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  • InternalsVisibleTo attribute and security vulnerability

    - by Sergey Litvinov
    I found one issue with InternalsVisibleTo attribute usage. The idea of InternalsVisibleTo attribute to allow some other assemblies to use internal classes\methods of this assembly. To make it work you need sign your assemblies. So, if other assemblies isn't specified in main assembly and if they have incorrect public key, then they can't use Internal members. But the issue in Reflection Emit type generation. For example, we have CorpLibrary1 assembly and it has such class: public class TestApi { internal virtual void DoSomething() { Console.WriteLine("Base DoSomething"); } public void DoApiTest() { // some internal logic // ... // call internal method DoSomething(); } } This assembly is marked with such attribute to allow another CorpLibrary2 to make inheritor for that TestAPI and override behaviour of DoSomething method. [assembly: InternalsVisibleTo("CorpLibrary2, PublicKey=0024000004800000940000000602000000240000525341310004000001000100434D9C5E1F9055BF7970B0C106AAA447271ECE0F8FC56F6AF3A906353F0B848A8346DC13C42A6530B4ED2E6CB8A1E56278E664E61C0D633A6F58643A7B8448CB0B15E31218FB8FE17F63906D3BF7E20B9D1A9F7B1C8CD11877C0AF079D454C21F24D5A85A8765395E5CC5252F0BE85CFEB65896EC69FCC75201E09795AAA07D0")] The issue is that I'm able to override this internal DoSomething method and break class logic. My steps to do it: Generate new assembly in runtime via AssemblyBuilder Get AssemblyName from CorpLibrary1 and copy PublikKey to new assembly Generate new assembly that will inherit TestApi class As PublicKey and name of generated assembly is the same as in InternalsVisibleTo, then we can generate new DoSomething method that will override internal method in TestAPI assembly Then we have another assembly that isn't related to this CorpLibrary1 and can't use internal members. We have such test code in it: class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { var builder = new FakeBuilder(InjectBadCode, "DoSomething", true); TestApi fakeType = builder.CreateFake(); fakeType.DoApiTest(); // it will display: // Inject bad code // Base DoSomething Console.ReadLine(); } public static void InjectBadCode() { Console.WriteLine("Inject bad code"); } } And this FakeBuilder class has such code: /// /// Builder that will generate inheritor for specified assembly and will overload specified internal virtual method /// /// Target type public class FakeBuilder { private readonly Action _callback; private readonly Type _targetType; private readonly string _targetMethodName; private readonly string _slotName; private readonly bool _callBaseMethod; public FakeBuilder(Action callback, string targetMethodName, bool callBaseMethod) { int randomId = new Random((int)DateTime.Now.Ticks).Next(); _slotName = string.Format("FakeSlot_{0}", randomId); _callback = callback; _targetType = typeof(TFakeType); _targetMethodName = targetMethodName; _callBaseMethod = callBaseMethod; } public TFakeType CreateFake() { // as CorpLibrary1 can't use code from unreferences assemblies, we need to store this Action somewhere. // And Thread is not bad place for that. It's not the best place as it won't work in multithread application, but it's just a sample LocalDataStoreSlot slot = Thread.AllocateNamedDataSlot(_slotName); Thread.SetData(slot, _callback); // then we generate new assembly with the same nameand public key as target assembly trusts by InternalsVisibleTo attribute var newTypeName = _targetType.Name + "Fake"; var targetAssembly = Assembly.GetAssembly(_targetType); AssemblyName an = new AssemblyName(); an.Name = GetFakeAssemblyName(targetAssembly); // copying public key to new generated assembly var assemblyName = targetAssembly.GetName(); an.SetPublicKey(assemblyName.GetPublicKey()); an.SetPublicKeyToken(assemblyName.GetPublicKeyToken()); AssemblyBuilder assemblyBuilder = Thread.GetDomain().DefineDynamicAssembly(an, AssemblyBuilderAccess.RunAndSave); ModuleBuilder moduleBuilder = assemblyBuilder.DefineDynamicModule(assemblyBuilder.GetName().Name, true); // create inheritor for specified type TypeBuilder typeBuilder = moduleBuilder.DefineType(newTypeName, TypeAttributes.Public | TypeAttributes.Class, _targetType); // LambdaExpression.CompileToMethod can be used only with static methods, so we need to create another method that will call our Inject method // we can do the same via ILGenerator, but expression trees are more easy to use MethodInfo methodInfo = CreateMethodInfo(moduleBuilder); MethodBuilder methodBuilder = typeBuilder.DefineMethod(_targetMethodName, MethodAttributes.Public | MethodAttributes.Virtual); ILGenerator ilGenerator = methodBuilder.GetILGenerator(); // call our static method that will call inject method ilGenerator.EmitCall(OpCodes.Call, methodInfo, null); // in case if we need, then we put call to base method if (_callBaseMethod) { var baseMethodInfo = _targetType.GetMethod(_targetMethodName, BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance); // place this to stack ilGenerator.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0); // call the base method ilGenerator.EmitCall(OpCodes.Call, baseMethodInfo, new Type[0]); // return ilGenerator.Emit(OpCodes.Ret); } // generate type, create it and return to caller Type cheatType = typeBuilder.CreateType(); object type = Activator.CreateInstance(cheatType); return (TFakeType)type; } /// /// Get name of assembly from InternalsVisibleTo AssemblyName /// private static string GetFakeAssemblyName(Assembly assembly) { var internalsVisibleAttr = assembly.GetCustomAttributes(typeof(InternalsVisibleToAttribute), true).FirstOrDefault() as InternalsVisibleToAttribute; if (internalsVisibleAttr == null) { throw new InvalidOperationException("Assembly hasn't InternalVisibleTo attribute"); } var ind = internalsVisibleAttr.AssemblyName.IndexOf(","); var name = internalsVisibleAttr.AssemblyName.Substring(0, ind); return name; } /// /// Generate such code: /// ((Action)Thread.GetData(Thread.GetNamedDataSlot(_slotName))).Invoke(); /// private LambdaExpression MakeStaticExpressionMethod() { var allocateMethod = typeof(Thread).GetMethod("GetNamedDataSlot", BindingFlags.Static | BindingFlags.Public); var getDataMethod = typeof(Thread).GetMethod("GetData", BindingFlags.Static | BindingFlags.Public); var call = Expression.Call(allocateMethod, Expression.Constant(_slotName)); var getCall = Expression.Call(getDataMethod, call); var convCall = Expression.Convert(getCall, typeof(Action)); var invokExpr = Expression.Invoke(convCall); var lambda = Expression.Lambda(invokExpr); return lambda; } /// /// Generate static class with one static function that will execute Action from Thread NamedDataSlot /// private MethodInfo CreateMethodInfo(ModuleBuilder moduleBuilder) { var methodName = "_StaticTestMethod_" + _slotName; var className = "_StaticClass_" + _slotName; TypeBuilder typeBuilder = moduleBuilder.DefineType(className, TypeAttributes.Public | TypeAttributes.Class); MethodBuilder methodBuilder = typeBuilder.DefineMethod(methodName, MethodAttributes.Static | MethodAttributes.Public); LambdaExpression expression = MakeStaticExpressionMethod(); expression.CompileToMethod(methodBuilder); var type = typeBuilder.CreateType(); return type.GetMethod(methodName, BindingFlags.Static | BindingFlags.Public); } } remarks about sample: as we need to execute code from another assembly, CorpLibrary1 hasn't access to it, so we need to store this delegate somewhere. Just for testing I stored it in Thread NamedDataSlot. It won't work in multithreaded applications, but it's just a sample. I know that we use Reflection to get private\internal members of any class, but within reflection we can't override them. But this issue is allows anyone to override internal class\method if that assembly has InternalsVisibleTo attribute. I tested it on .Net 3.5\4 and it works for both of them. How does it possible to just copy PublicKey without private key and use it in runtime? The whole sample can be found there - https://github.com/sergey-litvinov/Tests_InternalsVisibleTo UPDATE1: That test code in Program and FakeBuilder classes hasn't access to key.sn file and that library isn't signed, so it hasn't public key at all. It just copying it from CorpLibrary1 by using Reflection.Emit

