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• Most efficient way for a lookup/search in a huge list (python)

  - by user229269

  Hey guys, -- I just parsed a big file and I created a list containing 42.000 strings/words. I want to query [against this list] to check if a given word/string belongs to it. So my question is: What is the most efficient way for such a lookup? A first approach is to sort the list [list.sort()] and then just use the if word in list: print 'word' -- which is really trivial and I am sure there is a better way to do it. My goal is to apply a fast lookup that finds whether a given string is in this list or not. If you have any ideas of another data structure, they are welcome. Yet, I want to avoid for now more sophisticated data-structures like Tries etc. I am interested in hearing ideas (or tricks) about fast lookups or any other python library methods that might do the search faster than the simple 'in'. Thanks in advance!

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• Sending mail via sendmail from python

  - by Nate

  If I want to send mail not via SMTP, but rather via sendmail, is there a library for python that encapsulates this process? Better yet, is there a good library that abstracts the whole 'sendmail -versus- smtp' choice? I'll be running this script on a bunch of unix hosts, only some of which are listening on localhost:25; a few of these are part of embedded systems and can't be set up to accept SMTP. As part of Good Practice, I'd really like to have the library take care of header injection vulnerabilities itself -- so just dumping a string to popen('/usr/bin/sendmail', 'w') is a little closer to the metal than I'd like. If the answer is 'go write a library,' so be it ;-)

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• how to send data to server using python

  - by Apache

  hi experts, how data can be send to the server, for example i retrieve MAC address, so i want send to the server ( i.e 211.21.24.43:8080/data?mac=00-0C-F1-56-98-AD i found snippet from internet as below from urllib2 import Request, urlopen from binascii import b2a_base64 def b64open(url, postdata): req = Request(url, b2a_base64(postdata), headers={'Content-Transfer-Encoding': 'base64'}) return urlopen(req) conn = b64open("http://211.21.24.43:8080/data","mac=00-0C-F1-56-98-AD") but when run, File "send2.py", line 8 SyntaxError: Non-ASCII character '\xc3' in file send2.py on line 8, but no encoding declared; see http://www.python.org/peps/pep-0263.html for details can anyone help me how send data to the server thanks in advance

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• How to change font size using the Python ImageDraw Library

  - by Eldila

  I am trying to change the font size using python's ImageDraw library. You can do something like this: fontPath = "/usr/share/fonts/dejavu-lgc/DejaVuLGCSansCondensed-Bold.ttf" sans16 = ImageFont.truetype ( fontPath, 16 ) im = Image.new ( "RGB", (200,50), "#ddd" ) draw = ImageDraw.Draw ( im ) draw.text ( (10,10), "Run awayyyy!", font=sans16, fill="red" ) The problem is that I don't want to specify a font. I want to use the default font and just change the size of the font. This seems to me that it should be simple, but I can't find documentation on how to do this.

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• python: strange behavior about exec statement

  - by ifocus

  exec statement: exec code [ in globals[, locals]] When I execute the following code in python, the result really confused me. Some of the variables were setup into the globals, some were setup into the locals. s = """ # test var define int_v1 = 1 list_v1 = [1, 2, 3] dict_v1 = {1: 'hello', 2:'world', 3:'!'} # test built-in function list_v2 = [float(x) for x in list_v1] len_list_v1 = len(list_v1) # test function define def func(): global g_var, list_v1, dict_v1 print 'access var in globals:' print g_var print 'access var in locals:' for x in list_v1: print dict_v1[x] """ g = {'__builtins__': __builtins__, 'g_var': 'global'} l = {} exec s in g, l print 'globals:', g print 'locals:', l exec 'func()' in g, l the result in python2.6.5: globals: {'__builtins__': <module '__builtin__' (built-in)>, 'dict_v1': {1: 'hello', 2: 'world', 3: '!'}, 'g_var': 'global', 'list_v1': [1, 2, 3]} locals: {'int_v1': 1, 'func': <function func at 0x00ACA270>, 'x': 3, 'len_list_v1': 3, 'list_v2': [1.0, 2.0, 3.0]} access var in globals: global access var in locals: hello world ! And if I want to setup all variables and functions into the locals, and keep the rights of accessing the globals. How to do ?

