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  • Reload Method or Object in IDLE

    - by GSto
    when using idle, I know you can reload a module if it's changed like this: import foo reload(foo) if I only import part of a module, is there a way to reload it in a similar matter? from foo import bar

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  • Prototype with a callback problem

    - by Lisio
    function Foo() { this.bar = false; } Foo.prototype={ onLoad: function() { this.bar=true; }, create: function(id) { SomeClass.someMethod({ id: id, onWorkIsDone: this.onLoad }); } }; var temp=new Foo(); temp.create(); This sample has a logic error in string 'onWorkIsDone: this.onLoad'. What I have to place instead of 'this.onLoad' to make SomeClass call exactly the temp.onLoad method when it finishes it's work?

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  • How do I remove unnecessary options from a select field in a Drupal form?

    - by thismax
    I'm using the better_exposed_filters module to create a set of exposed filters for a view. One of the filters is being displayed as a select field, and I would like the field to only display options that are actually associated with content in the database. Currently, I am doing this using the hook_form_alter() method. For simplification, in the following example the field is called 'foo' and the content type with that field is called 'bar': function my_module_form_alter(&$form, $form_state, $form_id) { // Get all the values of foo that matter $resource = db_query('select distinct field_foo_value from {content_type_bar}'); $foo = array(); while($row = db_fetch_object($resource)) { $foo[$row->field_foo_value] = $row->field_foo_value; } $form['foo']['#options'] = $manufacturers; } This works great -- the form displays only the options I want to display. Unfortunately, the view doesn't actually display anything initially and I also get the following error message: An illegal choice has been detected. Please contact the site administrator. After I filter options with the form once, everything seems to work fine. Does anyone know how I can solve this problem? I'm open to an entirely different way of weeding out filter options, if need be, or a way that I can figure out how to address that error.

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  • Rails Scope for association of 0 size.

    - by MissingHandle
    I'm having trouble figuring out the scope method for all the Foos that have no Bars. That is: class Foo < ActiveRecord::Base has_may :bars end class Bar < ActiveRecord::Base belongs_to :foo end I'd like to write a scope method that returns me all the foos that have no bars. Something like: class Foo < ActiveRecord::Base has_may :bars scope :has_no_bars, includes(:bars).where("COUNT(foo.bars) = 0") end But I don't understand the appropriate syntax. Any help? Happy to use a MetaWhere solution if easier.

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  • Convert to lowercase in a mod_rewrite rule.

    - by dreeves
    I would like URLs like server.com/foo to be case-insensitive. But server.com/foo actually gets mod_rewrite'd to server.com/somedir/foo (Assume that all the files in "somedir" are lower case.) So the question is, how to accomplish a mod_rewrite like the following: RewriteRule ^([^/]+)/?$ somedir/convert_to_lowercase($1)

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  • what's this jquery syntax?

    - by all-R
    I see that quite often in some Jquery plugins $('#foo').myPlugin({ foo: 'bar', bar: 'foo' }); I'm talking about the {} in the .myPlugin() part. I see quite often anonymous functions like .click(function(){ }); but the above syntax looks different thanks for your help!

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  • php array_filter without key preservation

    - by pistacchio
    Hi, if i filter an array with array_filter to eliminate null values, keys are preserved and this generated "holes" in the array. Eg: The filtered version of [0] => 'foo' [1] => null [2] => 'bar' is [0] => 'foo' [2] => 'bar' How can i get, instead [0] => 'foo' [1] => 'bar' ? Thanks

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  • Module.new with class_eval

    - by dorelal
    This is a large commit. But I want you to concentrate on this change block. http://github.com/rails/rails/commit/d916c62cfc7c59ab6411407a05b946d3dd7535e9#L2L1304 Even without understanding the full context of the code I am not able to think of a scenario where I would use include Modue.new { class_eval <<-RUBY def foo puts 'foo' end RUBY } Then end result is that in the root context (self just before include Moduel.new) a method call foo has been added. If I take out the Module.new code and if I only leave class_eval in that case also I will have a method called foo in self. What am I missing.

