildcard SSL/CN=*.domain.com i:/C=RO/O=GLOBE HOSTING CERTIFICATION AUTHORITY/CN=GLOBE SSL Domain Validated CA 1 s:/C=US/O=Globe Hosting, Inc./OU=GlobeSSL DV Certification Authority/CN=GlobeSSL CA i:/C=SE/O=AddTrust AB/OU=AddTrust External TTP Network/CN=AddTrust External CA Root --- Server certificate -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- MIIFQzCCBCugAwIBAgIQRnpCmtwX7z7GTla0QktE6DANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFADBl MQswCQYDVQQGEwJSTzEuMCwGA1UEChMlR0xPQkUgSE9TVElORyBDRVJUSUZJQ0FU SU9OIEFVVEhPUklUWTEmMCQGA1UEAxMdR0xPQkUgU1NMIERvbWFpbiBWYWxpZGF0 ZWQgQ0EwHhcNMTAwMjExMDAwMDAwWhcNMTEwMjExMjM1OTU5WjCBjTEhMB8GA1UE CxMYRG9tYWluIENvbnRyb2wgVmFsaWRhdGVkMSgwJgYDVQQLEx9Qcm92aWRlZCBi eSBHbG9iZSBIb3N0aW5nLCBJbmMuMSQwIgYDVQQLExtHbG9iZSBTdGFuZGFyZCBX aWxkY2FyZCBTU0wxGDAWBgNVBAMUDyoubGVlY2hwYWNrLmNvbTCCASIwDQYJKoZI hvcNAQEBBQADggEPADCCAQoCggEBAKX7jECMlYEtcvqVWQVUpXNxO/VaHELghqy/ Ml8dOfOXG29ZMZsKUMqS0jXEwd+Bdpm31lBxOALkj8o79hX0tspLMjgtCnreaker 49y62BcjfguXRFAaiseXTNbMer5lDWiHlf1E7uCoTTiczGqBNfl6qSJlpe4rYBtq XxBAiygaNba6Owghuh19+Uj8EICb2pxbJNFfNzU1D9InFdZSVqKHYBem4Cdrtxua W4+YONsfLnnfkRQ6LOLeYExHziTQhSavSv9XaCl9Zqzm5/eWbQqLGRpSJoEPY/0T GqnmeMIq5M35SWZgOVV10j3pOCS8o0zpp7hMJd2R/HwVaPCLjukCAwEAAaOCAcQw ggHAMB8GA1UdIwQYMBaAFB9UlnKtPUDnlln3STFTCWb5DWtyMB0GA1UdDgQWBBT0 8rPIMr7JDa2Xs5he5VXAvMWArjAOBgNVHQ8BAf8EBAMCBaAwDAYDVR0TAQH/BAIw ADAdBgNVHSUEFjAUBggrBgEFBQcDAQYIKwYBBQUHAwIwVQYDVR0gBE4wTDBKBgsr BgEEAbIxAQICGzA7MDkGCCsGAQUFBwIBFi1odHRwOi8vd3d3Lmdsb2Jlc3NsLmNv bS9kb2NzL0dsb2JlU1NMX0NQUy5wZGYwRgYDVR0fBD8wPTA7oDmgN4Y1aHR0cDov L2NybC5nbG9iZXNzbC5jb20vR0xPQkVTU0xEb21haW5WYWxpZGF0ZWRDQS5jcmww dwYIKwYBBQUHAQEEazBpMEEGCCsGAQUFBzAChjVodHRwOi8vY3J0Lmdsb2Jlc3Ns LmNvbS9HTE9CRVNTTERvbWFpblZhbGlkYXRlZENBLmNydDAkBggrBgEFBQcwAYYY aHR0cDovL29jc3AuZ2xvYmVzc2wuY29tMCkGA1UdEQQiMCCCDyoubGVlY2hwYWNr LmNvbYINbGVlY2hwYWNrLmNvbTANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFAAOCAQEAB2Y7vQsq065K s+/n6nJ8ZjOKbRSPEiSuFO+P7ovlfq9OLaWRHUtJX0sLntnWY1T9hVPvS5xz/Ffl w9B8g/EVvvfMyOw/5vIyvHq722fAAC1lWU1rV3ww0ng5bgvD20AgOlIaYBvRq8EI 5Dxo2og2T1UjDN44GOSWsw5jetvVQ+SPeNPQLWZJS9pNCzFQ/3QDWNPOvHqEeRcz WkOTCqbOSZYvoSPvZ3APh+1W6nqiyoku/FCv9otSCtXPKtyVa23hBQ+iuxqIM4/R gncnUKASi6KQrWMQiAI5UDCtq1c09uzjw+JaEzAznxEgqftTOmXAJSQGqZGd6HpD ZqTjb+WBJQ== -----END CERTIFICATE----- subject=/OU=Domain Control Validated/OU=Provided by Globe Hosting, Inc./OU=Globe Standard Wildcard SSL/CN=*.domain.com issuer=/C=RO/O=GLOBE HOSTING CERTIFICATION AUTHORITY/CN=GLOBE SSL Domain Validated CA --- No client certificate CA names sent --- SSL handshake has read 3313 bytes and written 343 bytes --- New, TLSv1/SSLv3, Cipher is DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA Server public key is 2048 bit Secure Renegotiation IS supported Compression: NONE Expansion: NONE SSL-Session: Protocol : TLSv1 Cipher : DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA Session-ID: 5F9C8DC277A372E28A4684BAE5B311533AD30E251369D144A13DECA3078E067F Session-ID-ctx: Master-Key: 9B531A75347E6E7D19D95365C1208F2ED37E4004AA8F71FC614A18937BEE2ED9F82D58925E0B3931492AD3D2AA6EFD3B Key-Arg : None Start Time: 1288618211 Timeout : 300 (sec) Verify return code: 21 (unable to verify the first certificate) ---

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• Ubuntu server 10.04 doesn't boot into installed Gnome desktop automatically

