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• PHP: producing relative date/time from timestamps

  - by KeyStroke

  Hi, I'm basically trying to convert a Unix timestamp (the time() function) to a relative date/time that's both compatible with past and future date. So outputs could be: 2 weeks ago 1 hour and 60 minutes ago 15 minutes and 54 seconds ago after 10 minutes and 15 seconds First I tried to code this, but made a huge unmaintainable function, and then I searched the internet for a couple of hours, yet all I can find are scripts that produce only one part of the time (e.h: "1 hour ago" without the minutes). Do you have a script that already does this? If so, I'd really appreciate if you could share it. Thanks.

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• Python sort 2-D list by time string

  - by Mark Kennedy

  How do I sort a multi dimensional list like this based on a time string? The sublists can be of different sizes (i.e. 4 and 5, here) I want to sort by comparing the first time string in each sublist (sublist[-4]) x = (['1513', '08:19PM', '10:21PM', 1, 4], ['1290', '09:45PM', '11:43PM', 1, 4], ['0690', '07:25AM', '09:19AM', 1, 4], ['0201', '08:50AM', '10:50AM', 1, 4], ['1166', '04:35PM', '06:36PM', 1, 4], ['0845', '05:40PM', '07:44PM', 1, 4], ['1267', '07:05PM', '09:07PM', 1, 4], ['1513', '08:19PM', '10:21PM', 1, 4], ['1290', '09:45PM', '11:43PM', 1, 4], ['8772', '0159', '12:33PM', '02:43PM', 1, 5], ['0888', '0570', '09:42PM', '12:20AM', 1, 5], ['2086', '2231', '04:10PM', '06:20PM', 1, 5]) The sorted result would be sortedX = (['0690', '07:25AM', '09:19AM', 1, 4], ['0201', '08:50AM', '10:50AM', 1, 4], ['1166', '04:35PM', '06:36PM', 1, 4], ['0845', '05:40PM', '07:44PM', 1, 4], ['1267', '07:05PM', '09:07PM', 1, 4], ['1513', '08:19PM', '10:21PM', 1, 4], ['1513', '08:19PM', '10:21PM', 1, 4], ['1290', '09:45PM', '11:43PM', 1, 4], ['1290', '09:45PM', '11:43PM', 1, 4], ['8772', '0159', '12:33PM', '02:43PM', 1, 5], ['2086', '2231', '04:10PM', '06:20PM', 1, 5], ['0888', '0570', '09:42PM', '12:20AM', 1, 5]) I tried the following: sortedX = sorted(x, key=lambda k : k[-4]) #k[-4] is the first time string and it works but it doesn't respect the sublist size ordering

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• python mock side_effect or return_value dependent on call_count

  - by user18380

  To test a polling function I want to mock the calling of a sub function so that the first time it is called it will fail, and the second time it is called it will succeed. Here's a very simplified version of it: poll_function(var1): value = sub_function(var1) # First call will return None while not value: time.sleep(POLLING_INTERVAL) value = sub_function(var1) # A subsequent call will return a string, e.g "data" return value Is this possible to do with a Mock object from the mock framework? I know Mock objects have a call_count attribute I should be able to use somehow. Right now I've solved it by creating a custom mock object that I use to monkey patch sub_function(), but I feel there should be a better less verbose way of doing it: def test_poll(): class MyMock(object): def __init__(self, *args): self.call_count = 0 def sub_function(self, *args, **kwargs): if self.call_count > 1: return "data" else: self.call_count += 1 return None my_mock = MyMock() with patch('sub_function', my_mock.sub_function): ok_(poll_function())

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• Python performance profiling (file close)

  - by user1853986

  First of all thanks for your attention. My question is how to reduce the execution time of my code. Here is the relevant code. The below code is called in iteration from the main. def call_prism(prism_input_file,random_length): prism_output_file = "path.txt" cmd = "prism %s -simpath %d %s" % (prism_input_file,random_length,prism_output_file) p = os.popen(cmd) p.close() return prism_output_file def main(prism_input_file, number_of_strings): ... for n in range(number_of_strings): prism_output_file = call_prism(prism_input_file,z[n]) ... return I used statistics from the "profile statistics browser" when I profiled my code. The "file close" system command took the maximum time (14.546 seconds). The call_prism routine is called 10 times. But the number_of_strings is usually in thousands, so, my program takes lot of time to complete. Let me know if you need more information. By the way I tried with subprocess, too. Thanks.

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• Problems with sys.stdout.write() with time.sleep() in a function

  - by philipjkim

  What I wanted is printing out 5 dots that a dot printed per a second using time.sleep(), but the result was 5 dots were printed at once after 5 seconds delay. Tried both print and sys.stdout.write, same result. Thanks for any advices. import time import sys def wait_for(n): """Wait for {n} seconds. {n} should be an integer greater than 0.""" if not isinstance(n, int): print 'n in wait_for(n) should be an integer.' return elif n < 1: print 'n in wait_for(n) should be greater than 0.' return for i in range(0, n): sys.stdout.write('.') time.sleep(1) sys.stdout.write('\n') def main(): wait_for(5) # FIXME: doesn't work as expected if __name__ == '__main__': try: main() except KeyboardInterrupt: print '\nAborted.'