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• Creating a unique key based on file content in python

  - by Cawas

  I got many, many files to be uploaded to the server, and I just want a way to avoid duplicates. Thus, generating a unique and small key value from a big string seemed something that a checksum was intended to do, and hashing seemed like the evolution of that. So I was going to use hash md5 to do this. But then I read somewhere that "MD5 are not meant to be unique keys" and I thought that's really weird. What's the right way of doing this? edit: by the way, I took two sources to get to the following, which is how I'm currently doing it and it's working just fine, with Python 2.5: import hashlib def md5_from_file (fileName, block_size=2**14): md5 = hashlib.md5() f = open(fileName) while True: data = f.read(block_size) if not data: break md5.update(data) f.close() return md5.hexdigest()

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• Draw and move a point over an image in python

  - by frx08

  Hi all I have to do a little script in Python. In this script I have a variable (that represents a coordinate) that is continuously updated to a new value. So I have to draw a red point over a image and update the point position every time the variable that contains the coordinate is updated. I tried to explain what I need doing something like this but obviously it doesn't works: import Tkinter, Image, ImageDraw, ImageTk i=0 root = Tkinter.Tk() im = Image.open("img.jpg") root.geometry("%dx%d" % (im.size[0], im.size[1])) while True: draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im) draw.ellipse((i, 0, 10, 10), fill=(255, 0, 0)) pi = ImageTk.PhotoImage(im) label = Tkinter.Label(root, image=pi) label.place(x=0, y=0, width=im.size[0], height=im.size[1]) i+=1 del draw someone may help me please? thanks very much!

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• python regex for repeating string

  - by Lars Nordin

  I am wanting to verify and then parse this string (in quotes): string = "start: c12354, c3456, 34526;" //Note that some codes begin with 'c' I would like to verify that the string starts with 'start:' and ends with ';' Afterward, I would like to have a regex parse out the strings. I tried the following python re code: regx = r"V1 OIDs: (c?[0-9]+,?)+;" reg = re.compile(regx) matched = reg.search(string) print ' matched.groups()', matched.groups() I have tried different variations but I can either get the first or the last code but not a list of all three. Or should I abandon using a regex?

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• Python IDLE freezes

  - by ooboo

  This is absolutely frustrating, but I am not sure if the following is an issue only on my machine or with IDLE in general. When attempting to print a long list in the shell, and that could happen by accident while debugging, the program crushes and you have to restart it manually. Even worse, if you have a few editor windows open, it always spawns a few sub-processes, and each of these has to be manually shut down from the task manager. Is there any way to avoid that? I am using Python 3, by the way.

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• Random List of millions of elements in Python Efficiently

  - by eWizardII

  Hello, I have read this answer potentially as the best way to randomize a list of strings in Python. I'm just wondering then if that's the most efficient way to do it because I have a list of about 30 million elements via the following code: import json from sets import Set from random import shuffle a = [] for i in range(0,193): json_data = open("C:/Twitter/user/user_" + str(i) + ".json") data = json.load(json_data) for j in range(0,len(data)): a.append(data[j]['su']) new = list(Set(a)) print "Cleaned length is: " + str(len(new)) ## Take Cleaned List and Randomize it for Analysis shuffle(new) If there is a more efficient way to do it, I'd greatly appreciate any advice on how to do it. Thanks,

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• Capturing stdout within the same process in Python

  - by danben

  I've got a python script that calls a bunch of functions, each of which writes output to stdout. Sometimes when I run it, I'd like to send the output in an e-mail (along with a generated file). I'd like to know how I can capture the output in memory so I can use the email module to build the e-mail. My ideas so far were: use a memory-mapped file (but it seems like I have to reserve space on disk for this, and I don't know how long the output will be) bypass all this and pipe the output to sendmail (but this may be difficult if I also want to attach the file)

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• Python Profiling In Windows, How do you ignore Builtin Functions

  - by Tim McJilton

  I have not been capable of finding this anywhere online. I was looking to find out using a profiler how to better optimize my code, and when sorting by which functions use up the most time cumulatively, things like str(), print, and other similar widely used functions eat up much of the profile. What is the best way to profile a python program to get the user-defined functions only to see what areas of their code they can optimize? I hope that makes sense, any light you can shed on this subject would be very appreciated.

