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  • My laptop keeps hard resetting

    - by cgoddard
    I have had this laptop for a long time (five years at least) and it hasn't had the best treatment over the years. But over the last few months, it has been randomly completely shutting down, no blue screening, no steady shutdown, just black screen, then BIOS. I think it might be happening as I do a save, but cant be sure, but recently it has been getting very annoying. I did initially think it was an overheating issue, but the speed that it comes back online is staggeringly fast for it to have cooled down sufficiently. plus it has got incredibly hot before with no issue (since its been doing this). Does anyone know what might be going on? Dell Inspiron 640m, running Windows 7.

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  • Replacing GRUB2 with Windows boot loader

    - by KovBal
    I'm trying to replace GRUB2 with Windows' standard boot loader (bootmgr?), but I can't get it to work. My Windows 7 install is in a single NTFS partition, which is marked as active (boot flag is set). First, I tried the automatic repair with the install disk, but it didn't detect any problems. Then I ran bootrec /fixmbr and bootrec /fixboot, but all I got was a black screen at boot with a blinking cursor. After that I created a boot partition for GRUB2, I figured, at least I can use it to chainload, but it give me a "disk reading error". If I used GRUB's ntldr loader, than I got error 0xc0000225 (some sort of BCD error). I tried to rebuild the BCD from the rescue environment, and it was successful, but the error didn't go away. Update: I've tried to rebuild the BCD, but nothing changed...

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  • How to change the overlapping order of TabItems in WPF TabControl

    - by sannoble
    I have created vertical TabItems with a Path object. The selected TabItem overlaps the unselected TabItems, this works fine. The overlapping is done by setting a negative margin in the TabItem Template. For the unselected TabItems right now a TabItem is overlapped by the TabItem below. For example in the picture Tab 4 overlaps Tab 3 and Tab 3 overlaps Tab 2. I would like to change the overlapping order for the unselected Tab Items, so that an unselected TabItem overlaps the TabItem below and is overlapped by the TabItem above, e.g. Tab 2 overlaps Tab 3 and Tab 3 overlaps Tab 4. I have tried to set the FlowDirection property of TabPanel, but this doesn't work. How can I achieve this? Any help is appreciated. Thanks in advance! Wrong overlapping of unselected TabItems: XAML-Code: <Style x:Key="styleMainNavTabControl" TargetType="{x:Type TabControl}"> <Setter Property="TabStripPlacement" Value="Left" /> <Setter Property="SnapsToDevicePixels" Value="true"/> <Setter Property="Template"> <Setter.Value> <ControlTemplate TargetType="{x:Type TabControl}"> <Grid> <Grid.ColumnDefinitions> <ColumnDefinition Width="*" /> <ColumnDefinition Width="200"/> </Grid.ColumnDefinitions> <Border Grid.Column="0" Background="White" BorderBrush="Black" BorderThickness="0,0,1,0" Padding="20"> <ContentPresenter ContentSource="SelectedContent" /> </Border> <Border Grid.Column="1" Padding="0,30,10,0" Background="#F7F3F7"> <TabPanel Panel.ZIndex="1" Margin="-1,0,0,0" FlowDirection="RightToLeft" IsItemsHost="True" Background="Transparent"/> </Border> </Grid> </ControlTemplate> </Setter.Value> </Setter> </Style> <Style x:Key="styleMainNavTabItem" TargetType="{x:Type TabItem}"> <Setter Property="MinHeight" Value="90" /> <Setter Property="FontSize" Value="14" /> <Setter Property="Template"> <Setter.Value> <ControlTemplate TargetType="{x:Type TabItem}"> <Grid Margin="0,0,0,-35"> <Path Name="TabPath" Stroke="Black" StrokeThickness="1" Fill="LightGray" Data="M 0,0 a 10,10 0 0 0 10,10 h 150 a 20,20 0 0 1 20,20 v 60 a 20,20 0 0 1 -20,20 h -150 a 10,10 0 0 0 -10,10 z" /> <ContentPresenter ContentSource="Header" Margin="10,2,10,2" VerticalAlignment="Center" TextElement.Foreground="#FF000000"/> </Grid> <ControlTemplate.Triggers> <Trigger Property="IsSelected" Value="True"> <Setter Property="Panel.ZIndex" Value="100" /> <Setter TargetName="TabPath" Property="Fill" Value="White" /> <Setter TargetName="TabPath" Property="Data" Value="M 0,0 a 10,10 0 0 0 10,10 h 150 a 20,20 0 0 1 20,20 v 60 a 20,20 0 0 1 -20,20 h -150 a 10,10 0 0 0 -10,10" /> </Trigger> <Trigger Property="IsSelected" Value="False"> <Setter Property="Panel.ZIndex" Value="90" /> </Trigger> </ControlTemplate.Triggers> </ControlTemplate> </Setter.Value> </Setter>

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  • External hard disk not showing up as removable media

    - by mark
    Windows 7 Pro x64, my external hard drive is a Western Digital Carviar Black. The hard drive is connected via USB (tried all my 2.0 and 3.0 ob my Gigabyte GA-X58A-UD7) but once I initialized it in the "disk management" (or whatever the proper term is; I'm using a German edition of Windows) I have to assign it a manual drive letter. Otherwise it doesn't show up. I'm confused because usually externally connected drives (be it USB sticks or real hard disks) just show up as "Removable media", but this one doesn't. Is this OK/expected? Will there be troubles when I go to another Windows computer? I formatted the drive with quick format and NTFS. I changed the permissions to have read/write for "Everyone" on that drive. thanks

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  • how to trace an outlook mail not arriving to its destination when is sent to another domain?

    - by Alex. S.
    Hi, I have an domain account configured with Ipower.com. If I use an email client such as Evolution, the mails arrive as expected. However if I use Outlook 2007 (as everybody in this company) the mails only arrive if the destination belongs to the same domain. That means when the destination is a gmail address, for example, the test email falls into a sort of black hole... This is just a simple ipower setup, nothing of Exchange or something like that. What else can I do to isolate and fix this issue? This is driving me nuts because in other email client with the same exact configuration in the same machine, everything works well and I need to fix the thing in Outlook.

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  • Issues with new graphics card and drivers

    - by Ortund
    With my onboard graphics card (Intel HD 4000) I was able to use 1680x1050 screen resolution. Using the same screen and an Asus ENGTS250 graphics card with 296.10 drivers installed, I'm not able to use that resolution anymore. Also, I've been having other trouble with driver installations. Using 340.52 or 337.88, I can't boot into Windows 7. I see the Windows Welcome screen and then the screen goes black, loses signal and the computer locks up. I think the drivers issues and the resolution problems go hand-in-hand. I have a feeling I could use a newer driver than 296.10 which would give me access to use the 1680x1050 resolution I want to use, but I'm terrified that if I update or install another driver, that the computer will lock up again. Can anyone recommend a [better] driver for me to use?

