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  • Why would Mathematica break normal scoping rules in Module?

    - by Davorak
    As was pointed out in a recent post scoping does not work as expected inside of Module. An example from that thread is: Module[{expr}, expr = 2 z; f[z_] = expr; f[7]] (*2 z$1776*) But the following works as almost as expected. Module[{expr}, expr = 2 z; Set@@{f[z_], expr}; f[7]] (*14*) What language design consideration made wolfram choose this functionality?

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  • Should I Teach My Son Programming? What approaches should I take? [closed]

    - by DaveDev
    I was wondering if it's a good idea to teach object oriented programming to my son? I was never really good at math as a kid, but I think since I've started programming it's given me a greater ability to understand math by being better able to visualise relationships between abstract models. I thought it might give him a better advantage in learning & applying logical & mathematical concepts throughout his life if he was able to take advantage of the tools available to programmers. what would be the best programming fields, techniques and/or concepts? What approach should I take? what concepts should I avoid? what fields of mathematics would he find this benfits him most? He's only 2 now so it wouldn't be for another few years before I do this, (and even at that, only from a very high level point of view). I thought I'd put it to the programming community and see what you guys thought? Possible Duplicate: What are some recommended programming resources for pre-teens?

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  • Reading file into array

    - by Asmsycool
    Hello, I have these a file in a c program which consist of a string and 4 doubles and 2 integer in one line and there is a total of 28 lines, i want to read this file and load the data into an array. can someone help me solve this.

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  • Is it faster to count down that it is to count up?

    - by Bob
    Our computer science teacher once said that for some reason it is more efficient to count down that count up. For example if you need to use a FOR loop and the loop index is not used somewhere (like printing a line of N * to the screen) I mean that code like this : for (i=N; i>=0; i--) putchar('*'); is better than: for (i=0; i<N; i++) putchar('*'); Is it really true? and if so does anyone know why?

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  • Java vs. C variant for desktop and tablet development

    - by MirroredFate
    I am going to write a desktop application, but I am conflicted concerning which language to use. It (the desktop application) will need to have a good GUI, and to be extendable (hopefully good with modules of some sort). It must be completely cross-platform, including executable in various tablet environments. I put this as a requirement while realizing that some modification will no doubt be necessary. The language should also have some form of networking tools available. I have read http://introcs.cs.princeton.edu/java/faq/c2java.html and understand the differences between Java and C very well. I am looking not necessarily at C, but more at a C variant. If it is a complete toss-up, I will use Java as I know Java much better. However, I do not want to use a language that will be inferior for the task I wish to accomplish. Thank you for all suggestions and explanations. NOTE: If this is not the correct stack for this question, I apologize. It seemed appropriate according to the rules.

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  • If you knew then what you know now, what language(s) will you start learning first?

    - by John
    I will probably start with C and then Lisp. Although I started programming in C, I did not program in it as much as I want. It's fun working with the low level stuff. Learning C helped me a lot when I started working. I've only started learning Lisp now and I found it amazing that the concepts it supported from the very start are still very relevant today. Well I think it's better late than never.

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  • Minimum range of 3 sets

    - by user343882
    We have three sets S1, S2, S3. I need to find x,y,z such that x E S1 y E S2 z E S3 let min denote the minimum value out of x,y,z let max denote the maximum value out of x,y,z The range denoted by max-min should be the MINIMUM possible value

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  • c programming Language [closed]

    - by ash89
    Write a program in C program to find the sum of the following: The input contain a sequence of two or more positive integers terminated by -1. Write a piece of code to count the ‘incidences’ in this sequence (i.e. the number of pairs of equal, adjacent numbers). For example, the following sequence contains 4 incidences: 4 2 9 9 3 7 7 7 3 3 -1

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  • So my girlfriend wants to learn to program [closed]

    - by vanstee
    Possible Duplicate: What programming language should be taught in Computer Science 101? My girlfriend hates feeling completely out of the loop when my friends and I talk about anything related to computers, so she asked me to teach her how to program. I'm pretty happy she asked, but I want to be able to teach her enough to know the basics without her completely losing interest or getting too frustrated. She is a very smart girl, probably smarter than me, but her computer related skills are pretty minimal. What language should I teach her and why?