  - by Tong Wang

  I've installed Ubuntu server 10.04 and then installed Gnome desktop on top of it, because I am new to Linux and its command line, I need the GUI desktop to help me get around. However, the problem I got is that the server doesn't boot into the GUI desktop when powered on. It's booting into a shell like this: Gave up waiting for root device. Common problems: - Boot args (cat /proc/cmdline) - Check rootdelay= (did the system wait long enought?) - check root= (did the system wait for the right device?) - Missing modules (cat /proc/modules; ls /dev) ALERT! /dev/mapper/cecdata-root does not exist. Dropping to a shell! BusyBox v1.13.3 (Ubuntu 1:1.13.3-1ubuntu11) built-in shell (ash) Enter 'help' for a list of built-in commands. (initramfs) result of (cat /proc/cmdline) BOOT_IMAGE=/vmlinuz-2.6.32-28-server root=/dev/mapper/cecdata-root ro quiet Then I have type "exit" to exit the shell and then it boots into Gnome. Any idea what's wrong? Edit: add output for the following commands wt@cecdata:~$ ls /dev/mapper/ cecdata-root cecdata-swap_1 control wt@cecdata:~$ fdisk -l wt@cecdata:~$ wt@cecdata:~$ cat /etc/fstab # /etc/fstab: static file system information. # # Use 'blkid -o value -s UUID' to print the universally unique identifier # for a device; this may be used with UUID= as a more robust way to name # devices that works even if disks are added and removed. See fstab(5). # # <file system> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass> proc /proc proc nodev,noexec,nosuid 0 0 /dev/mapper/cecdata-root / ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 1 # /boot was on /dev/sda1 during installation UUID=1635be41-d025-405e-b4a3-6f0abedb7aab /boot ext2 defaults 0 2 /dev/mapper/cecdata-swap_1 none swap sw 0 0 wt@cecdata:~$ Adding output for lsmod wt@cecdata:~$ lsmod Module Size Used by fbcon 39270 71 tileblit 2487 1 fbcon font 8053 1 fbcon bitblit 5811 1 fbcon softcursor 1565 1 bitblit dell_wmi 2177 0 dcdbas 6918 0 vga16fb 12757 1 vgastate 9857 1 vga16fb psmouse 64576 0 serio_raw 4950 0 power_meter 9473 0 bnx2 72874 0 lp 9336 0 parport 37160 1 lp mptsas 50592 2 usbhid 41116 0 mptscsih 37167 1 mptsas hid 83568 1 usbhid mptbase 91674 2 mptsas,mptscsih scsi_transport_sas 33021 1 mptsas

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• Kernel upgrade CentOS 5.3 mount: could not find filesystem '/dev/root'

  - by matt

  We have a CentOS 5.3 x64 server that by default runs kernel version 2.6.18-164.11.1 and we are attempting to upgrade the box to 2.6.31.12 The drive is LVM +ext3, and the problem I'm having is when I upgrade the kernel and attempt to boot from it, no matter what version of the kernel I use, I get /dev/root not found towards the end of the boot process, and the kernel panics, and than reboots. I'm installing the kernel exactly as it says in this doc. I've tried it "The centOS way " using make rpm and than installing that. I've updated my mkinitrd. The most interesting part of this problem is that it has been so frustrating that I decided to try and clean install centos on an identical machine without LVM, and the result is EXACTLY the same. After upgrading the kernel, I get /dev/root not found. Does anyone know how to fix this, or what information would be relevant to remedy it? I'm open to try anything at this point. One more interesting thing about this problem is that in the new version of the kernel, during boot it complains that dm-mapper is started twice, than panics right after that. I've tried this with other kernel versions, and the result is the same. What am I missing here? If you need any more files, please just ask. Linux cg 2.6.18-164.11.1.el5 #1 SMP Wed Jan 20 07:32:21 EST 2010 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux /dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00 / ext3 defaults 1 1 LABEL=/boot /boot ext3 defaults 1 2 tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0 devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0 sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0 proc /proc proc defaults 0 0 /dev/VolGroup00/LogVol01 swap swap defaults 0 0 default=1 timeout=5 splashimage=(hd0,0)/grub/splash.xpm.gz hiddenmenu title CentOS (2.6.31.12-rt20) //NOT WORKING!!!! root (hd0,0) kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.31.12-rt20 ro root=/dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00 isolcpus=8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15 panic=10 initrd /initrd-2.6.31.12-rt20.img title CentOS (2.6.18-164.11.1.el5) //WORKING!! root (hd0,0) kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.18-164.11.1.el5 ro root=/dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00 isolcpus=8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15 panic=10 initrd /initrd-2.6.18-164.11.1.el5.img

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• How to force Debian to boot new Kernel?