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  • JS best practice for member functions

    - by MickMalone1983
    I'm writing a little mobile games library, and I'm not sure the best practice for declaring member functions of instantiated function objects. For instance, I might create a simple object with one property, and a method to print it: function Foo(id){ this.id = id; this.print = function(){ console.log(this.id); }; }; However, a function which does not need access to 'private' members of the function does not need to be declared in the function at all. I could equally have written: function print(){ console.log(this.id); }; function Foo(id){ this.id = id; this.print = print; }; When the function is invoked through an instance of Foo, the instance becomes the context for this, so the output is the same in either case. I'm not entirely sure how memory is allocated with JS, and I can't find anything that I can understand about something this specific, but it seems to me that with the first example all members of Foo, including the print function, are duplicated each time it is instantiated - but with the second, it just gets a pointer to one, pre-declared function, which would save any more memory having to be allocated as more instances of Foo are created. Am I correct, and if I am, is there any memory/performance benefit to doing this?

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  • New features of C# 4.0

    This article covers New features of C# 4.0. Article has been divided into below sections. Introduction. Dynamic Lookup. Named and Optional Arguments. Features for COM interop. Variance. Relationship with Visual Basic. Resources. Other interested readings… 22 New Features of Visual Studio 2008 for .NET Professionals 50 New Features of SQL Server 2008 IIS 7.0 New features Introduction It is now close to a year since Microsoft Visual C# 3.0 shipped as part of Visual Studio 2008. In the VS Managed Languages team we are hard at work on creating the next version of the language (with the unsurprising working title of C# 4.0), and this document is a first public description of the planned language features as we currently see them. Please be advised that all this is in early stages of production and is subject to change. Part of the reason for sharing our plans in public so early is precisely to get the kind of feedback that will cause us to improve the final product before it rolls out. Simultaneously with the publication of this whitepaper, a first public CTP (community technology preview) of Visual Studio 2010 is going out as a Virtual PC image for everyone to try. Please use it to play and experiment with the features, and let us know of any thoughts you have. We ask for your understanding and patience working with very early bits, where especially new or newly implemented features do not have the quality or stability of a final product. The aim of the CTP is not to give you a productive work environment but to give you the best possible impression of what we are working on for the next release. The CTP contains a number of walkthroughs, some of which highlight the new language features of C# 4.0. Those are excellent for getting a hands-on guided tour through the details of some common scenarios for the features. You may consider this whitepaper a companion document to these walkthroughs, complementing them with a focus on the overall language features and how they work, as opposed to the specifics of the concrete scenarios. C# 4.0 The major theme for C# 4.0 is dynamic programming. Increasingly, objects are “dynamic” in the sense that their structure and behavior is not captured by a static type, or at least not one that the compiler knows about when compiling your program. Some examples include a. objects from dynamic programming languages, such as Python or Ruby b. COM objects accessed through IDispatch c. ordinary .NET types accessed through reflection d. objects with changing structure, such as HTML DOM objects While C# remains a statically typed language, we aim to vastly improve the interaction with such objects. A secondary theme is co-evolution with Visual Basic. Going forward we will aim to maintain the individual character of each language, but at the same time important new features should be introduced in both languages at the same time. They should be differentiated more by style and feel than by feature set. The new features in C# 4.0 fall into four groups: Dynamic lookup Dynamic lookup allows you to write method, operator and indexer calls, property and field accesses, and even object invocations which bypass the C# static type checking and instead gets resolved at runtime. Named and optional parameters Parameters in C# can now be specified as optional by providing a default value for them in a member declaration. When the member is invoked, optional arguments can be omitted. Furthermore, any argument can be passed by parameter name instead of position. COM specific interop features Dynamic lookup as well as named and optional parameters both help making programming against COM less painful than today. On top of that, however, we are adding a number of other small features that