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  • How do we achieve "substring-match" under O(n) time?

    - by Pacerier
    I have an assignment that requires reading a huge file of random inputs, for example: Adana Izmir Adnan Menderes Apt Addis Ababa Aden ADIYAMAN ALDAN Amman Marka Intl Airport Adak Island Adelaide Airport ANURADHAPURA Kodiak Apt DALLAS/ADDISON Ardabil ANDREWS AFB etc.. If I specify a search term, the program is supposed to find the lines whereby a substring occurs. For example, if the search term is "uradha", the program is supposed to show ANURADHAPURA. If the search term is "airport", the program is supposed to show Amman Marka Intl Airport, Adelaide Airport A quote from the assignment specs: "You are to program this application taking efficiency into account as though large amounts of data and processing is involved.." I could easily achieve this functionality using a loop but the performance would be O(n). I was thinking of using a trie but it seems to only work if the substring starts from index 0. I was wondering what solutions are there which gives a performance better than O(n)?

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  • Whats the difference between Paxos and W+R>=N in Cassandra?

    - by user1128016
    Dynamo-like databases (e.g. Cassandra) provide ability to enforce consistency by means of quorum, i.e. a number of synchronously written replicas (W) and a number of replicas to read (R) should be chosen in such a way that W+RN where N is a replication factor. On the other hand, PAXOS-based systems like Zookeeper are also used as a consistent fault-tolerant storage. What is the difference between these two approaches? Does PAXOS provide guarantees that are not provided by W+RN schema?

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  • How do I detect a loop in this linked list?

    - by jjujuma
    Say you have a linked list structure in Java. It's made up of Nodes: class Node { Node next; // some user data } and each Node points to the next node, except for the last Node, which has null for next. Say there is a possibility that the list can contain a loop - i.e. the final Node, instead of having a null, has a reference to one of the nodes in the list which came before it. What's the best way of writing boolean hasLoop(Node first) which would return true if the given Node is the first of a list with a loop, and false otherwise? How could you write so that it takes a finite amount of space and a reasonable amount of time?

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  • Given 4 objects, how to figure out whether exactly 2 have a certain property

    - by Cocorico
    Hi guys! I have another question on how to make most elegant solution to this problem, since I cannot afford to go to computer school right so my actual "pure programming" CS knowledge is not perfect or great. This is basically an algorhythm problem (someone please correct me if I am using that wrong, since I don't want to keep saying them and embarass myself) I have 4 objects. Each of them has an species property that can either be a dog, cat, pig or monkey. So a sample situation could be: object1.species=pig object2.species=cat object3.species=pig object4.species=dog Now, if I want to figure out if all 4 are the same species, I know I could just say: if ( (object1.species==object2.species) && (object2.species==object3.species) && (object3.species==object4.species) ) { // They are all the same animal (don't care WHICH animal they are) } But that isn't so elegant right? And if I suddenly want to know if EXACTLY 3 or 2 of them are the same species (don't care WHICH species it is though), suddenly I'm in spaghetti code. I am using Objective C although I don't know if that matters really, since the most elegant solution to this is I assume the same in all languages conceptually? Anyone got good idea? Thanks!!

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  • mod,prime -> inverse possible

    - by Piet
    Hi all. I was wondering if one can do the following: We have: X is a product of N-primes, thus I assume unique. C is a constant. We can assure that C is a number that is part of the N-primes or not. Whichever will work best. Thus: X mod C = Z We have Z and C and we know that X was a product of N-primes, where N is restricted lets say first 100 primes. Is there anyway we can get back X?

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  • Number of different elements in an array.

    - by AB
    Is it possible to compute the number of different elements in an array in linear time and constant space? Let us say it's an array of long integers, and you can not allocate an array of length sizeof(long). P.S. Not homework, just curious. I've got a book that sort of implies that it is possible.

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  • nth smallest number among two databases of size n each using divide and conquer

    - by urfriend
    we have two databases of size n containing numbers without repeats. So, in total we have 2n elements. They can be accessed through a query to one database at a time. The query is such that you give it a k and it returns kth smallest entry in that database. we need to find nth smallest entry among all the 2n elements in O(logn) queries. the idea is to use divide and conquer but i need some help thinking through this. thanks!