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• Class Decorators, Inheritence, super(), and maximum recursion

  - by jamstooks

  I'm trying to figure out how to use decorators on subclasses that use super(). Since my class decorator creates another subclass a decorated class seems to prevent the use of super() when it changes the className passed to super(className, self). Below is an example: def class_decorator(cls): class _DecoratedClass(cls): def __init__(self): return super(_DecoratedClass, self).__init__() return _DecoratedClass class BaseClass(object): def __init__(self): print "class: %s" % self.__class__.__name__ def print_class(self): print "class: %s" % self.__class__.__name__ bc = BaseClass().print_class() class SubClass(BaseClass): def print_class(self): super(SubClass, self).print_class() sc = SubClass().print_class() @class_decorator class SubClassAgain(BaseClass): def print_class(self): super(SubClassAgain, self).print_class() sca = SubClassAgain() # sca.print_class() # Uncomment for maximum recursion The output should be: class: BaseClass class: BaseClass class: SubClass class: SubClass class: _DecoratedClass Traceback (most recent call last): File "class_decorator_super.py", line 34, in <module> sca.print_class() File "class_decorator_super.py", line 31, in print_class super(SubClassAgain, self).print_class() ... ... RuntimeError: maximum recursion depth exceeded while calling a Python object Does anyone know of a way to not break a subclass that uses super() when using a decorator? Ideally I'd like to reuse a class from time to time and simply decorate it w/out breaking it.

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• Django-modpython project in a directory

  - by Ankit Jaiswal

  Hi All, I am deploying a Django project on apache server with mod_python in linux. I have created a directory structure like: /var/www/html/django/demoInstall where demoInstall is my project. In the httpd.conf I have put the following code. <Location "/django/demoInstall"> SetHandler python-program PythonHandler django.core.handlers.modpython SetEnv DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE demoInstall.settings PythonOption django.root django/demoInstall PythonDebug On PythonPath "['/var/www/html/django'] + sys.path" </Location> It is getting me the django environment but the issue is that the urls mentioned in urls.py are not working correctly. In my url file I have mentioned the url like: (r'^$', views.index), Now, in the browser I am putting the url like : http://domainname/django/demoInstall/ and I am expecting the views.index to be invoked. But I guess it is expecting the url to be only: http://domainname/ . When I change the url mapping to: (r'^django/demoInstall$', views.index), it works fine. Please suggest as I do not want to change all the mappings in url config file. Thanks in advance.

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• sorl-thumbnail unit tests fail by 1 pixel (!)

  - by stevejalim

  Hi I'm using sorl-thumbnail in a Django 1.2 (currently 1.2 RC) project and getting a surprising failure of four of sorl's built-in unit tests. Essentially, the resized images are all 1px shorter than the unit tests expect them to be. See below for details I'm developing on OSX 10.5.8 (not Snow Leopard) with Python 2.5.1 (r251:54863, Feb 6 2009, 19:02:12) and PIL 1.1.6. Any thoughts what might be up? Cheers Steve ====================================================================== FAIL: test_extension (sorl.thumbnail.tests.fields.FieldTest) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/local/django/myprojectnamehere/lib/sorl/thumbnail/tests/fields.py", line 66, in test_extension self.verify_thumbnail((50, 37), thumb, expected_filename) File "/usr/local/django/myprojectnamehere/lib/sorl/thumbnail/tests/base.py", line 92, in verify_thumbnail self.assertEqual(image.size, expected_size) AssertionError: (50, 38) != (50, 37) ====================================================================== FAIL: test_thumbnail (sorl.thumbnail.tests.fields.ImageWithThumbnailsFieldTest) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/local/django/myprojectnamehere/lib/sorl/thumbnail/tests/fields.py", line 111, in test_thumbnail self.verify_thumbnail((50, 37), thumb, expected_filename) File "/usr/local/django/myprojectnamehere/lib/sorl/thumbnail/tests/base.py", line 92, in verify_thumbnail self.assertEqual(image.size, expected_size) AssertionError: (50, 38) != (50, 37) ====================================================================== FAIL: testTag (sorl.thumbnail.tests.templatetags.ThumbnailTagTest) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/local/django/myprojectnamehere/lib/sorl/thumbnail/tests/templatetags.py", line 118, in testTag self.verify_thumbnail((90, 67), expected_filename=expected_fn) File "/usr/local/django/myprojectnamehere/lib/sorl/thumbnail/tests/base.py", line 92, in verify_thumbnail self.assertEqual(image.size, expected_size) AssertionError: (90, 68) != (90, 67)

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• Django Threaded Commenting System

  - by Yasin Ozel

  (and sorry for my english) I am learning Python and Django. Now, my challange is developing threaded generic comment system. There is two models, Post and Comment. -Post can be commented. -Comment can be commented. (endless/threaded) -Should not be a n+1 query problem in system. (No matter how many comments, should not increase the number of queries) My current models are like this: class Post(models.Model): title = models.CharField(max_length=100) content = models.TextField() child = generic.GenericRelation( 'Comment', content_type_field='parent_content_type', object_id_field='parent_object_id' ) class Comment(models.Model): content = models.TextField() child = generic.GenericRelation( 'self', content_type_field='parent_content_type', object_id_field='parent_object_id' ) parent_content_type = models.ForeignKey(ContentType) parent_object_id = models.PositiveIntegerField() parent = generic.GenericForeignKey( "parent_content_type", "parent_object_id") Are my models right? And how can i get all comment (with hierarchy) of post, without n+1 query problem? Note: I know mttp and other modules but I want to learn this system. Edit: I run "Post.objects.all().prefetch_related("child").get(pk=1)" command and this gave me post and its child comment. But when I wanna get child command of child command a new query is running. I can change command to ...prefetch_related("child__child__child...")... then still a new query running for every depth of child-parent relationship. Is there anyone who has idea about resolve this problem?

