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• Installing grub2 on ubutntu with software raid mirroring

  - by Marko

  Hi guys, Can someone help me out on this? I accidentally installed grub on usb flash drive during ubuntu server installation. Now I cant boot system without drive attached to server. I want to install grub on hard drive with grub-install but i don't know what to set as location for boot loader? my fstab looks like this: file system mount point type options dump pass proc /proc proc nodev,noexec,nosuid 0 0 /dev/mapper/pdc_jdbeghhjg1 / ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 1 /dev/mapper/pdc_jdbeghhjg5 none swap sw 0 0 and partition tables for hard drives as this: Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 2048 1215662079 607830016 83 Linux /dev/sda2 1215664126 1249998847 17167361 5 Extended /dev/sda5 1215664128 1249998847 17167360 82 Linux swap / Solaris Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 1 75672 607830016 83 Linux /dev/sdb2 75672 77809 17167361 5 Extended /dev/sdb5 75672 77809 17167360 82 Linux swap / Solaris ?

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• Can't create LVM due to: not found (or ignored by filtering)

  - by James

  I'm planning to use LVM for KVM, and when I try to create a VG it fails, so how can I create my VG and LV ? Thanks [root@server ~]# vgcreate virtual-machines /dev/sda Device /dev/sda not found (or ignored by filtering). Unable to add physical volume '/dev/sda' to volume group 'virtual-machines'. [root@server ~]# df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda3 2.0T 929G 976G 49% / tmpfs 3.9G 124K 3.9G 1% /dev/shm /dev/sda1 194M 57M 128M 31% /boot [root@server ~]# pvscan No matching physical volumes found

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• How should I configure backup of my server?

  - by ed209

  I have just rented a dedicated server. If it helps this is the config I have: CPU1 Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-2600 CPU @ 3.40GHz (Cores 8) RAM 15975 MB Disk /dev/sda doesn't contain a valid partition table (=> /dev/sda doesn't) Disk /dev/sdc doesn't contain a valid partition table (=> /dev/sdc doesn't) Disk /dev/sdb doesn't contain a valid partition table (=> /dev/sdb doesn't) Disk /dev/sda: 120.0 GB (=> 114 GIB) Disk /dev/sdc: 3000.6 GB (=> 2861 GIB) Disk /dev/sdb: 3000.6 GB (=> 2861 GIB) /dev/sda is a 120GB SSD. This is where I have Ubuntu/lamp installed. It's the drive that will run my site. With the account I got two other drives of 3000GB each which I really don't need but they came with the account. I figured I could use these to back up my main 120gb drive. So a couple of things I wondered were: Should I use these for backups? How should I back up. The data I want to back up is a user uploads directory full of images and the database. Everything else is either in a code repo or backed up some other way. For example, it would be nice to know there is a disk image of the 120gb drive somewhere that I can copy over should there be any problems but equally I don't mind doing a fresh install of all the software and copying over just the images and database dump. Thanks for your advice! (also, happy to not use the two other drives and backup elsewhere if it's more sensible)

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• In Linux, is it possible to get a listing of drives' disk space usage that also shows volume labels?

  - by DavidH

  I know about df, of course, but df does not output volume labels. I have 5 USB hard drives plugged into my NAS box, and would love to know which is which. Current df output: Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda1 27G 2.2G 24G 9% / none 56M 476K 55M 1% /dev none 60M 0 60M 0% /dev/shm none 60M 332K 59M 1% /var/run none 60M 0 60M 0% /var/lock none 60M 0 60M 0% /lib/init/rw /dev/sde1 150G 102G 48G 68% /media/usb0 /dev/sdb1 299G 196G 103G 66% /media/usb1 /dev/sdc1 233G 183G 51G 79% /media/usb2 /dev/sdd1 233G 209G 25G 90% /media/usb3 /dev/sdf1 150G 101G 49G 68% /media/usb4

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• Installing grub2 on ubuntu with software raid mirroring

  - by Marko

  Can someone help me out on this? I accidentally installed grub on usb flash drive during ubuntu server installation. Now I cant boot system without drive attached to server. I want to install grub on hard drive with grub-install but i don't know what to set as location for boot loader? my fstab looks like this: file system mount point type options dump pass proc /proc proc nodev,noexec,nosuid 0 0 /dev/mapper/pdc_jdbeghhjg1 / ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 1 /dev/mapper/pdc_jdbeghhjg5 none swap sw 0 0 and partition tables for hard drives as this: Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 2048 1215662079 607830016 83 Linux /dev/sda2 1215664126 1249998847 17167361 5 Extended /dev/sda5 1215664128 1249998847 17167360 82 Linux swap / Solaris Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 1 75672 607830016 83 Linux /dev/sdb2 75672 77809 17167361 5 Extended /dev/sdb5 75672 77809 17167360 82 Linux swap / Solaris ?

