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  • Python - How can I make this code asynchronous?

    - by dave
    Here's some code that illustrates my problem: def blocking1(): while True: yield 'first blocking function example' def blocking2(): while True: yield 'second blocking function example' for i in blocking1(): print 'this will be shown' for i in blocking2(): print 'this will not be shown' I have two functions which contain while True loops. These will yield data which I will then log somewhere (most likely, to an sqlite database). I've been playing around with threading and have gotten it working. However, I don't really like it... What I would like to do is make my blocking functions asynchronous. Something like: def blocking1(callback): while True: callback('first blocking function example') def blocking2(callback): while True: callback('second blocking function example') def log(data): print data blocking1(log) blocking2(log) How can I achieve this in Python? I've seen the standard library comes with asyncore and the big name in this game is Twisted but both of these seem to be used for socket IO. How can I async my non-socket related, blocking functions?

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  • Rename Files in Python

    - by Jeff
    Hi all, Im trying to rename some files in a directory using python. I've looked around the forums here, and because i'm a noob, I cant adapt what I need from what is out there. Say I have a file called CHEESE_CHEESE_TYPE.*** and want to remove "Cheese_" so my resulting filename would be "CHEESE_TYPE" Im trying to use the os.path.split but it's not working properly. I have also considered using string manipulations, but have not been successful with that either. Any help would be greatly appreciated. Thanks.

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  • How python logging get it's configuration

    - by Andrew_1510
    I used to Python logging, it works fine. The logging.basicConfig(...) set in one module (a some.py file), then we can use logging every where. Obviously, logging is global. The question is how logging find it's settings, when we not call the module where basicConfig(...) appeared (in some.py file )? Is logging scan all the packages? Even the logging.basicConfig(...) put into an any.py and the module (any.py) never get imported, or not used anywhere, the logging setting take effect!

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  • Putting a variable inside a string (python)

    - by Gish
    Hi I am quite new to python and this is probably quite a basic question but the help would be much appreciated. I would like to put an int within a string. This is what I am doing at the moment.. end = smooth(data,window_len=40) plot.plot(time[0:len(end)],end) plot.savefig('hanning(40).pdf') #problem line I have to run the program for several different numbers instead of the two 40's. So I'd like to do a loop but inserting the variable like this doesn't work: plot.savefig('hanning',num,'.pdf') Thanks!

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  • Python finding index in a array

    - by NIH
    I am trying to see if a company from a list of companies is in a line in a file. If it is I utilize the index of that company to increment a variable in another array. The following is my python code. I keep getting the following error: AttributeError: 'set' object has no attribute 'index'. I cannot figure out what is going wrong and think the error is the line that is surrounded by **. companies={'white house black market', 'macy','nordstrom','filene','walmart'} positives=[0 for x in xrange(len(companies))] negatives=[0 for x in xrange(len(companies))] for line in f: for company in companies: if company in line.lower(): words=tokenize.word_tokenize(line) bag=bag_of_words(words) classif=classifier.classify(bag) if classif=='pos': **indice =companies.index(company)** positives[indice]+=1 elif classif=='neg': **indice =companies.index(company)** negatives[indice]+=1

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  • Way to kill python thread from inside thread?

    - by user859434
    I have some python code that currently performs expensive computation by performing the computation in parallel through many threads. For a given time period, many threads are created and started on the fly that share the same code which is explicitly stated within the run method of the thread. My question is how do I stop/kill a thread at the end of its run method? (the run is only called once) I need to do this in order to create more threads for the next batch of computation. #Example class someThread(threading.Thread): def __init__(self): #some init code def run(self): #Explicitly Stated Code without constant loops #Something performed to stop/kill this thread

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  • Learning Python Basics

    - by StaticExtasy
    So I'm trying to learn python better and i've been using this website http://www.learnpython.org/ I'm on to functions right now, heres the code #Add your functions here (before the existing functions) def list_benefits(): myList = ['More organized code','More readable code','Easier code reuse','Allowing programmers to share and connect code together'] return myList def build_sentence(info): addMe = " is a benefit of functions!" for i in info: meInfo = i + addMe return meInfo def name_the_benefits_of_functions(): list_of_benefits = list_benefits() for benefit in list_of_benefits: print build_sentence(benefit) name_the_benefits_of_functions() the output being e is a benefit of functions! e is a benefit of functions! e is a benefit of functions! r is a benefit of functions! What am i missing to return the whole scentence