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• Using pam_python in a script running with mod_python

  - by markys

  Hi ! I would like to develop a web interface to allow users of a Linux system to do certain tasks related to their account. I decided to write the backend of the site using Python and mod_python on Apache. To authenticate the users, I thought I could use python_pam to query the PAM service. I adapted the example bundled with the module and got this: # out is the output stream used to print debug def auth(username, password, out): def pam_conv(aut, query_list, user_data): out.write("Query list: " + str(query_list) + "\n") # List to store the responses to the different queries resp = [] for item in query_list: query, qtype = item # If PAM asks for an input, give the password if qtype == PAM.PAM_PROMPT_ECHO_ON or qtype == PAM.PAM_PROMPT_ECHO_OFF: resp.append((str(password), 0)) elif qtype == PAM.PAM_PROMPT_ERROR_MSG or qtype == PAM.PAM_PROMPT_TEXT_INFO: resp.append(('', 0)) out.write("Our response: " + str(resp) + "\n") return resp # If username of password is undefined, fail if username is None or password is None: return False service = 'login' pam_ = PAM.pam() pam_.start(service) # Set the username pam_.set_item(PAM.PAM_USER, str(username)) # Set the conversation callback pam_.set_item(PAM.PAM_CONV, pam_conv) try: pam_.authenticate() pam_.acct_mgmt() except PAM.error, resp: out.write("Error: " + str(resp) + "\n") return False except: return False # If we get here, the authentication worked return True My problem is that this function does not behave the same wether I use it in a simple script or through mod_python. To illustrate this, I wrote these simple cases: my_username = "markys" my_good_password = "lalala" my_bad_password = "lololo" def handler(req): req.content_type = "text/plain" req.write("1- " + str(auth(my_username,my_good_password,req) + "\n")) req.write("2- " + str(auth(my_username,my_bad_password,req) + "\n")) return apache.OK if __name__ == "__main__": print "1- " + str(auth(my_username,my_good_password,sys.__stdout__)) print "2- " + str(auth(my_username,my_bad_password,sys.__stdout__)) The result from the script is : Query list: [('Password: ', 1)] Our response: [('lalala', 0)] 1- True Query list: [('Password: ', 1)] Our response: [('lololo', 0)] Error: ('Authentication failure', 7) 2- False but the result from mod_python is : Query list: [('Password: ', 1)] Our response: [('lalala', 0)] Error: ('Authentication failure', 7) 1- False Query list: [('Password: ', 1)] Our response: [('lololo', 0)] Error: ('Authentication failure', 7) 2- False I don't understand why the auth function does not return the same value given the same inputs. Any idea where I got this wrong ? Here is the original script, if that could help you. Thanks a lot !

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• mod_python req.subprocess_env not "seeing" PythonOptions

  - by Brandon

  I'm having trouble getting an environmental variable out of apache config. (don't ask why it's being done this way, I didn't originally code it) This is what I have in the apache config. <Location "/var/www"> SetHandler python-program PythonHandler mod_python.publisher PythonOption MYSQL_PWD ########### PythonDebug On </Location> This is the problem code... #this is the problem code in question. def index(req): req.add_common_vars() os.environ["MYSQL_PWD"] = req.subprocess_env["MYSQL_PWD"] req.content_type = "text/html" statText = getStatText() here is the traceback I'm getting from executing this. Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/lib/python2.5/site-packages/mod_python/importer.py", line 1537, in HandlerDispatch default=default_handler, arg=req, silent=hlist.silent) File "/usr/lib/python2.5/site-packages/mod_python/importer.py", line 1229, in _process_target result = _execute_target(config, req, object, arg) File "/usr/lib/python2.5/site-packages/mod_python/importer.py", line 1128, in _execute_target result = object(arg) File "/usr/lib/python2.5/site-packages/mod_python/publisher.py", line 213, in handler published = publish_object(req, object) File "/usr/lib/python2.5/site-packages/mod_python/publisher.py", line 425, in publish_object return publish_object(req,util.apply_fs_data(object, req.form, req=req)) File "/usr/lib/python2.5/site-packages/mod_python/util.py", line 554, in apply_fs_data return object(**args) File "/var/www/admin/Stat.py", line 299, in index os.environ["MYSQL_PWD"] = req.subprocess_env["MYSQL_PWD"] KeyError: 'MYSQL_PWD'

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• Data synchronization using XMPP

  - by Jason

  Hi: I'm looking for some insight/advice on synchronizing data over XMPP. I've never developed anything for XMPP before so excuse me if some of my questions seem ridiculous. Basically, what I have is a decentralized social network. Each person has it's own Web site (or server) with a unique URI (one domain could host many servers). Each of these servers can have many clients. E.g., a desktop application, mobile application, etc. What I would like to accomplish is near real-time synchronization/communication between client and server, e.g., I update something on my desktop application, I see it change on my Web site. My server and client code is Python. So, I would like to make use of SleekXMPP if possible (it's license seems to have changed to MIT). I was thinking, and here is where I need advice, that each server would register an account at a dedicated XMPP server, e.g., [email protected]. and then I could use different resources for clients [email protected]/client1, [email protected]/client2, etc. If anyone can register any username, then maybe I also need some intermediate service (since it's decentralized, i'm not sure how to control registrations). Another option, I guess, is that each server runs it's own xmpp server. Assuming, that was all worked out, if I want to broadcast messages to all my resources (except the sending one), how do I do that? Do I have to subscribe to myself? This also seems like a good candidate for publish-subscribe, let me know if you think that could work and what the design/flow of that process would be. thanks :)

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• Error Converting PIL B&W images to Numpy Arrays

  - by Elliot

  I am getting weird errors when I try to convert a black and white PIL image to a numpy array. An example of the code I am working with is below. if image.mode != '1': image = image.convert('1') #convert to B&W data = np.array(image) #convert data to a numpy array n_lines = data.shape[0] #number of raster passes line_range = range(data.shape[1]) for l in range(n_lines): # process one horizontal line of the image line = data[l] for n in line_range: if line[n] == 1: write_line_to(xl, z+scale*n, speed) #conversion to other program code elif line[n] == 0: run_to(xl, z+scale*n) #conversion to other program code I have tried this using both array and asarray for the conversion, and gotten different errors. If I use array, then the data I get out is nothing like what I put in. It looks like several very shrunken partial images side by side, with the remainder of the image space filled in in black. If I use asarray, then the entirety of python crashes during the raster step (on a random line). If I work with a greyscale image ('L'), then neither of these errors occurs for either array or asarray. Does anyone know what I am doing wrong? Is there something odd about the way PIL encodes B&W images, or something special I need to pass numpy to make it convert properly?