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  • How to learn programming language (syntax rules, etc.) and remember easily? [closed]

    - by user239522
    I'm new to programming, and I always have a so call difficulty, that is, I always tend to forget the thing (syntax, rules, name, definition or anyting) of a programming language I've learnt. And I personally do feel that the way I learn it is wrong. Here is my method. Everyday I will spend approximately 1 or 2 hours on a programming e-book. I just follow the syllabus and teaching inside the books, of course I have try to code myself, alter the code inside the book, and did the exercises available. But everytime right after I finish a chapter and advanced myself to third or fourth chapter, I will forgot something I learnt in the first chapter. Is it the method I use wrong? Does learning through reading and coding not enough? Do I need to everytime make a small note (mind map for example) of things I've learnt by hand writing? Or do I sometime need to try coding using a pencil and a book, but not a computer?

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  • ?# string analysis

    - by Sergei
    I have a string for example like " :)text :)text:) :-) word :-( " i need append it in textbox(or somewhere else), with condition: Instead of ':)' ,':-(', etc. need to call function which enter specific symbol I thinck exists solution with Finite-state machine, but how implement it don't know. Waiting for advises.

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  • How can you enable forms scripting for outlook 2010 on Citrix servers ?

    - by Florent Courtay
    I'd like to deploy Office 2010 on Citrix servers, but i can't enable form scripting support. With outlook 2007, it was solved by adding Outlvbs.dll in the office directory, and running msiexec /i {<Outlook GUID>} ADDLOCAL=OutlookVBScript /qb But it seems this does not work anymore with Outlook 2010, I get the following error : Error 2711. An internal error has occured. (OutlookVBScript). I don't get much help from microsoft support site, as there isn't a lot of informations on office 2010 yet. Have anyone succeded in installing and using outlook 2010 with form scripting in a citrix environment ?

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  • SecurityException in Sandboxed AppDomain