  - by ThE_-_BliZZarD

  I'm running Debian 6, Debian GNU/Linux, with Linux 2.6.32-5-amd64 under Grub2 ( 1.98+20100804-14+squeeze1) on a remote system (no possibility to view the pre-boot messages). I compiled and installed a new kernel, but I can not get it to boot. What I have done: Installed the packages via: dpkg -i linux-headers-3.5.3.20120914-amd64_3.5.3.20120914-amd64-10.00.Custom_amd64.deb linux-image-3.5.3.20120914-amd64_3.5.3.20120914-amd64-10.00.Custom_amd64.deb This updated the Grub configuration. My /boot/grub/grub.cfg now contains: menuentry 'Debian GNU/Linux, with Linux 3.5.3.20120914-amd64' --class debian --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os { insmod raid insmod mdraid insmod part_msdos insmod part_msdos insmod ext2 set root='(md0)' search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set 5a3882a9-c7df-4f6a-9feb-f03e3e37be01 echo 'Loading Linux 3.5.3.20120914-amd64 ...' linux /vmlinuz-3.5.3.20120914-amd64 root=UUID=003242b5-121b-49f3-b32f-1b40aea56eed ro acpi=ht quiet panic=10 echo 'Loading initial ramdisk ...' initrd /initrd.img-3.5.3.20120914-amd64 } menuentry 'Debian GNU/Linux, with Linux 2.6.32-5-amd64' --class debian --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os { insmod raid insmod mdraid insmod part_msdos insmod part_msdos insmod ext2 set root='(md0)' search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set 5a3882a9-c7df-4f6a-9feb-f03e3e37be01 echo 'Loading Linux 2.6.32-5-amd64 ...' linux /vmlinuz-2.6.32-5-amd64 root=UUID=003242b5-121b-49f3-b32f-1b40aea56eed ro acpi=ht quiet panic=10 echo 'Loading initial ramdisk ...' initrd /initrd.img-2.6.32-5-amd64 } I used grub-set-default "Debian GNU/Linux, with Linux 2.6.32-5-amd64" to set the old kernel as default and then grub-reboot "Debian GNU/Linux, with Linux 3.5.3.20120914-amd64" to boot into the new kernel once. After update-grub I rebooted the system, but everytime it comes back up with the old kernel (2.6). I tried setting the new one as default (grub-set-default 0, update-grub, reboot) but, still the old one. The Syslogs contain NO hint whatsoever about trying to boot the new kernel - only the old one. Would there be any hints regarding problems with a kernel? Is there a way to enable debug-logging in grub? What am I doing wrong? How can I force the system to boot the new kernel? Edit: Hardware of remote machine. CPU cat /proc/cpuinfo processor : 0 vendor_id : AuthenticAMD cpu family : 16 model : 5 model name : AMD Athlon(tm) II X4 605e Processor stepping : 3 cpu MHz : 2294.898 cache size : 512 KB physical id : 0 siblings : 4 core id : 0 cpu cores : 4 apicid : 0 initial apicid : 0 fpu : yes fpu_exception : yes cpuid level : 5 wp : yes flags : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 ht syscall nx mmxext fxsr_opt pdpe1gb rdtscp lm 3dnowext 3dnow constant_tsc rep_good nonstop_tsc extd_apicid pni monitor cx16 popcnt lahf_lm cmp_legacy svm extapic cr8_legacy abm sse4a misalignsse 3dnowprefetch osvw ibs skinit wdt bogomips : 4589.77 TLB size : 1024 4K pages clflush size : 64 cache_alignment : 64 address sizes : 48 bits physical, 48 bits virtual power management: ts ttp tm stc 100mhzsteps hwpstate (copied only the first, 3 more follow) The server is a Fujitsu PRIMERGY MX130 S1.

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• How to free up block device that is mounted to an inaccessible place?

  - by Vi

  root@vi-notebook:~# cat /proc/mounts | grep raidy /dev/md0 /root/e/i/wpc2/boot/mnt/raidy reiserfs ro,nosuid,nodev,noexec,noatime 0 0 root@vi-notebook:~# umount -n /root/e/i/wpc2/boot/mnt/raidy umount: /root/e/i/wpc2/boot/mnt/raidy: Transport endpoint is not connected root@vi-notebook:~# mount /dev/md/raidy /mnt/raidy/ -t reiserfs -o nodev,nosuid,noexec,acl,noatime mount: /dev/md0 already mounted or /mnt/raidy/ busy The only workaround I found is: root@vi-notebook:~# losetup /dev/loop0 /dev/md/raidy root@vi-notebook:~# mount /dev/loop0 /mnt/raidy/ -t reiserfs -o nodev,nosuid,noexec,acl,noatime

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• Creating own Amazon Machine Image - Kernel panic

  - by amra

  I have created own AMI and registered it on Amazon EC2. But while AMI startup I receive following error: Kernel panic - not syncing: VFS: Unable to mount root fs on unknown-block(8,1) The image is running locally without any problems. fstab contains: proc /proc proc defaults 0 0 /dev/sda1 / ext3 relatime,errors=remount-ro 0 1 thx for help

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• permission not to change on eth0 file?

  - by user133916

  I am logged in as a root user i want to edit my /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0 file when i edit this showing -- INSERT -- W10: Warning: Changing a readonly file while i have logged in as root user my mount showing [root@s1202 ~]# mount rootfs on / type rootfs (rw) /dev/root on / type ext3 (ro,data=ordered) /dev on /dev type tmpfs (rw) /proc on /proc type proc (rw) /sys on /sys type sysfs (rw) /proc/bus/usb on /proc/bus/usb type usbfs (rw)

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• Why does Ubuntu refuse to execute files from an NTFS partition?

  - by Ivan

  I mount an NTFS partition (where I've got some Linux binaries and scripts alongside with Win32 and data files) with the following fstab line: /dev/sda5 /mnt/dat ntfs-3g rw,dev,exec,auto,async,users,umask=000,uid=1000,gid=1000,locale=en_US.utf8, errors=remount-ro 0 0 All files seem to have executable attribute set then, but if I try to actually execute them, I get "Permission denied" error. Even with sudo. Even while execute (as well as read and write) permissions are granted to everyone and all the files owner is set to the user. So how do I set the system up to be able to run Linux binaries from NTFS?

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• How can I prevent [flush-8:16] and [jbd2/sdb2-8] from causing GUI unresponsiveness?

  - by ændrük

  Approximately twice a week, the entire graphical interface will lock up for about 10-20 seconds without warning while I am doing simple tasks such as browsing the web or writing a paper. When this happens, GUI elements do not respond to mouse or keyboard input, and the System Monitor applet displays 100% IOWait processor usage. Today, I finally happened to have GNOME Terminal already open when the problem started. Despite other applications such as Google Chrome, Firefox, GNOME Do, and GNOME Panel being unresponsive, the terminal was usable. I ran iotop and observed that commands named [flush-8:16] and [jbd2/sdb2-8] were alternately using 99.99% IO. What are these, and how can I prevent them from causing GUI unresponsiveness? Details $ mount | grep ^/dev /dev/sda1 on / type ext4 (rw,noatime,discard,errors=remount-ro,commit=0) /dev/sdb2 on /home type ext4 (rw,commit=0) /dev/sda is an OCZ-VERTEX2 and /dev/sdb is a WD10EARS. Here is dumpe2fs /dev/sdb2, if it's relevant.

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• 301 redirect www to non-www [duplicate]

  - by Claudiu

  This question already has an answer here: Removing non-www support 4 answers I understand that it is better to make a 301 redirect to make sure that all your links are seen the same on Google. Until now I always used erasmus-plus.ro without the www. for my website. Is it ok to make a redirect from www. to non-www. From my search on Google all users spoke about it the other way around. And somewhere I read that redirects are not good for seo. Is 301 an exception?