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• urllib2.Request() with data returns empty url

  - by Mr. Polywhirl

  My main concern is the function: getUrlAndHtml() If I manually build and append the query to the end of the uri, I can get the response.url(), but if I pass a dictionary as the request data, the url does not come back. Is there anyway to guarantee the redirected url? In my example below, if thisWorks = True I get back a url, but the returned url is the request url as opposed to a redirect link. On a sidenote, the encoding for .E2.80.93 does not translate to - for some reason? #!/usr/bin/python import pprint import urllib import urllib2 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup from sys import argv URL = 'http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?' def yesOrNo(boolVal): return 'yes' if boolVal else 'no' def getTitleFromRaw(page): return page.strip().replace(' ', '_') def getUrlAndHtml(title, printable=False): thisWorks = False if thisWorks: query = 'title={:s}&printable={:s}'.format(title, yesOrNo(printable)) opener = urllib2.build_opener() opener.addheaders = [('User-agent', 'Mozilla/5.0')] response = opener.open(URL + query) else: params = {'title':title,'printable':yesOrNo(printable)} data = urllib.urlencode(params) headers = {'User-agent':'Mozilla/5.0'}; request = urllib2.Request(URL, data, headers) response = urllib2.urlopen(request) return response.geturl(), response.read() def getSoup(html, name=None, attrs=None): soup = BeautifulSoup(html) if name is None: return None return soup.find(name, attrs) def setTitle(soup, newTitle): title = soup.find('div', {'id':'toctitle'}) h2 = title.find('h2') h2.contents[0].replaceWith('{:s} for {:s}'.format(h2.getText(), newTitle)) def updateLinks(soup, url): fragment = '#' for a in soup.findAll('a', href=True): a['href'] = a['href'].replace(fragment, url + fragment) def writeToFile(soup, filename='out.html', indentLevel=2): with open(filename, 'wt') as out: pp = pprint.PrettyPrinter(indent=indentLevel, stream=out) pp.pprint(soup) print('Wrote {:s} successfully.'.format(filename)) if __name__ == '__main__': def exitPgrm(): print('usage: {:s} "<PAGE>" <FILE>'.format(argv[0])) exit(0) if len(argv) == 2: help = argv[1] if help == '-h' or help == '--help': exitPgrm() if False:''' if not len(argv) == 3: exitPgrm() ''' page = 'Led Zeppelin' # argv[1] filename = 'test.html' # argv[2] title = getTitleFromRaw(page) url, html = getUrlAndHtml(title) soup = getSoup(html, 'div', {'id':'toc'}) setTitle(soup, page) updateLinks(soup, url) writeToFile(soup, filename)

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• Rebuilding old (2010) django project in 2012

  - by birgit

  I am trying to make an old Django project run again. After seemingly having solved issues with old sorl.thumbnail versions and deprecated expressions I now get this error when running python manage.py runserver I also tried to copy & paste my old files into a new Django project and get the exactly same error. Maybe someone here has a clue where the problem lies? Unhandled exception in thread started by <bound method Command.inner_run of <django.contrib.staticfiles.management.commands.runserver.Command object at 0x2a80510>> Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/django/core/management/commands/runserver.py", line 88, in inner_run self.validate(display_num_errors=True) File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/django/core/management/base.py", line 249, in validate num_errors = get_validation_errors(s, app) File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/django/core/management/validation.py", line 35, in get_validation_errors for (app_name, error) in get_app_errors().items(): File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/django/db/models/loading.py", line 146, in get_app_errors self._populate() File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/django/db/models/loading.py", line 61, in _populate self.load_app(app_name, True) File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/django/db/models/loading.py", line 78, in load_app models = import_module('.models', app_name) File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/django/utils/importlib.py", line 35, in import_module __import__(name) File "/home/me/Documents/wdws/wdws/../wdws/cityofwindows/models.py", line 73, in <module> class Image(models.Model): File "/home/me/Documents/wdws/wdws/../wdws/cityofwindows/models.py", line 83, in Image 'large': {'size': (640, 640)}, File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/django/db/models/fields/files.py", line 233, in __init__ super(FileField, self).__init__(verbose_name, name, **kwargs) TypeError: __init__() got an unexpected keyword argument 'extra_thumbnails' I need to re-build the project just for visual documentation locally... so also any hints on how to quickly re-run outdated django-projects are very welcome!! Thanks a lot (using Ubuntu 12.04)

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• MySQLDB query not returning all rows

  - by RBK

  I am trying to do a simple fetch using MySQLDB in Python. I have 2 tables(Accounts & Products). I have to look up Accounts table, get acc_id from it & query the Products table using it. The Products tables has more than 10 rows. But when I run this code it randomly returns between 0 & 6 rows each time I run it. Here's the code snippet: # Set up connection con = mdb.connect('db.xxxxx.com', 'user', 'password', 'mydb') # Create cursor cur = con.cursor() # Execute query cur.execute("SELECT acc_id FROM Accounts WHERE ext_acc = '%s'" % account_num ) # account_num is alpha-numberic and is got from preceding part of the program # A tuple is returned, so get the 0th item from it acc_id = cur.fetchone()[0] print "account_id = ", acc_id # Close the cursor - I was not sure if I can reuse it cur.close() # Reopen the cursor cur = con.cursor() # Second query cur.execute("SELECT * FROM Products WHERE account_id = %d" % acc_id) keys = cur.fetchall() print cur.rowcount # This prints incorrect row count for key in keys: # Does not print all rows. Tried to directly print keys instead of iterating - same result :( print key # Closing the cursor & connection cur.close() con.close() The weird part is, I tried to step through the code using a debugger(PyDev on Eclipse) and it correctly gets all rows(both the value stored in the variable 'keys' as well as console output are correct). I am sure my DB has correct data since I ran the same SQL on MySQL console & got the correct result. Just to be sure I was not improperly closing the connection, I tried using with con instead of manually closing the connection and it's the same result. I did RTFM but I couldn't find much in it to help me with this issue. Where am I going wrong? Thank you. EDIT: I noticed another weird thing now. In the line cur.execute("SELECT * FROM Products WHERE account_id = %d" % acc_id), I hard-coded the acc_id value, i.e made it cur.execute("SELECT * FROM Products WHERE account_id = %d" % 322) and it returns all rows

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• How can I use io.StringIO() with the csv module?