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• Python grab class in class definition.

  - by epochwolf

  I don't even know how to explain this, so here is the code I'm trying. class Test: type = self.__name__ #self doesn't work, how do I get a reference to Test? class Test2(Test): pass #Test2.type should return "Test2" The reason I'm even trying this is I'm working on creating a base class for an orm I'm using. I want to avoid defining the table name for every model I have. Also knowing what the limits of python is will help me avoid wasting time trying impossible things.

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• Web framework recommendation for python (webservices, auth, cache, ...)

  - by illuminated

  Hi all, Googling for the past week, but cannot finally decide which python web framework would be right for me. The web app I'm about to develop would be almost completely "pure" html with js (jQuery). Server side would have to do the following: authentication session management caching web services (almost all the on page data would be pulled with jQuery through web services) secured web services (through some form of authentication; this is for remote accessing some of the web services though other web apps, desktop/mobile applications) If there is a good tutorial/guide/idea for how to do this in Django I would be most thankfull if someone could share it as I already have experience with it. The thing that made me start thinking about other frameworks is Django's built in ORM. I know I could swap it with SQLAlchemy, but wouldn't go down that road if I'm not sure all the rest of the requirements is supported. Thanks all in advance.

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• MD5 hash differences between Python and other file hashers

  - by Sam

  I have been doing a bit of programming in Python (still a n00b at it) and came across something odd. I made a small program to find the MD5 hash of a filename passed to it on the command line. I used a function I found here on SO. When I ran it against a file, I got a hash "58a...113". But when I ran Microsoft's FCIV or the md5sum.py in \Python26\Tools\Scripts\, I get a different hash, "591...ae6". The actual hashing part of the md5sum.py in Scripts is m = md5.new() while 1: data = fp.read(bufsize) if not data: break m.update(data) out.write('%s %s\n' % (m.hexdigest(), filename)) This looks functionally identical to the code in the function given in the other answer... What am I missing? (This is my first time posting to stackoverflow, please let me know if I am doing it wrong.)

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• Python Importing object that originates in one module from a different module into a third module

  - by adewinter

  I was reading the sourcode for a python project and came across the following line: from couchexport.export import Format (source: https://github.com/wbnigeria/couchexport/blob/master/couchexport/views.py#L1 ) I went over to couchexport/export.py to see what Format was (Class? Dict? something else?). Unfortunately Format isn't in that file. export.py does however import a Format from couchexport.models where there is a Format class (source: https://github.com/wbnigeria/couchexport/blob/master/couchexport/models.py#L11). When I open up the original file in my IDE and have it look up the declaration, in line I mentioned at the start of this question, it leads directly to models.py. What's going on? How can an import from one file (export.py) actually be an import from another file (models.py) without being explicitly stated?

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• How to sort a list by the 2nd tuple element in python and C#

  - by user350468

  I had a list of tuples where every tuple consists of two integers and I wanted to sort by the 2nd integer. After looking in the python help I got this: sorted(myList, key=lambda x: x[1]) which is great. My question is, is there an equally succinct way of doing this in C# (the language I have to work in)? I know the obvious answer involving creating classes and specifying an anonymous delegate for the whole compare step but perhaps there is a linq oriented way as well. Thanks in advance for any suggestions.

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• Python - react to custom keyboard interrupt

  - by flixic

  Hello. I am writing python chatbot that displays output through console. Every half second it asks server for updates, and responds to message. In the console I can see chat log. This is sufficient in most cases, however, sometimes I want to interrupt normal workflow and write custom chat answer myself. I would love to be able to press a button (or combination) that would switch to "custom reply mode". What is the best way to do that, or achieve similar result? Thanks a lot!

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• How can I "override" deepcopy in Python?

