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  • What's wrong with foreign keys?

    - by kronoz
    I remember hearing Joel mention in the podcast that he'd barely ever used a foreign key (if I remember correctly). However, to me they seem pretty vital to avoid duplication and subsequent data integrity problems throughout your database. Do people have some solid reasons as to why (to avoid a discussion in lines with SO principals)? Edit: "I've yet to have a reason to create a foreign key, so this might be my first reason to actually set up one."

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  • Object Oriented vs Relational Databases

    - by Dan
    Objects oriented databases seem like a really cool idea to me, no need to worry about mapping your domain model to your database model, no messing around with sql or ORM tools. The way I understand it, relational DBs offer some advantages when there is massive amounts of data, and searching an indexing need to be done. To my mind 99% of websites are not massive, and enterprise issues never need to be thought about, so why arn't OO DBs more widely used?

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  • How do I update the members of a MySQL SET Type?

    - by MachinationX
    I have a table of values, with one of the columns being of type SET. If it currently has the members ('a', 'b', 'c', 'd'), how do I add 'e' to the possible values? I realize that using a SET type is a little strange, and I'm unclear why one would use it instead of a foreign key to another table with the values of the set, but I didn't design the database in question, and can't change it that much. Thanks for your help!

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  • Oracle/SQL table attribute question

    - by UnceRawr
    I have been given a context schema for a database i need to make for my coursework but some of the attributes (column names) contain letters in brackets at the end of them such as: *x_Number (Adm) *x_Number (A) *x_Number (P) The problem is i have no idea what these letters mean! Can anyone help?

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  • Q&A: Oracle's Paul Needham on How to Defend Against Insider Attacks

    - by Troy Kitch
    Source: Database Insider Newsletter: The threat from insider attacks continues to grow. In fact, just since January 1, 2014, insider breaches have been reported by a major consumer bank, a major healthcare organization, and a range of state and local agencies, according to the Privacy Rights Clearinghouse.  We asked Paul Needham, Oracle senior director, product management, to shed light on the nature of these pernicious risks—and how organizations can best defend themselves against the threat from insider risks. Q. First, can you please define the term "insider" in this context? A. According to the CERT Insider Threat Center, a malicious insider is a current or former employee, contractor, or business partner who "has or had authorized access to an organization's network, system, or data and intentionally exceeded or misused that access in a manner that negatively affected the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of the organization's information or information systems."  Q. What has changed with regard to insider risks? A. We are actually seeing the risk of privileged insiders growing. In the latest Independent Oracle Users Group Data Security Survey, the number of organizations that had not taken steps to prevent privileged user access to sensitive information had grown from 37 percent to 42 percent. Additionally, 63 percent of respondents say that insider attacks represent a medium-to-high risk—higher than any other category except human error (by an insider, I might add). Q. What are the dangers of this type of risk? A. Insiders tend to have special insight and access into the kinds of data that are especially sensitive. Breaches can result in long-term legal issues and financial penalties. They can also damage an organization's brand in a way that directly impacts its bottom line. Finally, there is the potential loss of intellectual property, which can have serious long-term consequences because of the loss of market advantage.  Q. How can organizations protect themselves against abuse of privileged access? A. Every organization has privileged users and that will always be the case. The questions are how much access should those users have to application data stored in the database, and how can that default access be controlled? Oracle Database Vault (See image) was designed specifically for this purpose and helps protect application data against unauthorized access.  Oracle Database Vault can be used to block default privileged user access from inside the database, as well as increase security controls on the application itself. Attacks can and do come from inside the organization, and they are just as likely to come from outside as attempts to exploit a privileged account.  Using Oracle Database Vault protection, boundaries can be placed around database schemas, objects, and roles, preventing privileged account access from being exploited by hackers and insiders.  A new Oracle Database Vault capability called privilege analysis identifies privileges and roles used at runtime, which can then be audited or revoked by the security administrators to reduce the attack surface and increase the security of applications overall.  For a more comprehensive look at controlling data access and restricting privileged data in Oracle Database, download Needham's new e-book, Securing Oracle Database 12c: A Technical Primer. 