  - by Tim Pietzcker

  I tried to backport a Python 3 program to 2.7, and I'm stuck with a strange problem: >>> import io >>> import csv >>> output = io.StringIO() >>> output.write("Hello!") # Fail: io.StringIO expects Unicode Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> TypeError: unicode argument expected, got 'str' >>> output.write(u"Hello!") # This works as expected. 6L >>> writer = csv.writer(output) # Now let's try this with the csv module: >>> csvdata = [u"Hello", u"Goodbye"] # Look ma, all Unicode! (?) >>> writer.writerow(csvdata) # Sadly, no. Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> TypeError: unicode argument expected, got 'str' According to the docs, io.StringIO() returns an in-memory stream for Unicode text. It works correctly when I try and feed it a Unicode string manually. Why does it fail in conjunction with the csv module, even if all the strings being written are Unicode strings? Where does the str come from that causes the Exception? (I do know that I can use StringIO.StringIO() instead, but I'm wondering what's wrong with io.StringIO() in this scenario)

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• Parsing a Multi-Index Excel File in Pandas

  - by rhaskett

  I have a time series excel file with a tri-level column MultiIndex that I would like to successfully parse if possible. There are some results on how to do this for an index on stack overflow but not the columns and the parse function has a header that does not seem to take a list of rows. The ExcelFile looks like is like the following: Column A is all the time series dates starting on A4 Column B has top_level1 (B1) mid_level1 (B2) low_level1 (B3) data (B4-B100+) Column C has null (C1) null (C2) low_level2 (C3) data (C4-C100+) Column D has null (D1) mid_level2 (D2) low_level1 (D3) data (D4-D100+) Column E has null (E1) null (E2) low_level2 (E3) data (E4-E100+) ... So there are two low_level values many mid_level values and a few top_level values but the trick is the top and mid level values are null and are assumed to be the values to the left. So, for instance all the columns above would have top_level1 as the top multi-index value. My best idea so far is to use transpose, but the it fills Unnamed: # everywhere and doesn't seem to work. In Pandas 0.13 read_csv seems to have a header parameter that can take a list, but this doesn't seem to work with parse.

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• singledispatch in class, how to dispatch self type

  - by yanxinyou

  Using python3.4. Here I want use singledispatch to dispatch different type in __mul__ method . The code like this : class Vector(object): ## some code not paste @functools.singledispatch def __mul__(self, other): raise NotImplementedError("can't mul these type") @__mul__.register(int) @__mul__.register(object) # Becasue can't use Vector , I have to use object def _(self, other): result = Vector(len(self)) # start with vector of zeros for j in range(len(self)): result[j] = self[j]*other return result @__mul__.register(Vector) # how can I use the self't type @__mul__.register(object) # def _(self, other): pass # need impl As you can see the code , I want support Vector*Vertor , This has Name error Traceback (most recent call last): File "p_algorithms\vector.py", line 6, in <module> class Vector(object): File "p_algorithms\vector.py", line 84, in Vector @__mul__.register(Vector) # how can I use the self't type NameError: name 'Vector' is not defined The question may be How Can I use class Name a Type in the class's method ? I know c++ have font class statement . How python solve my problem ? And it is strange to see result = Vector(len(self)) where the Vector can be used in method body .

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• Dynamic programming Approach- Knapsack Puzzle

  - by idalsin

  I'm trying to solve the Knapsack problem with the dynamical programming(DP) approach, with Python 3.x. My TA pointed us towards this code for a head start. I've tried to implement it, as below: def take_input(infile): f_open = open(infile, 'r') lines = [] for line in f_open: lines.append(line.strip()) f_open.close() return lines def create_list(jewel_lines): #turns the jewels into a list of lists jewels_list = [] for x in jewel_lines: weight = x.split()[0] value = x.split()[1] jewels_list.append((int(value), int(weight))) jewels_list = sorted(jewels_list, key = lambda x : (-x[0], x[1])) return jewels_list def dynamic_grab(items, max_weight): table = [[0 for weight in range(max_weight+1)] for j in range(len(items)+1)] for j in range(1,len(items)+1): val= items[j-1][0] wt= items[j-1][1] for weight in range(1, max_weight+1): if wt > weight: table[j][weight] = table[j-1][weight] else: table[j][weight] = max(table[j-1][weight],table[j-1][weight-wt] + val) result = [] weight = max_weight for j in range(len(items),0,-1): was_added = table[j][weight] != table[j-1][weight] if was_added: val = items[j-1][0] wt = items[j-1][1] result.append(items[j-1]) weight -= wt return result def totalvalue(comb): #total of a combo of items totwt = totval = 0 for val, wt in comb: totwt += wt totval += val return (totval, -totwt) if totwt <= max_weight else (0,0) #required setup of variables infile = "JT_test1.txt" given_input = take_input(infile) max_weight = int(given_input[0]) given_input.pop(0) jewels_list = create_list(given_input) #test lines print(jewels_list) print(greedy_grab(jewels_list, max_weight)) bagged = dynamic_grab(jewels_list, max_weight) print(totalvalue(bagged)) The sample case is below. It is in the format line[0] = bag_max, line[1:] is in form(weight, value): 575 125 3000 50 100 500 6000 25 30 I'm confused as to the logic of this code in that it returns me a tuple and I'm not sure what the output tuple represents. I've been looking at this for a while and just don't understand what the code is pointing me at. Any help would be appreciated.

