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• Whats the difference between Paxos and W+R>=N in Cassandra?

  - by user1128016

  Dynamo-like databases (e.g. Cassandra) provide ability to enforce consistency by means of quorum, i.e. a number of synchronously written replicas (W) and a number of replicas to read (R) should be chosen in such a way that W+RN where N is a replication factor. On the other hand, PAXOS-based systems like Zookeeper are also used as a consistent fault-tolerant storage. What is the difference between these two approaches? Does PAXOS provide guarantees that are not provided by W+RN schema?

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• Accelerometer gravity components

  - by Dvd

  Hi, I know this question is definitely solved somewhere many times already, please enlighten me if you know of their existence, thanks. Quick rundown: I want to compute from a 3 axis accelerometer the gravity component on each of these 3 axes. I have used 2 axes free body diagrams to work out the accelerometer's gravity component in the world X-Z, Y-Z and X-Y axes. But the solution seems slightly off, it's acceptable for extreme cases when only 1 accelerometer axis is exposed to gravity, but for a pitch and roll of both 45 degrees, the combined total magnitude is greater than gravity (obtained by Xa^2+Ya^2+Za^2=g^2; Xa, Ya and Za are accelerometer readings in its X, Y and Z axis). More detail: The device is a Nexus One, and have a magnetic field sensor for azimuth, pitch and roll in addition to the 3-axis accelerometer. In the world's axis (with Z in the same direction as gravity, and either X or Y points to the north pole, don't think this matters much?), I assumed my device has a pitch (P) on the Y-Z axis, and a roll (R) on the X-Z axis. With that I used simple trig to get: Sin(R)=Ax/Gxz Cos(R)=Az/Gxz Tan(R)=Ax/Az There is another set for pitch, P. Now I defined gravity to have 3 components in the world's axis, a Gxz that is measurable only in the X-Z axis, a Gyz for Y-Z, and a Gxy for X-Y axis. Gxz^2+Gyz^2+Gxy^2=2*G^2 the 2G is because gravity is effectively included twice in this definition. Oh and the X-Y axis produce something more exotic... I'll explain if required later. From these equations I obtained a formula for Az, and removed the tan operations because I don't know how to handle tan90 calculations (it's infinity?). So my question is, anyone know whether I did this right/wrong or able to point me to the right direction? Thanks! Dvd

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• Is it possible to create thread-safe collections without locks?

  - by Andrey

  This is pure just for interest question, any sort of questions are welcome. So is it possible to create thread-safe collections without any locks? By locks I mean any thread synchronization mechanisms, including Mutex, Semaphore, and even Interlocked, all of them. Is it possible at user level, without calling system functions? Ok, may be implementation is not effective, i am interested in theoretical possibility. If not what is the minimum means to do it? EDIT: Why immutable collections don't work. This of class Stack with methods Add that returns another Stack. Now here is program: Stack stack = new ...; ThreadedMethod() { loop { //Do the loop stack = stack.Add(element); } } this expression stack = stack.Add(element) is not atomic, and you can overwrite new stack from other thread. Thanks, Andrey

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• Grouping php array items based on user and created time

  - by Jim

  This is an array of objects showing a user uploading photos: Array ( [12] => stdClass Object ( [type] => photo [created] => 2010-05-14 23:36:41 [user] => stdClass Object ( [id] => 760 [username] => mrsmith ) [photo] => stdClass Object ( [id] => 4181 ) ) [44] => stdClass Object ( [type] => photo [created] => 2010-05-14 23:37:15 [user] => stdClass Object ( [id] => 760 [username] => mrsmith ) [photo] => stdClass Object ( [id] => 4180 ) ) ) However instead of showing: mr smith uploaded one photo mr smith uploaded one photo I'd like to display: mr smith uploaded two photos by grouping similar items, grouping by user ID and them having added them within, let's say 15 minutes of each other. So I'd like to get the array in this sort of shape: Array ( [12] => stdClass Object ( [type] => photo [created] => 2010-05-14 23:36:41 [user] => stdClass Object ( [id] => 760 [username] => mrsmith ) [photos] => Array ( [0] => stdClass Object ( [id] => 4181 ) [1] => stdClass Object ( [id] => 4180 ) ) ) ) preserving the first item of the group and it's created time, and supplementing it with any other groupable photos and then unsetting any items that were grouped (so the final array doesn't have key 44 anymore as it was grouped in with 12). The array contains other actions than just photos, hence the original keys of 12 and 44. I just can't figure out a way to do this efficiently. I used to use MySQL and PHP to do this but am trying to just use pure PHP for caching reasons. Can anyone shed any insights? I thought about going through each item and seeing if I can group it with the previous one in the array but the previous one might not necessarily be relevant or even a photo. I've got total brain freeze :(