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  • MySQL differences between to select queries

    - by bpmccain
    I have two mysql queries that return a column of phone numbers. I want am trying to end up with a list of phone numbers that are in one list, but not in the other. So the two queries I have are: SELECT phone FROM civicrm_phone phone LEFT JOIN civicrm_participant participant ON phone.contact_id = participant.contact_id WHERE phone.is_primary = 1 AND participant.id IS NULL and SELECT phone FROM civicrm_phone phone LEFT JOIN civicrm_participant participant ON phone.contact_id = participant.contact_id WHERE phone.is_primary = 1 AND participant.id IS NOT NULL And before anyone asks, the above two queries do not provide mutually exclusive results (based on using IS NULL and IS NOT NULL for the last WHERE statement), since we have related individuals in the database who use the same phone number, but do not necessarily all have a participant.id. Thanks for any help.

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  • Get list of named queries in NHibernate

    - by Dan
    I have a dozen or so named queries in my NHibernate project and I want to execute them against a test database in unit tests to make sure the syntax still matches the changing domain/database model. Currently I have a unit test for each named query where I get and execute the query, for example: IQuery query = session.GetNamedQuery("GetPersonSummaries"); var personSummaryArray = query.List(); Assert.That(personSummaryArray, Is.Not.Null); This works fine, but I would like to have one unit test that loops thru all of the named queries and executes them. Is there a way to discover all of the available named queries? Thanks Dan

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  • How to combine two sql queries?

    - by plasmuska
    Hi Guys, I have a stock table and I would like to create a report that will show how often were items ordered. "stock" table: item_id | pcs | operation apples | 100 | order oranges | 50 | order apples | -100 | delivery pears | 100 | order oranges | -40 | delivery apples | 50 | order apples | 50 | delivery Basically I need to join these two queries together. A query which prints stock balances: SELECT stock.item_id, Sum(stock.pcs) AS stock_balance FROM stock GROUP BY stock.item_id; A query which prints sales statistics SELECT stock.item_id, Sum(stock.pcs) AS pcs_ordered, Count(stock.item_id) AS number_of_orders FROM stock GROUP BY stock.item_id, stock.operation HAVING stock.operation="order"; I think that some sort of JOIN would do the job but I have no idea how to glue queries together. Desired output: item_id | stock_balance | pcs_ordered | number_of_orders apples | 0 | 150 | 2 oranges | 10 | 50 | 1 pears | 100 | 100 | 1 This is just example. Maybe, I will need to add more conditions because there is more columns. Is there a universal technique of combining multiple queries together?

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  • Get the AVG of two SQL Access Queries

    - by reggiereg
    Hi, I'm trying to get the AVERAGE from the results of two separate sql queries built in MS Access. The first sql query pulls the largest record: SELECT DISTINCTROW Sheet1.Tx_Date, Sheet1.LName, Sheet1.Patient_Name, Sheet1.MRN, Max(Sheet1.) AS [Max Of FEV1_ACT], Max(Sheet1.FEF_25_75_ACT) AS [Max Of FEF_25_75_ACT] FROM Sheet1 GROUP BY Sheet1.Tx_Date, Sheet1.LName, Sheet1.Patient_Name, Sheet1.MRN; The second sql query pulls the second largest record: SELECT Sheet1.MRN, Sheet1.Patient_Name, Sheet1.Lname, Max(Sheet1.FEV1_ACT) AS 2ndLrgOfFEV1_ACT, Max(Sheet1.FEF_25_75_ACT) AS 2ndLrgOfFEF_25_75_ACT FROM Sheet1 WHERE (((Sheet1.FEV1_ACT)<(SELECT MAX( FEV1_ACT ) FROM Sheet1 ))) GROUP BY Sheet1.MRN, Sheet1.Patient_Name, Sheet1.Lname; These two queries work great, I just need some help on pulling the AVERAGE of the results of these two queries into one. Thanks.