further improve the interop experience. Variance It used to be that an IEnumerable<string> wasn’t an IEnumerable<object>. Now it is – C# embraces type safe “co-and contravariance” and common BCL types are updated to take advantage of that. Dynamic Lookup Dynamic lookup allows you a unified approach to invoking things dynamically. With dynamic lookup, when you have an object in your hand you do not need to worry about whether it comes from COM, IronPython, the HTML DOM or reflection; you just apply operations to it and leave it to the runtime to figure out what exactly those operations mean for that particular object. This affords you enormous flexibility, and can greatly simplify your code, but it does come with a significant drawback: Static typing is not maintained for these operations. A dynamic object is assumed at compile time to support any operation, and only at runtime will you get an error if it wasn’t so. Oftentimes this will be no loss, because the object wouldn’t have a static type anyway, in other cases it is a tradeoff between brevity and safety. In order to facilitate this tradeoff, it is a design goal of C# to allow you to opt in or opt out of dynamic behavior on every single call. The dynamic type C# 4.0 introduces a new static type called dynamic. When you have an object of type dynamic you can “do things to it” that are resolved only at runtime: dynamic d = GetDynamicObject(…); d.M(7); The C# compiler allows you to call a method with any name and any arguments on d because it is of type dynamic. At runtime the actual object that d refers to will be examined to determine what it means to “call M with an int” on it. The type dynamic can be thought of as a special version of the type object, which signals that the object can be used dynamically. It is easy to opt in or out of dynamic behavior: any object can be implicitly converted to dynamic, “suspending belief” until runtime. Conversely, there is an “assignment conversion” from dynamic to any other type, which allows implicit conversion in assignment-like constructs: dynamic d = 7; // implicit conversion int i = d; // assignment conversion Dynamic operations Not only method calls, but also field and property accesses, indexer and operator calls and even delegate invocations can be dispatched dynamically: dynamic d = GetDynamicObject(…); d.M(7); // calling methods d.f = d.P; // getting and settings fields and properties d[“one”] = d[“two”]; // getting and setting thorugh indexers int i = d + 3; // calling operators string s = d(5,7); // invoking as a delegate The role of the C# compiler here is simply to package up the necessary information about “what is being done to d”, so that the runtime can pick it up and determine what the exact meaning of it is given an actual object d. Think of it as deferring part of the compiler’s job to runtime. The result of any dynamic operation is itself of type dynamic. Runtime lookup At runtime a dynamic operation is dispatched according to the nature of its target object d: COM objects If d is a COM object, the operation is dispatched dynamically through COM IDispatch. This allows calling to COM types that don’t have a Primary Interop Assembly (PIA), and relying on COM features that don’t have a counterpart in C#, such as indexed properties and default properties. Dynamic objects If d implements the interface IDynamicObject d itself is asked to perform the operation. Thus by implementing IDynamicObject a type can completely redefine the meaning of dynamic operations. This is used intensively by dynamic languages such as IronPython and IronRuby to implement their own dynamic object models. It will also be used by APIs, e.g. by the HTML DOM to allow direct access to the object’s properties using property syntax. Plain objects Otherwise d is a standard .NET object, and the operation will be dispatched using reflection on its type and a C# “runtime binder” which implements C#’s lookup and overload resolution semantics at runtime. This is essentially a part of the C# compiler running as a runtime component to “finish the work” on dynamic operations that was deferred by the static compiler. Example Assume the following code: dynamic d1 = new Foo(); dynamic d2 = new Bar(); string s; d1.M(s, d2, 3, null); Because the receiver of the call to M is dynamic, the C# compiler does not try to resolve the meaning of the call. Instead it stashes away information for the runtime about the call. This information (often referred to as the “payload”) is essentially equivalent to: “Perform an instance method call of M with the following arguments: 1. a string 2. a dynamic 3. a literal int 3 4. a literal object null” At runtime, assume that the actual type Foo of d1 is not a COM type and does not implement IDynamicObject. In this case the C# runtime binder picks up to finish the overload resolution job based on runtime type information, proceeding as follows: 1. Reflection is used to obtain the actual runtime types of the two objects, d1 and d2, that did not have a static type (or rather had the static type dynamic). The result is Foo for d1 and Bar for d2. 2. Method lookup and overload resolution is performed on the type Foo with the call M(string,Bar,3,null) using ordinary C# semantics. 