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  • find word and score based on positions

    - by ryder1211212
    hey guys i have a textfile i have divided it into 4 parts. i want to search each part for the words that appear in each part and score that word exmaple welcome to the national basketball finals,the basketball teams here today have come a long way. without much delay lets play basketball. i will want to return national = 1 as it appears only in one part etc am working on determining text context using word position. am working with c# and not very good in text processing basically if a word appears in the 4 sections it scores 4 if a word appears in the 3 sections it scores 3 if a word appears in the 2 sections it scores 2 if a word appears in the 1 section it scores 1 thanks in advance so far i have this var s = "welcome to the national basketball finals,the basketball teams here today have come a long way. without much delay lets play basketball. "; var numberOfParts = 4; var eachPartLength = s.Length / numberOfParts; var parts = new List<string>(); var words = Regex.Split(s, @"\W").Where(w => w.Length > 0); // this splits all words, removes empty strings var wordsIndex = 0; for (int i = 0; i < numberOfParts; i++) { var sb = new StringBuilder(); while (sb.Length < eachPartLength && wordsIndex < words.Count()) { sb.AppendFormat("{0} ", words.ElementAt(wordsIndex)); wordsIndex++; } // here you have the part Response.Write("[{0}]"+ sb); parts.Add(sb.ToString()); var allwords = parts.SelectMany(p => p.Split(' ').Distinct()); var wordsInAllParts = allwords.Where(w => parts.All(p => p.Contains(w))).Distinct();

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  • Why is my producer-consumer blocking?

    - by User007
    My code is here: http://pastebin.com/Fi3h0E0P Here is the output 0 Should we take order today (y or n): y Enter order number: 100 More customers (y or n): n Stop serving customers right now. Passing orders to cooker: There are total of 1 order(s) 1 Roger, waiter. I am processing order #100 The goal is waiter must take orders and then give them to the cook. The waiter has to wait cook finishes all pizza, deliver the pizza, and then take new orders. I asked how P-V work in my previous post here. I don't think it has anything to do with \n consuming? I tried all kinds of combination of wait(), but none work. Where did I make a mistake? The main part is here: //Producer process if(pid > 0) { while(1) { printf("0"); P(emptyShelf); // waiter as P finds no items on shelf; P(mutex); // has permission to use the shelf waiter_as_producer(); V(mutex); // cooker now can use the shelf V(orderOnShelf); // cooker now can pickup orders wait(); printf("2"); P(pizzaOnShelf); P(mutex); waiter_as_consumer(); V(mutex); V(emptyShelf); printf("3 "); } } if(pid == 0) { while(1) { printf("1"); P(orderOnShelf); // make sure there is an order on shelf P(mutex); //permission to work cooker_as_consumer(); // take order and put pizza on shelf printf("return from cooker"); V(mutex); //release permission printf("just released perm"); V(pizzaOnShelf); // pizza is now on shelf printf("after"); wait(); printf("4"); } } So I imagine this is the execution path: enter waiter_as_producer, then go to child process (cooker), then transfer the control back to parent, finish waiter_as_consumer, switch back to child. The two waits switch back to parent (like I said I tried all possible wait() combination...).

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  • Python - How to find a correlation between two vectors ?

    - by psihodelia
    Given two vectors X and Y I have to find their correlation, i.e. their linear dependence/independence. Both vectors have equal dimension. A resulted answer should be a floating point number from [-1.0 .. 1.0]. Example: X=[-1, 2, 0] Y=[ 4, 2, -0.3] Find y=cor(X,Y) such that y belongs to [-1.0 .. 1.0]. It should be a simple construction involving a list-comprehension. No external library is allowed. UPDATE: ok, if dot product is enough, then here is my solution: nX = 1/(sum([x*x for x in X]) ** 0.5) nY = 1/(sum([y*y for y in Y]) ** 0.5) cor = sum([(x*nX)*(y*nY) for x,y in zip(X,Y) ]) right?

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  • Is there a faster way to parse through a large file with regex quickly?