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• How to calculate time spent for Linux system administration?

  - by Jaakko

  I would love figuring out how much time I actually have spent in shell performing administrative duties. For billing of course, this information is not sufficient, but it would be helpful to figure out how much time I have actually spent in shell. My question is: How anyone got tips on how to calculate time spent in shell (in hours + minutes), let's say per user account? Could anyone recommend a software that could be used to analyze this time? Optionally I would like to know about ways how to categorise time spent (e.g. 1 hour for Apache, 2 hours for Samba, etc.) Also, your takes on how you monitor your admin time, are also much appreciated! To narrow down the problem, I am specifically interested in ways of tracking time spent in shell for Linux system administration

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• Python Glade could not create GladeXML Object

  - by Peter

  Hey, I've created a simple window GUI in Glade 3.6.7 and I am trying to import it into Python. Every time I try to do so I get the following error: (queryrelevanceevaluation.py:8804): libglade-WARNING **: Expected <glade-interface>. Got <interface>. (queryrelevanceevaluation.py:8804): libglade-WARNING **: did not finish in PARSER_FINISH state Traceback (most recent call last): File "queryrelevanceevaluation.py", line 17, in <module> app = QueryRelevanceEvaluationApp() File "queryrelevanceevaluation.py", line 10, in __init__ self.widgets = gtk.glade.XML(gladefile) RuntimeError: could not create GladeXML object My Python Code: #!/usr/bin/env python import gtk import gtk.glade class QueryRelevanceEvaluationApp: def __init__(self): gladefile = "foo.glade" self.widgets = gtk.glade.XML(gladefile) dic = {"on_buttonGenerate_clicked" : self.on_buttonGenerate_clicked} self.widgets.signal_autoconnect(dic) def on_buttonGenerate_clicked(self, widget): print "You clicked the button" app = QueryRelevanceEvaluationApp() gtk.main() And the foo.glade file: <?xml version="1.0"?> <interface> <requires lib="gtk+" version="2.16"/> <!-- interface-naming-policy project-wide --> <object class="GtkWindow" id="windowRelevanceEvaluation"> <property name="visible">True</property> <property name="title" translatable="yes">Query Result Relevance Evaluation</property> <child> <object class="GtkVBox" id="vbox1"> <property name="visible">True</property> <property name="orientation">vertical</property> <child> <object class="GtkHBox" id="hbox2"> <property name="visible">True</property> <child> <object class="GtkLabel" id="labelQuery"> <property name="visible">True</property> <property name="label" translatable="yes">Query:</property> </object> <packing> <property name="expand">False</property> <property name="padding">4</property> <property name="position">0</property> </packing> </child> <child> <object class="GtkEntry" id="entry1"> <property name="visible">True</property> <property name="can_focus">True</property> <property name="invisible_char">&#x25CF;</property> </object> <packing> <property name="padding">4</property> <property name="position">1</property> </packing> </child> </object> <packing> <property name="position">0</property> </packing> </child> <child> <object class="GtkFrame" id="frameSource"> <property name="visible">True</property> <property name="label_xalign">0</property> <child> <object class="GtkAlignment" id="alignment1"> <property name="visible">True</property> <property name="left_padding">12</property> <child> <object class="GtkHButtonBox" id="hbuttonbox1"> <property name="visible">True</property> <child> <object class="GtkRadioButton" id="radiobuttonGoogle"> <property name="label" translatable="yes">Google</property> <property name="visible">True</property> <property name="can_focus">True</property> <property name="receives_default">False</property> <property name="active">True</property> <property name="draw_indicator">True</property> </object> <packing> <property name="expand">False</property> <property name="fill">False</property> <property name="position">0</property> </packing> </child> <child> <object class="GtkRadioButton" id="radiobuttonBing"> <property name="label" translatable="yes">Bing</property> <property name="visible">True</property> <property name="can_focus">True</property> <property name="receives_default">False</property> <property name="active">True</property> <property name="draw_indicator">True</property> </object> <packing> <property name="expand">False</property> <property name="fill">False</property> <property name="position">1</property> </packing> </child> <child> <object class="GtkRadioButton" id="radiobuttonBoden"> <property name="label" translatable="yes">Boden</property> <property name="visible">True</property> <property name="can_focus">True</property> <property name="receives_default">False</property> <property name="active">True</property> <property name="draw_indicator">True</property> </object> <packing> <property name="expand">False</property> <property name="fill">False</property> <property name="position">2</property> </packing> </child> <child> <object class="GtkRadioButton" id="radiobuttonCSV"> <property name="label" translatable="yes">CSV</property> <property name="visible">True</property> <property name="can_focus">True</property> <property name="receives_default">False</property> <property name="active">True</property> <property name="draw_indicator">True</property> </object> <packing> <property name="expand">False</property> <property name="fill">False</property> <property name="position">3</property> </packing> </child> </object> </child> </object> </child> <child type="label"> <object class="GtkLabel" id="labelFrameSource"> <property name="visible">True</property> <property name="label" translatable="yes">&lt;b&gt;Source&lt;/b&gt;</property> <property name="use_markup">True</property> </object> </child> </object> <packing> <property name="position">1</property> </packing> </child> <child> <object class="GtkFrame" id="frame1"> <property name="visible">True</property> <property name="label_xalign">0</property> <child> <object class="GtkHBox" id="hbox3"> <property name="visible">True</property> <child> <object class="GtkLabel" id="labelResults"> <property name="visible">True</property> <property name="label" translatable="yes">Number Results:</property> </object> <packing> <property name="expand">False</property> <property name="position">0</property> </packing> </child> <child> <object class="GtkSpinButton" id="spinbuttonResults"> <property name="visible">True</property> <property name="can_focus">True</property> <property name="invisible_char">&#x25CF;</property> </object> <packing> <property name="padding">4</property> <property name="position">1</property> </packing> </child> </object> </child> <child type="label"> <object class="GtkLabel" id="labelFrameResults"> <property name="visible">True</property> <property name="label" translatable="yes">&lt;b&gt;Results&lt;/b&gt;</property> <property name="use_markup">True</property> </object> </child> </object> <packing> <property name="padding">2</property> <property name="position">2</property> </packing> </child> <child> <object class="GtkButton" id="buttonGenerateResults"> <property name="label" translatable="yes">Generate!</property> <property name="visible">True</property> <property name="can_focus">True</property> <property name="receives_default">True</property> </object> <packing> <property name="position">3</property> </packing> </child> </object> </child> </object> </interface> foo.glade and the above python script are in the same directory, and I have tried using a fully-qualified path but still get the same error (I am certain that the path is correct!). Any ideas? Cheers, Pete