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• nth smallest number among two databases of size n each using divide and conquer

  - by urfriend

  we have two databases of size n containing numbers without repeats. So, in total we have 2n elements. They can be accessed through a query to one database at a time. The query is such that you give it a k and it returns kth smallest entry in that database. we need to find nth smallest entry among all the 2n elements in O(logn) queries. the idea is to use divide and conquer but i need some help thinking through this. thanks!

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• comparison of sorting algorithms

  - by hash5

  When do we prefer a) bucket sort, and b) radix sort over comparison sorts like bubble sort insertion sort selection sort merge sort quick sort?

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• Could a truly random number be generated using pings to psuedo-randomly selected IP addresses?

  - by _ande_turner_

  The question posed came about during a 2nd Year Comp Science lecture while discussing the impossibility of generating numbers in a deterministic computational device. This was the only suggestion which didn't depend on non-commodity-class hardware. Subsequently nobody would put their reputation on the line to argue definitively for or against it. Anyone care to make a stand for or against. If so, how about a mention as to a possible implementation?

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• Is there a faster way to parse through a large file with regex quickly?

  - by Ray Eatmon

  Problem: Very very, large file I need to parse line by line to get 3 values from each line. Everything works but it takes a long time to parse through the whole file. Is it possible to do this within seconds? Typical time its taking is between 1 minute and 2 minutes. Example file size is 148,208KB I am using regex to parse through every line: Here is my c# code: private static void ReadTheLines(int max, Responder rp, string inputFile) { List<int> rate = new List<int>(); double counter = 1; try { using (var sr = new StreamReader(inputFile, Encoding.UTF8, true, 1024)) { string line; Console.WriteLine("Reading...."); while ((line = sr.ReadLine()) != null) { if (counter <= max) { counter++; rate = rp.GetRateLine(line); } else if(max == 0) { counter++; rate = rp.GetRateLine(line); } } rp.GetRate(rate); Console.ReadLine(); } } catch (Exception e) { Console.WriteLine("The file could not be read:"); Console.WriteLine(e.Message); } } Here is my regex: public List<int> GetRateLine(string justALine) { const string reg = @"^\d{1,}.+\[(.*)\s[\-]\d{1,}].+GET.*HTTP.*\d{3}[\s](\d{1,})[\s](\d{1,})$"; Match match = Regex.Match(justALine, reg, RegexOptions.IgnoreCase); // Here we check the Match instance. if (match.Success) { // Finally, we get the Group value and display it. string theRate = match.Groups[3].Value; Ratestorage.Add(Convert.ToInt32(theRate)); } else { Ratestorage.Add(0); } return Ratestorage; } Here is an example line to parse, usually around 200,000 lines: 10.10.10.10 - - [27/Nov/2002:16:46:20 -0500] "GET /solr/ HTTP/1.1" 200 4926 789

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• Encoding arbitrary data into numbers?

  - by Pekka

  Is there a common method to encode and decode arbitrary data so the encoded end result consists of numbers only - like base64_encode but without the letters? Fictitious example: $encoded = numbers_encode("Mary had a little lamb"); echo $encoded; // outputs e.g. 122384337422394237423 (fictitious result) $decoded = numbers_decode("122384337422394237423"); echo $decoded; // outputs "Mary had a little lamb"

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• find word and score based on positions

