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• Return numerical array in python

  - by khan

  Okay..this is kind of an interesting question. I have a php form through which user enters values for x and y like this: X: [1,3,4] Y: [2,4,5] These values are stored into database as varchars. From there, these are called by a python program which is supposed to use them as numerical (numpy) arrays. However, these are called as plain strings, which means that calculation can not be performed over them. Is there a way to convert them into numerical arrays before processing or is there something else which is wrong? Helpp!!

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• Read random lines from huge CSV file in Python

  - by jbssm

  I have this quite big CSV file (15 Gb) and I need to read about 1 million random lines from it. As far as I can see - and implement - the CSV utility in Python only allows to iterate sequentially in the file. It's very memory consuming to read the all file into memory to use some random choosing and it's very time consuming to go trough all the file and discard some values and choose others, so, is there anyway to choose some random line from the CSV file and read only that line? I tried without success: import csv with open('linear_e_LAN2A_F_0_435keV.csv') as file: reader = csv.reader(file) print reader[someRandomInteger] A sample of the CSV file: 331.093,329.735 251.188,249.994 374.468,373.782 295.643,295.159 83.9058,0 380.709,116.221 352.238,351.891 183.809,182.615 257.277,201.302 61.4598,40.7106

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• Apply function to one element of a list in Python

  - by user189637

  I'm looking for a concise and functional style way to apply a function to one element of a tuple and return the new tuple, in Python. For example, for the following input: inp = ("hello", "my", "friend") I would like to be able to get the following output: out = ("hello", "MY", "friend") I came up with two solutions which I'm not satisfied with. One uses a higher-order function. def apply_at(arr, func, i): return arr[0:i] + [func(arr[i])] + arr[i+1:] apply_at(inp, lambda x: x.upper(), 1) One uses list comprehensions (this one assumes the length of the tuple is known). [(a,b.upper(),c) for a,b,c in [inp]][0] Is there a better way? Thanks!

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• Running "source" from python

  - by R S

  Hello, I have a file a.txt with lines of commands I want to run, say: echo 1 echo 2 echo 3 If I was on csh (unix), I would have done source a.txt and it would run. From python I want to run os.execl with it, however I get: >>> os.execl("source", "a.txt") Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> File "/usr/lib/python2.5/os.py", line 322, in execl execv(file, args) OSError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory How to do it?

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• Python having problems writing/reading and testing in a correct format

  - by Ionut

  I’m trying to make a program that will do the following: check if auth_file exists if yes - read file and try to login using data from that file - if data is wrong - request new data if no - request some data and then create the file and fill it with requested data So far: import json import getpass import os import requests filename = ".auth_data" auth_file = os.path.realpath(filename) url = 'http://example.com/api' headers = {'content-type': 'application/json'} def load_auth_file(): try: f = open(auth_file, "r") auth_data = f.read() r = requests.get(url, auth=auth_data, headers=headers) if r.reason == 'OK': return auth_data else: print "Incorrect login..." req_auth() except IOError: f = file(auth_file, "w") f.write(req_auth()) f.close() def req_auth(): user = str(raw_input('Username: ')) password = getpass.getpass('Password: ') auth_data = (user, password) r = requests.get(url, auth=auth_data, headers=headers) if r.reason == 'OK': return user, password elif r.reason == "FORBIDDEN": print "Incorrect login information..." req_auth() return False I have the following problems(understanding and applying the correct way): I can't find a correct way of storing the returned data from req_auth() to auth_file in a format that can be read and used in load_auth file PS: Of course I'm a beginner in Python and I'm sure I have missed some key elements here :(

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• Need help understanding some Python code

  - by Yarin

  I'm new to Python, and stumped by this piece of code from the Boto project: class SubdomainCallingFormat(_CallingFormat): @assert_case_insensitive def get_bucket_server(self, server, bucket): return '%s.%s' % (bucket, server) def assert_case_insensitive(f): def wrapper(*args, **kwargs): if len(args) == 3 and not (args[2].islower() or args[2].isalnum()): raise BotoClientError("Bucket names cannot contain upper-case " \ "characters when using either the sub-domain or virtual " \ "hosting calling format.") return f(*args, **kwargs) return wrapper Trying to understand what's going on here. What is the '@' symbol in @assert_case_sensitive ? What do the args *args, **kwargs mean? What does 'f' represent? Thanks!

