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  • Monitoring Reasoning Progress using the Pellet Reasoner

    - by Nico
    I am currently constructing an OWL ontology, which - until very recently classified rapidly using the Pellet reasoner. However, since the introduction of several new classes, the reasoning performance has slowed to a crawl. Although the reasoner completes and the ontology does not contain any unsatisfiable concepts etc, the time the reasoning takes is unacceptable. I am currently trying to track down the offending classes/class that may have led to the slowdown. Here's my question: is it possible to log the reasoning progreess of Pellet? I.e. is it possible to produce some output that will document how long pellet has spent on certain reasoning tasks/traces how long reasoning over any given class and axiom takes? If so, does anyone have some java code they could post up? Thanks in advance for your answers!

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  • Some Insight on the Field of Knowledge Representations and Reasoning

    - by picmate
    I started following an MS in computer sciences after about two years of work for a software company. I worked primarily in data warehousing and business intelligence related software development during my previous occupation. There is a high chance for me to select a research in knowledge representations, ontologies and reasoning, as there are no other research available in any other interesting fields, such as pattern recognition and navigation. I developed an interest towards knowledge representation with what I learnt from the courses I am taking currently. But I do not have a deep understanding of it in terms of which areas such a field would have an impact in a real life scenario, and how it will help me when I am hunting for a job in the near future. Some thought about this would be greatly appreciated.

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  • Mechanics of reasoning during programming interviews

    - by user129506
    This is not the usual "I don't want to write code during an interview", in this question the assumption is that I need to write code during an interview (think about the level of rewriting the quicksort or mergesort from scratch) I know how the algorithm work or I have a basic idea of how I should start working from there, i.e. I don't remember the algorithm by heart I noticed that even on a whiteboard, I always end up writing bugged code or code that doesn't compile. If there's a typo, whatever I usually live with that.. but when there's a crash due to some uncaught particular case I end up losing confidence in my skills. I realize that perhaps interviewers might want to look at how I write code and/or how I solve problems rather than proof-compiling my whiteboard code, but I'd like to ask how should I approach the above problem in mental terms, i.e. what mental steps should I follow when writing code for an interview with the two bullet points above. There must be a unique and agreed series of steps I should follow to avoid getting stuck/caught into particular exception cases (limit cases) that might end up wasting my time and my energies rather than focusing on the overall algorithm for the general case. I hope I made my point clear

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  • A Question About the Expressive Power of Higher-Order Logical Reasoning Formalisms.

    - by Bubba88
    Hi! I do not really know if this is scientifically proven, but I've read in a book (It was a relatively modern AI book by Peter Norvig) that secon-order logical programming could be more expressive than existing first-order languages. The question is: Is it statistically/symbolically proven that higher-order predicate logics exceed first-order predicates in their expressive power? Or they just bring the modularity/convenience/maintainability to your knowledge bases? Additionally: If there is some kind of firm direction in which I could go seeking more expressive power than I have (I mean exactly the descriptive potential of the symbols I write in given semantics/syntax) - then I would be glad to hear just almost everything :) Thank you.

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  • Rules engine for spatial and temporal reasoning?

    - by John
    I have an application that receives a number of datums that characterize spatial / temporal processes. It then filters these datums and creates actions which are then sent to processes that perform the actions. Rinse and repeat. At present, I have a collection of custom filters that perform a lot of complicated spatial/temporal calculations. Many times as I discuss my system to individuals in my company, they ask if I'm using a rules engine. I have yet to find a rules engine that is able to reason well temporally and spatially. (Things like When are two entities ever close? Is entity A ever in region B? If entity C is near entity D but oriented backwards relative to C then perform action D.) I have looked at Drools, Cyc, Jess in the past (say 3-4 years ago). It's time to re-examine the state of the art. Any suggestions? Any standards that you know of that support this kind of reasoning? Any defacto standards? Any applications? Thanks!

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  • Choices in Architecture, Design, Algorithms, Data Structures for effective RDF Reasoning and Querying in a Big Data Environment [on hold]

    - by user2891213
    As part of my academic project I would like to know what choices in Architecture, Design, Algorithms, Data Structures do we need in order to provide effective and efficient RDF Reasoning and Querying in a Big Data Environment. Basically I want to get info regarding below points: What are the Systems and Software to get appropriate Architecture? What kind of API layer(s) would we need on top of the Big Data stores, to make this possible? The Indexing structures we will need. The appropriate Algorithms, and appropriate Algorithms for Query Planning across Big Data stores. The Performance Analysis and Cost Models we will need to justify the design decisions we have made along the way. Can anyone please provide pointers.. Thanks, David

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  • What is the philosophy/reasoning behind C#'s Pascal-casing method names?