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  • Python Code Creation

    - by user3677715
    I've been trying to make a simple code where a = e, b = z, and so forth. This is what I have in python so far: done = False while not done: Letter = input("Letter:") if Letter == "a": print("e") if Letter == "e": print("a") if Letter == "b": print("z") if Letter == "z": print("b") if Letter == "c": print("x") if Letter == "x": print("c") if Letter == "d": print("w") if Letter == "w": print("d") if Letter == "f": print("v") if Letter == "v": print("f") input = input("Start over? Y/N :") if input == "N": done = True With this, I can put in only letters, not words. How can I string together multiple letters to create a word? Thanks

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  • Joining the previous and next sentence using python

    - by JudoWill
    I'm trying to join a set of sentences contained in a list. I have a function which determines whether a sentence in worth saving. However, in order to keep the context of the sentence I need to also keep the sentence before and after it. In the edge cases, where its either the first or last sentence then, I'll just keep the sentence and its only neighbor. An example is best: ex_paragraph = ['The quick brown fox jumps over the fence.', 'Where there is another red fox.', 'They run off together.', 'They live hapily ever after.'] t1 = lambda x: x.startswith('Where') t2 = lambda x: x'startswith('The ') The result for t1 should be: ['The quick brown fox jumps over the fence. Where there is another red fox. They run off together.'] The result for t2 should be: ['The quick brown fox jumps over the fence. Where there is another red fox.'] My solution is: def YieldContext(sent_list, cont_fun): def JoinSent(sent_list, ind): if ind == 0: return sent_list[ind]+sent_list[ind+1] elif ind == len(sent_list)-1: return sent_list[ind-1]+sent_list[ind] else: return ' '.join(sent_list[ind-1:ind+1]) for sent, sentnum in izip(sent_list, count(0)): if cont_fun(sent): yield JoinSent(sent_list, sent_num) Does anyone know a "cleaner" or more pythonic way to do something like this. The if-elif-else seems a little forced. Thanks, Will PS. I'm obviously doing this with a more complicated "context-function" but this is just for a simple example.

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  • Python c_types .dll functions (pari library)

    - by silinter
    Alright, so a couple days ago I decided to try and write a primitive wrapper for the PARI library. Ever since then I've been playing with ctypes library in loading the dll and accessing the functions contained using code similar to the following: from ctypes import * libcyg=CDLL("<path/cygwin1.dll") #It needs cygwin to be loaded. Not sure why. pari=CDLL("<path>/libpari-gmp-2.4.dll") print pari.fibo #fibonacci function #prints something like "<_FuncPtr object at 0x00BA5828>" So the functions are there and they can potentially be accessed, but I always recieve an access violation no matter what I try. For example: pari.fibo(5) #access violation pari.fibo(c_int(5)) #access violation pari.fibo.argtypes=[c_long] #setting arguments manually pari.fibo.restype=long #set the return type pari.fibo(byref(c_int(5))) #access violation reading 0x04 consistently and any variation on that, including setting argtypes to receive pointers. The Pari .dll is written in C and the fibonacci function's syntax within the library is GEN fibo(long x) (docs @http://pari.math.u-bordeaux.fr/dochtml/html/Arithmetic_functions.html#fibonacci, I need more rep it seems). Could it be the return type that's causing these errors, as it is not a standard int or long but a GEN type, which is unique to the PARI library? Any help would be appreciated. If anyone is able to successfully load the library and use ANY function from within python, please tell; I've been at this for hours now.

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  • Python Process won't call atexit

    - by Brian M. Hunt
    I'm trying to use atexit in a Process, but unfortunately it doesn't seem to work. Here's some example code: import time import atexit import logging import multiprocessing logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG) class W(multiprocessing.Process): def run(self): logging.debug("%s Started" % self.name) @atexit.register def log_terminate(): # ever called? logging.debug("%s Terminated!" % self.name) while True: time.sleep(10) @atexit.register def log_exit(): logging.debug("Main process terminated") logging.debug("Main process started") a = W() b = W() a.start() b.start() time.sleep(1) a.terminate() b.terminate() The output of this code is: DEBUG:root:Main process started DEBUG:root:W-1 Started DEBUG:root:W-2 Started DEBUG:root:Main process terminated I would expect that the W.run.log_terminate() would be called when a.terminate() and b.terminate() are called, and the output to be something likeso (emphasis added)!: DEBUG:root:Main process started DEBUG:root:W-1 Started DEBUG:root:W-2 Started DEBUG:root:W-1 Terminated! DEBUG:root:W-2 Terminated! DEBUG:root:Main process terminated Why isn't this working, and is there a better way to log a message (from the Process context) when a Process is terminated? Thank you for your input - it's much appreciated.