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  • vmware takes too much time to shut down

    - by user33754
    Each time I shuting down my virtual machine - it takes like 30 minutes for VM Ware to complete the process. The shut down is done, but it shows a black screen and doesn't respond to any command. I can't do a Power Power OFF or Power Suspend. When I click it - nothing changes. When trying to close - it says "still busy". This happens only when using a Virtual Machine stored on an external hard drive. When Virtual Machine files are stored on a local drive - everything is OK. Hard drive is working good. Any suggestions how can I investigate the issue?

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  • Pressing zero key brings up lock/switch user screen in W7

    - by qinghua
    This issue started after my cat walked all over the keyboard... Whenever I press the "zero" key, the screen goes black and I'm taken to the lock/switch user screen. The other functions of the key work fine - it can produce ) and / like usual. Numlock is off, and as far as I know, my computer doesn't have Function Lock. If I log out of my user account and sign in as a guest, the "zero" works again, but if I create a new user profile, it doesn't work. I get the same issue when I hit "zero" using the on-screen keyboard. My keyboard layout is set to US English. I've uninstalled and reinstalled the ATK package, and updated my keyboard drivers. I have an ASUS U43JC-X1 laptop running Windows 7, and I haven't installed any new programs lately.

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  • How can one make the title bar text have better contrast on dark colors in Windows 8?

    - by zeel
    When Windows 8 color setting are set to a very dark color, such as black or navy blue, the title bar text and the minimize/maximize buttons are nearly invisible. This makes dark colors difficult to work with. In Windows 7 there was an advanced color options, this is gone in 8. The registry keys associated with this seem to still be present, but they have no effect. Is there a way to change this? Or a third party application that can do it? I don't want to use the ugly high contrast theme, I want to use the nice Win 8 theme with a dark color.

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  • Image annotation with Inkscape, Pointer and explanation for objects in picture

    - by None
    I need straight paths with end markers for associating text to parts of the image. For better readability, it needs to be high-contrast, i.e. a white line with black outline. Stroke to path will create a group of a box and a circle from the line with end marker. This makes placement of the markers more difficult, as with the node tool it is just a matter of dragging the end nodes of a line segment. I will try to place the markers as line for now and only finally converting them to an outline.

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  • Dark Windows Themes

    - by CaffGeek
    I spend all day staring at computer screens. I have changed my Visual Studio theme to a dark theme, and find it much easier on the eyes. I'd like to change the rest of windows. Unfortunately, the only themes installed by default that are dark, are high contrast. Which is NOT what I am going for here. I can't seem to find an official dark theme, that isn't high contrast. I've found dynamic black, which is a good example of what I'm looking for, but it's not an official theme. Is there anything out there?

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  • Sony VAIO Broken Computer Screen automatically connect to external

    - by iberos
    I have a SONY Vaio with a screen that's broken as in I only see white or black dots on the display. I would like to have it start automatically to the external, but my previous computer settings for an external display has it set on "extend" rather than "duplicate". Therefore, whenever I boot up, I have the extended screen on the external, which does me no good since I can't really do anything with my start bar still located on the broken screen. I hope that makes sense. Has anyone else run into this problem? I've seen some things about starting in BIOS. Will my broken computer screen still be able to display the contents when I'm in BIOS? How do I get there? or are there keystrokes for a Sony Vaio that will automatically let me duplicate screens or direct everything to the external? Thanks!

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  • File must be saved as a copy with this selection?

    - by Mick
    I have created an image in photoshop 7 and am now attempting to save it as a png. I click "Save As" and am presented with a save file dialog with *.PSD selected by default. If I then select *.PNG a yellow triangle with a black exclamation mark appears next to a greyed out box called "Layers" and the message "file must be saved as a copy with this selection" appears. This is confusing me because the image is comprised of only a single layer. How do I resolve this?

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  • What components should I upgrade to squeeze more life of my pc? [on hold]

    - by Jared
    Hi my current specs are CPU: Intel Core i5 750 2.66 GHz, Socket 1156 Motherboard: Asus P7P55 LX Motherboard, Socket 1156, 4xDIMM DDR3, 2xPCIe-16, 3xPCI, 2xPCIe-1, 14xUSB2, Audio, 1xATA, 6xSATA, RAID, ATX HDD: Seagate Barracuda 7200.11 ST31500341AS Hard Disk Drive, 1500GB, 7200rpm, 32MB Cache, SATA-2 RAM: G.Skill Ripjaw F3-12800CL8D-4GBRM, 2x2GB, DDR3-1600, PC3-12800, CL8, DIMM Video: MSI Radeon 5850 R5850-PM2D1G Video Card, 1024MB, DDR5, PCIe-16, DVI, CrossFire, HDMI PSU: Vantec ION2, 620W ATX PSU, SLI Ready, Black Firstly I know it badly needs an SSD, for which I'm thinking of the Samsung 250gb 840 EVO series. The ram could do with another 4GB, for which I am thinking of replacing the 2x2GB for 2x4GB of the same type. My video card is struggling with the latest releases, so vitally should I ditch the video card and go for something newer (ATI 7850, GTX 660?) or try and get another 5850 for crossfire support? Bearing in mind 5850's are sort of hard to come buy now as they are not stocked in shops usually, which means they have to be bought second hand.

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  • messed System Files on Mac PPC

    - by glider
    My buddy deleted her System folder from her PPC Mac wanting to get that space for something else. She copied it first in another drive (she had partitioned disk).She haven't emptied the Trash Bin yet. The screen just froze right after she moved the folder to Trash. We tried to use the install disk but even if we try Power-C on booting,it would try to continue,display the apple logo page then quickly follow it with black screen filled with dumps of hex codes and "We are hanging here..." We have a Windows-based PC that we tried to connect using ethernet cable but we can't find her computer from there. What should we do now???

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  • Xubuntu Terminal overrides shell- and vi color schemes, how to deactivate?

    - by erikb85
    I'm running an up-to-tade Xubuntu and have a real problem with these Terminals. I don't want them to be all that design-ish. Just the plain old Terminal with a black background and green text. And in VIM I want to use my own color scheme. But the xfce-4-terminal doesn't seem to let me do that. It always uses it's own color schemes and they just don't work for all cases (you have like 6 different types of text elements to color, for coding you need more). How can I disable the coloring in the terminal or just load a simple one without all these features?

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  • Asus V1S, no video signals but boots ok

    - by user52441
    Hey folks! I got a mayor problem with my 3 year old my Asus V1S notebook. After installing VMWare Player an rebooting the screen remained black and there was no POST screen. Also the other video outputs - VGA and HDMI - send no signals. However the maschine boots into Windows 7 properly (sounds waren played) and I can log in by blindly typing my pw. Testend WIN-P and functiom keys but no luck with that. Google is no help here, thats why I basketball you superusers! Please give me hints if you have any idea or if you experienced a similar problem. Thank you so much!

