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  • Optimality of Binary Search

    - by templatetypedef
    Hello all- This may be a silly question, but does anyone know of a proof that binary search is asymptotically optimal? That is, if we are given a sorted list of elements where the only permitted operation on those objects is a comparison, how do you prove that the search can't be done in o(lg n)? (That's little-o of lg n, by the way.) Note that I'm restricting this to elements where the only operation permitted operation is a comparison, since there are well-known algorithms that can beat O(lg n) on expectation if you're allowed to do more complex operations on the data (see, for example, interpolation search). Thanks so much! This has really been bugging me since it seems like it should be simple but has managed to resist all my best efforts. :-)

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  • What are the core mathematical concepts a good developer should know?

    - by Jose B.
    Since Graduating from a very small school in 2006 with a badly shaped & outdated program (I'm a foreigner & didn't know any better school at the time) I've come to realize that I missed a lot of basic concepts from a mathematical & software perspective that are mostly the foundations of other higher concepts. I.e. I tried to listen/watch the open courseware from MIT on Introduction to Algorithms but quickly realized I was missing several mathematical concepts to better understand the course. So what are the core mathematical concepts a good software engineer should know? And what are the possible books/sites you will recommend me?

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  • Programming Concepts That Were "Automated" By Modern Languages

    - by Ygam
    Weird question but here it is. What are the programming concepts that were "automated" by modern languages? What I mean are the concepts you had to manually do before. Here is an example: I have just read that in C, you manually do garbage collection; with "modern" languages however, the language itself takes care of it. Do you know of any other, or there aren't any more?

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  • How to know if your Unit Test Fixture is “right-sized”?

    - by leeand00
    How do you know if you "Test Fixture" is right-sized. And by "Test Fixture" I mean a class with a bunch of tests in it. One thing that I've always noticed with my test fixtures is that they get to be kind of verbose; seeing as they could also be not verbose enough, how do you get a sense of when your unit tests are the right size? My assumption is that (at least in the context of web development) you should have one test fixture class per page. I know of a good quote for this and it's: "Perfection is achieved, not when there is nothing left to add, but when there is nothing left to remove." - Antoine de Saint-Exupery.

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  • Please suggest other ways of communicating between server & client.

    - by Geo
    I'm writing a TCP chat server ( programming language does not mather ). It's a school project for my nephew, so it won't be released, and all questions I'm asking are just for my knowledge :). . Some of the things it will support: chatting between users ( doh ), it will be multithreaded sending each other files I know I could easily get away with all the stuff above if I go with serialization, and just send objects from client to server and back. But, if I do that, it will be limited to a specific programming language ( meaning clients written in other programming languages may not be able to deserialize the objects ). What would be the way to go so that other clients written in other languages could be supported? One way to go, off the top of my head, would be to go in this direction: the server & the client communicate by sending messages & chunks ( in lieu of other names ). Here's what I mean by this: every time the client/server wants to send something ( text message or file ) it will first send a simple text message ( newline terminated ) with the number of the chunks it will send. Example: command 4,20,30,40,50 Where command would be something like instant-message or file,4 would be the number of chunks to be sent, 20 would be the size in bytes of the first chunk, 30 of the 2nd, and so forth. after the message was sent, the client/server will start sending chunks ( of sizes mentioned in the sent message ). What do you think about implementing the client/server communication this way? What better options are there?

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  • How to have the controller change its behavior depending on the view?

    - by Ian Boyd
    If from one view a user enters some invalid data, e.g.:     E-mail: [email protected]     then i want the controller to: not place the data into the model color the text box reddish not allow the user to save But it's possible that if the user enters the same invalid data in a different view i want the controller to: place the data into the model color the text box reddish allow the user to save But it's possible that if the user enters the same invalid data in a different view i want the controller to: place the data into the model color the text box bluish allow the user to save And it's possible that another view will: place the data into the model leave the text box uncolored allow the user to save And it's possible that another view will: auto-correct the data, placing it into the model color the text-box reddish allow the user to have And it's possible for another view to: auto-correct the data, placing it into the model update the view with the new data color the text-box bluish allow the user to save [ad infinitum] Without using n-controllers for n-views, how do i do this?

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  • How it is called when write or read return less that requested?

    - by Vi
    What term should I use to describe situations (or bugs in software) caused by read, write, send, recv doing less work than expected? For example, write(fd, "123456", 6); may return 3 and we need to write "456" to finish our work. I expect any good program should do all their reads and writes in a loop until without relying that write will write everything. Am I right? /* Implemented simple FUSE filesystem which only allows reading and writing with small buffers, very often returning that it is written less bytes that in a buffer. Some programs work, some not. Are them buggy? */

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  • How would you name...