  - by ryder1211212

  hey guys i have a textfile i have divided it into 4 parts. i want to search each part for the words that appear in each part and score that word exmaple welcome to the national basketball finals,the basketball teams here today have come a long way. without much delay lets play basketball. i will want to return national = 1 as it appears only in one part etc am working on determining text context using word position. am working with c# and not very good in text processing basically if a word appears in the 4 sections it scores 4 if a word appears in the 3 sections it scores 3 if a word appears in the 2 sections it scores 2 if a word appears in the 1 section it scores 1 thanks in advance so far i have this var s = "welcome to the national basketball finals,the basketball teams here today have come a long way. without much delay lets play basketball. "; var numberOfParts = 4; var eachPartLength = s.Length / numberOfParts; var parts = new List<string>(); var words = Regex.Split(s, @"\W").Where(w => w.Length > 0); // this splits all words, removes empty strings var wordsIndex = 0; for (int i = 0; i < numberOfParts; i++) { var sb = new StringBuilder(); while (sb.Length < eachPartLength && wordsIndex < words.Count()) { sb.AppendFormat("{0} ", words.ElementAt(wordsIndex)); wordsIndex++; } // here you have the part Response.Write("[{0}]"+ sb); parts.Add(sb.ToString()); var allwords = parts.SelectMany(p => p.Split(' ').Distinct()); var wordsInAllParts = allwords.Where(w => parts.All(p => p.Contains(w))).Distinct();

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• How do we achieve "substring-match" under O(n) time?

  - by Pacerier

  I have an assignment that requires reading a huge file of random inputs, for example: Adana Izmir Adnan Menderes Apt Addis Ababa Aden ADIYAMAN ALDAN Amman Marka Intl Airport Adak Island Adelaide Airport ANURADHAPURA Kodiak Apt DALLAS/ADDISON Ardabil ANDREWS AFB etc.. If I specify a search term, the program is supposed to find the lines whereby a substring occurs. For example, if the search term is "uradha", the program is supposed to show ANURADHAPURA. If the search term is "airport", the program is supposed to show Amman Marka Intl Airport, Adelaide Airport A quote from the assignment specs: "You are to program this application taking efficiency into account as though large amounts of data and processing is involved.." I could easily achieve this functionality using a loop but the performance would be O(n). I was thinking of using a trie but it seems to only work if the substring starts from index 0. I was wondering what solutions are there which gives a performance better than O(n)?

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• how to find distinct digit set numbers over a range of integers?

  - by evil.coder

  Suppose i have a unsigned integer, call it low and one another call it high such that highlow. The problem is to find distinct digit set numbers over this range. For example, suppose low is 1 and high is 20 then the answer is 20, because all the numbers in this range are of distinct digit sets. If suppose low is 1 and high is 21, then the answer is 20, because 12 and 21 have same digit set i.e.1, 2. I am not looking for a bruteforce algo., if anyone has a better solution then a usual bruteforce approach, please tell..

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• Reverse a singly linked list

  - by Madhan

  I would be wondered if there exists some logic to reverse the linked list using only two pointers. The following is used to reverse the single linked list using three pointers namely p, q, r: struct node { int data; struct node *link; }; void reverse() { struct node *p = first, *q = NULL, *r; while (p != NULL) { r = q; q = p; p = p->link; q->link = r; } q = first; } Is there any other alternate to reverse the linked list? what would be the best logic to reverse a singly linked list, in terms of time complexity?

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• General zoom algorithm for drawing program

  - by Steven Sproat

  My GUI toolkit, wxPython provides some methods for implementing a user zoom factor, however the quality isn't too good. I'm looking for ideas on how to create a zooming feature, which I know is complicated. I have a bitmap representing my canvas which is drawn to. This is displayed inside a scrolled window. Problems I forsee: - performance when zoomed in and panning around the canvas - difficulties with "real" coordinates and zoomed in coordinates - image quality not degrading with the zoom Using wxPython's SetUserScale() on its device contexts presents image quality like this - this is with a 1px line, at 30% zoomed in. I'm just wondering the general steps I'll need to take and the challenges I'll encounter. Thanks for any suggestions

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• How do I detect a loop in this linked list?

  - by jjujuma

  Say you have a linked list structure in Java. It's made up of Nodes: class Node { Node next; // some user data } and each Node points to the next node, except for the last Node, which has null for next. Say there is a possibility that the list can contain a loop - i.e. the final Node, instead of having a null, has a reference to one of the nodes in the list which came before it. What's the best way of writing boolean hasLoop(Node first) which would return true if the given Node is the first of a list with a loop, and false otherwise? How could you write so that it takes a finite amount of space and a reasonable amount of time?

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• Detecting one point's location compared to two other points.