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  • Combining MVVM Light Toolkit and Unity 2.0

    - by Alan Cordner
    This is more of a commentary than a question, though feedback would be nice. I have been tasked to create the user interface for a new project we are doing. We want to use WPF and I wanted to learn all of the modern UI design techniques available. Since I am fairly new to WPF I have been researching what is available. I think I have pretty much settled on using MVVM Light Toolkit (mainly because of its "Blendability" and the EventToCommand behavior!), but I wanted to incorporate IoC also. So, here is what I have come up with. I have modified the default ViewModelLocator class in a MVVM Light project to use a UnityContainer to handle dependency injections. Considering I didn't know what 90% of these terms meant 3 months ago, I think I'm on the right track. // Example of MVVM Light Toolkit ViewModelLocator class that implements Microsoft // Unity 2.0 Inversion of Control container to resolve ViewModel dependencies. using Microsoft.Practices.Unity; namespace MVVMLightUnityExample { public class ViewModelLocator { public static UnityContainer Container { get; set; } #region Constructors static ViewModelLocator() { if (Container == null) { Container = new UnityContainer(); // register all dependencies required by view models Container .RegisterType<IDialogService, ModalDialogService>(new ContainerControlledLifetimeManager()) .RegisterType<ILoggerService, LogFileService>(new ContainerControlledLifetimeManager()) ; } } /// <summary> /// Initializes a new instance of the ViewModelLocator class. /// </summary> public ViewModelLocator() { ////if (ViewModelBase.IsInDesignModeStatic) ////{ //// // Create design time view models ////} ////else ////{ //// // Create run time view models ////} CreateMain(); } #endregion #region MainViewModel private static MainViewModel _main; /// <summary> /// Gets the Main property. /// </summary> public static MainViewModel MainStatic { get { if (_main == null) { CreateMain(); } return _main; } } /// <summary> /// Gets the Main property. /// </summary> [System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis.SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Performance", "CA1822:MarkMembersAsStatic", Justification = "This non-static member is needed for data binding purposes.")] public MainViewModel Main { get { return MainStatic; } } /// <summary> /// Provides a deterministic way to delete the Main property. /// </summary> public static void ClearMain() { _main.Cleanup(); _main = null; } /// <summary> /// Provides a deterministic way to create the Main property. /// </summary> public static void CreateMain() { if (_main == null) { // allow Unity to resolve the view model and hold onto reference _main = Container.Resolve<MainViewModel>(); } } #endregion #region OrderViewModel // property to hold the order number (injected into OrderViewModel() constructor when resolved) public static string OrderToView { get; set; } /// <summary> /// Gets the OrderViewModel property. /// </summary> public static OrderViewModel OrderViewModelStatic { get { // allow Unity to resolve the view model // do not keep local reference to the instance resolved because we need a new instance // each time - the corresponding View is a UserControl that can be used multiple times // within a single window/view // pass current value of OrderToView parameter to constructor! return Container.Resolve<OrderViewModel>(new ParameterOverride("orderNumber", OrderToView)); } } /// <summary> /// Gets the OrderViewModel property. /// </summary> [System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis.SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Performance", "CA1822:MarkMembersAsStatic", Justification = "This non-static member is needed for data binding purposes.")] public OrderViewModel Order { get { return OrderViewModelStatic; } } #endregion /// <summary> /// Cleans up all the resources. /// </summary> public static void Cleanup() { ClearMain(); Container = null; } } } And the MainViewModel class showing dependency injection usage: using GalaSoft.MvvmLight; using Microsoft.Practices.Unity; namespace MVVMLightUnityExample { public class MainViewModel : ViewModelBase { private IDialogService _dialogs; private ILoggerService _logger; /// <summary> /// Initializes a new instance of the MainViewModel class. This default constructor calls the /// non-default constructor resolving the interfaces used by this view model. /// </summary> public MainViewModel() : this(ViewModelLocator.Container.Resolve<IDialogService>(), ViewModelLocator.Container.Resolve<ILoggerService>()) { if (IsInDesignMode) { // Code runs in Blend --> create design time data. } else { // Code runs "for real" } } /// <summary> /// Initializes a new instance of the MainViewModel class. /// Interfaces are automatically resolved by the IoC container. /// </summary> /// <param name="dialogs">Interface to dialog service</param> /// <param name="logger">Interface to logger service</param> public MainViewModel(IDialogService dialogs, ILoggerService logger) { _dialogs = dialogs; _logger = logger; if (IsInDesignMode) { // Code runs in Blend --> create design time data. _dialogs.ShowMessage("Running in design-time mode!", "Injection Constructor", DialogButton.OK, DialogImage.Information); _logger.WriteLine("Running in design-time mode!"); } else { // Code runs "for real" _dialogs.ShowMessage("Running in run-time mode!", "Injection Constructor", DialogButton.OK, DialogImage.Information); _logger.WriteLine("Running in run-time mode!"); } } public override void Cleanup() { // Clean up if needed _dialogs = null; _logger = null; base.Cleanup(); } } } And the OrderViewModel class: using GalaSoft.MvvmLight; using Microsoft.Practices.Unity; namespace MVVMLightUnityExample { /// <summary> /// This class contains properties that a View can data bind to. /// <para> /// Use the <strong>mvvminpc</strong> snippet to add bindable properties to this ViewModel. /// </para> /// <para> /// You can also use Blend to data bind with the tool's support. /// </para> /// <para> /// See http://www.galasoft.ch/mvvm/getstarted /// </para> /// </summary> public class OrderViewModel : ViewModelBase { private const string testOrderNumber = "123456"; private Order _order; /// <summary> /// Initializes a new instance of the OrderViewModel class. /// </summary> public OrderViewModel() : this(testOrderNumber) { } /// <summary> /// Initializes a new instance of the OrderViewModel class. /// </summary> public OrderViewModel(string orderNumber) { if (IsInDesignMode) { // Code runs in Blend --> create design time data. _order = new Order(orderNumber, "My Company", "Our Address"); } else { _order = GetOrder(orderNumber); } } public override void Cleanup() { // Clean own resources if needed _order = null; base.Cleanup(); } } } And the code that could be used to display an order view for a specific order: public void ShowOrder(string orderNumber) { // pass the order number to show to ViewModelLocator to be injected //into the constructor of the OrderViewModel instance ViewModelLocator.OrderToShow = orderNumber; View.OrderView orderView = new View.OrderView(); } These examples have been stripped down to show only the IoC ideas. It took a lot of trial and error, searching the internet for examples, and finding out that the Unity 2.0 documentation is lacking (at best) to come up with this solution. Let me know if you think it could be improved.