    - by Ray Eatmon
    Problem: Very very, large file I need to parse line by line to get 3 values from each line. Everything works but it takes a long time to parse through the whole file. Is it possible to do this within seconds? Typical time its taking is between 1 minute and 2 minutes. Example file size is 148,208KB I am using regex to parse through every line: Here is my c# code: private static void ReadTheLines(int max, Responder rp, string inputFile) { List<int> rate = new List<int>(); double counter = 1; try { using (var sr = new StreamReader(inputFile, Encoding.UTF8, true, 1024)) { string line; Console.WriteLine("Reading...."); while ((line = sr.ReadLine()) != null) { if (counter <= max) { counter++; rate = rp.GetRateLine(line); } else if(max == 0) { counter++; rate = rp.GetRateLine(line); } } rp.GetRate(rate); Console.ReadLine(); } } catch (Exception e) { Console.WriteLine("The file could not be read:"); Console.WriteLine(e.Message); } } Here is my regex: public List<int> GetRateLine(string justALine) { const string reg = @"^\d{1,}.+\[(.*)\s[\-]\d{1,}].+GET.*HTTP.*\d{3}[\s](\d{1,})[\s](\d{1,})$"; Match match = Regex.Match(justALine, reg, RegexOptions.IgnoreCase); // Here we check the Match instance. if (match.Success) { // Finally, we get the Group value and display it. string theRate = match.Groups[3].Value; Ratestorage.Add(Convert.ToInt32(theRate)); } else { Ratestorage.Add(0); } return Ratestorage; } Here is an example line to parse, usually around 200,000 lines: 10.10.10.10 - - [27/Nov/2002:16:46:20 -0500] "GET /solr/ HTTP/1.1" 200 4926 789

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  • How to calculate this string-dissimilarity function efficiently?

    - by ybungalobill
    Hello, I was looking for a string metric that have the property that moving around large blocks in a string won't affect the distance so much. So "helloworld" is close to "worldhello". Obviously Levenshtein distance and Longest common subsequence don't fulfill this requirement. Using Jaccard distance on the set of n-grams gives good results but has other drawbacks (it's a pseudometric and higher n results in higher penalty for changing single character). [original research] As I thought about it, what I'm looking for is a function f(A,B) such that f(A,B)+1 equals the minimum number of blocks that one have to divide A into (A1 ... An), apply a permutation on the blocks and get B: f("hello", "hello") = 0 f("helloworld", "worldhello") = 1 // hello world -> world hello f("abba", "baba") = 2 // ab b a -> b ab a f("computer", "copmuter") = 3 // co m p uter -> co p m uter This can be extended for A and B that aren't necessarily permutations of each other: any additional character that can't be matched is considered as one additional block. f("computer", "combuter") = 3 // com uter -> com uter, unmatched: p and b. Observing that instead of counting blocks we can count the number of pairs of indices that are taken apart by a permutation, we can write f(A,B) formally as: f(A,B) = min { C(P) | P:|A|?|B|, P is bijective, ?i?dom(P) A[P(i)]=B[P(i)] } C(P) = |A| + |B| - |dom(P)| - |{ i | i,i+1?dom(P) and P(i)+1=P(i+1) }| - 1 The problem is... guess what... ... that I'm not able to calculate this in polynomial time. Can someone suggest a way to do this efficiently? Or perhaps point me to already known metric that exhibits similar properties?

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  • Grouping php array items based on user and created time

    - by Jim
    This is an array of objects showing a user uploading photos: Array ( [12] => stdClass Object ( [type] => photo [created] => 2010-05-14 23:36:41 [user] => stdClass Object ( [id] => 760 [username] => mrsmith ) [photo] => stdClass Object ( [id] => 4181 ) ) [44] => stdClass Object ( [type] => photo [created] => 2010-05-14 23:37:15 [user] => stdClass Object ( [id] => 760 [username] => mrsmith ) [photo] => stdClass Object ( [id] => 4180 ) ) ) However instead of showing: mr smith uploaded one photo mr smith uploaded one photo I'd like to display: mr smith uploaded two photos by grouping similar items, grouping by user ID and them having added them within, let's say 15 minutes of each other. So I'd like to get the array in this sort of shape: Array ( [12] => stdClass Object ( [type] => photo [created] => 2010-05-14 23:36:41 [user] => stdClass Object ( [id] => 760 [username] => mrsmith ) [photos] => Array ( [0] => stdClass Object ( [id] => 4181 ) [1] => stdClass Object ( [id] => 4180 ) ) ) ) preserving the first item of the group and it's created time, and supplementing it with any other groupable photos and then unsetting any items that were grouped (so the final array doesn't have key 44 anymore as it was grouped in with 12). The array contains other actions than just photos, hence the original keys of 12 and 44. I just can't figure out a way to do this efficiently. I used to use MySQL and PHP to do this but am trying to just use pure PHP for caching reasons. Can anyone shed any insights? I thought about going through each item and seeing if I can group it with the previous one in the array but the previous one might not necessarily be relevant or even a photo. I've got total brain freeze :(

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  • Graph - strongly connected components

    - by HardCoder1986
    Hello! Is there any fast way to determine the size of the largest strongly connected component in a graph? I mean, like, the obvious approach would mean determining every SCC (could be done using two DFS calls, I suppose) and then looping through them and taking the maximum. I'm pretty sure there has to be some better approach if I only need to have the size of that component and only the largest one, but I can't think of a good solution. Any ideas? Thanks.