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• Accessing the partitions on an VLM volume

  - by projix

  Suppose you have an LVM volume /dev/vg0/mylv. You have presented this as a virtual disk to a virtualised or emulated guest system. During installation the guest system sees it as /dev/sda and partitions it into /dev/sda{1,2,5,6} and completes the installation. Now at some point you need to access those filesystems from within the host system, without running the guest system. fdisk sees these partitions just fine: # fdisk -l /dev/vg0/mylv Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/vg0/mylv1 2048 684031 340992 83 Linux /dev/vg0/mylv2 686078 20969471 10141697 5 Extended /dev/vg0/mylv5 686080 8290303 3802112 83 Linux /dev/vg0/mylv6 8292352 11980799 1844224 83 Linux However, the devices such as /dev/vg0/mylv1 do not actually exist. I guess that because they're within an LV, the OS does not recognise this type of nesting by default. Is there any way I can prod Linux so that /dev/vg0/mylv1 or equivalent appears and thus becomes mountable within the host system? I understand that it's possible with qemu-nbd, and will use this if necessary. However, I was hoping for something more direct if possible, rather than simulating a network block device and attaching that.

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• Installation stuck on "Installation Type" screen

  - by Andrew Latham

  I am trying to install Ubuntu 11.10 with Windows 7 from a CD. I am using an HP Pavilion dm4. I've never used Ubuntu (or any Linux) before. Everything goes alright until I get to the "Installation Type" screen. Instead of giving me options, it just has a blank menu, and all the buttons are disabled. When I click "Continue", it gives me an error saying that it can't find the root or something like that. The trial version works fine, but I can't actually install it. Everything on the trial version is really slow, presumably because everything is on the CD or the Windows partition. I did some research, but the only post I could find was http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=1870478 Where the only advice is to format the entire drive, which I'm not willing to do. Any suggestions? I'm downloading 10.04 right now and I'm going to try with that instead. EDIT: 10.04 didn't work either. I got to the partitioning screen and got the same problem. I read some more forums, loaded up 11.10 trial from the disk, opened the Terminal and typed sudo apt-get remove dmraid and then y. Then I was actually able to see something on the "Installation type" page: "Erase disk and install Ubuntu" or "Something else". Which is weird, since Windows 7 should be installed. When I click Something Else, I get: /dev/sda /dev/sdb /dev/sdb1 (ntfs) (208 MB) (69 MB used) /dev/sdb2 (ntfs) (477542 MB) (unknown used) /dev/sdb3 (ntfs) (18085 MB) (16094 MB used) /dev/sdb4 (fat32) (4265 MB) (3084 MB used) I have no idea what any of this means. Also, my device for boot loader installation changed from /dev/sda to /dev/sda ATA SAMSUNG MZMPA032 (32.0 GB)

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• Getting the alternative to the 200-Line Linux Kernel patch to work

  - by Gödel

  Apparently, there is a comparable alternative to the 200-line kernel patch that involves no kernel upgrade. It is presented here and discussed here. However, I am not sure if webupd8's solution (under the section "Use it in Ubuntu") on Ubuntu actually works or not. In particular, one commenter on ./ is saying he's getting an error message. Could anyone post the "correct" method that actually works? Suggested solution: Based on the comments I've read so far, the following seems to work. (1) In /etc/rc.local, add the following lines to above exit 0: mkdir -p /dev/cgroup/cpu mount -t cgroup cgroup /dev/cgroup/cpu -o cpu mkdir -m 0777 /dev/cgroup/cpu/user echo "/usr/local/sbin/cgroup_clean" > /dev/cgroup/cpu/release_agent (2) Create a file named /usr/local/sbin/cgroup_clean with the following content: #!/bin/sh rmdir /dev/cgroup/cpu/$1 (3) In your ~/.bashrc, add: if [ "$PS1" ] ; then mkdir -m 0700 /dev/cgroup/cpu/user/$$ echo $$ > /dev/cgroup/cpu/user/$$/tasks echo "1" > /dev/cgroup/cpu/user/$$/notify_on_release fi (4) (To make sure the execution bit is on) execute sudo chmod +x /usr/local/sbin/cgroup_clean /etc/rc.local (5) Reboot.