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  • Error with my Android Application httpGet

    - by Coombes
    Basically I'm getting a strange issue with my Android application, it's supposed to grab a JSON Array and print out some values, the class looks like this: ShowComedianActivity.class package com.example.connecttest; public class ShowComedianActivity extends Activity{ TextView name; TextView add; TextView email; TextView tel; String id; // Progress Dialog private ProgressDialog pDialog; //JSON Parser class JSONParser jsonParser = new JSONParser(); // Single Comedian url private static final String url_comedian_details = "http://86.9.71.17/connect/get_comedian_details.php"; // JSON Node names private static final String TAG_SUCCESS = "success"; private static final String TAG_COMEDIAN = "comedian"; private static final String TAG_ID = "id"; private static final String TAG_NAME = "name"; private static final String TAG_ADDRESS = "address"; private static final String TAG_EMAIL = "email"; private static final String TAG_TEL = "tel"; public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState){ super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.show_comedian); // Getting Comedian Details from intent Intent i = getIntent(); // Getting id from intent id = i.getStringExtra(TAG_ID); new GetComedianDetails().execute(); } class GetComedianDetails extends AsyncTask<String, String, String>{ protected void onPreExecute(){ super.onPreExecute(); pDialog = new ProgressDialog(ShowComedianActivity.this); pDialog.setMessage("Fetching Comedian details. Please wait..."); pDialog.setIndeterminate(false); pDialog.setCancelable(true); pDialog.show(); } @Override protected String doInBackground(String... params) { runOnUiThread(new Runnable(){ public void run(){ int success; try{ //Building parameters List<NameValuePair> params = new ArrayList<NameValuePair>(); params.add(new BasicNameValuePair("id",id)); // Getting comedian details via HTTP request // Uses a GET request JSONObject json = jsonParser.makeHttpRequest(url_comedian_details, "GET", params); // Check Log for json response Log.d("Single Comedian details", json.toString()); //JSON Success tag success = json.getInt(TAG_SUCCESS); if(success == 1){ // Succesfully received product details JSONArray comedianObj = json.getJSONArray(TAG_COMEDIAN); //JSON Array // get first comedian object from JSON Array JSONObject comedian = comedianObj.getJSONObject(0); // comedian with id found name = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.name); add = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.add); email = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.email); tel = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.tel); // Set text to details name.setText(comedian.getString(TAG_NAME)); add.setText(comedian.getString(TAG_ADDRESS)); email.setText(comedian.getString(TAG_EMAIL)); tel.setText(comedian.getString(TAG_TEL)); } } catch (JSONException e){ e.printStackTrace(); } } }); return null; } } } And my JSON Parser class looks like: package com.example.connecttest; public class JSONParser { static InputStream is = null; static JSONObject jObj = null; static String json = ""; // constructor public JSONParser() { } // function get json from url // by making HTTP POST or GET method public JSONObject makeHttpRequest(String url, String method, List<NameValuePair> params) { // Making HTTP request try { // check for request method if(method == "POST"){ // request method is POST // defaultHttpClient DefaultHttpClient httpClient = new DefaultHttpClient(); HttpPost httpPost = new HttpPost(url); httpPost.setEntity(new UrlEncodedFormEntity(params)); HttpResponse httpResponse = httpClient.execute(httpPost); HttpEntity httpEntity = httpResponse.getEntity(); is = httpEntity.getContent(); }else if(method == "GET"){ // request method is GET DefaultHttpClient httpClient = new DefaultHttpClient(); String paramString = URLEncodedUtils.format(params, "utf-8"); url += "?" + paramString; HttpGet httpGet = new HttpGet(url); HttpResponse httpResponse = httpClient.execute(httpGet); HttpEntity httpEntity = httpResponse.getEntity(); is = httpEntity.getContent(); } } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } catch (ClientProtocolException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } try { BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader( is, "iso-8859-1"), 8); StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(); String line = null; while ((line = reader.readLine()) != null) { sb.append(line + "\n"); } is.close(); json = sb.toString(); } catch (Exception e) { Log.e("Buffer Error", "Error converting result " + e.toString()); } // try parse the string to a JSON object try { jObj = new JSONObject(json); } catch (JSONException e) { Log.e("JSON Parser", "Error parsing data " + e.toString()); } // return JSON String return jObj; } } Now when I run a debug it's querying the correct address with ?id=1 on the end of the URL, and when I navigate to that url I get the following JSON Array: {"success":1,"comedian":[{"id":"1","name":"Michael Coombes","address":"5 Trevethenick