    - by BeowulfOF
    Since naming is a so important thing in programming, I would like to start a thread for giving help to all those that have same problems as I sometimes. Rules: Set a post with the description of the form||control||class or whatever you need to find a good name for. Get name hints in the answers.

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  • What is the smallest amount of bits you can write twin-prime calculation?

    - by HH
    A succinct example in Python, its source. Explanation about the syntactic sugar here. s=p=1;exec"if s%p*s%~-~p:print`p`+','+`p+2`\ns*=p*p;p+=2\n"*999 The smallest amount of bits is defined by the smallest amount of 4pcs of things you can see with hexdump, it is not that precise measure but well-enough until an ambiguity. $ echo 's=p=1;exec"if s%p*s%~-~p:print`p`+','+`p+2`\ns*=p*p;p+=2\n"*999' > .test $ hexdump .test | wc 5 36 200 $ hexdump .test 0000000 3d73 3d70 3b31 7865 6365 6922 2066 2573 0000010 2a70 2573 2d7e 707e 703a 6972 746e 7060 0000020 2b60 2b2c 7060 322b 5c60 736e 3d2a 2a70 0000030 3b70 2b70 323d 6e5c 2a22 3939 0a39 000003e so in this case it is 31 because the initial parts are removed.

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  • How do you handle huge if-conditions?

    - by Teifion
    It's something that's bugged me in every language I've used, I have an if statement but the conditional part has so many checks that I have to split it over multiple lines, use a nested if statement or just accept that it's ugly and move on with my life. Are there any other methods that you've found that might be of use to me and anybody else that's hit the same problem? Example, all on one line: if (var1 = true && var2 = true && var2 = true && var3 = true && var4 = true && var5 = true && var6 = true){ Example, multi-line: if (var1 = true && var2 = true && var2 = true && var3 = true && var4 = true && var5 = true && var6 = true){ Example-nested: if (var1 = true && var2 = true && var2 = true && var3 = true){     if (var4 = true && var5 = true && var6 = true)     {

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  • Organizing development teams

    - by Patrick
    A long time ago, when my company was much smaller, dividing the development work over teams was quite easy: the 'application' team developed the applications-specific logic, often requiring a deep insight of specific industry problems) the 'generic' team developed the parts that were common/generic for all applications (user interface related stuff, database access, low-level Windows stuff, ...) Over the years the boundaries between the teams have become fuzzy: the 'application' teams often write application-specific functionality with a 'generic' part, so instead of asking the 'generic' team to write that part for them, they write it themselves to speed up the developments; then donate it to the 'generic' team the 'generic' team's focus seems to be more 'maintenance oriented'. All of the 'very generic' code has already been written, so no new developments are needed in it, but instead they continuously have to support all the functionality donated by the application teams. All this seems to indicate that it's not a good idea anymore to have this split in teams. Maybe the 'generic' team should evolve into a 'software quality' team (defining and guarding the rules for writing good quality software), or into a 'software deployment' team (defining how software should be deployed, installed, ...). How do you split up the work in different teams if you have different applications? everybody can write generic code and donates it to a central 'generic' team? everybody can write generic code, but nobody 'manages' this generic code (everybody is the owner) generic code is written by a 'generic' team only and the applications have to wait until the 'generic' team delivers the generic part (via a library, via a DLL) there is no overlap in code between the different applications some other way? Notice that thee advantage of having the mix (allowing everybody to write everywhere in the code) is that: code is written in a more flexible way it's easier to debug the code since you can easily step into the 'generic' code in the debugger But the big (and maybe only) disadvantage is that this generic code may become nobody's responsibility if there is no clear team that manages it anymore. What is your vision?

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  • Simple integer encryption

    - by tloflin
    Is there a simple algorithm to encrypt integers? That is, a function E(i,k) that accepts an n-bit integer and a key (of any type) and produces another, unrelated n-bit integer that, when fed into a second function D(i,k) (along with the key) produces the original integer? Obviously there are some simple reversible operations you can perform, but they all seem to produce clearly related outputs (e.g. consecutive inputs lead to consecutive outputs). Also, of course, there are cryptographically strong standard algorithms, but they don't produce small enough outputs (e.g. 32-bit). I know any 32-bit cryptography can be brute-forced, but I'm not looking for something cryptographically strong, just something that looks random. Theoretically speaking it should be possible; after all, I could just create a dictionary by randomly pairing every integer. But I was hoping for something a little less memory-intensive.

