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  • C question on functions

    - by benjamin button
    some times i see that functions are defined as below: read_dir(dir) char *dir; { DIR * dirp; struct dirent *d; /* open directory */ dirp = opendir(dir); ......... so on here what is the importance of the statement char *dir; what is the intension behind declaring the pointer soon after the function name and then starting the function body.

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  • Simple RSA encryption (Java)

    - by jake blue
    This is simply for fun. This will not be used for any actual encryption. I'm only first year comp sci student and love cryptography. This took a long time to get working. At approximately N = 18, it begins breaking down. It won't encrypt messages properly after that point. I'm not sure why. Any insights? I'd also appreciate any links you could provide me to tutorials or interesting reading about Cryptography. import java.math.BigInteger; import java.security.SecureRandom; /** * Cryptography. * * Generates public and private keys used in encryption and * decryption * */ public class RSA { private final static BigInteger one = new BigInteger("1"); private final static SecureRandom random = new SecureRandom(); // prime numbers private BigInteger p; private BigInteger q; // modulus private BigInteger n; // totient private BigInteger t; // public key private BigInteger e; // private key private BigInteger d; private String cipherText; /** * Constructor for objects of class RSA */ public RSA(int N) { p = BigInteger.probablePrime(N/2, random); q = BigInteger.probablePrime(N/2, random); // initialising modulus n = p.multiply(q); // initialising t by euclid's totient function (p-1)(q-1) t = (p.subtract(one)).multiply(q.subtract(one)); // initialising public key ~ 65537 is common public key e = new BigInteger("65537"); } public int generatePrivateKey() { d = e.modInverse(t); return d.intValue(); } public String encrypt(String plainText) { String encrypted = ""; int j = 0; for(int i = 0; i < plainText.length(); i++){ char m = plainText.charAt(i); BigInteger bi1 = BigInteger.valueOf(m); BigInteger bi2 = bi1.modPow(e, n); j = bi2.intValue(); m = (char) j; encrypted += m; } cipherText = encrypted; return encrypted; } public String decrypt() { String decrypted = ""; int j = 0; for(int i = 0; i < cipherText.length(); i++){ char c = cipherText.charAt(i); BigInteger bi1 = BigInteger.valueOf(c); BigInteger bi2 = bi1.modPow(d, n); j = bi2.intValue(); c = (char) j; decrypted += c; } return decrypted; } }

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  • Bad_alloc exception when using new for a struct c++

    - by bsg
    Hi, I am writing a query processor which allocates large amounts of memory and tries to find matching documents. Whenever I find a match, I create a structure to hold two variables describing the document and add it to a priority queue. Since there is no way of knowing how many times I will do this, I tried creating my structs dynamically using new. When I pop a struct off the priority queue, the queue (STL priority queue implementation) is supposed to call the object's destructor. My struct code has no destructor, so I assume a default destructor is called in that case. However, the very first time that I try to create a DOC struct, I get the following error: Unhandled exception at 0x7c812afb in QueryProcessor.exe: Microsoft C++ exception: std::bad_alloc at memory location 0x0012f5dc.. I don't understand what's happening - have I used up so much memory that the heap is full? It doesn't seem likely. And it's not as if I've even used that pointer before. So: first of all, what am I doing that's causing the error, and secondly, will the following code work more than once? Do I need to have a separate pointer for each struct created, or can I re-use the same temporary pointer and assume that the queue will keep a pointer to each struct? Here is my code: struct DOC{ int docid; double rank; public: DOC() { docid = 0; rank = 0.0; } DOC(int num, double ranking) { docid = num; rank = ranking; } bool operator>( const DOC & d ) const { return rank > d.rank; } bool operator<( const DOC & d ) const { return rank < d.rank; } }; //a lot of processing goes on here; when a matching document is found, I do this: rank = calculateRanking(table, num); //if the heap is not full, create a DOC struct with the docid and rank and add it to the heap if(q.size() < 20) { doc = new DOC(num, rank); q.push(*doc); doc = NULL; } //if the heap is full, but the new rank is greater than the //smallest element in the min heap, remove the current smallest element //and add the new one to the heap else if(rank > q.top().rank) { q.pop(); cout << "pushing doc on to queue" << endl; doc = new DOC(num, rank); q.push(*doc); } Thank you very much, bsg.