Road","email":"[email protected]","tel":"xxxxxxxxxxxx"}]} However my app just crashes, the log-cat report looks like this: 03-22 02:05:02.140: E/Trace(3776): error opening trace file: No such file or directory (2) 03-22 02:05:04.590: E/AndroidRuntime(3776): FATAL EXCEPTION: main 03-22 02:05:04.590: E/AndroidRuntime(3776): android.os.NetworkOnMainThreadException 03-22 02:05:04.590: E/AndroidRuntime(3776): at android.os.StrictMode$AndroidBlockGuardPolicy.onNetwork(StrictMode.java:1117) 03-22 02:05:04.590: E/AndroidRuntime(3776): at libcore.io.BlockGuardOs.connect(BlockGuardOs.java:84) 03-22 02:05:04.590: E/AndroidRuntime(3776): at libcore.io.IoBridge.connectErrno(IoBridge.java:127) 03-22 02:05:04.590: E/AndroidRuntime(3776): at libcore.io.IoBridge.connect(IoBridge.java:112) 03-22 02:05:04.590: E/AndroidRuntime(3776): at java.net.PlainSocketImpl.connect(PlainSocketImpl.java:192) 03-22 02:05:04.590: E/AndroidRuntime(3776): at java.net.PlainSocketImpl.connect(PlainSocketImpl.java:459) 03-22 02:05:04.590: E/AndroidRuntime(3776): at java.net.Socket.connect(Socket.java:842) 03-22 02:05:04.590: E/AndroidRuntime(3776): at org.apache.http.conn.scheme.PlainSocketFactory.connectSocket(PlainSocketFactory.java:119) 03-22 02:05:04.590: E/AndroidRuntime(3776): at org.apache.http.impl.conn.DefaultClientConnectionOperator.openConnection(DefaultClientConnectionOperator.java:144) 03-22 02:05:04.590: E/AndroidRuntime(3776): at org.apache.http.impl.conn.AbstractPoolEntry.open(AbstractPoolEntry.java:164) 03-22 02:05:04.590: E/AndroidRuntime(3776): at org.apache.http.impl.conn.AbstractPooledConnAdapter.open(AbstractPooledConnAdapter.java:119) 03-22 02:05:04.590: E/AndroidRuntime(3776): at org.apache.http.impl.client.DefaultRequestDirector.execute(DefaultRequestDirector.java:360) 03-22 02:05:04.590: E/AndroidRuntime(3776): at org.apache.http.impl.client.AbstractHttpClient.execute(AbstractHttpClient.java:555) 03-22 02:05:04.590: E/AndroidRuntime(3776): at org.apache.http.impl.client.AbstractHttpClient.execute(AbstractHttpClient.java:487) 03-22 02:05:04.590: E/AndroidRuntime(3776): at org.apache.http.impl.client.AbstractHttpClient.execute(AbstractHttpClient.java:465) 03-22 02:05:04.590: E/AndroidRuntime(3776): at com.example.connecttest.JSONParser.makeHttpRequest(JSONParser.java:62) 03-22 02:05:04.590: E/AndroidRuntime(3776): at com.example.connecttest.ShowComedianActivity$GetComedianDetails$1.run(ShowComedianActivity.java:89) 03-22 02:05:04.590: E/AndroidRuntime(3776): at android.os.Handler.handleCallback(Handler.java:615) 03-22 02:05:04.590: E/AndroidRuntime(3776): at android.os.Handler.dispatchMessage(Handler.java:92) 03-22 02:05:04.590: E/AndroidRuntime(3776): at android.os.Looper.loop(Looper.java:137) 03-22 02:05:04.590: E/AndroidRuntime(3776): at android.app.ActivityThread.main(ActivityThread.java:4745) 03-22 02:05:04.590: E/AndroidRuntime(3776): at java.lang.reflect.Method.invokeNative(Native Method) 03-22 02:05:04.590: E/AndroidRuntime(3776): at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:511) 03-22 02:05:04.590: E/AndroidRuntime(3776): at com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit$MethodAndArgsCaller.run(ZygoteInit.java:786) 03-22 02:05:04.590: E/AndroidRuntime(3776): at com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit.main(ZygoteInit.java:553) 03-22 02:05:04.590: E/AndroidRuntime(3776): at dalvik.system.NativeStart.main(Native Method) From this I'm guessing the error is in the jsonParser.makeHttpRequest however I can't for the life of me figure out what's going wrong and was hoping someone brighter than I could illuminate me.

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  • C# performance analysis- how to count CPU cycles?

    - by Lirik
    Is this a valid way to do performance analysis? I want to get nanosecond accuracy and determine the performance of typecasting: class PerformanceTest { static double last = 0.0; static List<object> numericGenericData = new List<object>(); static List<double> numericTypedData = new List<double>(); static void Main(string[] args) { double totalWithCasting = 0.0; double totalWithoutCasting = 0.0; for (double d = 0.0; d < 1000000.0; ++d) { numericGenericData.Add(d); numericTypedData.Add(d); } Stopwatch stopwatch = new Stopwatch(); for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) { stopwatch.Start(); testWithTypecasting(); stopwatch.Stop(); totalWithCasting += stopwatch.ElapsedTicks; stopwatch.Start(); testWithoutTypeCasting(); stopwatch.Stop(); totalWithoutCasting += stopwatch.ElapsedTicks; } Console.WriteLine("Avg with typecasting = {0}", (totalWithCasting/10)); Console.WriteLine("Avg without typecasting = {0}", (totalWithoutCasting/10)); Console.ReadKey(); } static void testWithTypecasting() { foreach (object o in numericGenericData) { last = ((double)o*(double)o)/200; } } static void testWithoutTypeCasting() { foreach (double d in numericTypedData) { last = (d * d)/200; } } } The output is: Avg with typecasting = 468872.3 Avg without typecasting = 501157.9 I'm a little suspicious... it looks like there is nearly no impact on the performance. Is casting really that cheap?