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  • NSArray vs. SQLite for Complex Queries on iPhone

    - by GingerBreadMane
    Developing for iPhone, I have a collection of points that I need to make complex queries on. For example: "How many points have a y-coordinate of 10" and "Return all points with an X-coordinate between 3 and 5 and a y-coordinate of 7". Currently, I am just cycling through each element of an NSArray and checking to see if each element matches my query. It's a pain to write the queries though. SQLite would be much nicer. I'm not sure which would be more efficient though since a SQLite database resides on disk and not in memory (to my understanding). Would SQLite be as efficient or more efficient here? Or is there a better way to do it other than these methods that I haven't thought of? I would need to perform the multiple queries with multiple sets of points thousands of times, so the best performance is important.

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  • CakePHP repeats same queries

    - by Rytis
    I have a model structure: Category hasMany Product hasMany Stockitem belongsTo Warehouse, Manufacturer. I fetch data with this code, using containable to be able to filter deeper in the associated models: $this->Category->find('all', array( 'conditions' => array('Category.id' => $category_id), 'contain' => array( 'Product' => array( 'Stockitem' => array( 'conditions' => array('Stockitem.warehouse_id' => $warehouse_id), 'Warehouse', 'Manufacturer', ) ) ), ) ); Data structure is returned just fine, however, I get multiple repeating queries like, sometimes hundreds of such queries in a row, based on dataset. SELECT `Warehouse`.`id`, `Warehouse`.`title` FROM `beta_warehouses` AS `Warehouse` WHERE `Warehouse`.`id` = 2 Basically, when building data structure Cake is fetching data from mysql over and over again, for each row. We have datasets of several thousand rows, and I have a feeling that it's going to impact performance. Is it possible to make it cache results and not repeat same queries?

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  • Dynamic SQL queries in code possible?

    - by SeanD
    Instead of hard coding sql queries like Select * from users where user_id =220202 can these be made dynamic like Select * from $users where $user_id = $input. Reason i ask is when changes are needed to table/column names i can just update it in one place and don't have to ask developers to go line by line to find all references to update. It is very time consuming. And I do not like the idea of exposing database stuff in the code. My major concern is load time. Like with dynamic pages, the database has to fetch the page content, same way if queries are dynamic first system has to lookup the references then execute the queries, so does it impact load times? I am using codeignitor PHP. If it it possible then the next question is where to store all the references? In the app, in a file, in the DB, and how?

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  • Joining two select queries and ordering results

    - by user1
    Basically I'm just unsure as to why this query is failing to execute: (SELECT replies.reply_post, replies.reply_content, replies.reply_date AS d, members.username FROM (replies) AS a INNER JOIN members ON replies.reply_by = members.id) UNION (SELECT posts.post_id, posts.post_title, posts.post_date AS d, members.username FROM (posts) as b WHERE posts.post_set = 0 INNER JOIN members ON posts.post_by = members.id) ORDER BY d DESC LIMIT 5 I'm getting this error: #1064 - You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near 'a INNER JOIN members ON replies.re' at line 2 All I'm trying to do is select the 5 most recent rows (dates) from these two tables. I've tried Join, union etc and I've seen numerous queries where people have put another query after the FROM statement and that just makes no logical sense to me as to how that works? Am I safe to say that you can join the same table from two different but joined queries? Or am I taking completely the wrong approach, because frankly I can't seem see how this query is failing despite reading the error message. (The two queries on there own work fine)

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  • "[INS-30131] Initial setup required for the execution of installer validations failed." Encountering this error while installing Oracle database 12c. [on hold]

    - by user132992
    I am trying to install Oracle 12c database on my machine running Fedora 20. And I am encountering this problem: "[INS-30131] Initial setup required for the execution of installer validations failed." And when we see the details then it is like this: Cause - Failed to access the temporary location. Action - Ensure that the current user has required permissions to access the temporary location. Additional Information: - Framework setup check failed on all the nodes - Cause: Cause Of Problem Not Available   - Action: User Action Not Available Summary of the failed nodes fedora - Version of exectask could not be retrieved from node "fedora"   - Cause: Cause Of Problem Not Available   - Action: User Action Not Available To eliminate this error I have tried various measures including the change of permission of the tmp folder and restarting the computer but none is working. Plz someone help me out of this. Any kind of help will be appreciated...