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  • Algorithm - combine multiple lists, resulting in unique list and retaining order

    - by hitch
    I want to combine multiple lists of items into a single list, retaining the overall order requirements. i.e.: 1: A C E 2: D E 3: B A D result: B A C D E above, starting with list 1, we have ACE, we then know that D must come before E, and from list 3, we know that B must come before A, and D must come after B and A. If there are conflicting orderings, the first ordering should be used. i.e. 1: A C E 2: B D E 3: F D result: A C B D E F 3 conflicts with 2, therefore requirements for 2 will be used. If ordering requirements mean an item must come before or after another, it doesn't matter if it comes immediately before or after, or at the start or end of the list, as long as overall ordering is maintained. This is being developed using VB.Net, so a LINQy solution (or any .Net solution) would be nice - otherwise pointers for an approach would be good.

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  • question about polynomial multiplication

    - by davit-datuashvili
    i know that horners method for polynomial pultiplication is faster but here i dont know what is happening here is code public class horner{ public static final int n=10; public static final int x=7; public static void main(String[] args){ //non fast version int a[]=new int[]{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}; int xi=1; int y=a[0]; for (int i=1;i<n;i++){ xi=x*xi; y=y+a[i]*xi; } System.out.println(y); //fast method int y1=a[n-1]; for (int i=n-2;i>=0;i--){ y1=x*y+a[i]; } System.out.println(y1); } } result of this two methods are not same result of first method is 462945547 and result of second method is -1054348465 please help

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  • General zoom algorithm for drawing program

    - by Steven Sproat
    My GUI toolkit, wxPython provides some methods for implementing a user zoom factor, however the quality isn't too good. I'm looking for ideas on how to create a zooming feature, which I know is complicated. I have a bitmap representing my canvas which is drawn to. This is displayed inside a scrolled window. Problems I forsee: - performance when zoomed in and panning around the canvas - difficulties with "real" coordinates and zoomed in coordinates - image quality not degrading with the zoom Using wxPython's SetUserScale() on its device contexts presents image quality like this - this is with a 1px line, at 30% zoomed in. I'm just wondering the general steps I'll need to take and the challenges I'll encounter. Thanks for any suggestions

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  • Genetic/Evolutionary algorithms and local minima/maxima problem

    - by el.gringogrande
    I have run across several posts and articles that suggests using things like simulated annealing to avoid the local minima/maxima problem. I don't understand why this would be necessary if you started out with a sufficiently large random population. Is it just another check to insure that the initial population was, in fact, sufficiently large and random? Or are those techniques just an alternative to producing a "good" initial population?

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  • Detecting one point's location compared to two other points.

    - by WizardOfOdds
    Hi all, you can check my profile, this is not homework. I've got an interesting little problem to solve in a very real software and I'm looking for an easy way to solve it. I've got two fixed points on screen (they're fixed, but I don't know beforehand their position) that are not at the same location. These two fixed points form an imaginary line. Now I've got a third point that is "on one side" of that line (it cannot be on the line). The user can grab the point (the user actually grab an object, whose I track by its center, which is the point I'm interested in) and drag it. But it cannot "cross" the imaginary line. What is the easiest way to detect if the user is crossing the imaginary line? Example: a c / / (c cannot be dragged here) / b Or: c b -------------- a (c cannot be dragged here) So what is an easy to detect if c is staying on the correct "side" of the line (I draw segments here, but it really can be thought of as a line). One way to detect this is to take the destination point d and see if segment (c,d) intersects with line (a,b), but isn't there an easier way? Can't I just do some 2D dot-product magic here and have basically a one or two liner solving my issue?