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  • Singletons, thread safety and structuremap

    - by Ben
    Hi, Currently I have the following class: public class PluginManager { private static bool s_initialized; private static object s_lock = new object(); public static void Initialize() { if (!s_initialized) { lock (s_lock) { if (!s_initialized) { // initialize s_initialized = true; } } } } } The important thing here is that Initialize() should only be executed once whilst the application is running. I thought that I would refactor this into a singleton class since this would be more thread safe?: public sealed class PluginService { static PluginService() { } private static PluginService _instance = new PluginService(); public static PluginService Instance { get { return _instance; } } private bool s_initialized; public void Initialize() { if (!s_initialized) { // initialize s_initialized = true; } } } Question one, is it still necessary to have the lock here (I have removed it) since we will only ever be working on the same instance? Finally, I want to use DI and structure map to initialize my servcices so I have refactored as below: public interface IPluginService { void Initialize(); } public class NewPluginService : IPluginService { private bool s_initialized; public void Initialize() { if (!s_initialized) { // initialize s_initialized = true; } } } And in my registry: ForRequestedType<IPluginService>() .TheDefaultIsConcreteType<NewPluginService>().AsSingletons(); This works as expected (singleton returning true in the following code): var instance1 = ObjectFactory.GetInstance<IPluginService>(); var instance2 = ObjectFactory.GetInstance<IPluginService>(); bool singleton = (instance1 == instance2); So my next question, is the structure map solution as thread safe as the singleton class (second example). The only downside is that this would still allow NewPluginService to be instantiated directly (if not using structure map). Many thanks, Ben

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  • Redirect index.php in CodeIgniter

    - by Gabriel Bianconi
    Hello. I created a CodeIgniter application and now I'm trying to redirect the urls with index.php to urls without it. My current .htaccess is: RewriteEngine On RewriteBase / # Removes trailing slashes (prevents SEO duplicate content issues) RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d RewriteRule ^(.+)/$ $1 [L,R=301] # Enforce www # If you have subdomains, you can add them to # the list using the "|" (OR) regex operator RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} !^(www|subdomain) [NC] RewriteRule ^(.*)$ http://www.plugb.com/$1 [L,R=301] # Checks to see if the user is attempting to access a valid file, # such as an image or css document, if this isn't true it sends the # request to index.php RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d RewriteRule ^(.*)$ index.php/$1 [L] The only problem is that the same page is accessible with and without the index.php. For example: http://www.plugb.com/index.php/games/adventure-rpg and http://www.plugb.com/games/adventure-rpg Is there a way to redirect the index.php URLs? Thank you, Gabriel.

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  • groovy multithreading

    - by srinath
    Hi, I'm newbie to groovy/grails. How to implement thread for this code . Had 2500 urls and this was taking hours of time for checking each url. so i decided to implement multi-thread for this : Here is my sample code : def urls = [ "http://www.wordpress.com", "http://67.192.103.225/QRA.Public/" , "http://www.subaru.com", "http://baldwinfilter.com/products/start.html" ] def up = urls.collect { ur - try { def url = new URL(ur) def connection = url.openConnection() if (connection.responseCode == 200) { return true } else { return false } } catch (Exception e) { return false } } For this code i need to implement multi-threading . Could any one please suggest me the code. thanks in advance, sri.

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  • NAudio Mp3 Playback in Console

    - by Kurru
    Hi I'm trying to make a helper dll that will simplify the NAudio framework into a subset of functions I'm likely to need but I've hit a stumbling block right off the bat. I'm trying to use the following code to play an mp3 but I'm not hearing anything at all. Any help would be appreciated! static WaveOut waveout; static WaveStream playback; static System.Threading.ManualResetEvent wait = new System.Threading.ManualResetEvent(false); static void Main(string[] args) { System.Threading.Thread t = new System.Threading.Thread(new System.Threading.ThreadStart(PlaySong)); t.Start(); wait.WaitOne(); System.Threading.Thread.Sleep(2 * 1000); waveout.Stop(); waveout.Dispose(); playback.Dispose(); } static void PlaySong() { waveout = new WaveOut(); playback = OpenMp3Stream(@"songname.mp3"); waveout.Init(playback); waveout.Play(); Console.WriteLine("Started"); wait.Set(); } private static WaveChannel32 OpenMp3Stream(string fileName) { WaveChannel32 inputStream; WaveStream mp3Reader = new Mp3FileReader(fileName); WaveStream pcmStream = WaveFormatConversionStream.CreatePcmStream(mp3Reader); WaveStream blockAlignedStream = new BlockAlignReductionStream(pcmStream); inputStream = new WaveChannel32(blockAlignedStream); return inputStream; }

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  • How to display the image in the web view using html code?

    - by Madan Mohan
    Hi Guys, I am getting the data form Parser, In that I am getting a set of urls. Using these urls can I make image url by appending any data values getting from the parser. http://musicbrainz.org/ws/1/artist/f27ec8db-af05-4f36-916e-3d57f91ecf5e?type=xml&inc=url-rels+artist-rels using these url i get data and set of urls.They are not providing image url or thumbnail. So, Is it possible to get or form an image url from parser (http://musicbrainz.org/ws/1/artist/f27ec8db-af05-4f36-916e-3d57f91ecf5e?type=xml&inc=url-rels+artist-rels) and display in the web view. Please help me from this problem. Thank You, Madan Mohan.

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  • How to Implement the ImageAdapter for this listView Code?