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• Python how to handle # in a dictionary

  - by Jack

  I've got some json from last.fm's api which I've serialised into a dictionary using simplejson. A quick example of the basic structure is below. { "artist": "similar": { "artist": { "name": "Blah", "image": {"#text":"URLHERE","size": "small"} "image": {"#text":"URLHERE","size": "medium"} "image": {"#text":"URLHERE","size": "large"} } } } Any ideas how I can access the image urls of various different sizes. My attempts at accessing the #text variable don't seem to work because python doesn't appear to like #'s in the names. And any ideas how I can easily get the url for the depending on the size? Thanks, Jack

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• Counts of events grouped by date in python?

  - by Sologoub

  This is no doubt another noobish question, but I'll ask it anyways: I have a data set of events with exact datetime in UTC. I'd like to create a line chart showing total number of events by day (date) in the specified date range. Right now I can retrieve the total data set for the needed date range, but then I need to go through it and count up for each date. The app is running on google app engine and is using python. What is the best way to create a new data set showing date and corresponding counts (including if there were no events on that date) that I can then use to pass this info to a django template? Data set for this example looks like this: class Event(db.Model): event_name = db.StringProperty() doe = db.DateTimeProperty() dlu = db.DateTimeProperty() user = db.UserProperty() Ideally, I want something with date and count for that date. Thanks and please let me know if something else is needed to answer this question!

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• Python: Huge file reading by using linecache Vs normal file access open()

  - by user335223

  Hi, I am in a situation where multiple threads reading the same huge file with mutliple file pointers to same file. The file will have atleast 1 million lines. Eachline's length varies from 500 characters to 1500 characters. There won't "write" operations on the file. Each thread will start reading the same file from different lines. Which is the efficient way..? Using the Python's linecache or normal readline() or is there anyother effient way?

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• Using Python simplejson for transmitting JSON to another server results in unicode encoding problems

  - by Mark

  Hi there, I'm encoding a string with Python's simplejson library with special characters: hello testing spécißl characters plusses: +++++ special chars :œ?´®†¥¨ˆøp“ß?ƒ©??°¬O˜çv?˜µ== However, when I encode it and transmit it to the other machine (using POST), it turns out like this: {'message': ['{"body": "hello testing sp\\u00e9ci\\u00dfl characters\\n\\nplusses: \\n\\nspecial chars :\\u0153\\u2211\\u00b4\\u00ae\\u2020\\u00a5\\u00a8\\u02c6\\u00f8\\u03c0\\u201c\\u00df\\u2202\\u0192\\u00a9\\u02d9\\u2206\\u02da\\u00ac\\u03a9\\u2248\\u00e7\\u221a\\u222b\\u02dc\\u00b5\\u2264\\u2265"}']} The + signs are completely stripped and the rest are in this unicode(?) format. My code for this is: data = {'body': data_string} data_encoded = json.dumps(data) Any ideas? Thanks! Edit: I've tried using json.dumps(data, ensure_ascii=False) but it results in a UnicodeError ordinal not in range error.

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• Python scope problems only when _assigning_ to a variable

  - by wallacoloo

  So I'm having a very strange error right now. I found where it happens, and here's the simplest code that can reproduce it. def parse_ops(str_in): c_type = "operator" def c_dat_check_type(t): print c_type #c_type = t c_dat_check_type("number") >>> parse_ops("12+a*2.5") If you run it as-is, it prints "operator". But if you uncomment that line, it gives an error: Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#212>", line 1, in <module> parse_ops("12+a*2.5") File "<pyshell#211>", line 7, in parse_ops c_dat_check_type("number") File "<pyshell#211>", line 4, in c_dat_check_type print c_type UnboundLocalError: local variable 'c_type' referenced before assignment Notice the error occurs on the line that worked just fine before. Any ideas what causes this and how I can fix this? I'm using Python 2.6.1.

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• How can I "override" deepcopy in Python?

  - by Az

  Hi there, I'd like to override __deepcopy__ for a given SQLAlchemy-mapped class such that it ignores any SQLA attributes but deepcopies everything else that's part of the class. I'm not particularly familiar with overriding any of Python's built-in objects in particular but I've got some idea as to what I want. Let's just make a very simple class User that's mapped using SQLA. class User(object): def __init__(self, user_id, name): self.user_id = user_id self.name = name I've used dir() to see, before and after mapping, what SQLAlchemy-specific attributes there are and I've found _sa_class_manager and _sa_instance_state. Provided those are the only ones how would I ignore that when defining __deepcopy__? Also, are there any attributes the SQLA injects into the mapped object? (I asked this in a previous question (as an edit a few days after I selected an answer to the main question, though) but I think I missed the train there. Apologies for that.)

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• How do I splice a python string programmatically?

