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• Installing a php extension (xdiff) from pecl on Linux

  - by wilsonsilva

  I was getting this error on my php script: Fatal error: Call to undefined function xdiff_file_diff() I realised that I didn't had the xdiff extension installed. When I tried to install it using the install pecl xdiff command, I got this errors (among other lines): configure: WARNING: You will need re2c 0.13.4 or later if you want to regenerate PHP configure: error: Please reinstall the libxdiff distribution Then I installed re2c and libxdiff: wget http://www.compdigitec.com/labs/files/re2c_0135_redhat.rpm wget ftp://ftp.task.gda.pl/vol/vol1/ftp.pld-linux.org/dists/2.0/PLD/i386/PLD/RPMS/libxdiff-0.7-1.i386.rpm rpm -ivh re2c_0135_redhat.rpm rpm -ivh libxdiff-0.7-1.i386 But after that I still get the same errors. PS: I've Googled a LOT and I found a couple of people with this problem but they didn't get an answer either :(

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• Linux Server Performance Monitoring

  - by Jon

  I'm looking to monitor performance on my Linux servers (which happen to be Centos). What are the best tools for monitoring things in realtime such as: Disk Performance I/O, swapping etc.. CPU Performance Looking for low level tools, rather than web based tools such as Nagios, Ganglia etc... n.b. I'd like to know exactly what each tool does rather than just having a list of random toolnames if possible please. Why the tool is a better option than others would be good also.

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• Linux software raid robustness

  - by Waxhead

  I have a 4 disk 5TB raid5 setup where a disk is showing signs of going down the drain. It is reporting media errors and from dmesg I can see that several read errors are corrected. smartctl does report "notifications" but no panic so far. Since new disks are rather expensive at the moment I am starting to pondering exactly how robust the linux md layer is. I would appreciate if someone could shed some light on how md actually deals with disk errors. For example how does md deal with write and read errors - what does it (really) take for disk to be rejected from an array. I also read that recently md got support for mapping out bad blocks. Does this mean that the read errors I've had would have been mapped out if I where running kernel 3.1 or would md still try to "work on them" to make them usable.

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• Installing PHP extensions on Linux

  - by EmmyS

  Please bear with me; I'm a developer, not a server admin. My company wants to explore using Magento. They've handed me a pre-configured Linux server with apache and PHP installed, but when I try to run the Magento setup, it tells me that there are PHP extensions that need to be loaded. I can edit the php.ini file, but have no idea where to get the extensions or how to install them, and there's no one here who knows, either. Can anyone give me a hand? I need the PDO_MySQL, mcrypt, and GD extensions. I've searched and found sites that talk about downloading from the terminal and compiling code, but it's all way over my head. Is there an easy way to do this?

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• Linux : Forward users mail using exim4 server (newbiw warning)

  - by llazzaro

  Hello, I have a network of linux server, one of them is running exim4 that server could send [email protected]. At exim4 server, I had setup an alias for the users accounts ...for example root : [email protected] But I have other server, if I put the alias email is marked as spam...since they arent using exim4 server. I want to configure the other server to use that exim4 server, in order to dont get the mails mark as spam. Well I know this is really newbie question, but searching at google is difficult since it confuses exim4 server configuration than the client configuration to use exim4 server. Remember, I want root@server1,root@server2,etc mails send via exim4 server!

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• Build NAS for Windows and Linux network

  - by modernzombie

  I have a spare PC and I would like to setup a NAS that is accessible from Windows and Linux. I would like to avoid using Windows as an OS and would like something like Ubuntu or FreeNAS. My only concern is I don't want to have to install special software on each client. Is there a way to use Ubuntu or FreeNAS and have Windows machines access the files with installing a client on each Windows box? UPDATE Thanks for the answers. I wish I could choose more than one. I will give FreeNAS a try and see how it goes. Thanks!