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• Xen 4.0.1 on Ubuntu 10.10 not booting

  - by Disco

  I'm trying to get Xen 4.0.1 run as dom0 on a fresh/clean install of 10.10 desktop (x64). Followed the step by step tutorial at http://wiki.xensource.com/xenwiki/Xen4.0 I have the pvops kernel in /boot, also included the ext4 fs support by recompiling the kernel by : make -j6 linux-2.6-pvops-config CONFIGMODE=menuconfig make -j6 linux-2.6-pvops-build make -j6 linux-2.6-pvops-install Here's my grub entry : menuentry 'Xen4' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os { recordfail insmod part_msdos insmod ext2 insmod ext3 set root='(hd0,msdos1)' search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set 2bf3177a-92fd-4196-901a-da8d810b04b4 multiboot /xen-4.0.gz dom0_mem=1024M loglvl=all guest_loglvl=all module /vmlinuz-2.6.32.27 root=UUID=2bf3177a-92fd-4196-901a-da8d810b04b4 ro module /initrd.img-2.6.32.27 } blkid /dev/sda1 gives the : /dev/sda1: UUID="2bf3177a-92fd-4196-901a-da8d810b04b4" TYPE="ext3" My partition shemes is : /boot (ext3) / (ext4) Whatever option i've tried i end up with : mounting none on /dev failed: no such file or directory And message complaining that it cannot find the device with uuid ... It's taking my hairs out, if somone has a clue ...

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• grub2 loopback booting ubuntu server iso

  - by Thermionix

  I've got usb-keys setup to multi-boot different linux images using grub2 loopback. The standard ubuntu release isos boot fine, however when attempting to use the server iso it will fail to install saying 'unable to detect cd-media for installation'. the grub.cfg entry; menuentry "ubuntu-12.04-server-amd64" { set isofile="/boot/ubuntu-12.04-server-amd64.iso" loopback loop $isofile linux (loop)/install/vmlinuz file=$isofile/preseed/ubuntu-server.seed ro noprompt noeject -- initrd (loop)/install/initrd.gz } I've attempted to add the following parameters as the fromiso works for debian images on the key iso-scan/filename=/boot/ubuntu-12.04-server-amd64.iso iso-scan/filename=/dev/disk/by-uuid/2859-44B7/boot/ubuntu-12.04-server-amd64.iso fromiso=/dev/disk/by-uuid/2859-44B7/boot/ubuntu-12.04-server-amd64.iso

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• How do I mount this HDD?

  - by Casval Deikun

  I have a Windows HDD attached to an external docking bay on my Ubuntu System, but the HDD brings up an error message: Mounting exited with exit code 14:windows is hibernated, refused to mount. Failed to mount '/dev/sde2':Operation not permitted. The NTFS partition is hibernated. Please resume and shutdown windows properly or mount the volume read-only with the 'ro' mount option, or mount the volume read-write with the 'remove_hiberfile' mount option. For example type in command line: mount -t ntfs-3g-o remove_hiberfile/dev/sde2/media/FE46D60C46D5C615 I am at a loss for exactly how to remove the hiberfile, or even mount it as read-only or read-write. I tried directly copy and pasting that exact command into my terminal, but it said: mount:only root can do that I do not know what to do at this point. I do need to get the information off of this drive, but I do not have a computer to put it in. Does anyone know what I should do from here?

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• Mount problem on 12.10

  - by Malcolm Osborne

  I've just done an online upgrade from 12.04 to 12.10 - seemed to have gone well, but now I cannot access other drives (partitions) on my PC, also flash drives. Get error Unable to mount location - Adding read ACL for uid 1000 tomedia/malcolm failed':Operation not supported. Content of mount -l: /dev/sdb8 on / type ext2 (rw,errors=remount-ro) proc on /proc type proc (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev) sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev) none on /sys/fs/fuse/connections type fusectl (rw) none on /sys/kernel/debug type debugfs (rw) none on /sys/kernel/security type securityfs (rw) udev on /dev type devtmpfs (rw,mode=0755) devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,noexec,nosuid,gid=5,mode=0620) tmpfs on /run type tmpfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,size=10%,mode=0755) none on /run/lock type tmpfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev,size=5242880) none on /run/shm type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev) none on /run/user type tmpfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev,size=104857600,mode=0755) binfmt_misc on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev) gvfsd-fuse on /run/user/malcolm/gvfs type fuse.gvfsd-fuse (rw,nosuid,nodev,user=malcolm)

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• SSD Tweaks for Ubuntu 12.04

  - by Mustafa Erdinç

  I need to tweak my Dell XPS 13z SSD for maximum performance and life cycle than I read the solutions explained here, but it is for 11.10 and my fstab is different. For now my fstab is looks like this: proc /proc proc nodev,noexec,nosuid 0 0 # / was on /dev/sda1 during installation UUID=abf5ce9e-bdb7-4b2f-a7bd-bbd9efa72a98 / ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 1 # /home was on /dev/sda2 during installation UUID=491427b2-7482-4483-b6eb-7c564b991aff /home ext4 defaults 0 2 # swap was on /dev/sda3 during installation #UUID=7551000d-e708-4e0f-9fd2-9f93119f63fb none swap sw 0 0 /dev/mapper/cryptswap1 none swap sw 0 0 tmpfs /tmp tmpfs mode=1777 And my rc.local is looks like this: echo noop > /sys/block/sda/queue/scheduler echo deadline > /sys/block/sda/queue/scheduler echo 1 > /sys/block/sda/queue/iosched/fifo_batch exit 0 Do you have any suggestions, what should I do? Regards

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• genisoimage and exec bit preservation

  - by user92187

  Maybe I'm just not doing right, but I can't seem to get genisoimage to produce a UDF image and preserve the exec bit. $ genisoimage --version genisoimage 1.1.11 (Linux) $ echo "echo 'Hello world'" > script.sh $ chmod +x script.sh $ ./script.sh Hello world $ genisoimage -input-charset utf-8 -r -udf -volid minimal -o minimal.iso script.sh Total translation table size: 0 Total rockridge attributes bytes: 250 Total directory bytes: 0 Path table size(bytes): 10 Max brk space used 0 420 extents written (0 MB) $ mkdir mount $ sudo mount minimal.iso $PWD/mount -o ro,loop -t udf $ ls -l script.sh mount/script.sh -r--r--r-- 1 root root 19 Sep 21 18:40 mount/script.sh -rwxrwxr-x 1 kip kip 19 Sep 21 18:40 script.sh You'll note in the last command that script.sh was executable at the time it was injected into the image, but does not appear to be inside of the mounted image. Is this a bug in genisoimage, a problem with the way I am mounting the image, or a problem in my usage of genisoimage?