  - by Robin Welch

  Very simple question, hopefully. So, in Python you can split up strings using indices as follows: >>> a="abcdefg" >>> print a[2:4] cd but how do you do this if the indices are based on variables? E.g. >>> j=2 >>> h=4 >>> print a[j,h] Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in ? TypeError: string indices must be integers

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• stuck in while loop python

  - by user1717330

  I am creating a chat server in python and got quite far as a noob in the language. I am having 1 problem at the moment which I want to solve before I go further, but I cannot seem to find how to get the problem solved. It is about a while loop that continues.. in the below code is where it goes wrong while 1: try: data = self.channel.recv ( 1024 ) print "Message from client: ", data if "exit" in data: self.channel.send("You have closed youre connection.\n") break except KeyboardInterrupt: break except: raise When this piece of code get executed, on my client I need to enter "exit" to quit the connection. This works as a charm, but when I use CTRL+C to exit the connection, my server prints "Message from client: " a couple of thousand times. where am I going wrong?

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• Python .app doesn't read .txt file like it should

  - by Bambo

  This question relates to this one: Python app which reads and writes into its current working directory as a .app/exe i got the path to the .txt file fine however now when i try to open it and read the contents it seems that it doesn't extract the data properly. Here's my code - http://pastie.org/4876896 These are the errors i'm getting: 30/09/2012 10:28:49.103 [0x0-0x4e04e].org.pythonmac.unspecified.main: for index, item in enumerate( lines ): # iterate through lines 30/09/2012 10:28:49.103 [0x0-0x4e04e].org.pythonmac.unspecified.main: TypeError: 'NoneType' object is not iterable I kind of understand what the errors mean however i'm not sure why they are being flagged up because if i run my script with it not in a .app form it doesn't get these errors and extracts the data fine.

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• Python programming. Accessing Windows rigth click menu options

  - by Zack

  I'm hoping to automate a few tasks at work. One of them being combining and converting power point files to PDFs. I'm a bit of a newbie (I just finished Magus Heitland's Beginning Python), so I'm not entirely sure what I'm specifically asking. On windows, one can select multiple files, right click, and select combine as adobe PDF. I've figured out the 'grouping' of the files I want to convert (I traverse the dir and nest the files inside of a list based on their names), but I'm unsure how to pursue the next step (the rightclick/combine command). Googling has led me to things like win32api, pywinauto, and ctypes. But as I read over what they do my newbieness prevents me from knowing which is the tool I need. Could any one suggest a few good resources or tips?

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• Summary count for Python logging

  - by Craig McQueen

  At the end of my Python program, I'd like to be able to get a summary of the number of items logged through the standard logging module. I'd specifically like to be able to get a count for each specified name (and possibly its children). E.g. if I have: input_logger = getLogger('input') input_logger.debug("got input1") input_logger.debug("got input2") input_logger.debug("got input3") network_input_logger = getLogger('input.network') network_input_logger.debug("got network input1") network_input_logger.debug("got network input2") getLogger('output') output_logger.debug("sent output1") Then at the end I'd like to get a summary such as: input: 5 input.network: 2 output: 1 Perhaps by calling a getcount() method for a logger or a handler. What would be a good way to achieve this? I imagine it would involve a sub-class of one of the logging classes, but I'm not sure which one would be best.

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• Dealing with Windows line-endings in Python

  - by Adam Nelson

  I've got a 700MB XML file coming from a Windows provider. As one might expect, the line endings are '\r\n' (or ^M in vi). What is the most efficient way to deal with this situation aside from getting the supplier to send over '\n' :-) Use os.linesep Use rstrip() (requiring opening the file ... which seems crazy) Using Universal newline support is not standard on my Mac Snow Leopard - so isn't an option. I'm open to anything that requires Python 2.6+ but it needs to work on Snow Leopard and Ubuntu 9.10 with minimal external requirements. I don't mind a small performance penalty but I am looking for the standard best way to deal with this.

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• Python unittest with expensive setup

  - by Staale

  My test file is basically: class Test(unittest.TestCase): def testOk(): pass if __name__ == "__main__": expensiveSetup() try: unittest.main() finally: cleanUp() However, I do wish to run my test through Netbeans testing tools, and to do that I need unittests that don't rely on an environment setup done in main. Looking at http://stackoverflow.com/questions/402483/caching-result-of-setup-using-python-unittest - it recommends using Nose. However, I don't think Netbeans supports this. I didn't find any information indicating that it does. Additionally, I am the only one here actually writing tests, so I don't want to introduce additional dependencies for the other 2 developers unless they are needed. How can I do the setup and cleanup once for all the tests in my TestSuite? The expensive setup here is creating some files with dummy data, as well as setting up and tearing down a simple xml-rpc server. I also have 2 test classes, one testing locally and one testing all methods over xml-rpc.