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  • Problem with python urllib

    - by mudder
    I'm getting an error when ever I try to pull down a web page with urllib.urlopen. I've disabled windows firewall and my AV so its not that. I can access the pages in my browser. I even reinstalled python to rule out it being a broken urllib. Any help would be greatly appreciated. >>> import urllib >>> h = urllib.urlopen("http://www.google.com").read() Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#1>", line 1, in <module> h = urllib.urlopen("http://www.google.com").read() File "C:\Python26\lib\urllib.py", line 86, in urlopen return opener.open(url) File "C:\Python26\lib\urllib.py", line 205, in open return getattr(self, name)(url) File "C:\Python26\lib\urllib.py", line 344, in open_http h.endheaders() File "C:\Python26\lib\httplib.py", line 904, in endheaders self._send_output() File "C:\Python26\lib\httplib.py", line 776, in _send_output self.send(msg) File "C:\Python26\lib\httplib.py", line 735, in send self.connect() File "C:\Python26\lib\httplib.py", line 716, in connect self.timeout) File "C:\Python26\lib\socket.py", line 514, in create_connection raise error, msg IOError: [Errno socket error] [Errno 10061] No connection could be made because the target machine actively refused it >>>

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  • Does Ctypes Structures and POINTERS automatically free the memory when the Python object is deleted?

    - by jsbueno
    When using Python CTypes there are the Structures, that allow you to clone c-structures on the Python side, and the POINTERS objects that create a sofisticated Python Object from a memory address value and can be used to pass objects by reference back and forth C code. What I could not find on the documentation or elsewhere is what happens when a Python object containing a Structure class that was de-referenced from a returning pointer from C Code (that is - the C function alocated memory for the structure) is itself deleted. Is the memory for the original C structure freed? If not how to do it? Furthermore -- what if the Structure contains Pointers itself, to other data that was also allocated by the C function? Does the deletion of the Structure object frees the Pointers onits members? (I doubt so) Else - -how to do it? Trying to call the system "free" from Python for the Pointers in the Structure is crashing Python for me. In other words, I have this structure filled up by a c Function call: class PIX(ctypes.Structure): """Comments not generated """ _fields_ = [ ("w", ctypes.c_uint32), ("h", ctypes.c_uint32), ("d", ctypes.c_uint32), ("wpl", ctypes.c_uint32), ("refcount", ctypes.c_uint32), ("xres", ctypes.c_uint32), ("yres", ctypes.c_uint32), ("informat", ctypes.c_int32), ("text", ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_char)), ("colormap", ctypes.POINTER(PIXCOLORMAP)), ("data", ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_uint32)) ] And I want to free the memory it is using up from Python code.

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  • Python and a "time value of money" problem.

    - by jamieb
    (I asked this question earlier today, but I did a poor job of explaining myself. Let me try again) I have a client who is an industrial maintenance company. They sell service agreements that are prepaid 20 hour blocks of a technician's time. Some of their larger customers might burn through that agreement in two weeks while customers with fewer problems might go eight months on that same contract. I would like to use Python to help model projected sales revenue and determine how many billable hours per month that they'll be on the hook for. If each customer only ever bought a single service contract (never renewed) it would be easy to figure sales as monthly_revenue = contract_value * qty_contracts_sold. Billable hours would also be easy: billable_hrs = hrs_per_contract * qty_contracts_sold. However, how do I account for renewals? Assuming that 90% (or some other arbitrary amount) of customers renew, then their monthly revenue ought to grow geometrically. Another important variable is how long the average customer burns through a contract. How do I determine what the revenue and billable hours will be 3, 6, or 12 months from now, based on various renewal and burn rates? I assume that I'd use some type of recursive function but math was never one of my strong points. Any suggestions please? Edit: I'm thinking that the best way to approach this is to think of it as a "time value of money" problem. I've retitled the question as such. The problem is probably a lot more common if you think of "monthly sales" as something similar to annuity payments.