3. If the method is found it is invoked; otherwise a runtime exception is thrown. Overload resolution with dynamic arguments Even if the receiver of a method call is of a static type, overload resolution can still happen at runtime. This can happen if one or more of the arguments have the type dynamic: Foo foo = new Foo(); dynamic d = new Bar(); var result = foo.M(d); The C# runtime binder will choose between the statically known overloads of M on Foo, based on the runtime type of d, namely Bar. The result is again of type dynamic. The Dynamic Language Runtime An important component in the underlying implementation of dynamic lookup is the Dynamic Language Runtime (DLR), which is a new API in .NET 4.0. The DLR provides most of the infrastructure behind not only C# dynamic lookup but also the implementation of several dynamic programming languages on .NET, such as IronPython and IronRuby. Through this common infrastructure a high degree of interoperability is ensured, but just as importantly the DLR provides excellent caching mechanisms which serve to greatly enhance the efficiency of runtime dispatch. To the user of dynamic lookup in C#, the DLR is invisible except for the improved efficiency. However, if you want to implement your own dynamically dispatched objects, the IDynamicObject interface allows you to interoperate with the DLR and plug in your own behavior. This is a rather advanced task, which requires you to understand a good deal more about the inner workings of the DLR. For API writers, however, it can definitely be worth the trouble in order to vastly improve the usability of e.g. a library representing an inherently dynamic domain. Open issues There are a few limitations and things that might work differently than you would expect. · The DLR allows objects to be created from objects that represent classes. However, the current implementation of C# doesn’t have syntax to support this. · Dynamic lookup will not be able to find extension methods. Whether extension methods apply or not depends on the static context of the call (i.e. which using clauses occur), and this context information is not currently kept as part of the payload. · Anonymous functions (i.e. lambda expressions) cannot appear as arguments to a dynamic method call. The compiler cannot bind (i.e. “understand”) an anonymous function without knowing what type it is converted to. One consequence of these limitations is that you cannot easily use LINQ queries over dynamic objects: dynamic collection = …; var result = collection.Select(e => e + 5); If the Select method is an extension method, dynamic lookup will not find it. Even if it is an instance method, the above does not compile, because a lambda expression cannot be passed as an argument to a dynamic operation. There are no plans to address these limitations in C# 4.0. Named and Optional Arguments Named and optional parameters are really two distinct features, but are often useful together. Optional parameters allow you to omit arguments to member invocations, whereas named arguments is a way to provide an argument using the name of the corresponding parameter instead of relying on its position in the parameter list. Some APIs, most notably COM interfaces such as the Office automation APIs, are written specifically with named and optional parameters in mind. Up until now it has been very painful to call into these APIs from C#, with sometimes as many as thirty arguments having to be explicitly passed, most of which have reasonable default values and could be omitted. Even in APIs for .NET however you sometimes find yourself compelled to write many overloads of a method with different combinations of parameters, in order to provide maximum usability to the callers. Optional parameters are a useful alternative for these situations. Optional parameters A parameter is declared optional simply by providing a default value for it: public void M(int x, int y = 5, int z = 7); Here y and z are optional parameters and can be omitted in calls: M(1, 2, 3); // ordinary call of M M(1, 2); // omitting z – equivalent to M(1, 2, 7) M(1); // omitting both y and z – equivalent to M(1, 5, 7) Named and optional arguments C# 4.0 does not permit you to omit arguments between commas as in M(1,,3). This could lead to highly unreadable comma-counting code. Instead any argument can be passed by name. Thus if you want to omit only y from a call of M you can write: M(1, z: 3); // passing z by name or M(x: 1, z: 3); // passing both x and z by name or even M(z: 3, x: 1); // reversing the order of arguments All forms are equivalent, except that arguments are always evaluated in the order they appear, so in the last example the 3 is evaluated before the 1. Optional and named arguments can be used not only with methods but also with indexers and constructors. Overload resolution Named and optional arguments affect overload resolution, but the changes are relatively simple: A signature is applicable if all its parameters are either optional or have exactly one corresponding argument (by name or position) in the call which is convertible to the parameter type. Betterness rules on conversions