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• Measuring 'total bytes written' under Linux

  - by badnews

  We're quite interested in exploring the possibility of using SSD drives in a server environment. However, one thing that we need to establish is expected drive longevity. According to this article manufacturer's are reporting drive endurance in terms of 'total bytes written' (TBW). E.g. from that article a Crucial C400 SSD is rated at 72TB TBW. Do any scripts/tools exist under the Linux ecosystem to help us measure TBW? (and then make a more educated decision on the feasibility of using SSD drives)

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• Linux networking "jail" for a single process

  - by halp

  I need to tune up a networking app for network specific things like: make it use a DNS server different than the default one from /etc/resolv.conf make sure it does not try to connect to certain hosts/ports using tcp/udp connections I know I can get away with just modifying /etc/resolv.conf and writing some iptables rules, but going for a default DENY firewall policy for outgoing IP packets can trigger malfunctions in other services running on the server. I know I can set up a virtual machine with a whole OS and run my app there, but it seems a bit overkill. Is it possible to have a networking "jail" for a single app (think single Linux process) that could accept iptables-like rules for network traffic (think in terms of IP packets and above) allowed to and from this particular app? Maybe this is achievable through some dynamically loaded library that can deal with the networking layer, the same manner tsocks does, but more fine-grained?

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• Fresh Red Hat Enterprise Linux fails to install httpd using yum

  - by Julian

  I'm trying to install a LAMP stack in a fresh red hat server but yum is misbehaving. Being linux illiterate I'm at a loss. $yum install httpd Loaded plugins: security Setting up Install Process No package httpd available. Nothing to do My yum config $ cat /etc/yum.conf [main] cachedir=/var/cache/yum keepcache=0 debuglevel=2 logfile=/var/log/yum.log distroverpkg=redhat-release tolerant=1 exactarch=1 obsoletes=1 gpgcheck=1 plugins=1 # Note: yum-RHN-plugin doesn't honor this. metadata_expire=1h # Default. # installonly_limit = 3 # PUT YOUR REPOS HERE OR IN separate files named file.repo # in /etc/yum.repos.d Other stuff in the yum.repos.d dir $ ls -lah /etc/yum.repos.d/ total 12K drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Feb 4 01:15 . drwxr-xr-x 59 root root 4.0K Feb 4 01:28 .. -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 561 Mar 10 2010 rhel-debuginfo.repo What could be going on? I thought "out of the box" RHEL5.5 would be friendlier :)

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• Linux SW Raid: whole disk or per-partition?

  - by Steve Pomeroy

  I have inherited a machine which has 2 physical disks and uses Linux SW RAID(1). Both disks are partitioned and are are all individual arrays (/dev/md0, /dev/md6, etc.). Those arrays are then mounted (/boot, /home, etc. even /tmp). As RAID is designed to mitigate physical failures, is there any reason why one would use this technique over whole-disk arrays that are then partitioned (perhaps using LVM)? This seems prone to more potential issues, but may have some special properties that I haven't been able to glean. I'm planning on moving this setup to: disks?SWRAID(1)?LVM as I'll be making multiple VMs out of the one machine, but wanted to make sure I knew what I was doing when I got rid of the old setup.

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• Active Directory intergration with linux users and zimbra

  - by Juan Diego

  I have the following questions about setting an active directory, that already has users and a domain, (i.e. internaldomain.edu) and real domain (i.e mydomain.edu.), and I have seeing many examples of the integration of AD with linux and usually they have a domain like intranet.mydomain.edu. Should I change "internaldomain.edu" to intranet.mydomain.edu or to mydomain.edu, or I can leave that internaldomain.edu like it is and create another domain. I am a littlebit confused with these, I know one is the windows domain but I dont know if that affects my email users.

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• Turn off the Linux OOM killer by default?

  - by Peter Eisentraut

  The OOM killer on Linux wreaks havoc with various applications every so often, and it appears that not much is really done on the kernel development side to improve this. Would it not be better, as a best practice when setting up a new server, to reverse the default on the memory overcommitting, that is, turn it off (vm.overcommit_memory=2) unless you know you want it on for your particular use? And what would those use cases be where you know you want the overcommitting on? As a bonus, since the behavior in case of vm.overcommit_memory=2 depends on vm.overcommit_ratio and swap space, what would be a good rule of thumb for sizing the latter two so that this whole setup keeps working reasonably?