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• Error mounting: mount exited with exit code 13

  - by Mike Williamson

  I keep a windows partition on my laptop for the occaisional bit of Photoshop work. A while ago I noticed that Windows had disappeared from my grub boot menu and when I try to mount the windows partion, my system hangs for a bit and then I get this: Unable to mount 105 GB Filesystem Error mounting: mount exited with exit code 13: ntfs_attr_pread_i: ntfs_pread failed: Input/output error Failed to calculate free MFT records: Input/output error NTFS is either inconsistent, or there is a hardware fault, or it's a SoftRAID/FakeRAID hardware. In the first case run chkdsk /f on Windows then reboot into Windows twice. The usage of the /f parameter is very important! If the device is a SoftRAID/FakeRAID then first activate it and mount a different device under the /dev/mapper/ directory, (e.g. /dev/mapper/nvidia_eahaabcc1). Please see the 'dmraid' documentation for more details. It seems that chkdsk is a windows command but since I can't boot into windows (since its the windows partition that is the problem) I'm not sure what to do. Here is the output of fdisk to give you the lay of the land: Disk /dev/sda: 250.1 GB, 250059350016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 30401 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x98000000 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 1 10199 81923436 83 Linux /dev/sda2 * 10200 22947 102398310 7 HPFS/NTFS /dev/sda3 22948 29164 49938052+ 83 Linux /dev/sda4 29165 30401 9936202+ 5 Extended /dev/sda5 29165 30401 9936171 82 Linux swap / Solaris Any guidance would be appreciated!

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• Configure Dual Boot, Windows 7 and Ubuntu 12.04 with or without EFI

  - by Keroak

  I have just installed Ubuntu 12.04 on a laptop with Windows 7 but I don't get to boot from Ubuntu. First, during the installation I made these partitions (may be too many): /dev/sda1 FAT32 SYSTEM 200Mb boot (EFI boot, i guess) /dev/sda2 unknown file system 128 Mb msftres (Windows Boot Manager) /dev/sda3 NTFS OS 100 Gb (Windows 7) /dev/sda4 NTFS DATOS 315 Gb (Data partition) /dev/sda5 ext4 28 Gb (/home) /dev/sda8 unknown file system 1 Gb biog_grub (i'm not very sure why i made this one) /dev/sda6 ext4 17 Gb (/ Ubuntu 12.03 installed withou errors aparently) /dev/sda7 linex-swap 2 GB (swap) I can boot from Windows perfectly. Actually I tried to configure Windows Boot Manager with EasyBCD but it doesn't recognize any boot entry. Anyway, I added an Ubuntu Entry and it configured it automatically. Now I have boot entries the Windows 7 one that appear to work and the Ubuntu 12.04 that it prompt a "No application found" message. I re-started from a USB with Ubuntu and tried to fix GRUB from the command-line and with boot-repair. No results. As far as I understand I have to tell the Windows Boot Manager where my Ubuntu boot loader is. So I have two problems: Actually, I don't know where my Ubuntu boot loader, GRUB or GRUB2 or whatever, is. I don't know how to set my Ubuntu entry in Windows Boot Manager. I guess using BCDedit.exe as EasyBCD didn't show me the entries. Anyway, I don't know what parameters to use. I read several articles about it but i didn't find out anything useful.

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• SD-CARD reader does not show in ubuntu

  - by shantanu

  I bought Acer asipre 4250. It have built-in SD card reader. But it is not working. Nothing show in /media or fdisk but something in dmesg. dmesg: new high-speed USB device number 3 using ehci_hcd [ 127.396733] scsi5 : usb-storage 2-2:1.0 [ 128.526562] scsi 5:0:0:0: Direct-Access Multiple Card Reader 1.00 PQ: 0 ANSI: 0 [ 128.532512] sd 5:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg2 type 0 [ 129.008110] ohci_hcd 0000:00:12.0: PCI INT A disabled [ 129.032083] ohci_hcd 0000:00:13.0: PCI INT A disabled [ 129.056411] ohci_hcd 0000:00:16.0: PCI INT A disabled [ 129.338026] sd 5:0:0:0: [sdb] Attached SCSI removable disk [ 129.808328] ohci_hcd 0000:00:14.5: PCI INT C disabled [ 167.728616] usb 2-2: USB disconnect, device number 3 [ 169.872284] ehci_hcd 0000:00:13.2: PCI INT B disabled [ 169.872340] ehci_hcd 0000:00:13.2: PME# enabled fdisk -l: Disk /dev/sda: 320.1 GB, 320072933376 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 38913 cylinders, total 625142448 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes Disk identifier: 0x0006bc6d Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 2048 48828415 24413184 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda2 48828416 50829311 1000448 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/sda3 50829312 99657727 24414208 83 Linux /dev/sda4 99659774 625141759 262740993 5 Extended Partition 4 does not start on physical sector boundary. /dev/sda5 99659776 275439615 87889920 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda6 275441664 451221503 87889920 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda7 451223552 625141759 86959104 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT I found another problem just right now. I format last three drives as EXT4 with disk utility. But they are showing as NTFS/exFAT in fdisk. :-(