are only applied for arguments that are explicitly given – omitted optional arguments are ignored for betterness purposes. If two signatures are equally good, one that does not omit optional parameters is preferred. M(string s, int i = 1); M(object o); M(int i, string s = “Hello”); M(int i); M(5); Given these overloads, we can see the working of the rules above. M(string,int) is not applicable because 5 doesn’t convert to string. M(int,string) is applicable because its second parameter is optional, and so, obviously are M(object) and M(int). M(int,string) and M(int) are both better than M(object) because the conversion from 5 to int is better than the conversion from 5 to object. Finally M(int) is better than M(int,string) because no optional arguments are omitted. Thus the method that gets called is M(int). Features for COM interop Dynamic lookup as well as named and optional parameters greatly improve the experience of interoperating with COM APIs such as the Office Automation APIs. In order to remove even more of the speed bumps, a couple of small COM-specific features are also added to C# 4.0. Dynamic import Many COM methods accept and return variant types, which are represented in the PIAs as object. In the vast majority of cases, a programmer calling these methods already knows the static type of a returned object from context, but explicitly has to perform a cast on the returned value to make use of that knowledge. These casts are so common that they constitute a major nuisance. In order to facilitate a smoother experience, you can now choose to import these COM APIs in such a way that variants are instead represented using the type dynamic. In other words, from your point of view, COM signatures now have occurrences of dynamic instead of object in them. This means that you can easily access members directly off a returned object, or you can assign it to a strongly typed local variable without having to cast. To illustrate, you can now say excel.Cells[1, 1].Value = "Hello"; instead of ((Excel.Range)excel.Cells[1, 1]).Value2 = "Hello"; and Excel.Range range = excel.Cells[1, 1]; instead of Excel.Range range = (Excel.Range)excel.Cells[1, 1]; Compiling without PIAs Primary Interop Assemblies are large .NET assemblies generated from COM interfaces to facilitate strongly typed interoperability. They provide great support at design time, where your experience of the interop is as good as if the types where really defined in .NET. However, at runtime these large assemblies can easily bloat your program, and also cause versioning issues because they are distributed independently of your application. The no-PIA feature allows you to continue to use PIAs at design time without having them around at runtime. Instead, the C# compiler will bake the small part of the PIA that a program actually uses directly into its assembly. At runtime the PIA does not have to be loaded. Omitting ref Because of a different programming model, many COM APIs contain a lot of reference parameters. Contrary to refs in C#, these are typically not meant to mutate a passed-in argument for the subsequent benefit of the caller, but are simply another way of passing value parameters. It therefore seems unreasonable that a C# programmer should have to create temporary variables for all such ref parameters and pass these by reference. Instead, specifically for COM methods, the C# compiler will allow you to pass arguments by value to such a method, and will automatically generate temporary variables to hold the passed-in values, subsequently discarding these when the call returns. In this way the caller sees value semantics, and will not experience any side effects, but the called method still gets a reference. Open issues A few COM interface features still are not surfaced in C#. Most notably these include indexed properties and default properties. As mentioned above these will be respected if you access COM dynamically, but statically typed C# code will still not recognize them. There are currently no plans to address these remaining speed bumps in C# 4.0. Variance An aspect of generics that often comes across as surprising is that the following is illegal: IList<string> strings = new List<string>(); IList<object> objects = strings; The second assignment is disallowed because strings does not have the same element type as objects. There is a perfectly good reason for this. If it were allowed you could write: objects[0] = 5; string s = strings[0]; Allowing an int to be inserted into a list of strings and subsequently extracted as a string. This would be a breach of type safety. However, there are certain interfaces where the above cannot occur, notably where there is no way to insert an object into the collection. Such an interface is IEnumerable<T>. If instead you say: IEnumerable<object> objects = strings; There is no way we can put the wrong kind of thing into strings through objects, because objects doesn’t have a method that takes an element in. Variance is about allowing assignments such as this in cases where it is safe. The result is that a lot of situations that were previously surprising now just work. Covariance In .NET 4.0 the IEnumerable<T> interface