    - by Galen
    I'm attempting to use C# as a scripting language using CSharpCodeProvider (using VS2010 and .NET 4.0). I want the scripts to be run in a restricted AppDomain with minimal permissions. Currently, I'm getting an exception while trying to instantiate a class in the AppDomain (The call to CreateInstanceAndUnwrap()). Here is some simplified code that reproduces the exception: using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using Microsoft.CSharp; using System.CodeDom; using System.CodeDom.Compiler; using System.Security; using System.Security.Policy; using System.Security.Permissions; using System.Reflection; using System.Runtime.Remoting; namespace ConsoleApp { class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { // set permissions PermissionSet permissions = new PermissionSet(PermissionState.None); permissions.AddPermission(new SecurityPermission( SecurityPermissionFlag.Execution)); AppDomainSetup adSetup = new AppDomainSetup(); adSetup.ApplicationBase = AppDomain.CurrentDomain.BaseDirectory; //Create a list of fully trusted assemblies Assembly[] asms = AppDomain.CurrentDomain.GetAssemblies(); List<StrongName> sns = new List<StrongName>(); for (int x = 0; x < asms.Length; x++) { StrongName sn = asms[x].Evidence.GetHostEvidence<StrongName>(); if (sn != null && sns.Contains(sn) == false) sns.Add(sn); } //this includes: "mscorlib, Version=4.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" AppDomain domain = AppDomain.CreateDomain("NewAppDomain", AppDomain.CurrentDomain.Evidence, adSetup, permissions);//, sns);//, sn4, sn, sn2, sn3); try { String asmName = Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly().FullName; String typeName = typeof(ConsoleApp.ScriptRunner).FullName; //Throws exception here ScriptRunner scriptRunner = domain.CreateInstanceAndUnwrap(asmName, typeName) as ScriptRunner; } catch (SecurityException se) { System.Diagnostics.Debug.WriteLine(se.Message); } catch (Exception ex) { System.Diagnostics.Debug.WriteLine(ex.Message); } } } public class ScriptRunner : MarshalByRefObject { public ScriptRunner() { //A breakpoint placed here is never reached. CompilerParameters param; param = new CompilerParameters(); param.CompilerOptions = ""; param.GenerateExecutable = false; param.GenerateInMemory = true; param.IncludeDebugInformation = false; // C# compiler CSharpCodeProvider codeProvider = new CSharpCodeProvider(); CompilerResults results = codeProvider.CompileAssemblyFromFile(param, "Danger.cs"); } } } The exception is being thrown from mscorlib and it is a System.Reflection.TargetInvocationException that has an inner System.Security.SecurityException. Here is the exception: System.Reflection.TargetInvocationException was unhandled Message=Exception has been thrown by the target of an invocation. Source=mscorlib StackTrace: at System.RuntimeTypeHandle.CreateInstance(RuntimeType type, Boolean publicOnly, Boolean noCheck, Boolean& canBeCached, RuntimeMethodHandleInternal& ctor, Boolean& bNeedSecurityCheck) at System.RuntimeType.CreateInstanceSlow(Boolean publicOnly, Boolean skipCheckThis, Boolean fillCache) at System.RuntimeType.CreateInstanceDefaultCtor(Boolean publicOnly, Boolean skipVisibilityChecks, Boolean skipCheckThis, Boolean fillCache) at System.Activator.CreateInstance(Type type, Boolean nonPublic) at System.RuntimeType.CreateInstanceImpl(BindingFlags bindingAttr, Binder binder, Object[] args, CultureInfo culture, Object[] activationAttributes) at System.Activator.CreateInstance(Type type, BindingFlags bindingAttr, Binder binder, Object[] args, CultureInfo culture, Object[] activationAttributes) at System.Activator.CreateInstance(String assemblyName, String typeName, Boolean ignoreCase, BindingFlags bindingAttr, Binder binder, Object[] args, CultureInfo culture, Object[] activationAttributes, Evidence securityInfo, StackCrawlMark& stackMark) at System.Activator.CreateInstance(String assemblyName, String typeName) at System.AppDomain.CreateInstance(String assemblyName, String typeName) at System.AppDomain.CreateInstanceAndUnwrap(String assemblyName, String typeName) at System.AppDomain.CreateInstanceAndUnwrap(String assemblyName, String typeName) at ConsoleApp.Program.Main(String[] args) in C:\Documents and Settings\NaultyCS\my documents\visual studio 2010\Projects\ConsoleApplication4\ConsoleApplication4\Program.cs:line 46 at System.AppDomain._nExecuteAssembly(RuntimeAssembly assembly, String[] args) at System.AppDomain.ExecuteAssembly(String assemblyFile, Evidence assemblySecurity, String[] args) at Microsoft.VisualStudio.HostingProcess.HostProc.RunUsersAssembly() at System.Threading.ThreadHelper.ThreadStart_Context(Object state) at System.Threading.ExecutionContext.Run(ExecutionContext executionContext, ContextCallback callback, Object state, Boolean ignoreSyncCtx) at System.Threading.ExecutionContext.Run(ExecutionContext executionContext, ContextCallback callback, Object state) at System.Threading.ThreadHelper.ThreadStart() InnerException: System.Security.SecurityException Message=Request failed. Source=ConsoleApplication4 GrantedSet=<PermissionSet class="System.Security.PermissionSet" version="1"> <IPermission class="System.Security.Permissions.SecurityPermission, mscorlib, Version=4.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" version="1" Flags="Execution"/> </PermissionSet> PermissionState=<PermissionSet class="System.Security.PermissionSet" version="1" Unrestricted="true"/> RefusedSet="" Url=file:///C:/Documents and Settings/NaultyCS/my documents/visual studio 2010/Projects/ConsoleApplication4/ConsoleApplication4/bin/Debug/ConsoleApplication4.EXE StackTrace: at ConsoleApp.ScriptRunner..ctor() InnerException: So it appears to me that mscorlib is demanding full trust. I've added it as a fully trusted assembly, but it has no effect. What am I doing wrong here?