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  • Sparse (Pseudo) Infinite Grid Data Structure for Web Game

    - by Ming
    I'm considering trying to make a game that takes place on an essentially infinite grid. The grid is very sparse. Certain small regions of relatively high density. Relatively few isolated nonempty cells. The amount of the grid in use is too large to implement naively but probably smallish by "big data" standards (I'm not trying to map the Internet or anything like that) This needs to be easy to persist. Here are the operations I may want to perform (reasonably efficiently) on this grid: Ask for some small rectangular region of cells and all their contents (a player's current neighborhood) Set individual cells or blit small regions (the player is making a move) Ask for the rough shape or outline/silhouette of some larger rectangular regions (a world map or region preview) Find some regions with approximately a given density (player spawning location) Approximate shortest path through gaps of at most some small constant empty spaces per hop (it's OK to be a bad approximation often, but not OK to keep heading the wrong direction searching) Approximate convex hull for a region Here's the catch: I want to do this in a web app. That is, I would prefer to use existing data storage (perhaps in the form of a relational database) and relatively little external dependency (preferably avoiding the need for a persistent process). Guys, what advice can you give me on actually implementing this? How would you do this if the web-app restrictions weren't in place? How would you modify that if they were? Thanks a lot, everyone!

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  • Could a truly random number be generated using pings to psuedo-randomly selected IP addresses?

    - by _ande_turner_
    The question posed came about during a 2nd Year Comp Science lecture while discussing the impossibility of generating numbers in a deterministic computational device. This was the only suggestion which didn't depend on non-commodity-class hardware. Subsequently nobody would put their reputation on the line to argue definitively for or against it. Anyone care to make a stand for or against. If so, how about a mention as to a possible implementation?

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  • Why do some questions get closed for no reason? [closed]

    - by IVlad
    Recently there was a question asking about generating all subsets of a set using a stack and a queue, which was closed (and now deleted it seems) as not a real question for no good reason, since it didn't fit into any of these conditions: It's difficult to tell what is being asked here. No, it was clear what was being asked. This question is ambiguous, vague, incomplete, or rhetorical and cannot be reasonably answered in its current form. Not ambiguous, not vague, not incomplete, definitely not rhetorical and could easily be answered if one knew the solution. Now, the exact same thing has happened with this question: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2791982/a-shortest-path-problem-with-superheroes-and-intergalactic-journeys/2793746#2793746 I am interested in hearing a logical argument for why that question is either ambiguous, vague, incomplete, rhetorical or cannot reasonably be answered in its current form. It seems that (the same bunch of) people like to close questions that they think are homework questions, especially when they think people want to be served the solution on a platter, which is also not the case: Any suggestions or ideas of how this problem might be solved would be most welcomed. Most of the time the people asking these questions are very reasonable and appreciate even the most vague idea, yet their question is closed. Let's go further and assume that it IS a homework problem. So what? When I registered here I didn't see any rule that said not to post homework problems, nor do I see such a rule now. What is wrong with posting homework problems that makes people hunt them down with a passion to close them without even reading the entire question body? This site is full of questions asked by people who get paid to know the things they are asking, yet their questions are considered fine. How is solving someone's homework problem worse? In some places (like where I live), computer science is a mandatory high school subject, and not everyone is interested in it. How is helping at least those people worse than doing someone's JOB? Not answering homework questions is fine and it's everyone's choice, but I consider closing them to be an act of power abuse, selfishness, and an insult to the fellow community members who are also interested in a solution or want feedback on their proposed solution. So my questions are: - Why do questions like the above get closed for reasons that do not apply? Why do you close them? Why don't you? - Why doesn't a vote to reopen a question reopen it automatically? Needing 5 votes for a reopen takes too long, and it's not fair because one reopen vote basically cancels out a close vote, making it 4 close votes (or 5 to 1, which is the same as only 4 people wanting to close the question), which isn't enough to close the question. I think a question should only be closed when CloseVotes - ReopenVotes >= 5. I'm hoping this will stay up, but I realize it probably won't. In either case, I think this is worth saying and discussing, since it IS community-related.

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  • Maintaing list order in binary tree.

    - by TheBigO
    Given a sequence of numbers, I want to insert the numbers into a balanced binary tree such that when I do a preorder traversal on the tree, it gives me the sequence back. How can I construct the insert method corresponding to this requirement? Remember that the tree must be balanced, so there isn't a completely trivial solution. I was trying to do this with a modified version of an AVL tree, but I'm not sure if this can work out.

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