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• Xen 4.0.1 not booting with device not found error

  - by Disco

  I'm trying to get Xen 4.0.1 run as dom0 on a fresh/clean install of 10.10 desktop (x64). Followed the step by step tutorial at http://wiki.xensource.com/xenwiki/Xen4.0 I have the pvops kernel in /boot, also included the ext4 fs support by recompiling the kernel by : make -j6 linux-2.6-pvops-config CONFIGMODE=menuconfig make -j6 linux-2.6-pvops-build make -j6 linux-2.6-pvops-install Here's my grub entry : menuentry 'Xen4' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os { recordfail insmod part_msdos insmod ext2 insmod ext3 set root='(hd0,msdos1)' search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set 2bf3177a-92fd-4196-901a-da8d810b04b4 multiboot /xen-4.0.gz dom0_mem=1024M loglvl=all guest_loglvl=all module /vmlinuz-2.6.32.27 root=UUID=2bf3177a-92fd-4196-901a-da8d810b04b4 ro module /initrd.img-2.6.32.27 } blkid /dev/sda1 gives the : /dev/sda1: UUID="2bf3177a-92fd-4196-901a-da8d810b04b4" TYPE="ext3" My partition shemes is : /boot (ext3) / (ext4) Whatever option i've tried i end up with : mounting none on /dev failed: no such file or directory And message complaining that it cannot find the device with uuid ... It's taking my hairs out, if somone has a clue ...

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• Swap partition not recognized (The disk drive with UUID=... is not ready yet or not present)

  - by ladaghini

  I think I had an encrypted swap partition, because I chose to encrypt my home directory during the installation. I believe that's what the line with /dev/mapper/cryptswap1 ... in my /etc/fstab is all about. I did something to bork my swap because on the next boot, I got a message (paraphrased): The disk drive for /dev/mapper/cryptswap1 is not ready yet or not present. Wait to continue. Press S to skip or M to manually recover. (As a side note, pressing S or M seemed to do nothing different from just waiting.) Here's what I've tried: This tutorial on how to fix the swap partition not mounting. However, in the above, the mkswap command fails because the device is busy. So I booted from a live USB, ran GParted to reformat the swap partition (which showed up as an unknown fs type), and chrooted into the broken system to try that tutorial again. I also adjusted /etc/initramfs-tools/conf.d/resume and /etc/fstab to reflect the new UUID generated from formatting the partition as a swap. That still didn't work; instead of /dev/mapper/cryptswap1 not present, "The disk drive with UUID=[swap partition's UUID] is not ready yet or not present..." So I decided to start afresh as though I never had created a swap partition in the first place. From the Live USB, I deleted the swap partition altogether (which, again showed up in GParted as an unknown fs type), removed the swap and cryptswap entries in /etc/fstab as well as removed /etc/initramfs-tools/conf.d/resume and /etc/crypttab. At this point the main system shouldn't be considered broken because there is no swap partition and no instructions to mount one, right? I didn't get any errors during startup. I followed the same instructions to create and encrypt the swap partition, starting with creating a partition for the swap, though I think fdisk said a reboot was necessary to see changes. I was confident the 3rd process above would work, but the problem yet persists. Some relevant info (/dev/sda8 is the swap partition): /etc/fstab file: # /etc/fstab: static file system information. # # Use 'blkid' to print the universally unique identifier for a # device; this may be used with UUID= as a more robust way to name devices # that works even if disks are added and removed. See fstab(5). # # <file system> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass> proc /proc proc nodev,noexec,nosuid 0 0 # / was on /dev/sda6 during installation UUID=4c11e82c-5fe9-49d5-92d9-cdaa6865c991 / ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 1 # /boot was on /dev/sda5 during installation UUID=4031413e-e89f-49a9-b54c-e887286bb15e /boot ext4 defaults 0 2 # /home was on /dev/sda7 during installation UUID=d5bbfc6f-482a-464e-9f26-fd213230ae84 /home ext4 defaults 0 2 # swap was on /dev/sda8 during installation UUID=5da2c720-8787-4332-9317-7d96cf1e9b80 none swap sw 0 0 /dev/mapper/cryptswap1 none swap sw 0 0 output of sudo mount: /dev/sda6 on / type ext4 (rw,errors=remount-ro) proc on /proc type proc (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev) sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev) none on /sys/fs/fuse/connections type fusectl (rw) none on /sys/kernel/debug type debugfs (rw) none on /sys/kernel/security type securityfs (rw) udev on /dev type devtmpfs (rw,mode=0755) devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,noexec,nosuid,gid=5,mode=0620) tmpfs on /run type tmpfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,size=10%,mode=0755) none on /run/lock type tmpfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev,size=5242880) none on /run/shm type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev) /dev/sda5 on /boot type ext4 (rw) /dev/sda7 on /home type ext4 (rw) /home/undisclosed/.Private on /home/undisclosed type ecryptfs (ecryptfs_check_dev_ruid,ecryptfs_cipher=aes,ecryptfs_key_bytes=16,ecryptfs_unlink_sigs,ecryptfs_sig=cbae1771abd34009,ecryptfs_fnek_sig=7cefe2f59aab8e58) gvfs-fuse-daemon on /home/undisclosed/.gvfs type fuse.gvfs-fuse-daemon (rw,nosuid,nodev,user=undisclosed) output of sudo blkid (note that /dev/sda8 is missing): /dev/sda1: LABEL="SYSTEM" UUID="960490E80490CC9D" TYPE="ntfs" /dev/sda2: UUID="D4043140043126C0" TYPE="ntfs" /dev/sda3: LABEL="Shared" UUID="80F613E1F613D5EE" TYPE="ntfs" /dev/sda5: UUID="4031413e-e89f-49a9-b54c-e887286bb15e" TYPE="ext4" /dev/sda6: UUID="4c11e82c-5fe9-49d5-92d9-cdaa6865c991" TYPE="ext4" /dev/sda7: UUID="d5bbfc6f-482a-464e-9f26-fd213230ae84" TYPE="ext4" /dev/mapper/cryptswap1: UUID="41fa147a-3e2c-4e61-b29b-3f240fffbba0" TYPE="swap" output of sudo fdisk -l: Disk /dev/mapper/cryptswap1 doesn't contain a valid partition table Disk /dev/sda: 320.1 GB, 320072933376 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 38913 cylinders, total 625142448 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0xdec3fed2 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 2048 409599 203776 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda2 409600 210135039 104862720 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda3 210135040 415422463 102643712 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda4 415424510 625141759 104858625 5 Extended /dev/sda5 415424512 415922175 248832 83 Linux /dev/sda6 415924224 515921919 49998848 83 Linux /dev/sda7 515923968 621389823 52732928 83 Linux /dev/sda8 621391872 625141759 1874944 82 Linux swap / Solaris Disk /dev/mapper/cryptswap1: 1919 MB, 1919942656 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 233 cylinders, total 3749888 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0xaf5321b5 /etc/initramfs-tools/conf.d/resume file: RESUME=UUID=5da2c720-8787-4332-9317-7d96cf1e9b80 /etc/crypttab file: cryptswap1 /dev/sda8 /dev/urandom swap,cipher=aes-cbc-essiv:sha256 output of sudo swapon -as: Filename Type Size Used Priority /dev/mapper/cryptswap1 partition 1874940 0 -1 output of sudo free -m: total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 1476 1296 179 0 35 671 -/+ buffers/cache: 590 886 Swap: 1830 0 1830 So, how can this be fixed?