  - by WizardOfOdds

  Hi all, you can check my profile, this is not homework. I've got an interesting little problem to solve in a very real software and I'm looking for an easy way to solve it. I've got two fixed points on screen (they're fixed, but I don't know beforehand their position) that are not at the same location. These two fixed points form an imaginary line. Now I've got a third point that is "on one side" of that line (it cannot be on the line). The user can grab the point (the user actually grab an object, whose I track by its center, which is the point I'm interested in) and drag it. But it cannot "cross" the imaginary line. What is the easiest way to detect if the user is crossing the imaginary line? Example: a c / / (c cannot be dragged here) / b Or: c b -------------- a (c cannot be dragged here) So what is an easy to detect if c is staying on the correct "side" of the line (I draw segments here, but it really can be thought of as a line). One way to detect this is to take the destination point d and see if segment (c,d) intersects with line (a,b), but isn't there an easier way? Can't I just do some 2D dot-product magic here and have basically a one or two liner solving my issue?

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• Graph - strongly connected components

  - by HardCoder1986

  Hello! Is there any fast way to determine the size of the largest strongly connected component in a graph? I mean, like, the obvious approach would mean determining every SCC (could be done using two DFS calls, I suppose) and then looping through them and taking the maximum. I'm pretty sure there has to be some better approach if I only need to have the size of that component and only the largest one, but I can't think of a good solution. Any ideas? Thanks.

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• Why is my producer-consumer blocking?

  - by User007

  My code is here: http://pastebin.com/Fi3h0E0P Here is the output 0 Should we take order today (y or n): y Enter order number: 100 More customers (y or n): n Stop serving customers right now. Passing orders to cooker: There are total of 1 order(s) 1 Roger, waiter. I am processing order #100 The goal is waiter must take orders and then give them to the cook. The waiter has to wait cook finishes all pizza, deliver the pizza, and then take new orders. I asked how P-V work in my previous post here. I don't think it has anything to do with \n consuming? I tried all kinds of combination of wait(), but none work. Where did I make a mistake? The main part is here: //Producer process if(pid > 0) { while(1) { printf("0"); P(emptyShelf); // waiter as P finds no items on shelf; P(mutex); // has permission to use the shelf waiter_as_producer(); V(mutex); // cooker now can use the shelf V(orderOnShelf); // cooker now can pickup orders wait(); printf("2"); P(pizzaOnShelf); P(mutex); waiter_as_consumer(); V(mutex); V(emptyShelf); printf("3 "); } } if(pid == 0) { while(1) { printf("1"); P(orderOnShelf); // make sure there is an order on shelf P(mutex); //permission to work cooker_as_consumer(); // take order and put pizza on shelf printf("return from cooker"); V(mutex); //release permission printf("just released perm"); V(pizzaOnShelf); // pizza is now on shelf printf("after"); wait(); printf("4"); } } So I imagine this is the execution path: enter waiter_as_producer, then go to child process (cooker), then transfer the control back to parent, finish waiter_as_consumer, switch back to child. The two waits switch back to parent (like I said I tried all possible wait() combination...).

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• Maintaing list order in binary tree.

  - by TheBigO

  Given a sequence of numbers, I want to insert the numbers into a balanced binary tree such that when I do a preorder traversal on the tree, it gives me the sequence back. How can I construct the insert method corresponding to this requirement? Remember that the tree must be balanced, so there isn't a completely trivial solution. I was trying to do this with a modified version of an AVL tree, but I'm not sure if this can work out.

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• Sparse (Pseudo) Infinite Grid Data Structure for Web Game

  - by Ming

  I'm considering trying to make a game that takes place on an essentially infinite grid. The grid is very sparse. Certain small regions of relatively high density. Relatively few isolated nonempty cells. The amount of the grid in use is too large to implement naively but probably smallish by "big data" standards (I'm not trying to map the Internet or anything like that) This needs to be easy to persist. Here are the operations I may want to perform (reasonably efficiently) on this grid: Ask for some small rectangular region of cells and all their contents (a player's current neighborhood) Set individual cells or blit small regions (the player is making a move) Ask for the rough shape or outline/silhouette of some larger rectangular regions (a world map or region preview) Find some regions with approximately a given density (player spawning location) Approximate shortest path through gaps of at most some small constant empty spaces per hop (it's OK to be a bad approximation often, but not OK to keep heading the wrong direction searching) Approximate convex hull for a region Here's the catch: I want to do this in a web app. That is, I would prefer to use existing data storage (perhaps in the form of a relational database) and relatively little external dependency (preferably avoiding the need for a persistent process). Guys, what advice can you give me on actually implementing this? How would you do this if the web-app restrictions weren't in place? How would you modify that if they were? Thanks a lot, everyone!