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  • Need help with copy constructor for very basic implementation of singly linked lists

    - by Jesus
    Last week, we created a program that manages sets of strings, using classes and vectors. I was able to complete this 100%. This week, we have to replace the vector we used to store strings in our class with simple singly linked lists. The function basically allows users to declare sets of strings that are empty, and sets with only one element. In the main file, there is a vector whose elements are a struct that contain setName and strSet (class). HERE IS MY PROBLEM: It deals with the copy constructor of the class. When I remove/comment out the copy constructor, I can declare as many empty or single sets as I want, and output their values without a problem. But I know I will obviously need the copy constructor for when I implement the rest of the program. When I leave the copy constructor in, I can declare one set, either single or empty, and output its value. But if I declare a 2nd set, and i try to output either of the first two sets, i get a Segmentation Fault. Moreover, if i try to declare more then 2 sets, I get a Segmentation Fault. Any help would be appreciated!! Here is my code for a very basic implementation of everything: Here is the setcalc.cpp: (main file) #include <iostream> #include <cctype> #include <cstring> #include <string> #include "help.h" #include "strset2.h" using namespace std; // Declares of structure to hold all the sets defined struct setsOfStr { string nameOfSet; strSet stringSet; }; // Checks if the set name inputted is unique bool isSetNameUnique( vector<setsOfStr> strSetArr, string setName) { for(unsigned int i = 0; i < strSetArr.size(); i++) { if( strSetArr[i].nameOfSet == setName ) { return false; } } return true; } int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { char commandChoice; // Declares a vector with our declared structure as the type vector<setsOfStr> strSetVec; string setName; string singleEle; // Sets a loop that will constantly ask for a command until 'q' is typed while (1) { // declaring a set to be empty if(commandChoice == 'd') { cin >> setName; // Check that the set name inputted is unique if (isSetNameUnique(strSetVec, setName) == true) { strSet emptyStrSet; setsOfStr set1; set1.nameOfSet = setName; set1.stringSet = emptyStrSet; strSetVec.push_back(set1); } else { cerr << "ERROR: Re-declaration of set '" << setName << "'\n"; } } // declaring a set to be a singleton else if(commandChoice == 's') { cin >> setName; cin >> singleEle; // Check that the set name inputted is unique if (isSetNameUnique(strSetVec, setName) == true) { strSet singleStrSet(singleEle); setsOfStr set2; set2.nameOfSet = setName; set2.stringSet = singleStrSet; strSetVec.push_back(set2); } else { cerr << "ERROR: Re-declaration of set '" << setName << "'\n"; } } // using the output function else if(commandChoice == 'o') { cin >> setName; if(isSetNameUnique(strSetVec, setName) == false) { // loop through until the set name is matched and call output on its strSet for(unsigned int k = 0; k < strSetVec.size(); k++) { if( strSetVec[k].nameOfSet == setName ) { (strSetVec[k].stringSet).output(); } } } else { cerr << "ERROR: No such set '" << setName << "'\n"; } } // quitting else if(commandChoice == 'q') { break; } else { cerr << "ERROR: Ignoring bad command: '" << commandChoice << "'\n"; } } return 0; } Here is the strSet2.h: #ifndef _STRSET_ #define _STRSET_ #include <iostream> #include <vector> #include <string> struct node { std::string s1; node * next; }; class strSet { private: node * first; public: strSet (); // Create empty set strSet (std::string s); // Create singleton set strSet (const strSet &copy); // Copy constructor // will implement destructor later void output() const; strSet& operator = (const strSet& rtSide); // Assignment }; // End of strSet class #endif // _STRSET_ And here is the strSet2.cpp (implementation of class) #include <iostream> #include <vector> #include <string> #include "strset2.h" using namespace std; strSet::strSet() { first = NULL; } strSet::strSet(string s) { node *temp; temp = new node; temp->s1 = s; temp->next = NULL; first = temp; } strSet::strSet(const strSet& copy) { cout << "copy-cst\n"; node *n = copy.first; node *prev = NULL; while (n) { node *newNode = new node; newNode->s1 = n->s1; newNode->next = NULL; if (prev) { prev->next = newNode; } else { first = newNode; } prev = newNode; n = n->next; } } void strSet::output() const { if(first == NULL) { cout << "Empty set\n"; } else { node *temp; temp = first; while(1) { cout << temp->s1 << endl; if(temp->next == NULL) break; temp = temp->next; } } } strSet& strSet::operator = (const strSet& rtSide) { first = rtSide.first; return *this; }