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  • New Kingson SSD drive fails after 1 week

    - by user35356
    I upgraded the hard disk in my notebook to a 128GB Kingston SSD V100. Everything worked fine for about a week then out of the blue the notebook would not boot up any more. A black dos-like screen was shown with the options to try and boot normally or attempt to repair windows. Neither option would do anything. When I removed the drive and tested it in an external usb case no other computers are able to access the drive either. Is there anything I can try to fix it myself? The drive is partitioned into three drives and when it's connected through an external usb case to another computer I can see the partitions, just can't access anything on them. Does this mean the drive might be recoverable?

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  • pygame double buffering

    - by BaldDude
    I am trying to use double buffering in pygame. What I'm trying to do is display a red then green screen, and switch from one to the other. Unfortunately, all I have is a black screen. I looked through many sites, but have been unable to find a solution. Any help would be appreciated. import pygame, sys from pygame.locals import * RED = (255, 0, 0) GREEN = ( 0, 255, 0) bob = 1 pygame.init() #DISPLAYSURF = pygame.display.set_mode((500, 400), 0, 32) DISPLAYSURF = pygame.display.set_mode((1920, 1080), pygame.OPENGL | pygame.DOUBLEBUF | pygame.HWSURFACE | pygame.FULLSCREEN) glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT) glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW) glLoadIdentity() running = True while running: if bob==1: #pygame.draw.rect(DISPLAYSURF, RED, (0, 0, 1920, 1080)) #pygame.display.flip() glBegin(GL_QUADS) glColor3f(1.0, 0.0, 0.0) glVertex2f(-1.0, 1.0) glVertex2f(-1.0, -1.0) glVertex2f(1.0, -1.0) glVertex2f(1.0, 1.0) glEnd() pygame.dis bob = 0 else: #pygame.draw.rect(DISPLAYSURF, GREEN, (0, 0, 1920, 1080)) #pygame.display.flip() glBegin(GL_QUADS) glColor3f(0.0, 1.0, 0.0) glVertex2f(-1.0, 1.0) glVertex2f(-1.0, -1.0) glVertex2f(1.0, -1.0) glVertex2f(1.0, 1.0) glEnd() pygame.dis bob = 1 for event in pygame.event.get(): if event.type == pygame.QUIT: running = False elif event.type == KEYDOWN: if event.key == K_ESCAPE: running = False pygame.quit() sys.exit() I'm using Python 2.7 and my code need to be os independent. Thanks for your help.

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  • The Beginner’s Guide to Nano, the Linux Command-Line Text Editor

    - by YatriTrivedi
    New to the Linux command-line? Confused by all of the other advanced text editors? How-To Geek’s got your back with this tutorial to Nano, a simple text-editor that’s very newbie-friendly. When getting used to the command-line, Linux novices are often put off by other, more advanced text editors such as vim and emacs. While they are excellent programs, they do have a bit of a learning curve. Enter Nano, an easy-to-use text editor that proves itself versatile and simple. Nano is installed by default in Ubuntu and many other Linux distros and works well in conjunction with sudo, which is why we love it so much Latest Features How-To Geek ETC The How-To Geek Valentine’s Day Gift Guide Inspire Geek Love with These Hilarious Geek Valentines RGB? CMYK? Alpha? What Are Image Channels and What Do They Mean? How to Recover that Photo, Picture or File You Deleted Accidentally How To Colorize Black and White Vintage Photographs in Photoshop How To Get SSH Command-Line Access to Windows 7 Using Cygwin How to Determine What Kind of Comment to Leave on Facebook [Humorous Flow Chart] View the Cars of Tomorrow Through the Eyes of the Past [Historical Video] Add Romance to Your Desktop with These Two Valentine’s Day Themes for Windows 7 Gmail’s Priority Inbox Now Available for Mobile Web Browsers Touchpad Blocker Locks Down Your Touchpad While Typing Arrival of the Viking Fleet Wallpaper

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  • Dual Boot issues with Windows 7 and Ubuntu