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• 64bit or 32bit Linux system?

  - by Milan Babuškov

  I have a server that has 4GB of RAM. On it, I have installation of 32bit Slackware Linux 12.1. Of course, it is not using all of 4GB of RAM. I'd soon like to increase the RAM to 8GB, and am looking for a way for the system to use it. The system is used as a database server and is under high load during the day. AFAICT, I have two options: stay with 32bit and rebuild the kernel and lose some performance. Or go with 64bit and reinstall everything. Looking at 64bit versions of Slackware, I could run -current or Slamd64. Now, on to the questions: Should I stay with 32bit or go with 64bit? If I go 64bit, should I use -current or Slamd64? P.S. I hope to get answers from someone actually using any of these configurations in production, not just copy/paste something I could find myself via Google.

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• Linux halts every few seconds

  - by Zeppomedio

  We're having an issue where one our Linux boxes (Ubuntu 10.04 LTS, running on EC2 with a quadruple-large size, 68GB of RAM and 8 virtual cores with 3.25GHz each) freezes up every few seconds. Typing in an ssh session will freeze, and running strace on one of the Postgresql processes that's running usually shows: 02:37:41.567990 semop(7831581, {{3, -1, 0}}, 1 for a few seconds before it proceeds (it always gets stuck at that semop). OProfile shows that most of the time is spent in the kernel (60%) versus 37% in Postgresql. The result of these halts (which began suddenly a day ago) is that load on the box has gone from 0.7 to 10+, and causes our entire stack to slow done. Any ideas on how to track down what's going on? iostat doesn't show the disks being particularly slow or overloaded, and top shows user cpu % spike from 8% to about 40% whenever these back-ups happen.

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• Linux software to maintain old/backup versions of directory tree

  - by Bittrance

  I am replacing an old Linux file server serving NFS and CIFS. For the new server (still serving CIFS and NFS), I would like to have software that automatically and efficiently maintains old revisions of files in parallel trees, so that they can be accessed by users without special tools. I am looking for software that is akin to Time Machine or Flyback, but works well on a server. The dataset is some 10000 files weighing maybe 60 GB. Changes are relatively few, usually less than 100 files changes daily. Using LVM snapshots will not cut it, as the old revisions must reside on a separate set of disks from the live data. Edit: To clarify: keeping old revisions is non-vital addition to the solution, so any suggestion will have to stay in the range of some hundred euros.

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• What and why is my swap space used under linux

  - by Fabian

  on my linux system I get these stats from top: Tasks: 155 total, 1 running, 153 sleeping, 0 stopped, 1 zombie Cpu(s): 1.5%us, 0.3%sy, 0.0%ni, 97.4%id, 0.7%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.0%si, 0.0%st Mem: 8177180k total, 2025504k used, 6151676k free, 44176k buffers Swap: 7999996k total, 495300k used, 7504696k free, 637612k cached There it shows me that my system is using 495Mb of swap. Why is this so? 6Gigs of ram are free. And if I would disable swap entirely the system would also work. Any explanation what the number really shows or who is swapping?

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• Merit and demerits for various Linux fiberchannel multipath options

  - by wzzrd

  On our Linux servers, we currently use HPs qla2xxx drivers, because it has multipathing (active/passive) built in. The are, however, various other options, like Red Hats device-mapper-multipath with the stock qla2xxx drivers (multibus and failover) and things like SecurePath and PowerPath (both of which can do trunking, iirc). Can someone tell me what the merits and demerits of the various options are (if I can ask such a question), besides the obvious fact that the {Secure,Power}Path options cost vast amounts of money? I'm mainly interested in the freely available options, like HPs qla2xxx vs. Red Hats multipathd and possible other open source solutions, but I would like to hear good reasons to go for the commercial solutions too. UPDATE: I'll be benchmarking various options the coming few days (the average of 10 runs of iozone for each option (options being native qla2xxx failver, native qla2xxx multibus, HP qla2xxx failover)). I'll post a summary of results here for those interested.