    - by iDroid Explorer
    Code of Lost View is like: public final static String ITEM_TITLE = "title"; public final static String ITEM_CAPTION = "caption"; public Resources resources; public static Uri path; public static File file; public static ProgressDialog m_progressDialog; public static ListView list; @Override public void onCreate(Bundle icicle) { super.onCreate(icicle); setContentView(R.layout.main); // create our list and custom adapter SeparatedListAdapter adapter = new SeparatedListAdapter(this); adapter.addSection("Local documents:", new ArrayAdapter<String>(this, R.layout.list_item, new String[] { "WindowsONE Mobile PK", "WindowsorONE Moldings","Filet for a burger video" })); adapter.addSection("Non-local resources:", new ArrayAdapter<String>(this, R.layout.list_item, new String[] { "Launch Photo slideshow link", "Dealer locator link" })); adapter.addSection("Send emails:", new ArrayAdapter<String>(this, R.layout.list_item, new String[] { "Send Dealer Locator email", "Send Catalog email","Send install instrucation link" })); //For extra Information in Listview //adapter.addSection("Non-local resources:", new SimpleAdapter(this, security, R.layout.list_complex, //new String[] { ITEM_TITLE, ITEM_CAPTION }, new int[] { R.id.list_complex_title, R.id.list_complex_caption })); list = getListView(); list.setAdapter(adapter); list.setTextFilterEnabled(true); list.setOnItemClickListener(this); } }

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  • Is Structuremap singleton thread safe?

    - by Ben
    Hi, Currently I have the following class: public class PluginManager { private static bool s_initialized; private static object s_lock = new object(); public static void Initialize() { if (!s_initialized) { lock (s_lock) { if (!s_initialized) { // initialize s_initialized = true; } } } } } The important thing here is that Initialize() should only be executed once whilst the application is running. I thought that I would refactor this into a singleton class since this would be more thread safe?: public sealed class PluginService { static PluginService() { } private static PluginService _instance = new PluginService(); public static PluginService Instance { get { return _instance; } } private bool s_initialized; public void Initialize() { if (!s_initialized) { // initialize s_initialized = true; } } } Question one, is it still necessary to have the lock here (I have removed it) since we will only ever be working on the same instance? Finally, I want to use DI and structure map to initialize my servcices so I have refactored as below: public interface IPluginService { void Initialize(); } public class NewPluginService : IPluginService { private bool s_initialized; public void Initialize() { if (!s_initialized) { // initialize s_initialized = true; } } } And in my registry: ForRequestedType<IPluginService>() .TheDefaultIsConcreteType<NewPluginService>().AsSingletons(); This works as expected (singleton returning true in the following code): var instance1 = ObjectFactory.GetInstance<IPluginService>(); var instance2 = ObjectFactory.GetInstance<IPluginService>(); bool singleton = (instance1 == instance2); So my next question, is the structure map solution as thread safe as the singleton class (second example). The only downside is that this would still allow NewPluginService to be instantiated directly (if not using structure map). Many thanks, Ben

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  • Correct way to get absolute url in django

    - by dreamiurg
    A problem that I stumbled upon recently, and, even though I solved it, I would like to hear your opinion of what correct/simple/adopted solution would be. I'm developing website using Django + python. When I run it on local machine with "python manage.py runserver", local address is http://127.0.0.1:8000/ by default. However, on production server my app has other url, with path - like "http://server.name/myproj/" I need to generate and use permanent urls. If I'm using {% url view params %}, I'm getting paths that are relative to / , since my urls.py contains this urlpatterns = patterns('', (r'^(\d+)?$', 'myproj.myapp.views.index'), (r'^img/(.*)$', 'django.views.static.serve', {'document_root': settings.MEDIA_ROOT + '/img' }), (r'^css/(.*)$', 'django.views.static.serve', {'document_root': settings.MEDIA_ROOT + '/css' }), ) So far, I see 2 solutions: modify urls.py, include '/myproj/' in case of production run use request.build_absolute_uri() for creating link in views.py or pass some variable with 'hostname:port/path' in templates Are there prettier ways to deal with this problem? Thank you.

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  • Creating a short unique string for each unique long string

    - by king.net
    I'm trying to create a url shortener system in c# and asp.net mvc. I know about hashtable and I know how to create a redirect system etc. The problem is indexing long urls in database. Some urls may have up to 4000 character length, and it seems it is a bad idea to index this kind of strings. The question is: How can I create a unique short string for each url? for example MD5 can help me? Is MD5 really unique for each string? NOTE: I see that Gravatar uses MD5 for emails, so if each email address is unique, then its MD5 hashed value is unique. Is it right? Can I use same solution for urls?

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  • Knight's tour / recursion

    - by Layne
    Hey, I'm trying to learn a little bit more about recursion but somehow I can't solve the knight's tour and I'm hoping someone can point out my logic error. public class main { static int fsize = 5; static int board[][] = new int[fsize][fsize]; static int[] sprung_x = {1,2,2,1,-1,-2,-2,-1}; static int[] sprung_y = {-2,-1,1,2,2,1,-1,-2}; static void SucheWeg(int schrittnummer, int x, int y) { board[x][y] = schrittnummer; if( schrittnummer == ((fsize*fsize)-1)) { for(int i = 0; i<fsize; i++) { for(int c=0; c<fsize; c++) { System.out.printf("%3d", board[i][c]); } System.out.println("\n"); } } else { for(int i = 0; i<8; i++) { for(int c = 0; c<8; c++) { if( (x+sprung_x[i]) >= 0 && (x+sprung_x[i]) < fsize && (y+sprung_y[c]) >= 0 && (y+sprung_y[c]) < fsize ) { if(board[x+sprung_x[i]][y+sprung_y[c]] == -1) { System.out.println("Move: "+schrittnummer + "\n"); SucheWeg(schrittnummer+1, (x+sprung_x[i]), (y+sprung_y[c])); } } } } board[x][y] = -1; } } public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println("Begin: \n"); for(int i = 0; i<fsize; i++) { for(int c = 0; c<fsize; c++) { board[i][c] = -1; } } SucheWeg(0, 0, 0); System.out.println("\nEnd"); } }

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  • .net/iis6 Limitations of the urlMappings in web.config for extensionless url rewriting

    - by ScottE
    I'm investigating a simple url rewriting setup for iis6 / net 2.0 sites. I've added a . wildcard mapping in IIS that points to the .net executable. I'm also using the urlMappings element in the web.config to add some rewritting urls. I've moved the config outside of the web.config so I can make changes to the list without forcing application restarts, like so: <urlMappings configSource="config\urlMappings.config"> </urlMappings> I'd like to allow our content management to add urls to this file so that we can have extensionless friendly urls. <add url="~/someurl" mappedUrl="index.aspx?page=123" /> This works just fine, but I'm concerned about limitations in the number of entries that I can map in the urlMappings config. I can't seem to find any documentation on this. Has anyone found any limitations? Thanks.