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• Exempt programs from using active VPN connection

  - by Oxwivi

  When I connect to a VPN, all my network traffic is automatically routed through it. Is there a way to add exemptions to that? I don't know if adding exceptions has anything to do with the VPN protocol, but the VPN I'm using is of the OpenVPN protocol. Speaking of OpenVPN, why is it not installed by default on Ubuntu installs unlike PPTP? I could not get the list of IRCHighWay's servers, and this is the result I get trying to connect on XChat with running the bash script running: * Looking up irc.irchighway.net * Connecting to irc.irchighway.net (65.23.153.98) port 6667... * Connected. Now logging in... * You have been K-Lined. * *** You are not welcome on this network. * *** K-Lined for Open proxies are not allowed. (2011/02/26 01.21) * *** Your IP is 173.0.14.9 * *** For assistance, please email [email protected] and include everything shown here. * Closing Link: 0.0.0.0 (Open proxies are not allowed. (2011/02/26 01.21)) * Disconnected (Remote host closed socket). The IP 173.0.14.9 is the one due to my VPN. I had forgotten to check ip route list before running the script, and this is the one after running it: ~$ ip route list 99.192.193.241 dev ppp0 proto kernel scope link src 173.0.14.9 173.0.14.2 via 192.168.1.1 dev eth1 proto static 173.0.14.2 via 192.168.1.1 dev eth1 src 192.168.1.3 192.168.1.0/24 dev eth1 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.1.3 metric 2 169.254.0.0/16 dev eth1 scope link metric 1000 default dev ppp0 proto static Oh and running the script returned this output: ~$ sudo bash irc_route.sh Usage: inet_route [-vF] del {-host|-net} Target[/prefix] [gw Gw] [metric M] [[dev] If] inet_route [-vF] add {-host|-net} Target[/prefix] [gw Gw] [metric M] [netmask N] [mss Mss] [window W] [irtt I] [mod] [dyn] [reinstate] [[dev] If] inet_route [-vF] add {-host|-net} Target[/prefix] [metric M] reject inet_route [-FC] flush NOT supported I ran the script after connecting to the VPN.

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• My Android phone isn't being detected by Ubuntu

  - by Lara

  This is what I've got from terminal, looks like it can see the phone as a USB device just fine but isn't showing up under fdisk so I can't mount it. It automounts just fine in my VMWare Windows. And Internet tethering works fine while under Linux (haven't tried under Windows). Here's lsusb: Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub Bus 002 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub Bus 003 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub Bus 004 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0003 Linux Foundation 3.0 root hub Bus 001 Device 002: ID 8087:0024 Intel Corp. Integrated Rate Matching Hub Bus 002 Device 002: ID 8087:0024 Intel Corp. Integrated Rate Matching Hub Bus 002 Device 019: ID 04d9:1135 Holtek Semiconductor, Inc. Bus 001 Device 003: ID 05ca:18c0 Ricoh Co., Ltd Bus 001 Device 004: ID 0489:e00f Foxconn / Hon Hai Foxconn T77H114 BCM2070 [Single-Chip Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR Adapter] Bus 003 Device 010: ID 04e8:6860 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd Bus 002 Device 012: ID 046d:c315 Logitech, Inc. Classic New Touch Keyboard And here's sudo fdisk -l: Disk /dev/sda: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 60801 cylinders, total 976773168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x0001ff06 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 2048 681845797 340921875 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda2 * 681846784 845686783 81920000 83 Linux /dev/sda3 845686784 968566783 61440000 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda4 968568830 972475081 1953126 5 Extended /dev/sda5 968568832 972475081 1953125 82 Linux swap / Solaris Disk /dev/mapper/cryptswap1: 2000 MB, 2000000000 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 243 cylinders, total 3906250 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0xbe4c2ec7 Disk /dev/mapper/cryptswap1 doesn't contain a valid partition table

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• Windows 7 disappeared in list of Grub while loading

  - by Riyad A.