will be declared in the following way: public interface IEnumerable<out T> : IEnumerable { IEnumerator<T> GetEnumerator(); } public interface IEnumerator<out T> : IEnumerator { bool MoveNext(); T Current { get; } } The “out” in these declarations signifies that the T can only occur in output position in the interface – the compiler will complain otherwise. In return for this restriction, the interface becomes “covariant” in T, which means that an IEnumerable<A> is considered an IEnumerable<B> if A has a reference conversion to B. As a result, any sequence of strings is also e.g. a sequence of objects. This is useful e.g. in many LINQ methods. Using the declarations above: var result = strings.Union(objects); // succeeds with an IEnumerable<object> This would previously have been disallowed, and you would have had to to some cumbersome wrapping to get the two sequences to have the same element type. Contravariance Type parameters can also have an “in” modifier, restricting them to occur only in input positions. An example is IComparer<T>: public interface IComparer<in T> { public int Compare(T left, T right); } The somewhat baffling result is that an IComparer<object> can in fact be considered an IComparer<string>! It makes sense when you think about it: If a comparer can compare any two objects, it can certainly also compare two strings. This property is referred to as contravariance. A generic type can have both in and out modifiers on its type parameters, as is the case with the Func<…> delegate types: public delegate TResult Func<in TArg, out TResult>(TArg arg); Obviously the argument only ever comes in, and the result only ever comes out. Therefore a Func<object,string> can in fact be used as a Func<string,object>. Limitations Variant type parameters can only be declared on interfaces and delegate types, due to a restriction in the CLR. Variance only applies when there is a reference conversion between the type arguments. For instance, an IEnumerable<int> is not an IEnumerable<object> because the conversion from int to object is a boxing conversion, not a reference conversion. Also please note that the CTP does not contain the new versions of the .NET types mentioned above. In order to experiment with variance you have to declare your own variant interfaces and delegate types. COM Example Here is a larger Office automation example that shows many of the new C# features in action. using System; using System.Diagnostics; using System.Linq; using Excel = Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel; using Word = Microsoft.Office.Interop.Word; class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { var excel = new Excel.Application(); excel.Visible = true; excel.Workbooks.Add(); // optional arguments omitted excel.Cells[1, 1].Value = "Process Name"; // no casts; Value dynamically excel.Cells[1, 2].Value = "Memory Usage"; // accessed var processes = Process.GetProcesses() .OrderByDescending(p =&gt; p.WorkingSet) .Take(10); int i = 2; foreach (var p in processes) { excel.Cells[i, 1].Value = p.ProcessName; // no casts excel.Cells[i, 2].Value = p.WorkingSet; // no casts i++; } Excel.Range range = excel.Cells[1, 1]; // no casts Excel.Chart chart = excel.ActiveWorkbook.Charts. Add(After: excel.ActiveSheet); // named and optional arguments chart.ChartWizard( Source: range.CurrentRegion, Title: "Memory Usage in " + Environment.MachineName); //named+optional chart.ChartStyle = 45; chart.CopyPicture(Excel.XlPictureAppearance.xlScreen, Excel.XlCopyPictureFormat.xlBitmap, Excel.XlPictureAppearance.xlScreen); var word = new Word.Application(); word.Visible = true; word.Documents.Add(); // optional arguments word.Selection.Paste(); } } The code is much more terse and readable than the C# 3.0 counterpart. Note especially how the Value property is accessed dynamically. This is actually an indexed property, i.e. a property that takes an argument; something which C# does not understand. However the argument is optional. Since the access is dynamic, it goes through the runtime COM binder which knows to substitute the default value and call the indexed property. Thus, dynamic COM allows you to avoid accesses to the puzzling Value2 property of Excel ranges. Relationship with Visual Basic A number of the features introduced to C# 4.0 already exist or will be introduced in some form or other in Visual Basic: · Late binding in VB is similar in many ways to dynamic lookup in C#, and can be expected to make more use of the DLR in the future, leading to further parity with C#. · Named and optional arguments have been part of Visual Basic for a long time, and the C# version of the feature is explicitly engineered with maximal VB interoperability in mind. · NoPIA and variance are both being introduced to VB and C# at the same time. VB in turn is adding a number of features that have hitherto been a mainstay of C#. As a result future versions of C# and VB will have much better feature parity, for the benefit of everyone. Resources All available resources concerning C# 4.0 can be accessed through the C# Dev Center. Specifically, this white paper and other resources can be found at the Code Gallery site. Enjoy! span.fullpost {display:none;}