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• Python: Improving long cumulative sum

  - by Bo102010

  I have a program that operates on a large set of experimental data. The data is stored as a list of objects that are instances of a class with the following attributes: time_point - the time of the sample cluster - the name of the cluster of nodes from which the sample was taken code - the name of the node from which the sample was taken qty1 = the value of the sample for the first quantity qty2 = the value of the sample for the second quantity I need to derive some values from the data set, grouped in three ways - once for the sample as a whole, once for each cluster of nodes, and once for each node. The values I need to derive depend on the (time sorted) cumulative sums of qty1 and qty2: the maximum value of the element-wise sum of the cumulative sums of qty1 and qty2, the time point at which that maximum value occurred, and the values of qty1 and qty2 at that time point. I came up with the following solution: dataset.sort(key=operator.attrgetter('time_point')) # For the whole set sys_qty1 = 0 sys_qty2 = 0 sys_combo = 0 sys_max = 0 # For the cluster grouping cluster_qty1 = defaultdict(int) cluster_qty2 = defaultdict(int) cluster_combo = defaultdict(int) cluster_max = defaultdict(int) cluster_peak = defaultdict(int) # For the node grouping node_qty1 = defaultdict(int) node_qty2 = defaultdict(int) node_combo = defaultdict(int) node_max = defaultdict(int) node_peak = defaultdict(int) for t in dataset: # For the whole system ###################################################### sys_qty1 += t.qty1 sys_qty2 += t.qty2 sys_combo = sys_qty1 + sys_qty2 if sys_combo > sys_max: sys_max = sys_combo # The Peak class is to record the time point and the cumulative quantities system_peak = Peak(time_point=t.time_point, qty1=sys_qty1, qty2=sys_qty2) # For the cluster grouping ################################################## cluster_qty1[t.cluster] += t.qty1 cluster_qty2[t.cluster] += t.qty2 cluster_combo[t.cluster] = cluster_qty1[t.cluster] + cluster_qty2[t.cluster] if cluster_combo[t.cluster] > cluster_max[t.cluster]: cluster_max[t.cluster] = cluster_combo[t.cluster] cluster_peak[t.cluster] = Peak(time_point=t.time_point, qty1=cluster_qty1[t.cluster], qty2=cluster_qty2[t.cluster]) # For the node grouping ##################################################### node_qty1[t.node] += t.qty1 node_qty2[t.node] += t.qty2 node_combo[t.node] = node_qty1[t.node] + node_qty2[t.node] if node_combo[t.node] > node_max[t.node]: node_max[t.node] = node_combo[t.node] node_peak[t.node] = Peak(time_point=t.time_point, qty1=node_qty1[t.node], qty2=node_qty2[t.node]) This produces the correct output, but I'm wondering if it can be made more readable/Pythonic, and/or faster/more scalable. The above is attractive in that it only loops through the (large) dataset once, but unattractive in that I've essentially copied/pasted three copies of the same algorithm. To avoid the copy/paste issues of the above, I tried this also: def find_peaks(level, dataset): def grouping(object, attr_name): if attr_name == 'system': return attr_name else: return object.__dict__[attrname] cuml_qty1 = defaultdict(int) cuml_qty2 = defaultdict(int) cuml_combo = defaultdict(int) level_max = defaultdict(int) level_peak = defaultdict(int) for t in dataset: cuml_qty1[grouping(t, level)] += t.qty1 cuml_qty2[grouping(t, level)] += t.qty2 cuml_combo[grouping(t, level)] = (cuml_qty1[grouping(t, level)] + cuml_qty2[grouping(t, level)]) if cuml_combo[grouping(t, level)] > level_max[grouping(t, level)]: level_max[grouping(t, level)] = cuml_combo[grouping(t, level)] level_peak[grouping(t, level)] = Peak(time_point=t.time_point, qty1=node_qty1[grouping(t, level)], qty2=node_qty2[grouping(t, level)]) return level_peak system_peak = find_peaks('system', dataset) cluster_peak = find_peaks('cluster', dataset) node_peak = find_peaks('node', dataset) For the (non-grouped) system-level calculations, I also came up with this, which is pretty: dataset.sort(key=operator.attrgetter('time_point')) def cuml_sum(seq): rseq = [] t = 0 for i in seq: t += i rseq.append(t) return rseq time_get = operator.attrgetter('time_point') q1_get = operator.attrgetter('qty1') q2_get = operator.attrgetter('qty2') timeline = [time_get(t) for t in dataset] cuml_qty1 = cuml_sum([q1_get(t) for t in dataset]) cuml_qty2 = cuml_sum([q2_get(t) for t in dataset]) cuml_combo = [q1 + q2 for q1, q2 in zip(cuml_qty1, cuml_qty2)] combo_max = max(cuml_combo) time_max = timeline.index(combo_max) q1_at_max = cuml_qty1.index(time_max) q2_at_max = cuml_qty2.index(time_max) However, despite this version's cool use of list comprehensions and zip(), it loops through the dataset three times just for the system-level calculations, and I can't think of a good way to do the cluster-level and node-level calaculations without doing something slow like: timeline = defaultdict(int) cuml_qty1 = defaultdict(int) #...etc. for c in cluster_list: timeline[c] = [time_get(t) for t in dataset if t.cluster == c] cuml_qty1[c] = [q1_get(t) for t in dataset if t.cluster == c] #...etc. Does anyone here at Stack Overflow have suggestions for improvements? The first snippet above runs well for my initial dataset (on the order of a million records), but later datasets will have more records and clusters/nodes, so scalability is a concern. This is my first non-trivial use of Python, and I want to make sure I'm taking proper advantage of the language (this is replacing a very convoluted set of SQL queries, and earlier versions of the Python version were essentially very ineffecient straight transalations of what that did). I don't normally do much programming, so I may be missing something elementary. Many thanks!