  Installed Ubuntu 12.04 alongside the Windows 7 two weeks ago. Initially haven't any issues with that. day ago installed updates on Ubuntu and after restarting the system found the absence of Win7 in Grub list. Before the HDD has been partitioned on two volumes Disk C and Work Disk(don't remember the name). When doing the fdisk -l: Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes Disk identifier: 0xa93031e0 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 2048 408833842 204415897+ 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda2 488386560 976773119 244193280 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda3 408834046 488386559 39776257 5 Extended Partition 3 does not start on physical sector boundary. /dev/sda5 408834048 484421631 37793792 83 Linux /dev/sda6 484423680 488386559 1981440 82 Linux swap / Solaris Partition table entries are not in disk order Disk /dev/mmcblk0: 3965 MB, 3965190144 bytes 49 heads, 48 sectors/track, 3292 cylinders, total 7744512 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/mmcblk0p1 8192 7744511 3868160 b W95 FAT32 When sudo mount /dev/sda ~/1 -o offset [488386560*512] - opens and mounts WORK disk. Need help: how to See and mount disk C. how to see and adjust the Grub to appear both systems in Grub menu when loading?

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• Can't access external hard drives or thumb drives

  - by calden

  I am not a complete linux noob but I don't know a lot either and would greatly appreciate some help with this. I just installed Ubuntu 10.10 onto my laptop. Everything is working great however USB devices such as thumb drives and external hard drives wont show up. I have been looking around a bit and when I run sudo fdisk -l it displays this: Disk /dev/sda: 250.1 GB, 250059350016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 30401 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00065684 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 29255 234983424 83 Linux /dev/sda2 29255 30402 9212929 5 Extended /dev/sda5 29255 30402 9212928 82 Linux swap / Solaris Disk /dev/sdb: 16.0 GB, 16026435072 bytes 64 heads, 32 sectors/track, 15283 cylinders Units = cylinders of 2048 * 512 = 1048576 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x000df90d Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 * 1 15283 15649776 7 HPFS/NTFS It does seem to display my 16 gig thumb drive but other then seeing it here I cant access it to read and write files to it. It does the same with my external hard drive. I know those devices work as I have tried them on my other computer and they are working fine. Also this is what is in fstab if this will help anybody help me: proc /proc proc nodev,noexec,nosuid 0 0 /dev/sdb1 / ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 1 /dev/sdb5 none swap sw 0 0 Thank you very much for the help everyone.

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• Cannot Restore GRUB (Ubuntu 11.04 + Win 7)

  - by Benny

  I'm trying to fix GRUB on my PC, but I'm running into serious issues doing so. Any help would be greatly appreciated as I'm completely crippled right now. Here is the sequence of events for this PC: Installed Windows 7 Split full disk into two partitions (one for win7 and one for multimedia) Long time passed Split one of the partitions into two again Installed Ubuntu 11.04 on new partition A little time passed Windows 7 acting up, reinstall Ubuntu GRUB gone Tried restoring GRUB by mounting and grub-install from live USB Tried switching to a live CD instead of USB (thinking it might be the drive) Now I don't see GRUB and I'm getting "input/output" errors An example i/o error: ubuntu@ubuntu:~$ sudo fdisk -l Disk /dev/sda: 750.2 GB, 750156374016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 91201 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0xbe86aff6 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 48727 391393280 7 HPFS/NTFS /dev/sda2 48727 77063 227612647+ 7 HPFS/NTFS /dev/sda3 77063 91202 113566721 5 Extended /dev/sda5 77063 90622 108908544 83 Linux /dev/sda6 90622 91202 4657152 82 Linux swap / Solaris ubuntu@ubuntu:~$ sudo mount /dev/sda5 /mnt ubuntu@ubuntu:~$ sudo grub-install --root-directory=/mnt /dev/sda mkdir: cannot create directory `/mnt/boot': Input/output error ubuntu@ubuntu:~$ cd /mnt ubuntu@ubuntu:/mnt$ ls ls: cannot access etc: Input/output error

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• Resize a pendrive Linux?