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  • Change an array's value in x86 assembly (embedded in C++)

    - by VV
    I am messing around with assembly for the first time, and can't seem to change the index values of an array. Here's the method I am working on int ascending_sort( char arrayOfLetters[], int arraySize ) { char temp; __asm { //??? } } And these are what I tried mov temp, 'X' mov al, temp mov arrayOfLetters[0], al And this gave me an error C2415: improper operand type so I tried mov temp, 'X' mov al, temp mov BYTE PTR arrayOfLetters[0], al This complied, but it didn't change the array...

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  • Searching LPSTR string

    - by David21
    I want to find some words after i get the whole file to char*. I know how to do it using the string class functions but i don't want to copy the data again to a string variable. is there any similar functions available to use for char* strings or should i still use string class?

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  • How do I declare an array as a constant in Objective-c?

    - by Andrew
    The following code is giving me errors: // constants.h extern NSArray const *testArray; // constants.m NSArray const *testArray = [NSArray arrayWithObjects: @"foo", @"bar"]; The error I get is initializer element is not constant Or if I take away the pointer indicator (*) I get: statically allocated instance of Objective-C class 'NSArray'

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  • How to read and write a STL C++ string?

    - by cambr
    #include<string> ... string in; //How do I store a string from stdin to in? // //gets(in) - 16 cannot convert `std::string' to `char*' for argument `1' to //char* gets (char*)' // //scanf("%s",in) also gives some weird error Similarly, how do I write out in to stdout or to a file??

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  • C++ Beginner - 'friend' functions and << operator overloading: What is the proper way to overload an

    - by Francisco P.
    Hello, everyone! In a project I'm working on, I have a Score class, defined below in score.h. I am trying to overload it so, when a << operation is performed on it, _points + " " + _name is returned. Here's what I tried to do: ostream & Score::operator<< (ostream & os, Score right) { os << right.getPoints() << " " << right.scoreGetName(); return os; } Here are the errors returned: 1>c:\users\francisco\documents\feup\1a2s\prog\projecto3\projecto3\score.h(30) : error C2804: binary 'operator <<' has too many parameters (This error appears 4 times, actually) I managed to get it working by declaring the overload as a friend function: friend ostream & operator<< (ostream & os, Score right); And removing the Score:: from the function declaration in score.cpp (effectively not declaring it as a member). Why does this work, yet the code describe above doesn't? Thanks for your time! Below is the full score.h /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // Score.h // Implementation of the Class Score // Created on: 10-Mai-2010 11:43:56 // Original author: Francisco /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// #ifndef SCORE_H_ #define SCORE_H_ #include <string> #include <iostream> #include <iostream> using std::string; using std::ostream; class Score { public: Score(string name); Score(); virtual ~Score(); void addPoints(int n); string scoreGetName() const; int getPoints() const; void scoreSetName(string name); bool operator>(const Score right) const; ostream & operator<< (ostream & os, Score right); private: string _name; int _points; }; #endif

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  • Using strtok() in a loop in C?

    - by Alex Xander
    I am trying to use strtok() in nested loop. But this is not giving me desired results. Possibly because they are using same memory location. My code is of the form:- char *token1 = strtok(Str1, "%"); while(token1 != NULL ) { char *token2 = strtok(Str2, "%"); while(token2 != NULL ) { //DO SMTHING token2 = strtok(NULL, "%"); } token1 = strtok(NULL, "%"); // Do something more }

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  • compilation error in vc++ vs2005

    - by vijay.j
    I am getting an error while compiling in vc++ vs2005. error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol __imp__MessageBoxA@16 referenced in function "void __cdecl MsgBox(char const *,char const *,...)" (?MsgBox@@YAXPBD0ZZ)

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  • Get Token's Name with Reflection API.

    - by Mark Tomlin
    I want to find the token's name passed by augment into a function. class Norm { const STR_NORM = 0; const INT_NORM = 0; } function foo($Arg1, $Arg2 = NULL) { getConstName($Arg1); # Should Return STR_NORM; return $Arg1, $Arg2; } echo foo(Norm::STR_NORM); Is there any way to implement getConstName via the PHP Reflection API?