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• Windows7 NFS with linux server

  - by Vitaly

  Hi. I have an Ubuntu server and want to access its web folder (/var/www). What I done: installed nfs-kernel-server, nfs-common and portmap (as in faq) Setted up /etc/exports: /var/www 192.168.1.0/255.255.255.0(rw,no_roow_squash,async,subtree_check) Then: sudo exportfs -ra Then: sudo /etc/init.d/nfs-kernle-server restart I checked, if all works on same machine: sudo 192.168.1.101:/var/www /mnt/test Then accessed /mnt/test and seen that all data present and all ok. Next, I tried to connect this folder to windows7 using NFS client: First, I checked, that linux exported path successfully: showmount -e 192.168.1.101 /var/www 192.168.1.0/255.255.255.0 All ok, go to mount: mount -o anon 192.168.1.101:/var/www z: Console said, that all success.. but. I cant access drive Z (drive exists in the system and point to right folder). When I try to access drive Z my Explorer just going to sleep and then say that timeout expired. Help me please.

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• arp problems with transparent bridge on linux

  - by Mink

  I've been trying to secure my virtual machines on my esx server by putting them behind a transparent bridge with 2 interfaces, one in front, one at the back. My intention is to put all the firewall rules in one place (instead of on each virtual server). I've been using as bridge a blank new virtual machine based on arch linux (but I suspect it doesn't matter which brand of linux it is). What I have is 2 virtual switchs (thus two Virtual Network, VN_front and VN_back), each with 2 types of ports (switched/separated or promiscious/where the machine can see all packets). On my bridge machine, I've set up 2 virtual NIC, one on VN_front, one on VN_back, both in promisc mode. I've created a bridge br0 with both NIC in it: brctl addbr br0 brctl stp br0 off brctl addif br0 front_if brctl addif br0 back_if Then brought them up: ifconfig front_if 0.0.0.0 promisc ifconfig back_if 0.0.0.0 promisc ifconfig br0 0.0.0.0 (I use promisc mode, because I'm not sure I can do without, thinking that maybe the packets don't reach the NICs) Then I took one of my virtual server sitting on VN_front, and plugged it to VN_back instead (that's the nifty use case I'm thinking about, being able to move my servers around just by changing the VN they are plugged into, without changing anything in the configuration). Then I looked into the macs "seen" by my addressless bridge using brctl showmacs br0 and it did show my server from both sides: I get something that looks like this : port no mac addr is local? ageing timer 2 00:0c:29:e1:54:75 no 9.27 1 00:0c:29:fd:86:0c no 9.27 2 00:50:56:90:05:86 no 73.38 1 00:50:56:90:05:88 no 0.10 2 00:50:56:90:05:8b yes 0.00 << FRONT VN 1 00:50:56:90:05:8c yes 0.00 << BACK VN 2 00:50:56:90:19:18 no 13.55 2 00:50:56:90:3c:cf no 13.57 the thing is that the server that are plugged in front/back are not shown on the correct port. I suspect some horrible thing happening in the ARP-world... :-/ If I ping from a front virtual server to a back virtual server, I can only see the back machine if that back machine pings something in the front. As soon as I stop the ping from the back machine, the ping from the front machine stops getting through... I've noticed that if the back machine pings, then its port on the bridge is the correct one... I've tried to play with the arp_ switch of /proc/sys, but with no clear effect on the end result... /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward doesn't seem to be of any use when using a bridge (seems it's all taken care of by brctl) /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf//arp_ don't seem to change much either... (tried arp_announce to 2 or 8 - like suggested elsewhere - and arp_ignore to 0 or 1 ) All the examples I've seen have a different subnet on either side like 10.0.1.0/24 and 10.0.2.0/24... In my case I want 10.0.1.0/24 on both side (just like a transparent switch - except it's a hidden fw ). Turning stp on/off doesn't seem to have any impact on my issue. It's as if the arp packets where getting through the bridge, corrupting the other side with false data... I've tried to use the -arp on each interface, br0, front, back... it breaks the thing altogether... I suspect it has something to do with both side being on the same subnet... I've thought about putting all my machine behind the fw, so as to have all the same subnet at the back... but I'm stuck with my provider's gateway standing at the front with part of my subnet (in fact 3 appliance to route the whole subnet), so I'll always have ips from the same subnet on both side, whatever I do... (I'm using fixed front IPs on my delegated subnet). I'm at a loss... -_-'' Thx for your help. (As anyone tried something like this? from within ESXi?) (It's not just a stunt, the idea is to have something like fail2ban running on some servers, sending their banned IP to the bridge/fw so that it too could ban them - saving all the other servers from that same attacker in one go, allowing for some honeypot that would trigger the fw from any kind of suitable response, and stuffs of the sort... I am aware I could use something like snort, but it addresses some completely different kind of problems, in a completely different way... )