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  • NFS (with Kerberos) mount failing due to "Server not found in Kerberos database" error

    - by Kendall Hopkins
    When running: `sudo mount -t nfs4 -o sec=krb5 sol.domain.com:/ /mnt` I get this error on the client: mount.nfs4: access denied by server while mounting sol.domain.com:/ And on the server syslogs UNKNOWN_SERVER: authtime 0, nfs/[email protected] for nfs/ip-#-#-#-#[email protected], Server not found in Kerberos database UNKNOWN_SERVER: authtime 0, nfs/[email protected] for krbtgt/[email protected], Server not found in Kerberos database UNKNOWN_SERVER: authtime 0, nfs/[email protected] for krbtgt/[email protected], Server not found in Kerberos database UNKNOWN_SERVER: authtime 0, nfs/[email protected] for krbtgt/[email protected], Server not found in Kerberos database UNKNOWN_SERVER: authtime 0, nfs/[email protected] for krbtgt/[email protected], Server not found in Kerberos database UNKNOWN_SERVER: authtime 0, nfs/[email protected] for nfs/ip-#-#-#-#[email protected], Server not found in Kerberos database UNKNOWN_SERVER: authtime 0, nfs/[email protected] for krbtgt/[email protected], Server not found in Kerberos database UNKNOWN_SERVER: authtime 0, nfs/[email protected] for krbtgt/[email protected], Server not found in Kerberos database UNKNOWN_SERVER: authtime 0, nfs/[email protected] for krbtgt/[email protected], Server not found in Kerberos database UNKNOWN_SERVER: authtime 0, nfs/[email protected] for krbtgt/[email protected], Server not found in Kerberos database Server keytab file: ubuntu@sol:~$ sudo klist -e -k /etc/krb5.keytab Keytab name: WRFILE:/etc/krb5.keytab KVNO Principal ---- -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 host/[email protected] (aes256-cts-hmac-sha1-96) 7 host/[email protected] (arcfour-hmac) 7 host/[email protected] (des3-cbc-sha1) 7 host/[email protected] (des-cbc-crc) 9 nfs/[email protected] (aes256-cts-hmac-sha1-96) 9 nfs/[email protected] (arcfour-hmac) 9 nfs/[email protected] (des3-cbc-sha1) 9 nfs/[email protected] (des-cbc-crc) Client keytab file: ubuntu@mercury:~$ sudo klist -e -k /etc/krb5.keytab Keytab name: WRFILE:/etc/krb5.keytab KVNO Principal ---- -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 host/[email protected] (aes256-cts-hmac-sha1-96) 3 host/[email protected] (arcfour-hmac) 3 host/[email protected] (des3-cbc-sha1) 3 host/[email protected] (des-cbc-crc) 3 nfs/[email protected] (aes256-cts-hmac-sha1-96) 3 nfs/[email protected] (arcfour-hmac) 3 nfs/[email protected] (des3-cbc-sha1) 3 nfs/[email protected] (des-cbc-crc)

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  • Simple SQL Server 2005 Replication - "D-1" server used for heavy queries/reports

    - by Ricardo Pardini
    Hello. We have two SQL 2005 machines. One is used for production data, and the other is used for running queries/reports. Every night, the production machine dumps (backups) it's database to disk, and the other one restores it. This is called the D-1 process. I think there must be a more efficient way of doing this, since SQL 2005 has many forms of replication. Some requirements: 1) No need for instant replication, there can be (some) delay 2) All changes (including schemas, data, constraints, indexes) need to be replicated without manual intervention 3) It is used for a single database only 4) There is a third server available if needed 5) There is high bandwidth (gigabit ethernet) available between the servers 6) There isn't a shared storage (SAN) available What would be a good alternative to this daily backup/restore routine? Thanks!

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  • Database which only holds indexes and last X records in memory?