    - by Michael
    I'm finding myself in a rather unique situation. I've read through just about every resource I can find about this and while things have helped me understand some background, I haven't yet been able to find a solution. So I'm asking here. I originally had just a Windows 7 64-bit OS installation on my desktop. Learning that I couldn't do anything with Apache, PHP and MySql from within a 64-bit system, I did some research and found out that I could use Ubuntu. I've installed the latest version: 11.04. I created a CD to install Ubuntu from and the install went just fine. I installed it side-by-side with Windows 7. I can boot into Ubuntu just fine through the dual-boot option. When I reboot to load Windows though, the Grub2 list shows Windows 7 (loader) and when I select this option the Windows System Recovery loads instead of the actual OS. I haven't made it past there because I didn't know what to do. I just shut the computer down and rebooted into Ubuntu. I've been working for the last hour and a half to try to figure out how to boot into the Windows 7 OS and I haven't got a clue. While I'm somewhat proficient with Windows 7, I'm totally new to Ubuntu, so if you do know what needs to happen, please keep it simple enough that I'll be able to understand. Thanks for all your help in advance. Here's the results after using the Boot Info Script: Boot Info Script 0.55 dated February 15th, 2010 ============================= Boot Info Summary: ============================== => Grub 2 is installed in the MBR of /dev/sda and looks on the same drive in partition #5 for cbh. => Windows is installed in the MBR of /dev/sdb => Grub 2 is installed in the MBR of /dev/mapper/pdc_bdadcfbdif and looks on the same drive in partition #5 for cbh. sda1: _________________________________________________________________________ File system: ntfs Boot sector type: Windows Vista/7 Boot sector info: No errors found in the Boot Parameter Block. Mounting failed: fuse: mount failed: Device or resource busy fuse: mount failed: Device or resource busy sda2: _________________________________________________________________________ File system: ntfs Boot sector type: Windows Vista/7 Boot sector info: No errors found in the Boot Parameter Block. Mounting failed: fuse: mount failed: Device or resource busy fuse: mount failed: Device or resource busy fuse: mount failed: Device or resource busy fuse: mount failed: Device or resource busy sda3: _________________________________________________________________________ File system: ntfs Boot sector type: Windows Vista/7 Boot sector info: No errors found in the Boot Parameter Block. Mounting failed: fuse: mount failed: Device or resource busy fuse: mount failed: Device or resource busy fuse: mount failed: Device or resource busy fuse: mount failed: Device or resource busy fuse: mount failed: Device or resource busy fuse: mount failed: Device or resource busy sdb1: _________________________________________________________________________ File system: ntfs Boot sector type: Windows Vista/7 Boot sector info: No errors found in the Boot Parameter Block. Operating System: Boot files/dirs: /bootmgr /Boot/BCD sdb2: _________________________________________________________________________ File system: ntfs Boot sector type: Windows Vista/7 Boot sector info: No errors found in the Boot Parameter Block. Operating System: Boot files/dirs: sdb3: _________________________________________________________________________ File system: ntfs Boot sector type: Windows Vista/7 Boot sector info: No errors found in the Boot Parameter Block. Operating System: Boot files/dirs: /bootmgr /boot/BCD sdb4: _________________________________________________________________________ File system: Extended Partition Boot sector type: - Boot sector info: sdb5: _________________________________________________________________________ File system: ext4 Boot sector type: - Boot sector info: Operating System: Ubuntu 11.04 Boot files/dirs: /boot/grub/grub.cfg /etc/fstab /boot/grub/core.img sdb6: _________________________________________________________________________ File system: swap Boot sector type: - Boot sector info: pdc_bdadcfbdif1: _________________________________________________________________________ File system: ntfs Boot sector type: Windows Vista/7 Boot sector info: No errors found in the Boot Parameter Block. Operating System: Boot files/dirs: /bootmgr /Boot/BCD pdc_bdadcfbdif2: _________________________________________________________________________ File system: ntfs Boot sector type: Windows Vista/7 Boot sector info: No errors found in the Boot Parameter Block. Operating System: Windows 7 Boot files/dirs: /bootmgr /Boot/BCD /Windows/System32/winload.exe pdc_bdadcfbdif3: _________________________________________________________________________ File system: Boot sector type: Unknown Boot sector info: Mounting failed: fuse: mount failed: Device or resource busy fuse: mount failed: Device or resource busy fuse: mount failed: Device or resource busy fuse: mount failed: Device or resource busy fuse: mount failed: Device or resource busy fuse: mount failed: Device or resource busy mount: unknown filesystem type '' =========================== Drive/Partition Info: ============================= Drive: sda ___________________ _____________________________________________________ Disk /dev/sda: 750.2 GB, 750156374016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 91201 cylinders, total 1465149168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Partition Boot Start End Size Id System /dev/sda1 * 2,048 206,847 204,800 7 HPFS/NTFS /dev/sda2 206,911 1,440,372,735 1,440,165,825 7 HPFS/NTFS /dev/sda3 1,440,372,736 1,464,856,575 24,483,840 7 HPFS/NTFS Drive: sdb ___________________ _____________________________________________________ Disk /dev/sdb: 1000.2 GB, 1000204886016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 121601 cylinders, total 1953525168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Partition Boot Start End Size Id System /dev/sdb1 * 2,048 206,847 204,800 7 HPFS/NTFS /dev/sdb2 206,911 1,342,554,688 1,342,347,778 7 HPFS/NTFS /dev/sdb3 1,930,344,448 1,953,521,663 23,177,216 7 HPFS/NTFS /dev/sdb4 1,342,556,158 1,930,344,447 587,788,290 5 Extended /dev/sdb5 1,342,556,160 1,896,806,399 554,250,240 83 Linux /dev/sdb6 1,896,808,448 1,930,344,447 33,536,000 82 Linux swap / Solaris Drive: pdc_bdadcfbdif ___________________ _____________________________________________________ Disk /dev/mapper/pdc_bdadcfbdif: 750.0 GB, 749999947776 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 91182 cylinders, total 1464843648 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Partition Boot Start End Size Id System /dev/mapper/pdc_bdadcfbdif1 * 2,048 206,847 204,800 7 HPFS/NTFS /dev/mapper/pdc_bdadcfbdif2 206,911 1,440,372,735 1,440,165,825 7 HPFS/NTFS /dev/mapper/pdc_bdadcfbdif3 1,440,372,736 1,464,856,575 24,483,840 7 HPFS/NTFS /dev/mapper/pdc_bdadcfbdif3 ends after the last sector of /dev/mapper/pdc_bdadcfbdif blkid -c /dev/null: ____________________________________________________________ Device UUID TYPE LABEL /dev/mapper/pdc_bdadcfbdif1 888E54CC8E54B482 ntfs SYSTEM /dev/mapper/pdc_bdadcfbdif2 C2766BF6766BEA1D ntfs OS /dev/mapper/pdc_bdadcfbdif: PTTYPE="dos" /dev/sda1 888E54CC8E54B482 ntfs SYSTEM /dev/sda2 C2766BF6766BEA1D ntfs OS /dev/sda3 BE6CA31D6CA2CF87 