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• System-install-packages missing in RedHat Enterprise Linux 5

  - by Kumar P

  i am using RedHat Enterprise Linux 5.1. When i use add-remove software in application menu, i think, that i wrongly uninstalled something. so after reboot that menu item missing. Also i can't use system-install-packages in terminal. When i double click rpm package it open as archive. And i specifically open it as software installer by open with other application, it saying error /usr/bin/system-install-packages missing. Help me to solve this problem ...

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• How to Set Linux Bonding Interface to Gigabit

  - by Kyle Brandt

  I have enabled Linux active backup mode bonding. Each interface is a gigabit interface, but the bond interface seems to end up at 100 Megabit: bonding: bond0: Warning: failed to get speed and duplex from eth1, assumed to be 100Mb/sec and Full. ... bnx2: eth0 NIC Link is Up, 1000 Mbps full duplex, receive & transmit flow control ON ... bonding: bond0: backup interface eth1 is now up ethtool apparently can't provide info on bond: sudo ethtool bond0 Settings for bond0: No data available So does this mean I am operating at 100 or 1000 Megabit (My guess is 1000)? If it is only 100, what options in the ifcfg scripts or the modprobe bonding options do I need to sett to make it 1000?

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• Ulimit settings in Oracle 11g on Linux 5

  - by Stuart

  Is there an issue with "Ulimit -Hn" being set too low (at 1024) when (Oracle recommend 65536)? This is for Oracle 64-bit 11g on Linux 5. It is one of the settings that appears to be woefully short of its recommendation. But I am also aware that the database server in question is an Oracle Data Guard Local Standby and should only really have a connection or two from its Primary database server (to ship the redo logs across). The Local Standby database server has 'hung' about 3 times in as many months and then requires a reboot. I do not have access to this server, so rely on others to look at logs etc. The sanity check on kernel params uncovered the low value for "ulimit -Hn". Has anyone ever seen that 'low' value cause a hang or crash?

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• Linux - How to control Winbind Authentication cache timeout

  - by cybervedaa

  I have configured my linux machines (running CentOS 5.2) to authenticate against a Windows server running Active Directory. I have even enabled winbind offline logon. Everything works as expected, however I'm also looking to impose a TTL for the winbind authentication cache. So far all I found was the below snippet from the samba documentation winbind cache time (G) This parameter specifies the number of seconds the winbindd(8) daemon will cache user and group information before querying a Windows NT server again. **This does not apply to authentication requests**, these are always evaluated in real time unless the winbind offline logon option has been enabled. Default: winbind cache time = 300 Clearly the winbind cache time parameter does not control the cache TTL for authentication requests. Is there any other way I can implement a cache timeout for winbind authentication requests? Thank you

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• High CPU usage on Linux machine

  - by user305210

  I have a piece of java code running on two different machines, but on one of the linux machines, the code uses alot of CPU (close to 100% cpu usage). On the other machine the same code uses less cpu (under 3 to 4%). The machine where cpu usage is high, is a more powerful machine, more CPU and and more memory. This has started happening recently and performance on the machine with high cpu usage has degraded significantly. I am wondering if anyone has any ideas why something like this could happen, possible causes behind this etc. any guesses? No recent changes in hardware were made, no recent code updates... Thank you.