  - by user11239

  I'm running Ubuntu from USB media, which has a drive capacity of 250 GB, all existing as one FAT32 partition. However, when I created the bootable Ubuntu drive, only 4.79 GB were allocated for usage. Rather than put files directly into the /cdrom where the drive is mounted, I want to expand what is listed here in aufs to be at least 200 GB. I'm hopeful that I can do this live. Output of df : Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on aufs 4051904 4050108 0 100% / none 1542852 284 1542568 1% /dev /dev/sdb1 244076800 4901648 239175152 3% /cdrom /dev/loop0 688000 688000 0 100% /rofs none 1547840 1496 1546344 1% /dev/shm tmpfs 1547840 4828 1543012 1% /tmp none 1547840 80 1547760 1% /var/run none 1547840 0 1547840 0% /var/lock none 1547840 0 1547840 0% /lib/init/rw Output of fdisk -l : Disk /dev/sdb: 250.1 GB, 250059350016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 30401 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00083fe4 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 * 1 30401 244196001 c W95 FAT32 (LBA) So basically what I want to do is get /dev/sdb1 to be entirely, or almost entirely read as aufs. I'm confused over how to do this, as the file systems are all part of /dev/sdb1 on one big partition, rather than separate partitions for separate file systems.

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• Install GRUB to Ubuntu Partition

  - by Noel

  So my computer has the following partitions: /dev/sda -- (I know this isn't a real partition, but more so the boot loader) /dev/sda1 -- (Windows 7 Boot Loader) /dev/sda3 -- (Windows 7) /dev/sda4 -- (Data partition, NTFS) that means i have /dev/sda2 as free space. I do not want to change the MBR of the computer. I would like /dev/sda2 to contain GRUB AND Ubuntu. So ideally when I turn my computer on, BIOS would ask if I'd like to boot Windows 7 or Ubuntu(or Grub or partition 2), and I could choose either one. But I would like Grub and Ubuntu to be on the same partition, so they will not interfere in any way with windows or window's boot loader/partition (sda3) How can I do this? Catch: when formatting partitions, Ubuntu does not give me the option to make them virtual partitions, so that makes things harder. I tried: installing Ubuntu to /dev/sda2 (which I formatted as ext4) and then told the Ubuntu installer to install the bootloader to /dev/sda2. But when I select "Ubuntu" from BIOS's boot selection, it loads a black screen and says "invalid arch independent ELF magic grub rescue _" and allows me to input stuff. How can I fix this, or tell my computer where Grub is?

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• How to retain secondary hard drive mounts at reboot and keep shares?

  - by Tom

  I'm running Ubuntu 12.04. A second hard drive connected to this computer does not mount when the computer boots. Additionally, I have set up the drive to be shared but the share is not retained, the share is lost after each boot. My main system drive and a removable drive mount OK and shares remain between boots. Additional information follows: D2Linux sda1 is the secondary hard drive L-Freeagent sdc1 is the removeable drive Here is the contents of fstab immediately after booting (D2Linux /dev/sda1 not yet mounted): '# /etc/fstab: static file system information. ' '# ' '# Use 'blkid' to print the universally unique identifier for a ' '# device; this may be used with UUID= as a more robust way to name devices ' '# that works even if disks are added and removed. See fstab(5). ' '# ' '# ' proc /proc proc nodev,noexec,nosuid 0 0 '# / was on /dev/sdb1 during installation ' UUID=43d29a82-66b3-40f3-91ed-735a27a60004 / ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 1 '# swap was on /dev/sdb5 during installation UUID=cf8e3351-11d0-487a-8a6e-e499c2e88a10 none swap sw ' 0 0 Here is the output of mount with all drives mounted (I did not restore the share): /dev/sdb1 on / type ext4 (rw,errors=remount-ro) proc on /proc type proc (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev) sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev) none on /sys/fs/fuse/connections type fusectl (rw) none on /sys/kernel/debug type debugfs (rw) none on /sys/kernel/security type securityfs (rw) udev on /dev type devtmpfs (rw,mode=0755) devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,noexec,nosuid,gid=5,mode=0620) tmpfs on /run type tmpfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,size=10%,mode=0755) none on /run/lock type tmpfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev,size=5242880) none on /run/shm type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev) gvfs-fuse-daemon on /home/tom/.gvfs type fuse.gvfs-fuse-daemon (rw,nosuid,nodev,user=tom) /dev/sdc1 on /media/L-Freeagent type ext4 (rw,nosuid,nodev,uhelper=udisks) /dev/sda1 on /media/D2Linux type ext4 (rw,nosuid,nodev,uhelper=udisks) Thank you!