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  • Very simple, terse and easy GUI programming “frameworks”

    - by jetxee
    Please list GUI programming libraries, toolkits, frameworks which allow to write GUI apps quickly. I mean in such a way, that GUI is described entirely in a human-readable (and human-writable) plain text file (code) code is terse (1 or 2 lines of code per widget/event pair), suitable for scripting structure and operation of the GUI is evident from the code (nesting of widgets and flow of events) details about how to build the GUI are hidden (things like mainloop, attaching event listeners, etc.) auto-layouts are supported (vboxes, hboxes, etc.) As answers suggest, this may be defined as declarative GUI programming, but it is not necessarily such. Any approach is OK if it works, is easy to use and terse. There are some GUI libraries/toolkits like this. They are listed below. Please extend the list if you see a qualifying toolkit missing. Indicate if the project is crossplatform, mature, active, and give an example if possible. Please use this wiki to discuss only Open Source projects. This is the list so far (in alphabetical order): Fudgets Fudgets is a Haskell library. Platform: Unix. Status: Experimental, but still maintained. An example: import Fudgets main = fudlogue (shellF "Hello" (labelF "Hello, world!" >+< quitButtonF)) GNUstep Renaissance Renaissance allows to describe GUI in simple XML. Platforms: OSX/GNUstep. Status: part of GNUstep. An example below: <window title="Example"> <vbox> <label font="big"> Click the button below to quit the application </label> <button title="Quit" action="terminate:"/> </vbox> </window> HTML HTML-based GUI (HTML + JS). Crossplatform, mature. Can be used entirely on the client side. Looking for a nice “helloworld” example. JavaFX JavaFX is usable for standalone (desktop) apps as well as for web applications. Not completely crossplatform, not yet completely open source. Status: 1.0 release. An example: Frame { content: Button { text: "Press Me" action: operation() { System.out.println("You pressed me"); } } visible: true } Screenshot is needed. Phooey Phooey is another Haskell library. Crossplatform (wxWidgets), HTML+JS backend planned. Mature and active. An example (a little more than a helloworld): ui1 :: UI () ui1 = title "Shopping List" $ do a <- title "apples" $ islider (0,10) 3 b <- title "bananas" $ islider (0,10) 7 title "total" $ showDisplay (liftA2 (+) a b) PythonCard PythonCard describes GUI in a Python dictionary. Crossplatform (wxWidgets). Some apps use it, but the project seems stalled. There is an active fork. I skip PythonCard example because it is too verbose for the contest. Shoes Shoes for Ruby. Platforms: Win/OSX/GTK+. Status: Young but active. A minimal app looks like this: Shoes.app { @push = button "Push me" @note = para "Nothing pushed so far" @push.click { @note.replace "Aha! Click!" } } Tcl/Tk Tcl/Tk. Crossplatform (its own widget set). Mature (probably even dated) and active. An example: #!/usr/bin/env wish button .hello -text "Hello, World!" -command { exit } pack .hello tkwait window . tekUI tekUI for Lua (and C). Platforms: X11, DirectFB. Status: Alpha (usable, but API still evolves). An example: #/usr/bin/env lua ui = require "tek.ui" ui.Application:new { Children = { ui.Window:new { Title = "Hello", Children = { ui.Text:new { Text = "_Hello, World!", Style = "button", Mode = "button", }, }, }, }, }:run() Treethon Treethon for Python. It describes GUI in a YAML file (Python in a YAML tree). Platform: GTK+. Status: work in proress. A simple app looks like this: _import: gtk view: gtk.Window() add: - view: gtk.Button('Hello World') on clicked: print view.get_label() Yet unnamed Python library by Richard Jones: This one is not released yet. The idea is to use Python context managers (with keyword) to structure GUI code. See Richard Jones' blog for details. with gui.vertical: text = gui.label('hello!') items = gui.selection(['one', 'two', 'three']) with gui.button('click me!'): def on_click(): text.value = items.value text.foreground = red XUL XUL + Javascript may be used to create stand-alone desktop apps with XULRunner as well as Mozilla extensions. Mature, open source, crossplatform. <?xml version="1.0"?> <?xml-stylesheet href="chrome://global/skin/" type="text/css"?> <window id="main" title="My App" width="300" height="300" xmlns="http://www.mozilla.org/keymaster/gatekeeper/there.is.only.xul"> <caption label="Hello World"/> </window> Thank your for contributions!