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• Unable to boot: Missing Operating system

  - by Vivek S Panicker

  i had installed Ubuntu 11.10 along with the another Ubuntu 11.10 which already installed in my netbook. Later I formatted the partition I newly installed. Next time when I boot it went to Grub Rescue menu. I boot my system again with Ubuntu USB stick, Then I installed Boot repair package in USB and restored MBR and GRUB menu in hard disk. Now when I am restarting, I am getting a message Missing operating system, press any key to continue. Can somebody help me on this? Below is the output for sudo fdisk -l omitting empty partition (7) Disk /dev/sda: 160.0 GB, 160041885696 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 19457 cylinders, total 312581808 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00058a60 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 2048 204072287 102035120 83 Linux /dev/sda2 204072958 312580095 54253569 5 Extended /dev/sda5 310507520 312580095 1036288 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/sda6 308432896 310503423 1035264 82 Linux swap / Solaris Partition table entries are not in disk order Disk /dev/sdb: 4006 MB, 4006608896 bytes 124 heads, 62 sectors/track, 1017 cylinders, total 7825408 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x0004d3df Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 * 62 7818695 3909317 b W95 FAT32 Below is the output for sudo blkid /dev/loop0: TYPE="squashfs" /dev/loop1: LABEL="casper-rw" UUID="533defb1-f073-254a-b46f-7ca0ac1f4e0c" TYPE="ext2" /dev/sda1: LABEL="Ubuntu" UUID="6a141040-3ba8-457a-9de5-ad06e6057084" TYPE="ext4" /dev/sda5: UUID="3a7f62d6-9c65-4d12-a3b6-5d62b9710f7d" TYPE="swap" /dev/sda6: UUID="274da115-cec2-4418-a1af-88fe921e3670" TYPE="swap" /dev/sdb1: LABEL="PENDRIVE" UUID="EC22-6BE4" TYPE="vfat" File /boot/grub/grub.cfg # # DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE # # It is automatically generated by grub-mkconfig using templates # from /etc/grub.d and settings from /etc/default/grub # ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/00_header ### if [ -s $prefix/grubenv ]; then set have_grubenv=true load_env fi set default="0" if [ "${prev_saved_entry}" ]; then set saved_entry="${prev_saved_entry}" save_env saved_entry set prev_saved_entry= save_env prev_saved_entry set boot_once=true fi function savedefault { if [ -z "${boot_once}" ]; then saved_entry="${chosen}" save_env saved_entry fi } function recordfail { set recordfail=1 if [ -n "${have_grubenv}" ]; then if [ -z "${boot_once}" ]; then save_env recordfail; fi; fi } function load_video { insmod vbe insmod vga insmod video_bochs insmod video_cirrus } insmod part_msdos insmod ext2 set root='(hd0,msdos1)' search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 6a141040-3ba8-457a-9de5-ad06e6057084 if loadfont /usr/share/grub/unicode.pf2 ; then set gfxmode=auto load_video insmod gfxterm insmod part_msdos insmod ext2 set root='(hd0,msdos1)' search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 6a141040-3ba8-457a-9de5-ad06e6057084 set locale_dir=($root)/boot/grub/locale set lang=en_US insmod gettext fi terminal_output gfxterm if [ "${recordfail}" = 1 ]; then set timeout=10 else set timeout=10 fi ### END /etc/grub.d/00_header ### ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/05_debian_theme ### set menu_color_normal=white/black set menu_color_highlight=black/light-gray if background_color 44,0,30; then clear fi ### END /etc/grub.d/05_debian_theme ### ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/10_linux ### if [ ${recordfail} != 1 ]; then if [ -e ${prefix}/gfxblacklist.txt ]; then if hwmatch ${prefix}/gfxblacklist.txt 3; then if [ ${match} = 0 ]; then set linux_gfx_mode=keep else set linux_gfx_mode=text fi else set linux_gfx_mode=text fi else set linux_gfx_mode=keep fi else set linux_gfx_mode=text fi export linux_gfx_mode if [ "$linux_gfx_mode" != "text" ]; then load_video; fi menuentry 'Ubuntu, with Linux 3.0.0-12-generic' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os { recordfail set gfxpayload=$linux_gfx_mode insmod gzio insmod part_msdos insmod ext2 set root='(hd0,msdos1)' search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 6a141040-3ba8-457a-9de5-ad06e6057084 linux /boot/vmlinuz-3.0.0-12-generic root=UUID=6a141040-3ba8-457a-9de5-ad06e6057084 ro quiet splash vt.handoff=7 initrd /boot/initrd.img-3.0.0-12-generic } menuentry 'Ubuntu, with Linux 3.0.0-12-generic (recovery mode)' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os { recordfail insmod gzio insmod part_msdos insmod ext2 set root='(hd0,msdos1)' search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 6a141040-3ba8-457a-9de5-ad06e6057084 echo 'Loading Linux 3.0.0-12-generic ...' linux /boot/vmlinuz-3.0.0-12-generic root=UUID=6a141040-3ba8-457a-9de5-ad06e6057084 ro recovery nomodeset echo 'Loading initial ramdisk ...' initrd /boot/initrd.img-3.0.0-12-generic } ### END /etc/grub.d/10_linux ### ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/20_linux_xen ### ### END /etc/grub.d/20_linux_xen ### ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/20_memtest86+ ### menuentry "Memory test (memtest86+)" { insmod part_msdos insmod ext2 set root='(hd0,msdos1)' search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 6a141040-3ba8-457a-9de5-ad06e6057084 linux16 /boot/memtest86+.bin } menuentry "Memory test (memtest86+, serial console 115200)" { insmod part_msdos insmod ext2 set root='(hd0,msdos1)' search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 6a141040-3ba8-457a-9de5-ad06e6057084 linux16 /boot/memtest86+.bin console=ttyS0,115200n8 } ### END /etc/grub.d/20_memtest86+ ### ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober ### ### END /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober ### ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/40_custom ### # This file provides an easy way to add custom menu entries. Simply type the # menu entries you want to add after this comment. Be careful not to change # the 'exec tail' line above. ### END /etc/grub.d/40_custom ### ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/41_custom ### if [ -f $prefix/custom.cfg ]; then source $prefix/custom.cfg; fi ### END /etc/grub.d/41_custom ###