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  • C strange array behaviour

    - by LukeN
    After learning that both strncmp is not what it seems to be and strlcpy not being available on my operating system (Linux), I figured I could try and write it myself. I found a quote from Ulrich Drepper, the libc maintainer, who posted an alternative to strlcpy using mempcpy. I don't have mempcpy either, but it's behaviour was easy to replicate. First of, this is the testcase I have #include <stdio.h> #include <string.h> #define BSIZE 10 void insp(const char* s, int n) { int i; for (i = 0; i < n; i++) printf("%c ", s[i]); printf("\n"); for (i = 0; i < n; i++) printf("%02X ", s[i]); printf("\n"); return; } int copy_string(char *dest, const char *src, int n) { int r = strlen(memcpy(dest, src, n-1)); dest[r] = 0; return r; } int main() { char b[BSIZE]; memset(b, 0, BSIZE); printf("Buffer size is %d", BSIZE); insp(b, BSIZE); printf("\nFirst copy:\n"); copy_string(b, "First", BSIZE); insp(b, BSIZE); printf("b = '%s'\n", b); printf("\nSecond copy:\n"); copy_string(b, "Second", BSIZE); insp(b, BSIZE); printf("b = '%s'\n", b); return 0; } And this is its result: Buffer size is 10 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 First copy: F i r s t b = 46 69 72 73 74 00 62 20 3D 00 b = 'First' Second copy: S e c o n d 53 65 63 6F 6E 64 00 00 01 00 b = 'Second' You can see in the internal representation (the lines insp() created) that there's some noise mixed in, like the printf() format string in the inspection after the first copy, and a foreign 0x01 in the second copy. The strings are copied intact and it correctly handles too long source strings (let's ignore the possible issue with passing 0 as length to copy_string for now, I'll fix that later). But why are there foreign array contents (from the format string) inside my destination? It's as if the destination was actually RESIZED to match the new length.

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  • Sending an int array through Winsocks

    - by seed
    I'm trying to send an int array through Winsocks. I might be wrong, but I'm pretty sure only a char* is supported so I'm kind of stuck on how to do this properly. There are also problems with little/big edian, so what would be a good way to do this? I've already asked a question of converting int array to char but it was recommended to start a new thread on this in the networking section instead.

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  • Unable to decode hex values in javascript tooltip

    - by staudk27
    Hi all, I have quite the process that we go through in order to display some e-mail communications in our application. Trying to keep it as general as possible... -We make a request to a service via XML -Get the XML reply string, send the string to a method to encode any invalid characters as follows: public static String convertUTF8(String value) { char[] chars = value.toCharArray(); StringBuffer retVal = new StringBuffer(chars.length); for (int i = 0; i < chars.length; i++) { char c = chars[i]; int chVal = (int)c; if (chVal > Byte.MAX_VALUE) { retVal.append("&#x").append(Integer.toHexString(chVal)).append(";"); } else { retVal.append(c); } } return retVal.toString(); } We then send that result of a string to another method to remove any other invalid characters: public static String removeInvalidCharacters(String inString) { if (inString == null){ return null; } StringBuffer newString = new StringBuffer(); char ch; char c[] = inString.toCharArray(); for (int i = 0; i < c.length; i++) { ch = c[i]; // remove any characters outside the valid UTF-8 range as well as all control characters // except tabs and new lines if ((ch < 0x00FD && ch > 0x001F) || ch == '\t' || ch == '\n' || ch == '\r') { newString.append(ch); } } return newString.toString(); } This string is then "unmarshal'ed" via the SaxParser The object is then sent back to our Display action which generated the response to the calling jsp/javascript to create the page. The issue is some text can contain characters which can't be processed correctly. The following is eventually rendered on the JSP just fine: <PrvwCommTxt>This is a new test. Have a*&amp;#xc7;&amp;#xb4;)&amp;#xa1;.&amp;#xf1;&amp;#xc7;&amp;#xa1;.&amp;#xf1;*&amp;#xc7;&amp;#xb4;)...</PrvwCommTxt> Which shows up as "This is a new test. Have a*Ç´)¡.ñÇ¡." in the browser. -The following shows up in a tooltip while hovering over the above text: <CommDetails>This is a new test. Have a*Ç´)¡.ñÇ¡.ñ*Ç´)¡.ñ*´)(¡.ñÇ(¡.ñÇ* Wonderful Day!</CommDetails> This then shows up incorrectly when rendered in the tooltip javascript with all the HEX values and not being rendered correctly. Any suggestions on how to make the unknown characters show correctly in javascript?