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• SD Card only mounted after a reboot

  - by hattenn

  I have a Kingston 2GB MicroSD and I plug it in via an inconix MicroSD Adapter to the internal card reader of my Samsung N210 Netbook with Ubuntu 10.10, but it doesn't show up. Only if I reboot the system when the card's plugged in it shows up. Why does it need a reboot for mounting? sudo fdisk -l gives the output below. But I can only see the drive when I reboot the computer while the card's plugged. Disk /dev/sda: 160.0 GB, 160041885696 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 19457 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x9a5a7990 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 1 1959 15728640 27 Unknown Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda2 * 1959 1972 102400 7 HPFS/NTFS /dev/sda3 1972 18992 136718750 83 Linux /dev/sda4 18992 19458 3738625 5 Extended /dev/sda5 18992 19458 3738624 82 Linux swap / Solaris Disk /dev/sdb: 1973 MB, 1973420032 bytes 60 heads, 59 sectors/track, 1088 cylinders Units = cylinders of 3540 * 512 = 1812480 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 1 1089 1927100+ 6 FAT16

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• Unable to mount USBDRIVE Error creating moint point: Permission denied

  - by steve

  Whenever I plug a usb into my computer a window pops up and says Unable to mount [Name of USB] Error creating moint point: Permission denied steve@goliath:/$ uname -a Linux goliath 3.2.0-32-generic #51-Ubuntu SMP Wed Sep 26 21:33:09 UTC 2012 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux steve@goliath:/$ sudo fdisk -l WARNING: GPT (GUID Partition Table) detected on '/dev/sda'! The util fdisk doesn't support GPT. Use GNU Parted. Disk /dev/sda: 120.0 GB, 120034123776 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 14593 cylinders, total 234441648 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x0f716ee1 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 1 234441647 117220823+ ee GPT WARNING: GPT (GUID Partition Table) detected on '/dev/sdb'! The util fdisk doesn't support GPT. Use GNU Parted. Disk /dev/sdb: 1500.3 GB, 1500301910016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 182401 cylinders, total 2930277168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x0f710ee1 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 1 2930277167 1465138583+ ee GPT Disk /dev/sdc: 16.0 GB, 16005464064 bytes 74 heads, 10 sectors/track, 42244 cylinders, total 31260672 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0xc3072e18 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdc1 8064 31260671 15626304 c W95 FAT32 (LBA) steve@goliath:/$ sudo mkdir /media/external mkdir: cannot create directory `/media/external': Permission denied steve@goliath:/$ sudo mkdir /media/usb0 mkdir: cannot create directory `/media/usb0': Permission denied steve@goliath:/$ sudo ls -l / | grep media drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Oct 3 22:48 media steve@goliath:/$ ls /media/ -a . .. MediaShare MediaShare is the the directory on my server that has all my movies and music. If there is any information I left out please let me know.

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• Not enough disk space '/' in AWS instance

  - by Sumant

  i am running Ubuntu 11.04 instance for my Web Server on AWS cloud, now i am getting there is no disk space in / partition of my server. df -ah say this Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/xvda1 7.9G 7.8G 97M 99% / proc 0 0 0 - /proc none 0 0 0 - /sys fusectl 0 0 0 - /sys/fs/fuse/connections none 0 0 0 - /sys/kernel/debug none 0 0 0 - /sys/kernel/security none 3.7G 112K 3.7G 1% /dev none 0 0 0 - /dev/pts none 3.7G 0 3.7G 0% /dev/shm none 3.7G 80K 3.7G 1% /var/run none 3.7G 0 3.7G 0% /var/lock /dev/xvdb 414G 16G 377G 4% /mnt Now i have Tried these thing for getting some extra space on / partition Clean up All Log files for Apache. Removed all unnecessary files from server. Home directory Cleanup. But Still I am not getting enough space. This Instance type is m1.large with 8GB EBS. Now i am getting i have enough disk space in /dev/xvdb. Is there a way i can allocate some diskspace to / from /dev/xvdb or Any other Ways. Please suggest me the possible solution for this.Is it possible to use the same /dev/xvdb partition with another instance.

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• How can I triple boot Xubuntu, Ubuntu and Windows?