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• Python win32api not moving mouse cursor in VirtualBox

  - by wes

  I'm trying to use this Python code: import math for i in xrange(500): x = 500 + math.sin(math.pi * i / 100) * 500 y = 500 + math.cos(i) * 100 x, y = int(x), int(y) win32api.SetCursorPos((x, y)) time.sleep(.01) taken from here to move the mouse cursor in an XP VirtualBox. The mouse icon will flicker to the appropriate graphic (when it hits the edge of a window it turns into the <- resize image, for instance), but it doesn't actually move the visible cursor. I can move the mouse around while the code is running. Same result using the ctypes example in the above link. It works fine in the Win7 host. I have Guest Additions installed, if that matters.

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• What are "named tuples" in Python?

  - by Denilson Sá

  Reading the changes in Python 3.1, I found something... unexpected: The sys.version_info tuple is now a named tuple: I never heard about named tuples before, and I thought elements could either be indexed by numbers (like in tuples and lists) or by keys (like in dicts). I never expected they could be indexed both ways. Thus, my questions are: What are named tuples? How to use them? Why/when should I use named tuples instead of normal tuples? Why/when should I use normal tuples instead of named tuples? Is there any kind of "named list" (a mutable version of the named tuple)?

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• Python Class inherit from all submodules

  - by Dhruv Govil

  I'm currently writing a wrapper in python for a lot of custom company tools. I'm basically going to break each tool into its own py file with a class containing the call to the tool as a method. These will all be contained in a package. Then there'll be a master class that will import all from the package, then inherit from each and every class, so as to appear as one cohesive class. masterClass.py pyPackage - __ init__.py - module1.py --class Module1 ---method tool1 - module2.py --class Module2 ---method tool2 etc Right now, I'm autogenerating the master class file to inherit from the packages modules, but I was wondering if there was a more elegant way to do it? ie from package import * class MasterClass(package.all): pass

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• Find the min max and average of one column of data in python

  - by user1440194

  I have a set of data that looks like this 201206040210 -3461.00000000 -8134.00000000 -4514.00000000 -4394.00000000 0 201206040211 -3580.00000000 -7967.00000000 -4614.00000000 -7876.00000000 0 201206040212 -3031.00000000 -9989.00000000 -9989.00000000 -3419.00000000 0 201206040213 -1199.00000000 -6961.00000000 -3798.00000000 -5822.00000000 0 201206040214 -2940.00000000 -5524.00000000 -5492.00000000 -3394.00000000 0 I want to take the second to last column and find the min, max, and average. Im a little confused on how to use split when the columns are delimited by a space and -. i Figure once i do that i can use min() and max function. I have written a shell script to do the same here #!/bin/ksh awk '{print substr($5,2);}' data' > /data1 sort -n data1 > data2 tail -1 data2 head -1 data2 awk '{sum+=$1} END {print "average = ",sum/NR}' data2 Im just not sure how to do this in python. Thanks

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• Problems trying to format currency with Python (Django)

  - by h3

  I have the following code in Django: import locale locale.setlocale( locale.LC_ALL, '' ) def format_currency(i): return locale.currency(float(i), grouping=True) It work on some computers in dev mode, but as soon as I try to deploy it on production I get this error: Exception Type: TemplateSyntaxError Exception Value: Caught ValueError while rendering: Currency formatting is not possible using the 'C' locale. Exception Location: /usr/lib/python2.6/locale.py in currency, line 240 The weird thing is that I can do this on the production server and it will work without any errors: python manage.py shell >>> import locale >>> locale.setlocale( locale.LC_ALL, '' ) 'en_CA.UTF-8' >>> locale.currency(1, grouping=True) '$1.00' I .. don't get it.i

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• Subtracting two lists in Python

  - by wich

  In Python, How can one subtract two non-unique, unordered lists? Say we have a = [0,1,2,1,0] and b = [0, 1, 1] I'd like to do something like c = a - b and have c be [2, 0] or [0, 2] order doesn't matter to me. This should throw an exception if a does not contain all elements in b. Note this is different from sets! I'm not interested in finding the difference of the sets of elements in a and b, I'm interested in the difference between the actual collections of elements in a and b. I can probably work this out with a for loop, looking up the first element of b in a and then removing the element from b and from a, etc. But this doesn't appeal to me, I'd like to do this with list comprehension in a nice and easy way. Is this possible?

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