  - by Az

  Hi there, I'd like to override __deepcopy__ for a given SQLAlchemy-mapped class such that it ignores any SQLA attributes but deepcopies everything else that's part of the class. I'm not particularly familiar with overriding any of Python's built-in objects in particular but I've got some idea as to what I want. Let's just make a very simple class User that's mapped using SQLA. class User(object): def __init__(self, user_id, name): self.user_id = user_id self.name = name I've used dir() to see, before and after mapping, what SQLAlchemy-specific attributes there are and I've found _sa_class_manager and _sa_instance_state. Provided those are the only ones how would I ignore that when defining __deepcopy__? Also, are there any attributes the SQLA injects into the mapped object? (I asked this in a previous question (as an edit a few days after I selected an answer to the main question, though) but I think I missed the train there. Apologies for that.)

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• python: multiline regular expression

  - by facha

  Hi, everyone I have a piece of text and I've got to parse usernames and hashes out of it. Right now I'm doing it with two regular expressions. Could I do it with just one multiline regular expression? #!/usr/bin/env python import re test_str = """ Hello, UserName. Please read this looooooooooooooooong text. hash Now, write down this hash: fdaf9399jef9qw0j. Then keep reading this loooooooooong text. Hello, UserName2. Please read this looooooooooooooooong text. hash Now, write down this hash: gtwnhton340gjr2g. Then keep reading this loooooooooong text. """ logins = re.findall('Hello, (?P<login>.+).',test_str) hashes = re.findall('hash: (?P<hash>.+).',test_str)

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• Running "source" from python

  - by R S

  Hello, I have a file a.txt with lines of commands I want to run, say: echo 1 echo 2 echo 3 If I was on csh (unix), I would have done source a.txt and it would run. From python I want to run os.execl with it, however I get: >>> os.execl("source", "a.txt") Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> File "/usr/lib/python2.5/os.py", line 322, in execl execv(file, args) OSError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory How to do it?

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• Problem with literal arguments in the PATTERN string for a python 2to3 fixer

  - by Zxaos

  Hi folks. I'm writing a fixer for the 2to3 tool in python. In my pattern string, I have a section where I'd like to match an empty string as an argument, or an empty unicode string. The relevant chunk of my pattern looks like: (args='""' | args='u""') My issue is the second option never matches. Even if it's alone, it won't match. However, if I simply say args=any and then output args, I can catch cases where args is exactly equal to the second option. Is there some weird unicode handling thing going on? Why won't the second literal option ever match?

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• Python scope problems only when _assigning_ to a variable

  - by wallacoloo

  So I'm having a very strange error right now. I found where it happens, and here's the simplest code that can reproduce it. def parse_ops(str_in): c_type = "operator" def c_dat_check_type(t): print c_type #c_type = t c_dat_check_type("number") >>> parse_ops("12+a*2.5") If you run it as-is, it prints "operator". But if you uncomment that line, it gives an error: Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#212>", line 1, in <module> parse_ops("12+a*2.5") File "<pyshell#211>", line 7, in parse_ops c_dat_check_type("number") File "<pyshell#211>", line 4, in c_dat_check_type print c_type UnboundLocalError: local variable 'c_type' referenced before assignment Notice the error occurs on the line that worked just fine before. Any ideas what causes this and how I can fix this? I'm using Python 2.6.1.

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• Python: Hack to call a method on an object that isn't of its class

  - by cool-RR

  Assume you define a class, which has a method which does some complicated processing: class A(object): def my_method(self): # Some complicated processing is done here return self And now you want to use that method on some object from another class entirely. Like, you want to do A.my_method(7). This is what you'd get: TypeError: unbound method my_method() must be called with A instance as first argument (got int instance instead). Now, is there any possibility to hack things so you could call that method on 7? I'd want to avoid moving the function or rewriting it. (Note that the method's logic does depend on self.) One note: I know that some people will want to say, "You're doing it wrong! You're abusing Python! You shouldn't do it!" So yes, I know, this is a terrible terrible thing I want to do. I'm asking if someone knows how to do it, not how to preach to me that I shouldn't do it.

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• Return numerical array in python

  - by khan

  Okay..this is kind of an interesting question. I have a php form through which user enters values for x and y like this: X: [1,3,4] Y: [2,4,5] These values are stored into database as varchars. From there, these are called by a python program which is supposed to use them as numerical (numpy) arrays. However, these are called as plain strings, which means that calculation can not be performed over them. Is there a way to convert them into numerical arrays before processing or is there something else which is wrong? Helpp!!

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