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  • MVVM- How can I bind to a property, which is not a DependancyProperty?

    - by highone
    I have found this question http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2245928/mvvm-and-the-textboxs-selectedtext-property. However, I am having trouble getting the solution given to work. This is my non-working code: View: SelectedText and Text are just string properties from my ViewModel. <TextBox Text="{Binding Path=Text, UpdateSourceTrigger=PropertyChanged}" Height="155" HorizontalAlignment="Left" Margin="68,31,0,0" Name="textBox1" VerticalAlignment="Top" Width="264" AcceptsReturn="True" AcceptsTab="True" local:TextBoxHelper.SelectedText="{Binding SelectedText, UpdateSourceTrigger=PropertyChanged}" /> <TextBox Text="{Binding SelectedText, Mode=OneWay, UpdateSourceTrigger=PropertyChanged}" Height="154" HorizontalAlignment="Left" Margin="82,287,0,0" Name="textBox2" VerticalAlignment="Top" Width="239" /> TextBoxHelper public static class TextBoxHelper { #region "Selected Text" public static string GetSelectedText(DependencyObject obj) { return (string)obj.GetValue(SelectedTextProperty); } public static void SetSelectedText(DependencyObject obj, string value) { obj.SetValue(SelectedTextProperty, value); } // Using a DependencyProperty as the backing store for SelectedText. This enables animation, styling, binding, etc... public static readonly DependencyProperty SelectedTextProperty = DependencyProperty.RegisterAttached( "SelectedText", typeof(string), typeof(TextBoxHelper), new FrameworkPropertyMetadata(null, FrameworkPropertyMetadataOptions.BindsTwoWayByDefault, SelectedTextChanged)); private static void SelectedTextChanged(DependencyObject obj, DependencyPropertyChangedEventArgs e) { TextBox tb = obj as TextBox; if (tb != null) { if (e.OldValue == null && e.NewValue != null) { tb.SelectionChanged += tb_SelectionChanged; } else if (e.OldValue != null && e.NewValue == null) { tb.SelectionChanged -= tb_SelectionChanged; } string newValue = e.NewValue as string; if (newValue != null && newValue != tb.SelectedText) { tb.SelectedText = newValue as string; } } } static void tb_SelectionChanged(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e) { TextBox tb = sender as TextBox; if (tb != null) { SetSelectedText(tb, tb.SelectedText); } } #endregion } What am I doing wrong?

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  • Javascript regex only matching entire url as typing

    - by dt
    I'm trying to use javascript to find all URLs in a textarea as the person is typing (onkeyup). The problem that I'm having is in finding a regex to match the entire URL, I need it only to match all the URL's in the text area that are complete URLs. All of the existing regex expressions that I find through Google and through my own experiementing seem to match as soon as the user has typed the first part of the pattern. So, for example, if I'm typing and then start to type http://w, all of a sudden, it will match. I need to find a regex that will match and return an array of all the urls that are in the textarea, while also not matching unless the person has completed typing the full URL. Hopefully that makes sense! Thank you!

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  • REST doesn't work with Sever-Client-Client setup

    - by drozzy
    I am having a problem with my current RESTful api design. What I have is a REST api which is consumed by Django web-server, which renders the HTML templates. REST api > Django webserver > HTML The problem I am encountering is that I have to reconstruct all the URLS like mysite.com/main/cities/<id>/streets/ into equivalent rest api urls on my web-server layer: api.com/cities/<id>/streets/ Thus I have a lot of mapping back and forth, but as far as I know REST says that the client (in this case my web-server) should NOT need to know how to re-construct the urls. Can REST be used for such a setup and how? Or is it only viable for Server-Client architecture. Thanks

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  • HSQLDB connection error

    - by user1478527
    I created a java program for connect the HSQLDB , the first one works well, public final static String DRIVER = "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver"; public final static String URL = "jdbc:hsqldb:file:F:/hsqlTest/data/db"; public final static String DBNAME = "SA"; but these are not public final static String DRIVER = "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver"; public final static String URL = "jdbc:hsqldb:file:C:/Program Files/tich Tools/mos tech/app/data/db/t1/t2/01/db"; public final static String DBNAME = "SA"; the error shows like this: java.sql.SQLException: error in script file line: 1 unexpected token: ? at org.hsqldb.jdbc.Util.sqlException(Unknown Source) at org.hsqldb.jdbc.Util.sqlException(Unknown Source) at org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection.<init>(Unknown Source) at org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver.getConnection(Unknown Source) at org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver.connect(Unknown Source) at java.sql.DriverManager.getConnection(Unknown Source) at java.sql.DriverManager.getConnection(Unknown Source) at HSQLDBManagerImp.getconn(HSQLDBManagerImp.java:48) at TESTHSQLDB.main(TESTHSQLDB.java:15) Caused by: org.hsqldb.HsqlException: error in script file line: 1 unexpected token: ? at org.hsqldb.error.Error.error(Unknown Source) at org.hsqldb.scriptio.ScriptReaderText.readDDL(Unknown Source) at org.hsqldb.scriptio.ScriptReaderBase.readAll(Unknown Source) at org.hsqldb.persist.Log.processScript(Unknown Source) at org.hsqldb.persist.Log.open(Unknown Source) at org.hsqldb.persist.Logger.openPersistence(Unknown Source) at org.hsqldb.Database.reopen(Unknown Source) at org.hsqldb.Database.open(Unknown Source) at org.hsqldb.DatabaseManager.getDatabase(Unknown Source) at org.hsqldb.DatabaseManager.newSession(Unknown Source) ... 7 more Caused by: org.hsqldb.HsqlException: unexpected token: ? at org.hsqldb.error.Error.parseError(Unknown Source) at org.hsqldb.ParserBase.unexpectedToken(Unknown Source) at org.hsqldb.ParserCommand.compilePart(Unknown Source) at org.hsqldb.ParserCommand.compileStatement(Unknown Source) at org.hsqldb.Session.compileStatement(Unknown Source) ... 16 more I googled this connection question , but most of them not help much, someone says that may be the HSQLDB version problem. The dbase shut down in "SHUT COMPRESS" model. Anyone give some advice?