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• Arch Linux with an nginx/django setup refuses to display ANYTHING

  - by Holland

  I'm on Amazon Ec2, with an Arch Linux server. While I truly am loving it, I'm having the issue of actually getting nginx to display anything. Everytime I try to throw my hostname into the browser, the browser states that it's not available for some reason - almost as if the host doesn't even exist. One thing I'd like to know is, how can I get this up and running? Is there a specific arch linux configuration I have to do to make it web accessible? I have port 80 open, as well as port 22. I've tried using gunicorn, python-flup, and nginx. Nginx Config user http; worker_processes 1; #error_log logs/error.log; #error_log logs/error.log notice; #error_log logs/error.log info; pid logs/nginx.pid; events { worker_connections 1024; } http { include mime.types; default_type application/octet-stream; log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" ' '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" ' '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"'; access_log logs/access.log main; sendfile on; #tcp_nopush on; #keepalive_timeout 0; keepalive_timeout 65; #gzip on; server { listen 80; server_name _; access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log; error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log; #charset koi8-r; location ^~ /media/ { root /path/to/media; } location ^~ /admin-media/ { root /usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/contrib/admin/media; } location / { root /path/to/root/; fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:8080; fastcgi_param SERVER_NAME $server_name; fastcgi_param SERVER_PORT $server_port; fastcgi_param SERVER_PROTOCOL $server_protocol; fastcgi_param PATH_INFO $fastcgi_script_name; fastcgi_param REQUEST_METHOD $request_method; fastcgi_param QUERY_STRING $query_string; fastcgi_param CONTENT_TYPE $content_type; fastcgi_param CONTENT_LENGTH $content_length; fastcgi_pass_header Authorization; fastcgi_intercept_errors off; fastcgi_index index.html; index index.htm index.html; } error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html; location = /50x.html { root /etc/nginx/html/50x.html; } } # server { # listen 80; # server_name localhost; #charset koi8-r; #access_log logs/host.access.log main; # location / { # root html; # index index.html index.htm; # } #error_page 404 /404.html; # redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html # #error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html; #location = /50x.html { root html; #} # proxy the PHP scripts to Apache listening on 127.0.0.1:80 # #location ~ \.php$ { # proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1; #} # pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000 # #location ~ \.php$ { # root html; # fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000; # fastcgi_index index.php; # fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME /scripts$fastcgi_script_name; # include fastcgi_params; #} # deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root # concurs with nginx's one # #location ~ /\.ht { # deny all; #} #} # another virtual host using mix of IP-, name-, and port-based configuration # #server { # listen 8000; # listen somename:8080; # server_name somename alias another.alias; # location / { # root html; # index index.html index.htm; # } #} # HTTPS server # #server { # listen 443; # server_name localhost; # ssl on; # ssl_certificate cert.pem; # ssl_certificate_key cert.key; # ssl_session_timeout 5m; # ssl_protocols SSLv2 SSLv3 TLSv1; # ssl_ciphers HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5; # ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on; # location / { # root html; # index index.html index.htm; # } #} } I can't quite tell if it's a server issue or a configuration issue: I've followed so many guides now I can't even count them all. The thing is that Django itself is working fine, and my permissions to the document root of the where the site files are stored is 777. Ontop of that, I have a git repo which works perfectly fine, and django, python, and runfcgi all start without issues. The same goes for gunicorn, when I do a gunicorn_django -b 0.0.0.0:8000 in my document root. Here is my output from that: 2012-04-15 05:17:37 [3124] [INFO] Starting gunicorn 0.14.2 2012-04-15 05:17:37 [3124] [INFO] Listening at: http://0.0.0.0:8081 (3124) 2012-04-15 05:17:37 [3124] [INFO] Using worker: sync 2012-04-15 05:17:37 [3127] [INFO] Booting worker with pid: 3127 As far as I know, everything seems fine, as well as error.log and access.log for nginx. The access log is completely blank, for that matter. I just feel lost here; what would be a step in the right direction to bebugging an issue such as this?

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