ntfs HP_RECOVERY /dev/sda promise_fasttrack_raid_member /dev/sdb1 20B65685B6565B7C ntfs SYSTEM /dev/sdb2 B4467A314679F508 ntfs HP /dev/sdb3 6E10B7A410B77227 ntfs FACTORY_IMAGE /dev/sdb4: PTTYPE="dos" /dev/sdb5 266f9801-cf4f-4acc-affa-2092be035f0c ext4 /dev/sdb6 1df35749-a887-45ff-a3de-edd52239847d swap /dev/sdb: PTTYPE="dos" error: /dev/mapper/pdc_bdadcfbdif3: No such file or directory error: /dev/sdc: No medium found error: /dev/sdd: No medium found error: /dev/sde: No medium found error: /dev/sdf: No medium found error: /dev/sdg: No medium found ============================ "mount | grep ^/dev output: =========================== Device Mount_Point Type Options /dev/sdb5 / ext4 (rw,errors=remount-ro,commit=0) =========================== sdb5/boot/grub/grub.cfg: =========================== # # DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE # # It is automatically generated by grub-mkconfig using templates # from /etc/grub.d and settings from /etc/default/grub # ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/00_header ### if [ -s $prefix/grubenv ]; then set have_grubenv=true load_env fi set default="0" if [ "${prev_saved_entry}" ]; then set saved_entry="${prev_saved_entry}" save_env saved_entry set prev_saved_entry= save_env prev_saved_entry set boot_once=true fi function savedefault { if [ -z "${boot_once}" ]; then saved_entry="${chosen}" save_env saved_entry fi } function recordfail { set recordfail=1 if [ -n "${have_grubenv}" ]; then if [ -z "${boot_once}" ]; then save_env recordfail; fi; fi } function load_video { insmod vbe insmod vga insmod video_bochs insmod video_cirrus } insmod part_msdos insmod ext2 set root='(/dev/sdb,msdos5)' search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 266f9801-cf4f-4acc-affa-2092be035f0c if loadfont /usr/share/grub/unicode.pf2 ; then set gfxmode=auto load_video insmod gfxterm fi terminal_output gfxterm insmod part_msdos insmod ext2 set root='(/dev/sdb,msdos5)' search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 266f9801-cf4f-4acc-affa-2092be035f0c set locale_dir=($root)/boot/grub/locale set lang=en_US insmod gettext if [ "${recordfail}" = 1 ]; then set timeout=-1 else set timeout=10 fi ### END /etc/grub.d/00_header ### ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/05_debian_theme ### set menu_color_normal=white/black set menu_color_highlight=black/light-gray if background_color 44,0,30; then clear fi ### END /etc/grub.d/05_debian_theme ### ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/10_linux ### if [ ${recordfail} != 1 ]; then if [ -e ${prefix}/gfxblacklist.txt ]; then if hwmatch ${prefix}/gfxblacklist.txt 3; then if [ ${match} = 0 ]; then set linux_gfx_mode=keep else set linux_gfx_mode=text fi else set linux_gfx_mode=text fi else set linux_gfx_mode=keep fi else set linux_gfx_mode=text fi export linux_gfx_mode if [ "$linux_gfx_mode" != "text" ]; then load_video; fi menuentry 'Ubuntu, with Linux 2.6.38-8-generic-pae' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os { recordfail set gfxpayload=$linux_gfx_mode insmod part_msdos insmod ext2 set root='(/dev/sdb,msdos5)' search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 266f9801-cf4f-4acc-affa-2092be035f0c linux /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.38-8-generic-pae root=UUID=266f9801-cf4f-4acc- affa-2092be035f0c ro quiet splash vt.handoff=7 initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.38-8-generic-pae } menuentry 'Ubuntu, with Linux 2.6.38-8-generic-pae (recovery mode)' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os { recordfail set gfxpayload=$linux_gfx_mode insmod part_msdos insmod ext2 set root='(/dev/sdb,msdos5)' search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 266f9801-cf4f-4acc-affa-2092be035f0c echo 'Loading Linux 2.6.38-8-generic-pae ...' linux /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.38-8-generic-pae root=UUID=266f9801-cf4f-4acc-affa-2092be035f0c ro single echo 'Loading initial ramdisk ...' initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.38-8-generic-pae } ### END /etc/grub.d/10_linux ### ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/20_linux_xen ### ### END /etc/grub.d/20_linux_xen ### ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/20_memtest86+ ### menuentry "Memory test (memtest86+)" { insmod part_msdos insmod ext2 set root='(/dev/sdb,msdos5)' search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 266f9801-cf4f-4acc-affa-2092be035f0c linux16 /boot/memtest86+.bin } menuentry "Memory test (memtest86+, serial console 115200)" { insmod part_msdos insmod ext2 set root='(/dev/sdb,msdos5)' search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 266f9801-cf4f-4acc-affa-2092be035f0c linux16 /boot/memtest86+.bin console=ttyS0,115200n8 } ### END /etc/grub.d/20_memtest86+ ### ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober ### menuentry "Windows 7 (loader) (on /dev/sdb1)" --class windows --class os { insmod part_msdos insmod ntfs set root='(/dev/sdb,msdos1)' search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 20B65685B6565B7C chainloader +1 } menuentry "Windows Recovery Environment (loader) (on /dev/sdb3)" --class windows --class os { insmod part_msdos insmod ntfs set root='(/dev/sdb,msdos3)' search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 6E10B7A410B77227 drivemap -s (hd0) ${root} chainloader +1 } ### END /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober ### ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/40_custom ### # This file provides an easy way to add custom menu entries. Simply type the # menu entries you want to add after this comment. Be careful not to change # the 'exec tail' line above. ### END /etc/grub.d/40_custom ### ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/41_custom ### if [ -f $prefix/custom.cfg ]; then source $prefix/custom.cfg; fi ### END /etc/grub.d/41_custom ### =============================== sdb5/etc/fstab: =============================== # /etc/fstab: static file system information. # # Use 'blkid -o value -s UUID' to print the universally unique identifier # for a device; this may be used with UUID= as a more robust way to name # devices that works even if disks are added and removed. See fstab(5). # # <file system> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass> proc /proc proc nodev,noexec,nosuid 0 0 # / was on /dev/sdb5 during installation UUID=266f9801-cf4f-4acc-affa-2092be035f0c / ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 1 # swap was on /dev/sdb6 during installation UUID=1df35749-a887-45ff-a3de-edd52239847d none swap sw 0 0 =================== sdb5: Location of files loaded by Grub: =================== 900.1GB: boot/grub/core.img 825.0GB: boot/grub/grub.cfg 688.7GB: boot/initrd.img-2.6.38-8-generic-pae 688.0GB: boot/vmlinuz-2.6.38-8-generic-pae 688.7GB: initrd.img 688.0GB: vmlinuz =========================== Unknown MBRs/Boot Sectors/etc ======================= Unknown BootLoader on pdc_bdadcfbdif3 =======Devices which don't seem to have a corresponding hard drive============== sdc sdd sde sdf sdg =============================== StdErr Messages: =============================== ERROR: dos: partition address past end of RAID device hexdump: /dev/mapper/pdc_bdadcfbdif3: No such file or directory hexdump: /dev/mapper/pdc_bdadcfbdif3: No such file or directory ERROR: dos: partition address past end of RAID device