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  • IIS6: Web Site presenting the wrong SSL certificate

    - by pcampbell
    Consider an IIS6 installation with multiple Web Sites. Each is intended to be a different subdomain with its own cert (not a wildcard cert). Each has their host-header specified properly. foo.example.com - port 443. Require SSL w/128 bit. Working properly! It presents its SSL cert properly to the browser. Configured for a specific IP address. bar.example.com - port 443. Require SSL w/128 bit. Configured for all unassigned addresses. When inspecting the IIS property page, it fully shows the cert for bar.example.com on the View Certificate button. This is a NEW web site that is having cert problems. It's presenting the cert for foo.example.com. Ouch! Question: can you have more than one subdomains both running on separate websites with SSL certs on the same port (443)? How would you configure 2 web sites on the same range of 'all unassigned' for the same port (443) ? Update: ignoring the cert error, when browsing to https://bar, the content served is from https://foo site. When NOT using SSL, browsing to http://bar serves the correct content from bar. Just one address is assigned to this DMZ server.

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  • Consistent PHP _SERVER variables between Apache and nginx?

    - by Alix Axel
    I'm not sure if this should be asked here or on ServerFault, but here it goes... I am trying to get started on nginx with PHP-FPM, but I noticed that the server block setup I currently have (gathered from several guides including the nginx Pitfalls wiki page) produces $_SERVER variables that are different from what I'm used to seeing in Apache setups. After spending the last evening trying to "fix" this, I decided to install Apache on my local computer and gather the variables that I'm interested in under different conditions so that I could try and mimic them on nginx. The Apache setup I've on my computer has only one mod_rewrite rule: RewriteEngine On RewriteCond %{SCRIPT_FILENAME} !-f RewriteCond %{SCRIPT_FILENAME} !-d RewriteRule ^(.*)$ /index.php/$1 [L] And these are the values I get for different request URIs (left is Apache, right is nginx): localhost/ - http://www.mergely.com/GnzBHRV1/ localhost/foo/bar/baz/?foo=bar - http://www.mergely.com/VwsT8oTf/ localhost/index.php/foo/bar/baz/?foo=bar - http://www.mergely.com/VGEFehfT/ What configuration directives would allow me to get similar values on requests handled by nginx? My current configuration in nginx is: server { listen 80; listen 443 ssl; server_name default; ssl_certificate /etc/nginx/certificates/dummy.crt; ssl_certificate_key /etc/nginx/certificates/dummy.key; root /var/www/default/html; index index.php index.html; autoindex on; location / { try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php; } location ~ /(?:favicon[.]ico|robots[.]txt)$ { log_not_found off; } location ~* [.]php { #try_files $uri =404; include fastcgi_params; fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php5-fpm.sock; fastcgi_index index.php; fastcgi_split_path_info ^(.+[.]php)(/.+)$; } location ~* [.]ht { deny all; } } And my fastcgi_params file looks like this: fastcgi_param PATH_INFO $fastcgi_path_info; fastcgi_param PATH_TRANSLATED $document_root$fastcgi_path_info; fastcgi_param QUERY_STRING $query_string; fastcgi_param REQUEST_METHOD $request_method; fastcgi_param CONTENT_TYPE $content_type; fastcgi_param CONTENT_LENGTH $content_length; fastcgi_param SCRIPT_NAME $fastcgi_script_name; fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name; fastcgi_param REQUEST_URI $request_uri; fastcgi_param DOCUMENT_URI $document_uri; fastcgi_param DOCUMENT_ROOT $document_root; fastcgi_param SERVER_PROTOCOL $server_protocol; fastcgi_param GATEWAY_INTERFACE CGI/1.1; fastcgi_param SERVER_SOFTWARE nginx/$nginx_version; fastcgi_param REMOTE_ADDR $remote_addr; fastcgi_param REMOTE_PORT $remote_port; fastcgi_param SERVER_ADDR $server_addr; fastcgi_param SERVER_PORT $server_port; fastcgi_param SERVER_NAME $server_name; fastcgi_param HTTPS $https; I know that the try_files $uri =404; directive is commented and that it is a security vulnerability but, if I uncomment it, the third request (localhost/index.php/foo/bar/baz/?foo=bar) will return a 404. It's also worth noting that my PHP cgi.fix_pathinfo in On (contrary to what some of the guides recommend), if I try to set it to Off, I'm presented with a "Access denied." message on every PHP request. I'm running PHP 5.4.8 and nginx/1.1.19. I don't know what else to try... Help?

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  • How to take screenshots of WPF applications in correct size and content

    - by Thomas W.
    I usually take screenshots of single windows via the built-in key combination Alt+Print. Unfortunately this does not work well for more and more applications - all of them are WPF applications. Usually the screen shots have at least one of the following properties: the screenshot is larger than expected and contains parts of the screen around the actual window the screenshot has the correct size but includes parts of other windows, e.g. the Windows task bar. Of course the task bar might be in front of the window, but taking screen shots of "normal" programs works fine. How do I take screenshots of WPF application which are correct in size and content? I'd like to avoid the extra effort of checking all the screenshots for correctness, reproducing the situation, taking them again in case of issues or repairing/faking them manually in any pixel manipulation program (e.g. Paint.NET). I observe this on Windows 7 x64 SP 1, all official updates installed, but it might apply to other Windows versions as well (not tested yet). .NET 4.5 is installed. The application itself might only need the built-in .NET 3.5.1. It's reproducible on a virtual machine with the same settings. Examples: Screenshot of an application running in maximized mode. The screen shot includes parts of the task bar. Screenshot of a progress dialog which is behind the task bar. The screenshot also includes the task bar, while it doesn't for non WPF applications.

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  • How to interpret the contents of /proc/bus/pci/devices ?

    - by vivekian2
    The first few fields of 'cat /proc/bus/pci/devices' are understandable. Field 1 - BusDevFunc Field 2 - Vendor Id + Device Id Field 3 - Interrupt Line Field 4 - BAR 0 and the rest of the BAR registers (0 - 5) after that. After the BAR registers are printed out, what are the other fields? Specifically, what PCI configuration space registers(offsets) are printed out?