    - by Nocturne
    I'm just starting to learn C#. Coming from a background in Java, C++ and Objective-C, I find C#'s Pascal-casing its method-names rather unique, and a tad difficult to get used to at first. What is the reasoning and philosophy behind this? I'm guessing it is because of C# properties. Unlike in Objective-C, where method names can be exactly the same as an instance variables, this is not the case with C#. I would guess one of the goals with properties (as it is with most of the languages that support it) is to make properties truly indistinguishable from variables and methods. So, one can have an "int x" in C#, and the corresponding property becomes X. To ensure that properties and methods are indistinguishable, all method names I'm guessing are also therefore expected to start with an uppercase letter. (This is just my hypothesis based on what I know of C# so far—I'm still learning). I'm very curious to know how this curious guideline came into being (given that it's not something one sees in most other languages where method names are expected to start with a lowercase letter) (EDIT: By Pascal-casing, I mean PascalCase (which is basically camelCase but starting with a capital letter). Method names typically start with a lowercase letter in most languages)

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  • Weird interview question from MS

    - by didxga
    There are two numbers, which are both between 1 and 30 inclusive. Person A knew the addition of the two numbers; Person B knew the multiplication of the two numbers; A said:"do you know what numbers are they?" B replied:"I don't know, do you know?" A:"I don't know either" then B said:"so, I knew already" then A said:"I knew either" What are the two numbers?

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  • Problem in inferring instances that have integer cardinality constraint

    - by Mikae Combarado
    Hello, I have created an RDF/OWL file using Protege 4.1 alpha. I also created a defined class in Protege called CheapPhone. This class has a restriction which is shown below : (hasPrice some integer[< 350]) Whenever, a price of a phone is below 350, it is inferred as CheapPhone. There is no problem for inferring this in Protege 4.1 alpha. However, I cannot infer this using Jena. I also created a defined class called SmartPhone. This class also has a restriction which is shown below : (has3G value true) and (hasInternet value true) Whenever, a phone has 3G and Internet, it is inferred as SmartPhone. In this situation, there is no problem inferring this in both Protege and Jena. I have started to think that there is a problem in default inference engine of Jena. The code that I use in Java is below : Reasoner reasoner = ReasonerRegistry.getOWLReasoner(); reasoner = reasoner.bindSchema(ontModel); OntModelSpec ontModelSpec = OntModelSpec.OWL_MEM_MINI_RULE_INF; ontModelSpec.setReasoner(reasoner); // Create ontology model with reasoner support // ontModel was created and read before, so I don't share the code in order // not to create garbage here OntModel model = ModelFactory.createOntologyModel(ontModelSpec, ontModel); OntClass sPhone = model.getOntClass(ns + "SmartPhone"); ExtendedIterator s = sPhone.listInstances(); while(s.hasNext()) { OntResource mp = (OntResource)s.next(); System.out.println(mp.getURI()); } This code works perfectly and returns me the instances, but when I change the code below and make it appropriate for CheapPhone, it doesn't return anything. OntClass sPhone = model.getOntClass(ns + "CheapPhone"); Am I doing something wrong ?

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  • Are More Comments Better in High-Turnover Environments?

    - by joshin4colours
    I was talking with a colleague today. We work on code for two different projects. In my case, I'm the only person working on my code; in her case, multiple people work on the same codebase, including co-op students who come and go fairly regularly (between every 8-12 months). She said that she is liberal with her comments, putting them all over the place. Her reasoning is that it helps her remember where things are and what things do since much of the code wasn't written by her and could be changed by someone other than her. Meanwhile, I try to minimize the comments in my code, putting them in only in places with a unobvious workaround or bug. However, I have a better understanding of my code overall, and have more direct control over it. My opinion in that comments should be minimal and the code should tell most of the story, but her reasoning makes sense too. Are there any flaws in her reasoning? It may clutter the code but it ultimately could be quite helpful if there are many people working on it in the short- to medium-run.

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  • The Oldest Big Data Problem: Parsing Human Language

    - by dan.mcclary
    There's a new whitepaper up on Oracle Technology Network which details the use of Digital Reasoning Systems' Synthesys software on Oracle Big Data Appliance.  Digital Reasoning's approach is inherently "big data friendly," as it leverages multiple components of the Hadoop ecosystem.  Moreover, the paper addresses the oldest big data problem of them all: extracting knowledge from human text.   You can find the paper here.   From the Executive Summary: There is a wealth of information to be extracted from natural language, but that extraction is challenging. The volume of human language we generate constitutes a natural Big Data problem, while its complexity and nuance requires a particular expertise to model and mine. In this paper we illustrate the impressive combination of Oracle Big Data Appliance and Digital Reasoning Synthesys software. The combination of Synthesys and Big Data Appliance makes it possible to analyze tens of millions of documents in a matter of hours. Moreover, this powerful combination achieves four times greater throughput than conducting the equivalent analysis on a much larger cloud-deployed Hadoop cluster.