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  • CodePlex Daily Summary for Friday, March 05, 2010

    CodePlex Daily Summary for Friday, March 05, 2010New Projects.svn Folders Cleanup Tool: dotSVN Cleanup is a tool that allows you to remove the .svn folders . Just click, browse, say abracadabra ...and the magic is done. Have fun with...Accord: The Accord framework creates an easy we to integrate any Dependency Injection framework into your project, while abstracting the details of your im...Asp.net MVC Lab: Try asp.net mvc outASP.NET Themes management with Webforms: The provided source is an example for how to use themes in ASP.NET Webforms. this source is the "up to date" support for the article I wroteB&W Port Scanner: B&W Port Scanner (formerly Net Inspector) is a fast TCP Port scan utility. The main idea is support of customizable operations to be performed f...BizTalk SWAT - Simple Web Activity Tracker: This is a web based version of BizTalk HAT. The concept is designed to be able to share and enable sharing of orchestration info easily. Some of th...C# Linear Hash Table: A C# dictionary-like implementation of a linear hash table. It is more memory efficiant than the .NET dictionary, and also almost as fast. NOTE: On...DBF Import Export Wizard: DBF Import Export Wizard is a tool for anyone needing to import DBF files into SQL Server or to export SQL Server tables to a DBF file. This proje...Domain as XML - Driven Development: Visual Studio Code Samples: Domain as XML - Driven Development: Visual Studio Code SamplesEasyDownload: This application allows to manage downloads handling an stack of files and several useful configurationsEos2: .FlightTickets: This application allows to buy flight ticketsFotofly PhotoViewer: A Silverlight control that uses the Fotofly metadata library to show the people in a photo (using Windows Live Photo Gallery People metadata) and a...Fujiy source code: Source code examplesGameSet: This application allows to play games with distributed users.Injectivity (Dependency Injection): Injectivity is a dependency injection framework (written in C#) with a strong focus on the ease of configuration and performance. Having been writt...Inventory: Keep track of inputs, materias and salesLoanTin.Com Source Code: LoanTin.Com - a Social Networking Website as same as Tumblr.com, based on source code of Loantiner Project, allow anyone can share anything to anyo...mysln: my solutions.NumTextBox: TextBox控件重写 之NumTextBox,主要实现的功能是,只允许输入数字,或String,Numeric,Currency,Decimal,Float,Double,Short,Int,Long 修改自:http://www.codeproject.com/KB/edit/num...Quick Performance Monitor: This small utility helps to monitor performance counters without using the full blown perfmon tool from Windows. It supports a number of command li...Runo: Runo ResearchSales: This application allows to manage a hardware storeScrewWiki Form Auth Provider: Enables your ASP.NET site to use Forms Authentication to integrate with your ScrewWiki. User management is performed on a parent site, and cookie i...SDS: Scientific DataSet library and tools: The SDS library makes it easy for .Net developers to read, write and share scalars, vectors, matrices and multidimensional grids which are very com...ShapeSweeper: Minesweeper-like game for the Zune HD. Each hidden object has three properties to discover--location, color, and shape--and all three must be corre...SilverlightExcel: an Excel file viewer in Silverlight 4: SilverlightExcel is a Silverlight application allowing you to open and view Excel files and also create graphs.sPWadmin: pwAdmin is an Web Interface based on JSP that uses the PW-Java API to control an PW-Server.Video Player control in Silverlight: A control for playing video in Silverlight 4 with chapters on timeline control. This player will be easily skinnable and customizable. More Featur...XNA Light Pre Pass Renderer: A demo/sample that shows how to write a light pre pass renderer in XNA.Zimms: Collaboration Site for friends, a code depot, and scratch padNew Releases.svn Folders Cleanup Tool: dotSVN Cleanup Tool: dotSVN Cleanup Tool executableAccord: Alpha: Initial build of the Accord framework.AcPrac: AcPrac Ver 0.1: The first version of AcPrac. It is not fully functional, but rather a version to get the bugs out. Please report all bugs.ASP.NET: ASP.NET Browser Definition Files: This download contains: ASP.NET 4 Browser Definition Files -- You can use the new ASP.NET 4 browser definition files with earlier versions of ASP....B&W Port Scanner: Black`n`White Port Scanner 1.0: B&W Port Scanner 1.0 Final Release Date: 03.03.2010 Black`n`WhiteBizTalk SWAT - Simple Web Activity Tracker: BizTalk SWAT: This is a web based version of BizTalk HAT. The concept is designed to be able to share and enable sharing of orchestration info easily. It uses th...BTP Tools: CSB+CUV+HCSB dict files 2010-03-04: 5. is now missing a space between the Strong’s number and the Count: >CSB Translation: 圣所 7, 至圣所G39+G394 it should be: CSB Translation: 圣所 7, 至圣所G...C# Linear Hash Table: Linear Hash Table: First working version of the Linear Hash Table.Cassiopeia: WinTools 1.0 beta: First ReleaseComposure: Caliburn-44007-trunk-vs2010.net40: This is a very simple conversion of the Caliburn trunk (rev 44007) for use in Visual Studio 2010 RC1 built against .NET40. Because the conversion w...Cover Creator: CoverCreator 1.3.0: English and Polish version. Functionality to add image to the front page. Load / save covers.DBF Import Export Wizard: DBF Import Export Wizard Source Code: Version 0.1.0.3DBF Import Export Wizard: DBF_Import_Export_Wizard Setup 0.1.0.3: Zip file contains Setup.exeESB Toolkit Extensions: Tellago BizTalk ESB 2.0 Toolkit Extensions v0.2: Windows Installer file that installs Library on a BizTalk ESB 2.0 system. This Install automatically configures the esb.config to use the new compo...Fotofly PhotoViewer: Fotofly Photoview v0.1: The first public release. Based on a Silverlight application I have been using for over a year at www.tassography.com. This version uses Fotofly v0...HPC with GPUs applied to CG: Cuda Soft Bodies simulation: Cuda src for soft bodiesHPC with GPUs applied to CG: Full Soft Bodies src: full src code for soft bodies simulationInjectivity (Dependency Injection): 2.8.166.2135: Release 2.8.166.2135 of the Injectivity dependency injection framework.Line Counter: 1.5 (Code Outline Preview): This version contains preview of the code outline feature, you can now view C# code outline within Line Counter. Note that the code outline now onl...Micajah Mindtouch Deki Wiki Copier: MicajahWikiCopier: You should use the following line arguments: WikiCopier.exe "http://oldwikiwithdata.wik.is/@api/deki" "login" "password" "http://newwiki.somename.l...ncontrols: Alpha 0.4.0.1: Added some example on the Console Project.NumTextBox: NumTextBox初始版本: TextBox控件重写 之NumTextBox,主要实现的功能是,只允许输入数字,或String,Numeric,Currency,Decimal,Float,Double,Short,Int,Long 此为初始版本PSCodeplex: PS CodePlex 0.2: PS CodePlex 0.2 has some breaking changes to the parameters. A few of the parameters are renamed and a few are made as switch parameters. Add-Rele...Quick Performance Monitor: QPerfMon First release - Version 1.0.0: The first release of the utility.RapidWebDev - .NET Enterprise Software Development Infrastructure: ProductManagement Quick Sample 0.2: This is a sample product management application to demonstrate how to develop enterprise software in RapidWebDev. The glossary of the system are ro...ScrewWiki Form Auth Provider: ScrewWiki Forms Authentication: Initial ReleaseSee.Sharper: See.Sharper.Docs-1.10.3.4: HTML documentation (including Doxygen project)See.Sharper: See.Sharper-1.10.3.4: Solution (Source files, debug and release binaries)Solar.Generic: Solar.Generic 0.8.0.0 Beta (Revised, Renamed): Solar.Generic 0.8.0.0 (Revised & Renamed) Renamed project from Solar.Commons to Solar.Generic. Project solution file is now in format of Visual ...Solar.Security: Solar.Security 1.1.0.0: Performed several major refactorings of code base. Stripped In-Memory implementation of IConfiguration interface of transactional behavior due to...sPWadmin: pwAdmin v0.7: -Star System Simulator: Star System Simulator 2.3: Changes in this release: Fixed several localisation issues. Features in this release: Model star systems in 3D. Euler-Cromer method. Improved...SysI: sysi, stable and ready: This time for sure.TheWhiteAmbit: TheWhiteAmbit - Demo: Two little demos demonstrating: - fast realtime raytracing - generating bent normals for shading (CUDA capable GPU needed = nVidia GeForce >8x00)VsTortoise - a TortoiseSVN add-in for Microsoft Visual Studio: VsTortoise Build 22 Beta: Build 22 (beta) New: Visual Studio 2010 RC support (VsTortoise for Visual Studio 2010 RC screenshots) New: VsTortoise integrates in to Solution E...WinMergeFS: WinMergeFS 0.1.42128alpha: WinMergeFS provides AuFS functionality for windows. With WinMergeFS users can mount multiple directories into a virtual drive. Plugin based root se...WSDLGenerator: WSDLGenerator 0.0.0.2: - Bugs fixed - Code refactored - Added support for custom typesXNA Light Pre Pass Renderer: LightPrePassRendererXNA: Zipped source code for the light pre pass renderer made with XNA.Most Popular ProjectsMetaSharpRawrWBFS ManagerAJAX Control ToolkitMicrosoft SQL Server Product Samples: DatabaseSilverlight ToolkitWindows Presentation Foundation (WPF)LiveUpload to FacebookASP.NETMicrosoft SQL Server Community & SamplesMost Active ProjectsUmbraco CMSRawrBlogEngine.NETSDS: Scientific DataSet library and toolsMapWindow GISpatterns & practices – Enterprise LibraryjQuery Library for SharePoint Web ServicesIonics Isapi Rewrite FilterMDT Web FrontEndDiffPlex - a .NET Diff Generator