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  • Generic Singleton Façade design pattern

    - by Paul
    Hi I try write singleton façade pattern with generics. I have one problem, how can I call method from generic variable. Something like this: T1 t1 = new T1(); //call method from t1 t1.Method(); In method SingletonFasadeMethod I have compile error: Error 1 'T1' does not contain a definition for 'Method' and no extension method 'Method' accepting a first argument of type 'T1' could be found (are you missing a using directive or an assembly reference?) Any advace? Thank, I am beginner in C#. All code is here: namespace GenericSingletonFasade { public interface IMyInterface { string Method(); } internal class ClassA : IMyInterface { public string Method() { return " Calling MethodA "; } } internal class ClassB : IMyInterface { public string Method() { return " Calling MethodB "; } } internal class ClassC : IMyInterface { public string Method() { return "Calling MethodC"; } } internal class ClassD : IMyInterface { public string Method() { return "Calling MethodD"; } } public class SingletonFasade<T1,T2,T3> where T1 : class,new() where T2 : class,new() where T3 : class,new() { private static T1 t1; private static T2 t2; private static T3 t3; private SingletonFasade() { t1 = new T1(); t2 = new T2(); t3 = new T3(); } class SingletonCreator { static SingletonCreator() { } internal static readonly SingletonFasade<T1,T2,T3> uniqueInstace = new SingletonFasade<T1,T2,T3>(); } public static SingletonFasade<T1,T2,T3> UniqueInstace { get { return SingletonCreator.uniqueInstace; } } public string SingletonFasadeMethod() { //Problem is here return t1.Method() + t2.Method() + t3.Method(); } } } I use this for my problem. public class SingletonFasade<T1, T2, T3> where T1 : class, IMyInterface, new() where T2 : class, IMyInterface, new() where T3 : class, IMyInterface, new() {//...} Is any solution without Interfaces ??

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  • How do I get a window caption?

    - by P.Brian.Mackey
    I would like to get a Window Caption as given by spy++ (highlighted in red) I have code to do this (or so I thought)...but it seems to work pretty awful....in some cases 1% of the time... public delegate bool EnumDelegate(IntPtr hWnd, int lParam); [DllImport("user32.dll")] [return: MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Bool)] static extern bool IsWindowVisible(IntPtr hWnd); [DllImport("user32.dll", EntryPoint = "GetWindowText", ExactSpelling = false, CharSet = CharSet.Auto, SetLastError = true)] static extern int GetWindowText(IntPtr hWnd, StringBuilder lpWindowText, int nMaxCount); [DllImport("user32.dll", EntryPoint = "EnumDesktopWindows", ExactSpelling = false, CharSet = CharSet.Auto, SetLastError = true)] static extern bool EnumDesktopWindows(IntPtr hDesktop, EnumDelegate lpEnumCallbackFunction, IntPtr lParam); static List<NativeWindow> collection = new List<NativeWindow>(); public static NativeWindow GetAppNativeMainWindow() { GetNativeWindowHelper.EnumDelegate filter = delegate(IntPtr hWnd, int lParam) { StringBuilder strbTitle = new StringBuilder(255); int nLength = GetNativeWindowHelper.GetWindowText(hWnd, strbTitle, strbTitle.Capacity + 1); string strTitle = strbTitle.ToString(); if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(strTitle)) { if (strTitle.ToLower().StartsWith("window title | my application")) { NativeWindow window = new NativeWindow(); window.AssignHandle(hWnd); collection.Add(window); return false;//stop enumerating } } return true;//continue enumerating }; GetNativeWindowHelper.EnumDesktopWindows(IntPtr.Zero, filter, IntPtr.Zero); if (collection.Count != 1) { //log error ReleaseWindow(); return null; } else return collection[0]; } public static void ReleaseWindow() { foreach (var item in collection) { item.ReleaseHandle(); } }

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  • Pass potentially infinite number of arguments to array except a single numeric variable in a PHP com

    - by tehalive
    I'm trying to make a PHP script that will take a potentially infinite number of URLs from the command line as arguments. I also need to pass an argument that only has a single numeric value possible (to specify timeout), e.g.: ./urltest.php 60 url1.com url2.com url3.com I'm not exactly sure how to specify argv[1] to be a single numeric variable while at the same time the rest of the arguments (i.e. the list of urls) go into an array. Maybe something like: $timeout = $argv[1]; $args = func_get_args(); function numfilter($num) { return !is_numeric($num); } $urls = array_filters($args, 'numfilter'); ? Thanks in advance!

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  • Thread safe lazy contruction of a singleton in C++

    - by pauldoo
    Is there a way to implement a singleton object in C++ that is: Lazily constructed in a thread safe manner (two threads might simultaneously be the first user of the singleton - it should still only be constructed once). Doesn't rely on static variables being constructed beforehand (so the singleton object is itself safe to use during the construction of static variables). (I don't know my C++ well enough, but is it the case that integral and constant static variables are initialized before any code is executed (ie, even before static constructors are executed - their values may already be "initialized" in the program image)? If so - perhaps this can be exploited to implement a singleton mutex - which can in turn be used to guard the creation of the real singleton..) Excellent, it seems that I have a couple of good answers now (shame I can't mark 2 or 3 as being the answer). There appears to be two broad solutions: Use static initialisation (as opposed to dynamic initialisation) of a POD static varible, and implementing my own mutex with that using the builtin atomic instructions. This was the type of solution I was hinting at in my question, and I believe I knew already. Use some other library function like pthread_once or boost::call_once. These I certainly didn't know about - and am very grateful for the answers posted.

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  • Google Sitemap and Robots.txt Issue

    - by Sarfaraz Soomro
    Hi, We have a sitemap at our site, http://www.gamezebo.com/sitemap.xml Some of the urls in the sitemap, are being reported in the webmaster central as being blocked by our robots.txt, see, gamezebo.com/robots.txt ! Although these urls are not Disallowed in Robots.txt. There are other such urls aswell, for example, gamezebo.com/gamelinks is present in our sitemap, but it's being reported as "URL restricted by robots.txt". Also I have this parse result in the Webmaster Central that says, "Line 21: Crawl-delay: 10 Rule ignored by Googlebot". What does it mean? I appreciate your help, Thanks.

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