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• Oauth for Google API example using Python / Django

  - by DrDee

  Hi, I am trying to get Oauth working with the Google API using Python. I have tried different oauth libraries such as oauth, oauth2 and djanog-oauth but I cannot get it to work (including the provided examples). For debugging Oauth I use Google's Oauth Playground and I have studied the API and the Oauth documentation With some libraries I am struggling with getting a right signature, with other libraries I am struggling with converting the request token to an authorized token. What would really help me if someone can show me a working example for the Google API using one of the above-mentioned libraries. EDIT: My initial question did not lead to any answers so I have added my code. There are two possible causes of this code not working: 1) Google does not authorize my request token, but not quite sure how to detect this 2) THe signature for the access token is invalid but then I would like to know which oauth parameters Google is expecting as I am able to generate a proper signature in the first phase. This is written using oauth2.py and for Django hence the HttpResponseRedirect. REQUEST_TOKEN_URL = 'https://www.google.com/accounts/OAuthGetRequestToken' AUTHORIZATION_URL = 'https://www.google.com/accounts/OAuthAuthorizeToken' ACCESS_TOKEN_URL = 'https://www.google.com/accounts/OAuthGetAccessToken' CALLBACK = 'http://localhost:8000/mappr/mappr/oauth/' #will become real server when deployed OAUTH_CONSUMER_KEY = 'anonymous' OAUTH_CONSUMER_SECRET = 'anonymous' signature_method = oauth.SignatureMethod_HMAC_SHA1() consumer = oauth.Consumer(key=OAUTH_CONSUMER_KEY, secret=OAUTH_CONSUMER_SECRET) client = oauth.Client(consumer) request_token = oauth.Token('','') #hackish way to be able to access the token in different functions, I know this is bad, but I just want it to get working in the first place :) def authorize(request): if request.GET == {}: tokens = OAuthGetRequestToken() return HttpResponseRedirect(AUTHORIZATION_URL + '?' + tokens) elif request.GET['oauth_verifier'] != '': oauth_token = request.GET['oauth_token'] oauth_verifier = request.GET['oauth_verifier'] OAuthAuthorizeToken(oauth_token) OAuthGetAccessToken(oauth_token, oauth_verifier) #I need to add a Django return object but I am still debugging other phases. def OAuthGetRequestToken(): print '*** OUTPUT OAuthGetRequestToken ***' params = { 'oauth_consumer_key': OAUTH_CONSUMER_KEY, 'oauth_nonce': oauth.generate_nonce(), 'oauth_signature_method': 'HMAC-SHA1', 'oauth_timestamp': int(time.time()), #The timestamp should be expressed in number of seconds after January 1, 1970 00:00:00 GMT. 'scope': 'https://www.google.com/analytics/feeds/', 'oauth_callback': CALLBACK, 'oauth_version': '1.0' } # Sign the request. req = oauth.Request(method="GET", url=REQUEST_TOKEN_URL, parameters=params) req.sign_request(signature_method, consumer, None) tokens =client.request(req.to_url())[1] params = ConvertURLParamstoDictionary(tokens) request_token.key = params['oauth_token'] request_token.secret = params['oauth_token_secret'] return tokens def OAuthAuthorizeToken(oauth_token): print '*** OUTPUT OAuthAuthorizeToken ***' params ={ 'oauth_token' :oauth_token, 'hd': 'default' } req = oauth.Request(method="GET", url=AUTHORIZATION_URL, parameters=params) req.sign_request(signature_method, consumer, request_token) response =client.request(req.to_url()) print response #for debugging purposes def OAuthGetAccessToken(oauth_token, oauth_verifier): print '*** OUTPUT OAuthGetAccessToken ***' params = { 'oauth_consumer_key': OAUTH_CONSUMER_KEY, 'oauth_token': oauth_token, 'oauth_verifier': oauth_verifier, 'oauth_token_secret': request_token.secret, 'oauth_signature_method': 'HMAC-SHA1', 'oauth_timestamp': int(time.time()), 'oauth_nonce': oauth.generate_nonce(), 'oauth_version': '1.0', } req = oauth.Request(method="GET", url=ACCESS_TOKEN_URL, parameters=params) req.sign_request(signature_method, consumer, request_token) response =client.request(req.to_url()) print response return req def ConvertURLParamstoDictionary(tokens): params = {} tokens = tokens.split('&') for token in tokens: token = token.split('=') params[token[0]] = token[1] return params

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• Automating HP Quality Center with Python or Java

  - by Hari

  Hi, We have a project that uses HP Quality Center and one of the regular issues we face is people not updating comments on the defect. So I was thinkingif we could come up with a small script or tool that could be used to periodically throw up a reminder and force the user to update the comments. I came across the Open Test Architecture API and was wondering if there are any good Python or java examples for the same that I could see. Thanks Hari

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