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  • Should CSS be listed on your resume under Languages?

    - by Sandeepan Nath
    I have some doubts like Whether CSS should be put under Languages or not? Although Wikipedia says Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a style sheet language ... But do they write CSS under the languages section of the resume, along with PHP, etc? Similarly what about HTML? I have some doubt and I don't want to sound like someone who is not aware of the trends. Just to give an example, currently I have the following languages,frameworks, technologies, etc. listed under the "Technical Expertise" section of my resume - Technical Expertise * Languages - Proficient - PHP 5, Javascript, HTML ?*,CSS ?*,Sass ?*. Beginner - Linux Bash. * Databases - MySQL 5. * Technologies - AJAX. * Frameworks/Libraries - Symfony, jQuery. * CMSes - Wordpress. Although my domain is Web-development/design, I welcome domain-agnostic answers which can provide some generic ideas/reasoning. I have seen, a lot of people messing up these sections (even more serious than my doubts :) ), putting things under wrong sub-headings and thus putting a big question mark on their understanding of those things. I don't know much about XML, Comet Technology etc. Considering those are included too, What things should be put under Languages? E.g. Should CSS be put under Languages? Please give some reasoning to support your views. Where should the others (XML, Comet, cURL etc. ) be put? I welcome some examples of how you put it. Or do you have an additional Keywords section where you write all the unsortables ? Considering a set of standards like W3C standards, etc. do you have a standards sub-heading? I guess I have put the contents of other sections Okay. But do let me know about your ideas and reasoning. After all, I understand there may not be a single answer to this, but let's see what is the trend. Thanks Updates Further, do you mention design patters you have used? Web Services etc.? Where do you mention SOAP, XML etc...

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  • Why are Javascript for/in loops so verbose?

    - by Matthew Scharley
    I'm trying to understand the reasoning behind why the language designers would make the for (.. in ..) loops so verbose. For example: for (var x in Drupal.settings.module.stuff) { alert("Index: " + x + "\nValue: " + Drupal.settings.module.stuff[x]); } It makes trying to loop over anything semi-complex like the above a real pain as you either have to alias the value locally inside the loop yourself, or deal with long access calls. This is especially painful if you have two to three nested loops. I'm assuming there is a reason why they would do things this way, but I'm struggling with the reasoning.

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  • Why return this.each(function()) in jQuery plugins?

    - by Corey Sunwold
    Some of the tutorials and examples I have seen for developing jQuery plugins tend to return this.each(function () { }); at the end of the function that instantiates the plugin but I have yet to see any reasoning behind it, it just seems to be a standard that everyone follows. Can anyone enlighten me as to the reasoning behind this practice?

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  • Which single IoC/DI container would you recommend using and why?

    - by Rob G
    I'm asking this question because it's a good way to gauge how the community at large feels about the various containers/frameworks and why. Also, whilst my expertise may lie in .Net development, I am very interested in which frameworks are popular (and why) in other languages. If I feel the need to start digging into Java for instance, then I'd like to hit the ground running with good (comfortable) knowledge that I'm starting in the right direction. Does Ruby even need one with all its magnificent dynamicism? I have my own opinions on the .Net front, and will probably add my own personal favourite in an answer below, but I'm interested in all languages and opinions here. With all that in mind, could you please state only one IoC/DI framework that you use and recommend with the language of choice (Java/Ruby/.Net/Smalltalk etc.) and your reasoning for your choice, and if someone has already answered your particular flavour, then you can just vote it up and add comments to it so that anyone looking for advice in future and see which frameworks are more than likely to work for them once they read your reasoning. I'm hoping that over time, the best ones will bubble up to the top. I realise that this question doesn't have only one correct answer, so I won't be choosing one - the community will decide which framework gets the most votes and why. Of course, if you really feel strongly opposed to a particular brand, you could take the reputation hit and vote it down too, and this question can serve as a true wiki-style entry for research into this field. Remember, only one IoC per answer you write please - if you feel the need to promote two frameworks, then write two answers with your reasoning inside for each choice - then others in the community can agree or disagree with you.

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  • Business Objects - Containers or functional?

    - by Walter
    This is a question I asked a while back on SO, but it may get discussed better here... Where I work, we've gone back and forth on this subject a number of times and are looking for a sanity check. Here's the question: Should Business Objects be data containers (more like DTOs) or should they also contain logic that can perform some functionality on that object. Example - Take a customer object, it probably contains some common properties (Name, Id, etc), should that customer object also include functions (Save, Calc, etc.)? One line of reasoning says separate the object from the functionality (single responsibility principal) and put the functionality in a Business Logic layer or object. The other line of reasoning says, no, if I have a customer object I just want to call Customer.Save and be done with it. Why do I need to know about another class to save a customer if I'm consuming the object? Our last two projects have had the objects separated from the functionality, but the debate has been raised again on a new project. Which makes more sense and why??