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  • DevDays ‘00 The Netherlands day #1

    - by erwin21
    First day of DevDays 2010, I was looking forward to DevDays to see all the new things like VS2010, .NET4.0, MVC2. The lineup for this year is again better than the year before, there are 100+ session of all kind of topics like Cloud, Database, Mobile, SharePoint, User experience, Visual Studio, Web. The first session of the day was a keynote by Anders Hejlsberg he talked about the history and future of programming languages. He gave his view about trends and influences in programming languages today and in the future. The second talk that i followed was from the famous Scott Hanselman, he talked about the basics of ASP.NET MVC 2, although it was a 300 level session, it was more like a level 100 session, but it was mentioned by Scott at the beginning. Although it was interesting to see all the basic things about MVC like the controllers, actions, routes, views, models etc. After the lunch the third talk for me was about moving ASP.NET webform applications to MVC from Fritz Onion. In this session he changed an example webform application part by part to a MVC application. He gave some interesting tips and tricks and showed how to solve some issues that occur while converting. Next and the fourth talk was about the difference between LINQ to SQL and  the ADO.NET  Entity Framework from Kurt Claeys. He gave a good understanding about this two options, the demos where in LINQ to SQL and the Entity Framework, the goal was to get a good understanding when and where to use both options. The last talk about this day was also from Scott Hanselman, he goes deeper into the features of ASP.NET MVC 2 and gave some interesting tips, the ninja black belt tips. He gave some tips about the tooling, the new MVC 2 html helper methods, other view engines (like NHaml, spark),T4 templating. With this tips we can be more productive and create web applications better and faster. It was a long and interesting day, I am looking forward to day #2.

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  • How to get ip-address out of SPAMHAUS blacklist?

    - by vgv8
    I frequently read that it is possible to remove individual ip-addresses from SPAMHAUS blacklisting. OK. Here is 91.205.43.252 (91.205.43.251 - 91.205.43.253) used by back3.stopspamers.com (back2.stopspamers.com, back1.stopspamers.com) in geo-cluster on dedicated servers in Switzerland. The queries: http://www.spamhaus.org/query/bl?ip=91.205.43.251 http://www.spamhaus.org/query/bl?ip=91.205.43.252 http://www.spamhaus.org/query/bl?ip=91.205.43.253 tell that: 91.205.43.251 - 91.205.43.253 are all listed in the SBL80808 blacklist And SBL80808 blacklist tells: "Ref: SBL80808 91.205.40.0/22 is listed on the Spamhaus Block List (SBL) 01-Apr-2010 05:52 GMT | SR04 Spamming and now seems this place is involved in other fraud" 91.205.43.251-91.205.43.253 are not listed amongst criminal ip-addresses individually but there is no way to remove it individually from black listing. How to remove this individual (91.205.43.251-91.205.43.253) addresses from SPAMHAUS blacklist? And why the heck SPAMHAUS is blacklisting spam-stopping service? This is only one example of a bunch. My related posts: Blacklist IP database Update: From the answer provided I realized that my question was not even understood. This ip-addresses 91.205.43.251 - 91.205.43.253 are not blacklisted individually, they are blacklisted through its supernet 91.205.40.0/22. Also note that dedicated server, ISP and customer are in much different distant countries. Update2: http://www.spamhaus.org/sbl/sbl.lasso?query=SBL80808#removal tells: "To have record SBL80808 (91.205.40.0/22) removed from the SBL, the Abuse/Security representative of RIPE (or the Internet Service Provider responsible for supplying connectivity to 91.205.40.0/22) needs to contact the SBL Team" There are dozens of "abusers" in that blacklist SBL80808. The company using that dedicated server is not an ISP or RIPE representative to treat these issues. Even if to treat it, it is just a matter of pressing "Report spam" on internet to be again blacklisted, this is fruitless approach. These techniques are broadly used by criminals and spammers, See also this my post on blacklisting. This is just one specific example but there are many-many more.

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  • C# Neural Networks with Encog