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  • Cannot run Python script on Windows with output redirected??

    - by Wai Yip Tung
    This is running on Windows 7 (64 bit), Python 2.6 with Win32 Extensions for Python. I have a simple script that just print "hello world". I can launch it with python hello.py. In this case I can redirect the output to a file. But if I run it by just typing hello.py on the command line and redirect the output, I get an exception. C:> python hello.py hello world C:> python hello.py >output C:> type output hello world C:> hello.py hello world C:> hello.py >output close failed in file object destructor: Error in sys.excepthook: Original exception was: I think I first get this error after upgrading to Windows 7. I remember it should work in XP. I have seen people talking about this bug python-Bugs-1012692 | Can't pipe input to a python program. But that was long time ago. And it does not mention any solution. Have anyone experienced this? Anyone can help?

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  • Python: For loop problem

    - by James
    I have a PSP page with html embedded. I need to place another for loop so i can insert another %s next to background-color: which will instert a appropriate colour to colour in the html table. For example i need to insert for z in colours so it can loop over the colours list and insert the correct colour. Where ever i try to insert the for loop it doesnt seem to work it most commonly colours each cell in the table 60 times then moves onto the next cell and repeats itself and crashes my web browser. The colours are held in a table called colours. code below: <table> <% s = ''.join(aa[i] for i in table if i in aa) for i in range(0, len(s), 60): req.write('<tr><td><TT>%04d</td>' % (i+1)); for k in s[i:i+60]: req.write('<TT><td><TT><font style="background-color:">%s<font></td>' % (k)); req.write('</TT></tr>') #end %> </table>

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  • how to multithread on a python server

    - by user3732790
    HELP please i have this code import socket from threading import * import time HOST = '' # Symbolic name meaning all available interfaces PORT = 8888 # Arbitrary non-privileged port s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) print ('Socket created') s.bind((HOST, PORT)) print ('Socket bind complete') s.listen(10) print ('Socket now listening') def listen(conn): odata = "" end = 'end' while end == 'end': data = conn.recv(1024) if data != odata: odata = data print(data) if data == b'end': end = "" print("conection ended") conn.close() while True: time.sleep(1) conn, addr = s.accept() print ('Connected with ' + addr[0] + ':' + str(addr[1])) Thread.start_new_thread(listen,(conn)) and i would like it so that when ever a person comes onto the server it has its own thread. but i can't get it to work please someone help me. :_( here is the error code: Socket created Socket bind complete Socket now listening Connected with 127.0.0.1:61475 Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:\Users\Myles\Desktop\test recever - Copy.py", line 29, in <module> Thread.start_new_thread(listen,(conn)) AttributeError: type object 'Thread' has no attribute 'start_new_thread' i am on python version 3.4.0 and here is the users code: import socket #for sockets import time s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) print('Socket Created') host = 'localhost' port = 8888 remote_ip = socket.gethostbyname( host ) print('Ip address of ' + host + ' is ' + remote_ip) #Connect to remote server s.connect((remote_ip , port)) print ('Socket Connected to ' + host + ' on ip ' + remote_ip) while True: message = input("> ") #Set the whole string s.send(message.encode('utf-8')) print ('Message send successfully') data = s.recv(1024) print(data) s.close

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  • Efficient way to maintain a sorted list of access counts in Python

    - by David
    Let's say I have a list of objects. (All together now: "I have a list of objects.") In the web application I'm writing, each time a request comes in, I pick out up to one of these objects according to unspecified criteria and use it to handle the request. Basically like this: def handle_request(req): for h in handlers: if h.handles(req): return h return None Assuming the order of the objects in the list is unimportant, I can cut down on unnecessary iterations by keeping the list sorted such that the most frequently used (or perhaps most recently used) objects are at the front. I know this isn't something to be concerned about - it'll make only a miniscule, undetectable difference in the app's execution time - but debugging the rest of the code is driving me crazy and I need a distraction :) so I'm asking out of curiosity: what is the most efficient way to maintain the list in sorted order, descending, by the number of times each handler is chosen? The obvious solution is to make handlers a list of (count, handler) pairs, and each time a handler is chosen, increment the count and resort the list. def handle_request(req): for h in handlers[:]: if h[1].handles(req): h[0] += 1 handlers.sort(reverse=True) return h[1] return None But since there's only ever going to be at most one element out of order, and I know which one it is, it seems like some sort of optimization should be possible. Is there something in the standard library, perhaps, that is especially well-suited to this task? Or some other data structure? (Even if it's not implemented in Python) Or should/could I be doing something completely different?