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  • What is a good way to store tilemap data?

    - by Stephen Tierney
    I'm developing a 2D platformer with some uni friends. We've based it upon the XNA Platformer Starter Kit which uses .txt files to store the tile map. While this is simple it does not give us enough control and flexibility with level design. Some examples: for multiple layers of content multiple files are required, each object is fixed onto the grid, doesn't allow for rotation of objects, limited number of characters etc. So I'm doing some research into how to store the level data and map file. This concerns only the file system storage of the tile maps, not the data structure to be used by the game while it is running. The tile map is loaded into a 2D array, so this question is about which source to fill the array from. Reasoning for DB: From my perspective I see less redundancy of data using a database to store the tile data. Tiles in the same x,y position with the same characteristics can be reused from level to level. It seems like it would simple enough to write a method to retrieve all the tiles that are used in a particular level from the database. Reasoning for JSON/XML: Visually editable files, changes can be tracked via SVN a lot easier. But there is repeated content. Do either have any drawbacks (load times, access times, memory etc) compared to the other? And what is commonly used in the industry? Currently the file looks like this: .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .........GGG........ .........###........ .................... ....GGG.......GGG... ....###.......###... .................... .1................X. #################### 1 - Player start point, X - Level Exit, . - Empty space, # - Platform, G - Gem

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  • 2D Tile Map files for Platformer, JSON or DB?

    - by Stephen Tierney
    I'm developing a 2D platformer with some uni friends. We've based it upon the XNA Platformer Starter Kit which uses .txt files to store the tile map. While this is simple it does not give us enough control and flexibility with level design. Some examples: for multiple layers of content multiple files are required, each object is fixed onto the grid, doesn't allow for rotation of objects, limited number of characters etc. So I'm doing some research into how to store the level data and map file. Reasoning for DB: From my perspective I see less redundancy of data using a database to store the tile data. Tiles in the same x,y position with the same characteristics can be reused from level to level. It seems like it would simple enough to write a method to retrieve all the tiles that are used in a particular level from the database. Reasoning for JSON: Visually editable files, changes can be tracked via SVN a lot easier. But there is repeated content. Do either have any drawbacks (load times, access times, memory etc) compared to the other? And what is commonly used in the industry? Currently the file looks like this: .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .........GGG........ .........###........ .................... ....GGG.......GGG... ....###.......###... .................... .1................X. #################### 1 - Player start point, X - Level Exit, . - Empty space, # - Platform, G - Gem

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  • What's your most controversial programming opinion?

    - by Jon Skeet
    This is definitely subjective, but I'd like to try to avoid it becoming argumentative. I think it could be an interesting question if people treat it appropriately. The idea for this question came from the comment thread from my answer to the "What are five things you hate about your favorite language?" question. I contended that classes in C# should be sealed by default - I won't put my reasoning in the question, but I might write a fuller explanation as an answer to this question. I was surprised at the heat of the discussion in the comments (25 comments currently). So, what contentious opinions do you hold? I'd rather avoid the kind of thing which ends up being pretty religious with relatively little basis (e.g. brace placing) but examples might include things like "unit testing isn't actually terribly helpful" or "public fields are okay really". The important thing (to me, anyway) is that you've got reasons behind your opinions. Please present your opinion and reasoning - I would encourage people to vote for opinions which are well-argued and interesting, whether or not you happen to agree with them.

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  • Why this code showing error in W3C validator?

    - by metal-gear-solid
    Why this code showing error in W3C validator "character data is not allowed here" <blockquote>all visible objects, man, are but as pasteboard masks. But in each event -- in the living act, the undoubted deed -- there, some unknown but still reasoning thing puts forth the mouldings of its feature from behind the unreasoning mask. If man will strike, strike through the mask. All visible objects, man, are but as pasteboard masks. But in each event -- in the living act, the undoubted deed -- there, some unknown but still reasoning thing puts forth the mouldings of its feature from behind the unreasoning mask. If man will strike, strike through the mask.</blockquote> It does not giving any error in this validator http://www.onlinewebcheck.com/ and not in https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/249/

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  • Good excuses NOT to use version control

    - by Kent Fredric
    This question may seem backwards to all logical reasoning, but I encountered a team member who was working on a side project out of the main tree, and had decided ( rephrased ) I'm the only developer, we don't need version control, that's stupid Now personally, the idea horrifies me, and I can't for one justify it. So now my stance is clear, I want some legitimate answers why somebody can excuse themselves from using version control. The default answers will of course be "there is no excuse". Not what I want to see. If you can't see an excuse, then just don't post. ( Feel free to downmod excuses others post that are illegitimate/bad and give reasoning )

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