    - by JoshReuben
    Neural Networks ·       I recently read a book Introduction to Neural Networks for C# , by Jeff Heaton. http://www.amazon.com/Introduction-Neural-Networks-C-2nd/dp/1604390093/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1296821004&sr=8-2-spell. Not the 1st ANN book I've perused, but a nice revision.   ·       Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are a mechanism of machine learning – see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_neural_network , http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Machine_learning ·       Problems Not Suited to a Neural Network Solution- Programs that are easily written out as flowcharts consisting of well-defined steps, program logic that is unlikely to change, problems in which you must know exactly how the solution was derived. ·       Problems Suited to a Neural Network – pattern recognition, classification, series prediction, and data mining. Pattern recognition - network attempts to determine if the input data matches a pattern that it has been trained to recognize. Classification - take input samples and classify them into fuzzy groups. ·       As far as machine learning approaches go, I thing SVMs are superior (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Support_vector_machine ) - a neural network has certain disadvantages in comparison: an ANN can be overtrained, different training sets can produce non-deterministic weights and it is not possible to discern the underlying decision function of an ANN from its weight matrix – they are black box. ·       In this post, I'm not going to go into internals (believe me I know them). An autoassociative network (e.g. a Hopfield network) will echo back a pattern if it is recognized. ·       Under the hood, there is very little maths. In a nutshell - Some simple matrix operations occur during training: the input array is processed (normalized into bipolar values of 1, -1) - transposed from input column vector into a row vector, these are subject to matrix multiplication and then subtraction of the identity matrix to get a contribution matrix. The dot product is taken against the weight matrix to yield a boolean match result. For backpropogation training, a derivative function is required. In learning, hill climbing mechanisms such as Genetic Algorithms and Simulated Annealing are used to escape local minima. For unsupervised training, such as found in Self Organizing Maps used for OCR, Hebbs rule is applied. ·       The purpose of this post is not to mire you in technical and conceptual details, but to show you how to leverage neural networks via an abstraction API - Encog   Encog ·       Encog is a neural network API ·       Links to Encog: http://www.encog.org , http://www.heatonresearch.com/encog, http://www.heatonresearch.com/forum ·       Encog requires .Net 3.5 or higher – there is also a Silverlight version. Third-Party Libraries – log4net and nunit. ·       Encog supports feedforward, recurrent, self-organizing maps, radial basis function and Hopfield neural networks. ·       Encog neural networks, and related data, can be stored in .EG XML files. ·       Encog Workbench allows you to edit, train and visualize neural networks. The Encog Workbench can generate code. Synapses and layers ·       the primary building blocks - Almost every neural network will have, at a minimum, an input and output layer. In some cases, the same layer will function as both input and output layer. ·       To adapt a problem to a neural network, you must determine how to feed the problem into the input layer of a neural network, and receive the solution through the output layer of a neural network. ·       The Input Layer - For each input neuron, one double value is stored. An array is passed as input to a layer. Encog uses the interface INeuralData to hold these arrays. The class BasicNeuralData implements the INeuralData interface. Once the neural network processes the input, an INeuralData based class will be returned from the neural network's output layer. ·       convert a double array into an INeuralData object : INeuralData data = new BasicNeuralData(= new double[10]); ·       the Output Layer- The neural network outputs an array of doubles, wraped in a class based on the INeuralData interface. ·        The real power of a neural network comes from its pattern recognition capabilities. The neural network should be able to produce the desired output even if the input has been slightly distorted. ·       Hidden Layers– optional. between the input and output layers. very much a “black box”. If the structure of the hidden layer is too simple it may not learn the problem. If the structure is too complex, it will learn the problem but will be very slow to train and execute. Some neural networks have no hidden layers. The input layer may be directly connected to the output layer. Further, some neural networks have only a single layer. A single layer neural network has the single layer self-connected. ·       connections, called synapses, contain individual weight matrixes. These values are changed as the neural network learns. Constructing a Neural Network ·       the XOR operator is a frequent “first example” -the “Hello World” application for neural networks. ·       The XOR Operator- only returns true when both inputs differ. 0 XOR 0 = 0 1 XOR 0 = 1 0 XOR 1 = 1 1 XOR 1 = 0 ·       Structuring a Neural Network for XOR  - two inputs to the XOR operator and one output. ·       input: 0.0,0.0 1.0,0.0 0.0,1.0 1.0,1.0 ·       Expected output: 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 ·       A Perceptron - a simple feedforward neural network to learn the XOR operator. ·       Because the XOR operator has two inputs and one output, the neural network will follow suit. Additionally, the neural network will have a single hidden layer, with two neurons to help process the data. The choice for 2 neurons in the hidden layer is arbitrary, and often comes down to trial and error. ·       Neuron Diagram for the XOR Network ·       ·       The Encog workbench displays neural networks on a layer-by-layer basis. ·       Encog Layer Diagram for the XOR Network:   ·       Create a BasicNetwork - Three layers are added to this network. the FinalizeStructure method must be called to inform the network that no more layers are to be added. The call to Reset randomizes the weights in the connections between these layers. var network = new BasicNetwork(); network.AddLayer(new BasicLayer(2)); network.AddLayer(new BasicLayer(2)); network.AddLayer(new BasicLayer(1)); network.Structure.FinalizeStructure(); network.Reset(); ·       Neural networks frequently start with a random weight matrix. This provides a starting point for the training methods. These random values will be tested and refined into an acceptable solution. However, sometimes the initial random values are too far off. Sometimes it may be necessary to reset the weights again, if training is ineffective. These weights make up the long-term memory of the neural network. Additionally, some layers have threshold values that also contribute to the long-term memory of the neural network. Some neural networks also contain context layers, which give the neural network a short-term memory as well. The neural network learns by modifying these weight and threshold values. ·       Now that the neural network has been created, it must be trained. Training a Neural Network ·       construct a INeuralDataSet object - contains the input array and the expected output array (of corresponding range). Even though there is only one output value, we must still use a two-dimensional array to represent the output. public static double[][] XOR_INPUT ={ new double[2] { 0.0, 0.0 }, new double[2] { 1.0, 0.0 }, new double[2] { 0.0, 1.0 }, new double[2] { 1.0, 1.0 } };   public static double[][] XOR_IDEAL = { new double[1] { 0.0 }, new double[1] { 1.0 }, new double[1] { 1.0 }, new double[1] { 0.0 } };   INeuralDataSet trainingSet = new BasicNeuralDataSet(XOR_INPUT, XOR_IDEAL); ·       Training is the process where the neural network's weights are adjusted to better produce the expected output. Training will continue for many iterations, until the error rate of the network is below an acceptable level. Encog supports many different types of training. Resilient Propagation (RPROP) - general-purpose training algorithm. All training classes implement the ITrain interface. The RPROP algorithm is implemented by the ResilientPropagation class. Training the neural network involves calling the Iteration method on the ITrain class until the error is below a specific value. The code loops through as many iterations, or epochs, as it takes to get the error rate for the neural network to be below 1%. Once the neural network has been trained, it is ready for use. ITrain train = new ResilientPropagation(network, trainingSet);   for (int epoch=0; epoch < 10000; epoch++) { train.Iteration(); Debug.Print("Epoch #" + epoch + " Error:" + train.Error); if (train.Error > 0.01) break; } Executing a Neural Network ·       Call the Compute method on the BasicNetwork class. Console.WriteLine("Neural Network Results:"); foreach (INeuralDataPair pair in trainingSet) { INeuralData output = network.Compute(pair.Input); Console.WriteLine(pair.Input[0] + "," + pair.Input[1] + ", actual=" + output[0] + ",ideal=" + pair.Ideal[0]); } ·       The Compute method accepts an INeuralData class and also returns a INeuralData object. Neural Network Results: 0.0,0.0, actual=0.002782538818034049,ideal=0.0 1.0,0.0, actual=0.9903741937121177,ideal=1.0 0.0,1.0, actual=0.9836807956566187,ideal=1.0 1.0,1.0, actual=0.0011646072586172778,ideal=0.0 ·       the network has not been trained to give the exact results. This is normal. Because the network was trained to 1% error, each of the results will also be within generally 1% of the expected value.

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