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  • Which statically typed languages support intersection types for function return values?

    - by stakx
    Initial note: This question got closed after several edits because I lacked the proper terminology to state accurately what I was looking for. Sam Tobin-Hochstadt then posted a comment which made me recognise exactly what that was: programming languages that support intersection types for function return values. Now that the question has been re-opened, I've decided to improve it by rewriting it in a (hopefully) more precise manner. Therefore, some answers and comments below might no longer make sense because they refer to previous edits. (Please see the question's edit history in such cases.) Are there any popular statically & strongly typed programming languages (such as Haskell, generic Java, C#, F#, etc.) that support intersection types for function return values? If so, which, and how? (If I'm honest, I would really love to see someone demonstrate a way how to express intersection types in a mainstream language such as C# or Java.) I'll give a quick example of what intersection types might look like, using some pseudocode similar to C#: interface IX { … } interface IY { … } interface IB { … } class A : IX, IY { … } class B : IX, IY, IB { … } T fn() where T : IX, IY { return … ? new A() : new B(); } That is, the function fn returns an instance of some type T, of which the caller knows only that it implements interfaces IX and IY. (That is, unlike with generics, the caller doesn't get to choose the concrete type of T — the function does. From this I would suppose that T is in fact not a universal type, but an existential type.) P.S.: I'm aware that one could simply define a interface IXY : IX, IY and change the return type of fn to IXY. However, that is not really the same thing, because often you cannot bolt on an additional interface IXY to a previously defined type A which only implements IX and IY separately. Footnote: Some resources about intersection types: Wikipedia article for "Type system" has a subsection about intersection types. Report by Benjamin C. Pierce (1991), "Programming With Intersection Types, Union Types, and Polymorphism" David P. Cunningham (2005), "Intersection types in practice", which contains a case study about the Forsythe language, which is mentioned in the Wikipedia article. A Stack Overflow question, "Union types and intersection types" which got several good answers, among them this one which gives a pseudocode example of intersection types similar to mine above.

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  • F# Objects &ndash; Integrating with the other .Net Languages &ndash; Part 1

    - by MarkPearl
    In the next few blog posts I am going to explore objects in F#. Up to now, my dabbling in F# has really been a few liners and while I haven’t reached the point where F# is my language of preference – I am already seeing the benefits of the language when solving certain types of programming problems. For me I believe that the F# language will be used in a silo like architecture and that the real benefit of having F# under your belt is so that you can solve problems that F# lends itself towards and then interact with other .Net languages in doing the rest. When I was still very new to the F# language I did the following post covering how to get F# & C# to talk to each other. Today I am going to use a similar approach to demonstrate the structure of F# objects when inter-operating with other languages. Lets start with an empty F# class … type Person() = class end   Very simple, and all we really have done is declared an object that has nothing in it. We could if we wanted to make an object that takes a constructor with parameters… the code for this would look something like this… type Person =     {         Firstname : string         Lastname : string     }   What’s interesting about this syntax is when you try and interop with this object from another .Net language like C# - you would see the following…   Not only has a constructor been created that accepts two parameters, but Firstname and Lastname are also exposed on the object. Now it’s important to keep in mind that value holders in F# are immutable by default, so you would not be able to change the value of Firstname after the construction of the object – in C# terms it has been set to readonly. One could however explicitly state that the value holders were mutable, which would then allow you to change the values after the actual creation of the object. type Person = { mutable Firstname : string mutable Lastname : string }   Something that bugged me for a while was what if I wanted to have an F# object that requires values in its constructor, but does not expose them as part of the object. After bashing my head for a few moments I came up with the following syntax – which achieves this result. type Person(Firstname : string, Lastname : string) = member v.Fullname = Firstname + " " + Lastname What I haven’t figured out yet is what is the difference between the () & {} brackets when declaring an object.

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  • Why do some languages recommend using spaces rather than tabs?