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  • SSLVerifyClient optional with location-based exceptions

    - by Ian Dunn
    I have a site that requires authentication in order to access certain directories, but not others. (The "directories" are really just rewrite rules that all pass through /index.php) In order to authenticate, the user can either login with a standard username/password, or submit a client-side x509 certificate. So, Apache's vhost conf looks something like this: SSLCACertificateFile /etc/pki/CA/certs/redacted-ca.crt SSLOptions +ExportCertData +StdEnvVars SSLVerifyClient none SSLVerifyDepth 1 <LocationMatch "/(foo-one|foo-two|foo-three)"> SSLVerifyClient optional </LocationMatch> That works fine, but then large file uploads fail because of the behavior documented in bug 12355. The workaround for that is to set SSLVerifyClient require (or optional) as the default, so now the conf looks like this SSLCACertificateFile /etc/pki/CA/certs/redacted-ca.crt SSLOptions +ExportCertData +StdEnvVars SSLVerifyClient optional SSLVerifyDepth 1 <LocationMatch "/(bar-one|bar-two|bar-three)"> SSLVerifyClient none </LocationMatch> That fixes the upload problem, but the SSLVerifyClient none doesn't work for bar-one, bar-two, etc. Those directories are still prompted to present a certificate. Additionally, I also need the root URL to accessible without the user being prompted for a certificate. I'm afraid that will cancel out the workaround, though.

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  • fstab and cifs mounting, possible to store authentication information outside of fstab?

    - by tj111
    I am currently using cifs to mount some network shares (that require authentication) in /etc/fstab. It works excellently, but I would like to move the authentication details (username/pass) outside of fstab and be able to chmod it 600 (as fstab can have issues if I were to change its permissions). I was wondering if it is possible to do this (many-user system, don't want these permissions to be viewable by all users). from: //server/foo/bar /mnt/bar cifs username=user,password=pass,r 0 0 to: //server/foo/bar /mnt/bar cifs <link to permissions>,r 0 0 (or something analogous to this). Thanks.

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  • Linux: Can I link multiple destinations via softlinks?

    - by kds1398
    Attempting to end up with something similar to this: $ ls -l lrwxrwxrwx 1 user group 4 Jun 28 2010 foo -> /home/bar lrwxrwxrwx 1 user group 4 Jun 29 2010 foo -> /etc/bar The intention is to be able to move a file to foo & have it go to both destination directories for now. The goal is to eventually unlink /home/bar link after confirming there are no issues with moving the files to /etc/bar. I am restricted in that I am unable to change or add to the process that moves the files.

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  • Default Keyboard for new users in Windows 7

    - by xited
    I just installed Windows 7 and I want all users signing in to the computer to see the Language Bar customized with the following three languages: "English (American)" "French (Standard)" "Chinese (Simplified PRC)" I am running the following four lines of code at log on in order to change the registry such that each user will see the language bar, and then have access to the three keyboard layouts mentioned above. reg add "HKCU\Software\Microsoft\CTF\LangBar" /v ShowStatus /t REG_DWORD /d 4 /f reg add "HKCU\Keyboard Layout\Preload" /v 2 /d 0000040c reg add "HKCU\Keyboard Layout\Preload" /v 3 /d 00000c0a reg add "HKCU\Keyboard Layout\Preload" /v 4 /d 00000804 The above works fine, but with one small/major inconvenience: the user has to log off and then log back on in order for these changes to take effect and see the language bar, as described above. The question becomes: How can I force these changes to take effect so that users don't have to log off and then log back in to see the language bar. This has to be done automatically when users log in.

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  • Why is there no /usr/bin/ in windows? Would it be dangerous to the entire Program Files to the path?

    - by dotancohen
    I am a Linux user spending some time in Windows and I'm trying to understand some of the Windows paradigms instead of fighting them. I notice that each program installed in the traditional manner (i.e. via orgasmic installers: Yes, Yes, Yes, Finish) adds the executables to C:/Program Files/foo/bar.exe and then adds a shortcut to the Desktop / Start Menu containing the entire path. However, there is no common directory with links to the software, i.e. C:/bin/bar.exe which would link to C:/Program Files/foo/bar.exe. Therefore, after installing an application the only way to use the application is via the clicky-clicky menus or by navigating to the executable in the filesystem. One cannot simply Win-R to open the run dialogue and then type bar or bar.exe as is possible with notepad or mspaint. I realize that Windows 8 improves on this with the otherwise horrendous Start Screen which does support typing the name of the app, but again this depends on the app having registered itself for such. Would I be doing any harm by adding C:/Program Files recursively to the Windows path? I do realize that there will be name collisions (i.e. uninstall.exe) but could there be other issues?

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