  - by ag.restringere

  Triple Booting Xubuntu, Ubuntu and Windows I'm an avid Xubuntu (Ubuntu + XFCE) user but I also dual boot with Windows XP. I originally created 3 partitions and wanted to use the empty one as a storage volume but now I want to install Ubuntu 12.04 LTS (the one with Unity) to do advanced testing and packaging. Ideally I would love to keep these two totally separate as I had problems in the past with conflicts between Unity and XFCE. This way I could wipe the Ubuntu w/ Unity installation if there are problems and really mess around with it. My disk looks like this: /dev/sda1 -- Windows XP /dev/sda2 -- Disk /dev/sda: 200.0 GB, 200049647616 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 24321 cylinders, total 390721968 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 63 78139454 39069696 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda2 78141440 156280831 39069696 83 Linux /dev/sda3 156282878 386533375 115125249 5 Extended /dev/sda4 386533376 390721535 2094080 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/sda5 156282880 386533375 115125248 83 Linux Keep each in it's own partition and totally separate and be able to select from each of the three systems from the GRUB boot menu... sda1 --- [Windows XP] sda2 --- [Ubuntu 12.04] "Unity" sda3(4,5) -- [Xubuntu 12.02] "Primary XFCE" What is the safest and easiest way to do this without messing my system up and requiring invasive activity?

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• preseeded installation keeps asking for confirmation while creating RAID-Partitions on certain hardware-platform

  - by Marc Shennon

  I am aware of the partman-md/confirm_nooverwrite thing, that was the solution to most of this problems in the past. The thing is, that the preseed-file works for almost all hardware-platforms I tested, but only for one (Primergy MX130) it keeps asking for confirmation, before writing the partition-layout to the disks. All machines I tested are running with two SATA Disks, nothing special. I'm not really sure, what information could be needed in order to investigate the cause of this behaviour, but I would of course be willing to provide more information, if someone has an idea. Relevant part of the preseed file is the following: d-i partman-auto/disk string /dev/sda /dev/sdb d-i partman-auto/method string raid d-i partman-md/confirm boolean true d-i partman-partitioning/confirm_write_new_label boolean true d-i partman-md/device_remove_md boolean true d-i partman/choose_partition select finish d-i partman-md/confirm_nooverwrite boolean true # Write the changes to disks? d-i partman/confirm boolean true d-i mdadm/boot_degraded boolean true # RECIPE # Next you need to specify the physical partitions that will be used. d-i partman-auto/expert_recipe string \ multiraid :: \ 500 10000 1000000000 raid $lvmignore{ }\ $primary{ } \ method{ raid } \ . \ 512 1000 786 raid $lvmignore{ }\ $primary{ } \ method{ raid } \ . \ 8192 10240 10240 raid $lvmignore{ }\ method{ raid } \ . # Parameters are: # <raidtype> <devcount> <sparecount> <fstype> <mountpoint> <devices> <sparedevices> d-i partman-auto-raid/recipe string \ 1 2 0 ext4 / /dev/sda1#/dev/sdb1 . \ 1 2 0 ext2 /boot /dev/sda2#/dev/sdb2 . \ 1 2 0 swap - /dev/sda5#/dev/sdb5 .

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• Cryptswap not mounted?

  - by woody

  I believe i have my swap set up but am not sure because on start up it says that it is something along the lines of "could not mount /dev/mapper/cryptswap1 M for manual S for skip". But it appears to be mounted. When i run free -m the output is: total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 3887 769 3117 0 54 348 -/+ buffers/cache: 366 3520 Swap: 4026 0 4026 and sudo bklid is: /dev/sda1: UUID="9fb3ccd6-3732-4989-bfa4-e943a09f1153" TYPE="ext4" /dev/mapper/cryptswap1: UUID="bd9fe154-8621-48b3-95d2-ae5c91f373fd" TYPE="swap" and cat /etc/crypttab is: cryptswap1 /dev/sda5 /dev/urandom swap,cipher=aes-cbc-essiv:sha256 my /etc/fstab is: # /etc/fstab: static file system information. # # Use 'blkid' to print the universally unique identifier for a # device; this may be used with UUID= as a more robust way to name devices # that works even if disks are added and removed. See fstab(5). # # proc /proc proc nodev,noexec,nosuid 0 0 # / was on /dev/sda1 during installation UUID=9fb3ccd6-3732-4989-bfa4-e943a09f1153 / ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 1 # swap was on /dev/sda5 during installation #UUID=bb0e378e-8742-435a-beda-ae7788a7c1b0 none swap sw 0 0 /dev/mapper/cryptswap1 none swap sw 0 0 The file /etc/polkit-1/localauthority/50-local.d/com.ubuntu.enable-hibernate.pkla already exists and its contents are: [Re-enable hibernate by default] Identity=unix-user:* Action=org.freedesktop.upower.hibernate ResultActive=yes Is my swap not setup correctly or is it not mounting?

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