    - by TK Kocheran
    Maybe I'm alone in this, but few things annoy me like people indenting using spaces rather than tabs. How is typing SpaceSpaceSpaceSpace easier and more intuitive than typing Tab? Sure, tab width is variable, but it's much more indicative of indentation space than spaces. The same thing goes for backspacing; backspace once or four times? Why do languages like Python recommend using spaces over tabs?

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  • Why do old programming languages continue to be revised?

    - by SunAvatar
    This question is not, "Why do people still use old programming languages?" I understand that quite well. In fact the two programming languages I know best are C and Scheme, both of which date back to the 70s. Recently I was reading about the changes in C99 and C11 versus C89 (which seems to still be the most-used version of C in practice and the version I learned from K&R). Looking around, it seems like every programming language in heavy use gets a new specification at least once per decade or so. Even Fortran is still getting new revisions, despite the fact that most people using it are still using FORTRAN 77. Contrast this with the approach of, say, the typesetting system TeX. In 1989, with the release of TeX 3.0, Donald Knuth declared that TeX was feature-complete and future releases would contain only bug fixes. Even beyond this, he has stated that upon his death, "all remaining bugs will become features" and absolutely no further updates will be made. Others are free to fork TeX and have done so, but the resulting systems are renamed to indicate that they are different from the official TeX. This is not because Knuth thinks TeX is perfect, but because he understands the value of a stable, predictable system that will do the same thing in fifty years that it does now. Why do most programming language designers not follow the same principle? Of course, when a language is relatively new, it makes sense that it will go through a period of rapid change before settling down. And no one can really object to minor changes that don't do much more than codify existing pseudo-standards or correct unintended readings. But when a language still seems to need improvement after ten or twenty years, why not just fork it or start over, rather than try to change what is already in use? If some people really want to do object-oriented programming in Fortran, why not create "Objective Fortran" for that purpose, and leave Fortran itself alone? I suppose one could say that, regardless of future revisions, C89 is already a standard and nothing stops people from continuing to use it. This is sort of true, but connotations do have consequences. GCC will, in pedantic mode, warn about syntax that is either deprecated or has a subtly different meaning in C99, which means C89 programmers can't just totally ignore the new standard. So there must be some benefit in C99 that is sufficient to impose this overhead on everyone who uses the language. This is a real question, not an invitation to argue. Obviously I do have an opinion on this, but at the moment I'm just trying to understand why this isn't just how things are done already. I suppose the question is: What are the (real or perceived) advantages of updating a language standard, as opposed to creating a new language based on the old?

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  • Why don't languages include implication as a logical operator?

    - by Maciej Piechotka
    It might be a strange question, but why there is no implication as a logical operator in many languages (Java, C, C++, Python Haskell - although as last one have user defined operators its trivial to add it)? I find logical implication much clearer to write (particularly in asserts or assert-like expressions) then negation with or: encrypt(buf, key, mode, iv = null) { assert (mode != ECB --> iv != null); assert (mode == ECB || iv != null); assert (implies(mode != ECB, iv != null)); // User-defined function }

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  • Is It More Efficient To Make Games In Languages I Like?

    - by Dsfsdfsdfsdfsd Fsdf
    Is it more "efficiant" to develop games with languages your good with and like best rather then the "best" language? A example is like I like C# (It's My First Language) and I'm really good at it and used to how it works, I'm not as good with C++ but I'm kinda slow at it because I don't prefer how you systems work like I think int a[] is not as good as int[] a. Would it be better to go with what I know best or what's the "best" available? Thanks For Reading!

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  • How easy is it to change languages/frameworks professionally? [closed]

    - by user924731
    Forgive me for asking a career related question - I know that they can be frowned upon here, but I think that this one is general enough to be useful to many people. My question is: How easy/difficult is it to get a job using language/frameowork B, when your current job uses language/framework A? e.g. If you use C#/ASP.NET in your current job, how difficult would it be to get a job using python/django, or PHP/Zend, or whatever (the specifics of the example don't matter). Relatedly, if you work in client side scripting, but perhaps work on server-side projects in your own time, how difficult would it be to switch to server-side professionally? So, to sum up, does the choice of which languages/frameworks use at work tend to box you in professionally?

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