    - by Xeoncross
    I'm looking for a data store that is very memory efficient while still allowing many object changes per second and disregarding ACID compliance for the last X records. I need this database for a server with not much memory and I can make a key-value store, document, or SQL database work. The idea is that indexes/keys are the only thing I need in memory and all the actual values/objects/rows can be saved on disk do to the low read rate (I just want index/key lookup to be fast). I also don't want records constantly being flushed to disk, so I would like the last X number of records to be held in memory so that 100 or so of them can all be written at once. I don't care if I lose the last 10 seconds worth of objects/values. I do care if the database as a whole is in danger of becoming corrupt. Is there a data-store like this?

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  • Migrating master-slave MySQL database servers to 2 new servers, any tips or suggestions?

    - by mmattax
    I'm setting up 2 new database servers that will be replacing a current master-slave setup. All boxes are running / will be running MySQL on RHEL. Our current naming conventions: db1 - master database db2 - slave (using MySQL replication) db01 - new master db02 - new slave We need to get db01 to be the new master with db02 as the new slave. What is the best way to migrate db1 and db2 to db01 and db02? db1 and db2 are running in a production setting and we need to minimize all downtime; db1 has roughly 30GB of data in the database. Any suggestions or tips on how to migrate to our new servers would be much appreciated.

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  • Windows authenticated users have lost access to master (default) database

    - by Rob Nicholson
    Something very strange has occurred on our production SQL database. Users connecting via Windows authentication appear to have lost all access to the master database. By default, all logins have the default database set to master. So when you connect using SQL Server management studio, they get the error: "Cannot open user default database. Login failed error 4064". What's also worrying is that we have a group called "COMPANY - SQL Administrator" which has sysadmin rights and users in this group also get the same error. Worse, they don't appear to be system administrators anymore... If they change their default database to something else, they can connect and then work on the database, it's just the master database that is problematic. I'm not even sure by what mechanism windows authenticated users get access to the master database. Is it something hard coded in or some property that's got changed? Any ideas? Cheers, Rob.

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  • Can I convert my database/script to UTF-8 ?

    - by Mohannad Otaibi
    How can I convert a database to support UTF-8 and convert it's old data from what ever encoding they're in to UTF-8 ? Extra Info: I'm running a server which has many websites on it, and one of them is running WHMCS (php script to manage hosting clients). WHMCS has an iPhone application where i can browse it through iPhone, the problem is that this application will only run if everything in my website is in UTF-8 encoding. I was using windows-1256 as encoding in my script's settings, and i tried changing that in some point of time to UTF-8 for a while then changed it back to windows-1256 so, the data in the database are some inserted using UTF standards and most of them are windows-1256 If someone could clear the picture for me, Do I need to convert every database on the server or just one DB ? what should I change? If i had to do that manually, I'll do it but I need some expert advise.

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  • DB Design Pattern - Many to many classification / categorised tagging.

    - by Robin Day
    I have an existing database design that stores Job Vacancies. The "Vacancy" table has a number of fixed fields across all clients, such as "Title", "Description", "Salary range". There is an EAV design for "Custom" fields that the Clients can setup themselves, such as, "Manager Name", "Working Hours". The field names are stored in a "ClientText" table and the data stored in a "VacancyClientText" table with VacancyId, ClientTextId and Value. Lastly there is a many to many EAV design for custom tagging / categorising the vacancies with things such as Locations/Offices the vacancy is in, a list of skills required. This is stored as a "ClientCategory" table listing the types of tag, "Locations, Skills", a "ClientCategoryItem" table listing the valid values for each Category, e.g., "London,Paris,New York,Rome", "C#,VB,PHP,Python". Finally there is a "VacancyClientCategoryItem" table with VacancyId and ClientCategoryItemId for each of the selected items for the vacancy. There are no limits to the number of custom fields or custom categories that the client can add. I am now designing a new system that is very similar to the existing system, however, I have the ability to restrict the number of custom fields a Client can have and it's being built from scratch so I have no legacy issues to deal with. For the Custom Fields my solution is simple, I have 5 additional columns on the Vacancy Table called CustomField1-5. This removes one of the EAV designs. It is with the tagging / categorising design that I am struggling. If I limit a client to having 5 categories / types of tag. Should I create 5 tables listing the possible values "CustomCategoryItems1-5" and then an additional 5 many to many tables "VacancyCustomCategoryItem1-5" This would result in 10 tables performing the same storage as the three tables in the existing system. Also, should (heaven forbid) the requirements change in that I need 6 custom categories rather than 5 then this will result in a lot of code change. Therefore, can anyone suggest any DB Design Patterns that would be more suitable to storing such data. I'm happy to stick with the EAV approach, however, the existing system has come across all the usual performance issues and complex queries associated with such a design. Any advice / suggestions are much appreciated. The DBMS system used is SQL Server 2005, however, 2008 is an option if required for any particular pattern.