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  • Function overloading in C

    - by Andrei Ciobanu
    Today, looking at the man page for open(), I've noticed this function is 'overloaded': int open(const char *pathname, int flags); int open(const char *pathname, int flags, mode_t mode); I didn't thought it's possible on C. What's the 'trick' for achieving this ?

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  • Public Private Key Encryption Tutorials

    - by Jake M
    Do you know of a tutorial that demonstrates Public Private Key encryption(PPKE) in C++ or C? I am trying to learn how it works and eventually use Crypto++ to create my own encryptions using public private keys. Maybe theres a Crypto++ PPKE tutorial? Maybe someone can explain the relationship(if any) between the public and private keys? Could anyone suggest some very simple public and private key values I could use(like 'char*32','char/32') to create my simple PPKE program to understand the concept?

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  • Problem with OOP Class Definitions

    - by oben
    Hi, this is Oben from Turkey. I work for my homework in C++ and i have some problems with multiply definitions. My graph class ; class Graph{ private: string name; //Graph name fstream* graphFile; //Graph's file protected: string opBuf; //Operations buffer int containsNode(string); //Query if a node is present Node* nodes; //Nodes in the graph int nofNodes; //Number of nodes in the graph public: static int nOfGraphs; //Number of graphs produced Graph(); //Constructors and destructor Graph(int); Graph(string); Graph(const Graph &); ~Graph(); string getGraphName(); //Get graph name bool addNode(string); //add a node to the graph bool deleteNode(string); //delete a node from the graph bool addEdge(string,string); //add an edge to the graph bool deleteEdge(string,string); //delete an edge from the graph void intersect(const Graph&); //intersect the graph with the <par> void unite(const Graph&); //intersect the graph with the <par> string toString(); //get string representation of the graph void acceptTraverse(BreadthFirst*); void acceptTraverse(DepthFirst *); }; and my traversal class; class Traversal { public: string *visitedNodes; virtual string traverse (const Graph & ); }; class BreadthFirst : public Traversal { public : BreadthFirst(); string traverse(); }; class DepthFirst : public Traversal { public : DepthFirst(); string traverse(); }; My problem is in traversal class , i need to declare Graph class at the same time , in graph class i need traversal class to declare. I have big problems with declerations :) Could you please help me ?

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  • async_write/async_read problems while trying to implement question-answer logic

    - by Max
    Good day. I'm trying to implement a question - answer logic using boost::asio. On the Client I have: void Send_Message() { .... boost::asio::async_write(server_socket, boost::asio::buffer(&Message, sizeof(Message)), boost::bind(&Client::Handle_Write_Message, this, boost::asio::placeholders::error)); .... } void Handle_Write_Message(const boost::system::error_code& error) { .... std::cout << "Message was sent.\n"; .... boost::asio::async_read(server_socket_,boost::asio::buffer(&Message, sizeof(Message)), boost::bind(&Client::Handle_Read_Message, this, boost::asio::placeholders::error)); .... } void Handle_Read_Message(const boost::system::error_code& error) { .... std::cout << "I have a new message.\n"; .... } And on the Server i have the "same - logic" code: void Read_Message() { .... boost::asio::async_read(client_socket, boost::asio::buffer(&Message, sizeof(Message)), boost::bind(&Server::Handle_Read_Message, this, boost::asio::placeholders::error)); .... } void Handle_Read_Message(const boost::system::error_code& error) { .... std::cout << "I have a new message.\n"; .... boost::asio::async_write(client_socket_,boost::asio::buffer(&Message, sizeof(Message)), boost::bind(&Server::Handle_Write_Message, this, boost::asio::placeholders::error)); .... } void Handle_Write_Message(const boost::system::error_code& error) { .... std::cout << "Message was sent back.\n"; .... } Message it's just a structure. And the output on the Client is: Message was sent. Output on the Server is: I have a new message. And that's all. After this both programs are still working but nothing happens. I tried to implement code like: if (!error) { .... } else { // close sockets and etc. } But there are no errors in reading or writing. Both programs are just running normally, but doesn't interact with each other. This code is quite obvious but i can't understand why it's not working. Thanks in advance for any advice.

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