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• Byte-Pairing for data compression

  - by user1669533

  Question about Byte-Pairing for data compression. If byte pairing converts two byte values to a single byte value, splitting the file in half, then taking a gig file and recusing it 16 times shrinks it to 62,500,000. My question is, is byte-pairing really efficient? Is the creation of a 5,000,000 iteration loop, to be conservative, efficient? I would like some feed back on and some incisive opinions please. Dave, what I read was: "The US patent office no longer grants patents on perpetual motion machines, but has recently granted at least two patents on a mathematically impossible process: compression of truly random data." I was not inferring the Patent Office was actually considering what I am inquiring about. I was merely commenting on the notion of a "mathematically impossible process." If someone has, in some way created a method of having a "single" data byte as a placeholder of 8 individual bytes of data, that would be a consideration for a patent. Now, about the mathematically impossibility of an 8 to 1 compression method, it is not so much a mathematically impossibility, but a series of rules and conditions that can be created. As long as there is the rule of 8 or 16 bit representation of storing data on a medium, there are ways to manipulate data that mirrors current methods, or creation by a new way of thinking.

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• Project euler problem 45

  - by Peter

  Hi, I'm not yet a skilled programmer but I thought this was an interesting problem and I thought I'd give it a go. Triangle, pentagonal, and hexagonal numbers are generated by the following formulae: Triangle T_(n)=n(n+1)/2 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, ... Pentagonal P_(n)=n(3n-1)/2 1, 5, 12, 22, 35, ... Hexagonal H_(n)=n(2n-1) 1, 6, 15, 28, 45, ... It can be verified that T_(285) = P_(165) = H_(143) = 40755. Find the next triangle number that is also pentagonal and hexagonal. Is the task description. I know that Hexagonal numbers are a subset of triangle numbers which means that you only have to find a number where Hn=Pn. But I can't seem to get my code to work. I only know java language which is why I'm having trouble finding a solution on the net womewhere. Anyway hope someone can help. Here's my code public class NextNumber { public NextNumber() { next(); } public void next() { int n = 144; int i = 165; int p = i * (3 * i - 1) / 2; int h = n * (2 * n - 1); while(p!=h) { n++; h = n * (2 * n - 1); if (h == p) { System.out.println("the next triangular number is" + h); } else { while (h > p) { i++; p = i * (3 * i - 1) / 2; } if (h == p) { System.out.println("the next triangular number is" + h); break; } else if (p > h) { System.out.println("bummer"); } } } } } I realize it's probably a very slow and ineffecient code but that doesn't concern me much at this point I only care about finding the next number even if it would take my computer years :) . Peter

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• Python - How to find a correlation between two vectors ?

  - by psihodelia

  Given two vectors X and Y I have to find their correlation, i.e. their linear dependence/independence. Both vectors have equal dimension. A resulted answer should be a floating point number from [-1.0 .. 1.0]. Example: X=[-1, 2, 0] Y=[ 4, 2, -0.3] Find y=cor(X,Y) such that y belongs to [-1.0 .. 1.0]. It should be a simple construction involving a list-comprehension. No external library is allowed. UPDATE: ok, if dot product is enough, then here is my solution: nX = 1/(sum([x*x for x in X]) ** 0.5) nY = 1/(sum([y*y for y in Y]) ** 0.5) cor = sum([(x*nX)*(y*nY) for x,y in zip(X,Y) ]) right?

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• question about polynomial multiplication

  - by davit-datuashvili

  i know that horners method for polynomial pultiplication is faster but here i dont know what is happening here is code public class horner{ public static final int n=10; public static final int x=7; public static void main(String[] args){ //non fast version int a[]=new int[]{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}; int xi=1; int y=a[0]; for (int i=1;i<n;i++){ xi=x*xi; y=y+a[i]*xi; } System.out.println(y); //fast method int y1=a[n-1]; for (int i=n-2;i>=0;i--){ y1=x*y+a[i]; } System.out.println(y1); } } result of this two methods are not same result of first method is 462945547 and result of second method is -1054348465 please help

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• What's a good introductory-level book / resource for compression?

  - by int3

  I'm looking to learn some theory about data/audio/video compression, and would be glad to get some recommendations. Online and print resources are both fine.

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