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  • DBA Command line options

    - by Anthony Shorten
    There are a number of database utilities supplied with the installation of the Oracle Utilities Application Framework based products. These are typically run in interactive mode where the utility prompts you for the values and then executes the required functionality. Did you know that the utilities also have command line options that allow you to run the utility in silent mode as well? You can assess the command line options by specifying the -h option on the command line. Here is an example of the oragensec command line options: oragensec -d <Owner,OwnerPswd,DbName> -u <Database Users> -r <ReadRole,UserRole> -l <logfile> -h where: -d <Owner,OwnerPswd,DbName> Database connect information for the target database. e.g. spladm,spladm,DB200ODB. -u <Database Users> A comma-separated list of database users where synonyms need to be created. e.g. spluser, splread -r <ReadRole,UserRole> Optional. Names of database roles with read and read-write privileges. Default roles are SPL_READ, SPL_USER. e.g. spl_read,spl_user -l <logfile> Optional. Name of the log file. -h Help The command line options allow the DBA to automate the exeucution either via a script or some utility can than execute utilities. This optin can apply to the majority of DBA utilities supplied with the product. Take a look at others.

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  • How to use Nginx to export the mongoDB connection?

    - by Totty
    I have on my server 2 things: the node.js server and a mongodb database; The node.js server is reachable from myip/server; and now I would like to export the mongodb database to myip/database for example. Now when I use my mongodb viewer (MongoVUE) with "http://myip/database:9000" (the port 9000 is set in nginx and it's also the port that I start mongod). If I go to "http://myip/database:9000" or "http://myip/database" in a browser it look like: "You are trying to access MongoDB on the native driver port. For http diagnostic access, add 1000 to the port number". But in MongoVUE it says: Unable to connect to server 192.168.1.16/database:9000: No such host is known. Type: MongoDB.Driver.MongoConnectionException Stack: at MongoDB.Driver.Internal.DirectConnector.Connect(TimeSpan timeout) at MongoDB.Driver.MongoServer.Connect(TimeSpan timeout, ConnectWaitFor waitFor) at MongoDB.Driver.MongoServer.Connect(TimeSpan timeout) at MongoDB.Driver.MongoServer.Connect() at MangoUI.MMongo.FQlxNlJKqO74gYmXgZR4(Object ) at MangoUI.MMongo.Open(Boolean useSamus) at MangoUI.MMongo.Open() at MangoUI.ComNavTree.wJQdUqApCpjoC39P59n(Object ) at MangoUI.ComNavTree.ExpandMe(MTreeNode expand) at MangoUI.ComNavTree.tree_BeforeExpand(Object sender, TreeViewCancelEventArgs e) No such host is known Type: System.Net.Sockets.SocketException Stack: at System.Net.Dns.GetAddrInfo(String name) at System.Net.Dns.InternalGetHostByName(String hostName, Boolean includeIPv6) at System.Net.Dns.GetHostAddresses(String hostNameOrAddress) at MongoDB.Driver.MongoServerAddress.ToIPEndPoint(AddressFamily addressFamily) at MongoDB.Driver.MongoServerInstance.Connect(Boolean slaveOk) at MongoDB.Driver.Internal.DirectConnector.Connect(TimeSpan timeout)

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