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  • Are There Any Other Web Programming Languages That Can Be Used Without A Framework Aside From PHP?

    - by Ygam
    Python needs a framework, so does Java (for the web). I don't know much about Ruby or Coldfusion. But is there another language out there for the web that can stand alone as it is without a need for a framework or without strict adherence to a design pattern (MVC and the likes) aside from PHP? BTW, the statement that Python and Java needs a framework to work with the web came purely from my readings on articles and books; I might be mistaken.

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  • Is there anything wrong with taking immediate actions in constructors?

    - by pestaa
    I have classes like this one: class SomeObject { public function __construct($param1, $param2) { $this->process($param1, $param2); } ... } So I can instantly "call" it as some sort of global function just like new SomeObject($arg1, $arg2); which has the benefits of staying concise, being easy to understand, but might break unwritten rules of semantics by not waiting till a method is called. Should I continue to feel bad because of a bad practice, or there's really nothing to worry about? Clarification: I do want an instance of the class. I do use internal methods of the class only. I initialize the object in the constructor, but call the "important" action-taker methods too. I am selfish in the light of these sentences.

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  • Can I use part of MD5 hash for data identification?

    - by sharptooth
    I use MD5 hash for identifying files with unknown origin. No attacker here, so I don't care that MD5 has been broken and one can intendedly generate collisions. My problem is I need to provide logging so that different problems are diagnosed easier. If I log every hash as a hex string that's too long, inconvenient and looks ugly, so I'd like to shorten the hash string. Now I know that just taking a small part of a GUID is a very bad idea - GUIDs are designed to be unique, but part of them are not. Is the same true for MD5 - can I take say first 4 bytes of MD5 and assume that I only get collision probability higher due to the reduced number of bytes compared to the original hash?

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  • C# loop - break vs. continue

    - by Terrapin
    In a C# (feel free to answer for other languages) loop, what's the difference between break and continue as a means to leave the structure of the loop, and go to the next iteration? Example: foreach (DataRow row in myTable.Rows){ if (someConditionEvalsToTrue) { break; //what's the difference between this and continue ? //continue; }}

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  • Can a variable like 'int' be considered a primitive/fundamental data structure?

    - by Ravi Gupta
    A rough definition of a data structure is that it allows you to store data and apply a set of operations on that data while preserving consistency of data before and after the operation. However some people insist that a primitive variable like 'int' can also be considered as a data structure. I get that part where it allows you to store data but I guess the operation part is missing. Primitive variables don't have operations attached to them. So I feel that unless you have a set of operations defined and attached to it you cannot call it a data structure. 'int' doesn't have any operation attached to it, it can be operated upon with a set of generic operators. Please advise if I got something wrong here.

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  • Optimizing Code

    - by Claudiu
    You are given a heap of code in your favorite language which combines to form a rather complicated application. It runs rather slowly, and your boss has asked you to optimize it. What are the steps you follow to most efficiently optimize the code? What strategies have you found to be unsuccessful when optimizing code? Re-writes: At what point do you decide to stop optimizing and say "This is as fast as it'll get without a complete re-write." In what cases would you advocate a simple complete re-write anyway? How would you go about designing it?

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  • Solving problems with near infinite potential solutions

    - by Zonda333
    Today I read the following problem: Use the digits 2, 0, 1, 1 and the operations +, -, x, ÷, sqrt, ^ , !, (), combinations, and permutations to write equations for the counting numbers 1 through 100. All four digits must be used in each expression. Only the digits 2, 0, 1, 1 may be used, and each must be used exactly once. Decimals may be used, as in .1, .02, etc. Digits may be combined; numbers such as 20 or 101 may be used. Example: 60 = 10*(2+1)!, 54 = ¹¹C2 - 0! Though I was able to quickly find around 50 solutions quite easily in my head, I thought programming it would be a far superior solution. However, I then realized I had no clue how to go about solving a problem like this. I am not asking for complete code for me to copy and paste, but for ideas about how I would solve this problems, and others like it that have nearly infinite potential solutions. As I will be writing it in python, where I have the most experience, I would prefer if the answers were more python based, but general ideas are great too.

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  • How would you calculate all possible permutations of 0 through N iteratively?

    - by Bob Aman
    I need to calculate permutations iteratively. The method signature looks like: int[][] permute(int n) For n = 3 for example, the return value would be: [[0,1,2], [0,2,1], [1,0,2], [1,2,0], [2,0,1], [2,1,0]] How would you go about doing this iteratively in the most efficient way possible? I can do this recursively, but I'm interested in seeing lots of alternate ways to doing it iteratively.

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