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• Encrypt folders out of Home

  - by igi

  Is there a way to encrypt a folder, which is not in /home but even in a different partition, so only my user can access/read contained files? Alternatively, I would like to understand if it is possible to turn a complete ext4 partition into an encrypted volume, which would be mounted at user login. If possible, I would like to make the change without reinstalling Ubuntu. My PC has (mount output): /dev/sda1 on / type ext4 (rw,errors=remount-ro) /dev/sda3 on /home type ext4 (rw) /dev/sda4 on /home/igor/Personale type ext4 (rw) sda4 is the partition containing folders I would like to protect. Thanks!

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• Force ntfs volumes to be treated like any other by default

  - by soandos

  I have a 20 GB NTFS volume that I was planning on using for a variety of purposes, including being readable by windows with little effort. Unfortunately, for some reason, I cannot execute any files on the drive, even after following the answer here (I was able to mount the volume just fine, but the error persists). How can I fix this? Output from mount: /dev/sda1 on / type ext4 (rw,errors=remount-ro) proc on /proc type proc (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev) sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev) none on /sys/fs/cgroup type tmpfs (rw) none on /sys/fs/fuse/connections type fusectl (rw) none on /sys/kernel/debug type debugfs (rw) none on /sys/kernel/security type securityfs (rw) udev on /dev type devtmpfs (rw,mode=0755) devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,noexec,nosuid,gid=5,mode=0620) tmpfs on /run type tmpfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,size=10%,mode=0755) none on /run/lock type tmpfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev,size=5242880) none on /run/shm type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev) none on /run/user type tmpfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev,size=104857600,mode=0755) none on /sys/fs/pstore type pstore (rw) systemd on /sys/fs/cgroup/systemd type cgroup (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev,none,name=systemd) gvfsd-fuse on /run/user/1000/gvfs type fuse.gvfsd-fuse (rw,nosuid,nodev,user=daniel)

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• Can't see my partitions after grub recovery

  - by dimbo

  I stupidly inserted the windows CD into my dual boot Ubuntu 11.10 / windows xp system. I just wanted to see if I could install windows on my external usb HD, but didn't actually go ahead with the install. It seems like the windows CD messed up my MBR and I had to use boot-repair and the ubuntu 11.10 live CD to gain access to ubuntu again. It seems to boot up a little differently (slower) but works. However, I now cant see any of my partitions in nautilus (there are 3). When I open gparted, it just shows my whole hard drive as unallocated (I know it has a windows partition that works and my ubuntu partition that I am using now). If I insert a usb pen, it is also not visible in nautilus but in gparted shows up as a FAT32 partition (which is correct although I cannot access it). sudo fdisk -l gives the following : demian@dimbo-TP:~$ sudo fdisk -l [sudo] password for demian: omitting empty partition (5) Disk /dev/sda: 320.1 GB, 320072933376 bytes 240 heads, 63 sectors/track, 41345 cylinders, total 625142448 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x877b877b Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 63 63842309 31921123+ 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda2 63844350 133484084 34819867+ 5 Extended /dev/sda3 127636488 133484084 2923798+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/sda4 133484085 625137344 245826630 83 Linux /dev/sda5 63844352 123445247 29800448 83 Linux /dev/sda6 123447296 127635455 2094080 82 Linux swap / Solaris Disk /dev/sdb: 8100 MB, 8100249600 bytes 12 heads, 40 sectors/track, 32960 cylinders, total 15820800 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0xc3072e18 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 * 5992 15820799 7907404 c W95 FAT32 (LBA) Here is my grub.conf file. Like I said before, I had to use the 'boot-repair' utility with the live cd to get grub working again. I think that this utility maybe created a new grub for me because the startup is definitely not the same. The screen goes blank for a while, and then the ubuntu loading dots come up for a brief moment (instead of during the whole startup process) before the dektop is displayed. Anyway : # DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE # # It is automatically generated by grub-mkconfig using templates # from /etc/grub.d and settings from /etc/default/grub # ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/00_header ### if [ -s $prefix/grubenv ]; then set have_grubenv=true load_env fi set default="0" if [ "${prev_saved_entry}" ]; then set saved_entry="${prev_saved_entry}" save_env saved_entry set prev_saved_entry= save_env prev_saved_entry set boot_once=true fi function savedefault { if [ -z "${boot_once}" ]; then saved_entry="${chosen}" save_env saved_entry fi } function recordfail { set recordfail=1 if [ -n "${have_grubenv}" ]; then if [ -z "${boot_once}" ]; then save_env recordfail; fi; fi } function load_video { insmod vbe insmod vga insmod video_bochs insmod video_cirrus } insmod part_msdos insmod ext2 set root='(hd0,msdos6)' search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 5349ff67-b7b7-489f-a881-ae49c1dcd84a if loadfont /usr/share/grub/unicode.pf2 ; then set gfxmode=auto load_video insmod gfxterm insmod part_msdos insmod ext2 set root='(hd0,msdos6)' search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 5349ff67-b7b7-489f-a881-ae49c1dcd84a set locale_dir=($root)/boot/grub/locale set lang=en_US insmod gettext fi terminal_output gfxterm if [ "${recordfail}" = 1 ]; then set timeout=10 else set timeout=10 fi ### END /etc/grub.d/00_header ### ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/05_debian_theme ### set menu_color_normal=white/black set menu_color_highlight=black/light-gray if background_color 44,0,30; then clear fi ### END /etc/grub.d/05_debian_theme ### ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/10_linux ### if [ ${recordfail} != 1 ]; then if [ -e ${prefix}/gfxblacklist.txt ]; then if hwmatch ${prefix}/gfxblacklist.txt 3; then if [ ${match} = 0 ]; then set linux_gfx_mode=keep else set linux_gfx_mode=text fi else set linux_gfx_mode=text fi else set linux_gfx_mode=keep fi else set linux_gfx_mode=text fi export linux_gfx_mode if [ "$linux_gfx_mode" != "text" ]; then load_video; fi menuentry 'Ubuntu, with Linux 3.0.0-12-generic' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os { recordfail set gfxpayload=$linux_gfx_mode insmod gzio insmod part_msdos insmod ext2 set root='(hd0,msdos6)' search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 5349ff67-b7b7-489f-a881-ae49c1dcd84a linux /boot/vmlinuz-3.0.0-12-generic root=UUID=5349ff67-b7b7-489f-a881-ae49c1dcd84a ro quiet splash vt.handoff=7 initrd /boot/initrd.img-3.0.0-12-generic } menuentry 'Ubuntu, with Linux 3.0.0-12-generic (recovery mode)' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os { recordfail insmod gzio insmod part_msdos insmod ext2 set root='(hd0,msdos6)' search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 5349ff67-b7b7-489f-a881-ae49c1dcd84a echo 'Loading Linux 3.0.0-12-generic ...' linux /boot/vmlinuz-3.0.0-12-generic root=UUID=5349ff67-b7b7-489f-a881-ae49c1dcd84a ro recovery nomodeset echo 'Loading initial ramdisk ...' initrd /boot/initrd.img-3.0.0-12-generic } ### END /etc/grub.d/10_linux ### ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/20_linux_xen ### ### END /etc/grub.d/20_linux_xen ### ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/20_memtest86+ ### menuentry "Memory test (memtest86+)" { insmod part_msdos insmod ext2 set root='(hd0,msdos6)' search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 5349ff67-b7b7-489f-a881-ae49c1dcd84a linux16 /boot/memtest86+.bin } menuentry "Memory test (memtest86+, serial console 115200)" { insmod part_msdos insmod ext2 set root='(hd0,msdos6)' search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 5349ff67-b7b7-489f-a881-ae49c1dcd84a linux16 /boot/memtest86+.bin console=ttyS0,115200n8 } ### END /etc/grub.d/20_memtest86+ ### ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober ### menuentry "Microsoft Windows XP Professional (on /dev/sda1)" --class windows --class os { insmod part_msdos insmod ntfs set root='(hd0,msdos1)' search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 72A89361A89322A1 drivemap -s (hd0) ${root} chainloader +1 } ### END /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober ### ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/40_custom ### # This file provides an easy way to add custom menu entries. Simply type the # menu entries you want to add after this comment. Be careful not to change # the 'exec tail' line above. ### END /etc/grub.d/40_custom ### ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/41_custom ### if [ -f $prefix/custom.cfg ]; then source $prefix/custom.cfg; fi ### END /etc/grub.d/41_custom ### How can I get things back to normal. Thanks, Demian.

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• International TLD's vs. duplicate content

  - by Litso

  Hey all, I currently work at a pretty big website that has visitors from around the globe. My job is to help out on the SEO, and one thing we've been discussing lately is the use of international TLD's. The ones we use range between: (partly) translated websites like .es and .de that serve most of the content in the country's language non-translated (english) websites for non-english languages (due to a lack of translations) like .ro and .cz english websites for english speaking countries with localized TLD's (.co.nz, .co.uk) On one hand I really have the feeling this is causing a lot of duplicate content, especially for the last two categories of TLD's. On the other hand though it seems a lot like country-specific TLD's tend to score a lot better in that country's Google. Would it be advisable to keep on using these domains, or should we canonicalize them all to the .com version?

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• Nautilus uses different permissions for mounted drives

  - by farhad0011

  I've written two bash scripts to give read-only or read/write access to my NTFS partition: read-only access: sudo umount /media/Data_Drive/ sudo mount -t ntfs-3g -o ro,user,auto,nls=utf8,umask=0000,uid=1000 /dev/sda2 /media/Data_Drive read/write access: sudo umount /media/Data_Drive/ sudo mount -t ntfs-3g -o rw,user,auto,nls=utf8,umask=0000,uid=1000 /dev/sda2 /media/Data_Drive It works perfectly if I only use terminal to work with the files. It also works with Nautilus in read-only mode but not in the read/write mode. In fact, Nautilus gives me an error when I try to copy a file to Data_Drive saying "The destination is read-only". More funny, when I look at the permissions (by right-clicking on Data_Drive and then properties-permissions) I have all the required permissions to write a file in Data_Drive! I am so confused why Nautilus behaves strangely. I appreciate if anybody could solve the mystery!

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