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  • How to lazy load a data structure (python)

    - by Anton Geraschenko
    I have some way of building a data structure (out of some file contents, say): def loadfile(FILE): return # some data structure created from the contents of FILE So I can do things like puppies = loadfile("puppies.csv") # wait for loadfile to work kitties = loadfile("kitties.csv") # wait some more print len(puppies) print puppies[32] In the above example, I wasted a bunch of time actually reading kitties.csv and creating a data structure that I never used. I'd like to avoid that waste without constantly checking if not kitties whenever I want to do something. I'd like to be able to do puppies = lazyload("puppies.csv") # instant kitties = lazyload("kitties.csv") # instant print len(puppies) # wait for loadfile print puppies[32] So if I don't ever try to do anything with kitties, loadfile("kitties.csv") never gets called. Is there some standard way to do this? After playing around with it for a bit, I produced the following solution, which appears to work correctly and is quite brief. Are there some alternatives? Are there drawbacks to using this approach that I should keep in mind? class lazyload: def __init__(self,FILE): self.FILE = FILE self.F = None def __getattr__(self,name): if not self.F: print "loading %s" % self.FILE self.F = loadfile(self.FILE) return object.__getattribute__(self.F, name) What might be even better is if something like this worked: class lazyload: def __init__(self,FILE): self.FILE = FILE def __getattr__(self,name): self = loadfile(self.FILE) # this never gets called again # since self is no longer a # lazyload instance return object.__getattribute__(self, name) But this doesn't work because self is local. It actually ends up calling loadfile every time you do anything.

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  • Installed mountain lion, getting a python virtual env error?

    - by user27449
    I recently installed mountain lion (10.8) and when I open up my terminal I get this message: Traceback (most recent call last): File "<string>", line 1, in <module> ImportError: No module named virtualenvwrapper.hook_loader virtualenvwrapper.sh: There was a problem running the initialization hooks. If Python could not import the module virtualenvwrapper.hook_loader, check that virtualenv has been installed for VIRTUALENVWRAPPER_PYTHON=/usr/bin/python and that PATH is set properly. Before I try and fix this, I was hoping someone could guide me as I haven't touched python in a while and I don't want to mess up this installation.

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  • When a python process is killed on OSX, why doesn't it kill the child processes?

    - by Hugh
    I found myself getting very confused a while back by some changes that I found when moving Python scripts from Linux over to OSX... On Linux, if a python script has called os.system(), and the calling process is killed, the called process will be killed at the same time. On OSX, however, if the main process is killed, anything that it launched is left behind. Is there something somewhere in OSX/Python where I can change this behaviour? This is causing problems on our render farm, where the processes can be killed from the management GUI, but the top level process is really just a wrapper, so, while the render farm management might think that the process has gone and the machine is freed up for another task, the actual processor-intensive task is still running, which can lead to huge blockages. I know that I could write more logic to catch the kill signal and pass it on to the child processes, but I was hoping that it might be something that could be enabled at a lower level.

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  • How to choose a web server for a Python application?

    - by Phil
    Information and prerequisites: I have a project which is, at its core, a basic CRUD application. It doesn't have long running background processes which it forks at the beginning and talks to later on, nor does it have long running queries or kept alive connection requirements. It receives a request, makes some queries to the database and then responds. In order to serve static files and cachable files fast, I am going to use Varnish in all cases. Here is my question: After reading about various Python web application servers, I have seen that they all have their "fans" for certain, usually "personal" reasons, which got me confused since each usecase differs from the next. How can I learn about the core differentiating factors of Python web servers (in order) to decide how suitable they are for my project and if one would be better than the other? What are your (technically provable) thoughts on the matter? How should I choose a Python web server? Thank you.

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  • How do I get `set show-all-if-ambiguous on` in my .inputrc to play nice with the Python interpreter?

    - by ysim
    I noticed that after I added the set show-all-if-ambiguous on line to my ~/.inputrc, whenever I pressed tab to indent a block, it would show me the bash Display all ... possibilities? (y or n) prompt, and leave me unable to indent the actual code. Is there any way to keep that line in my .inputrc but still have the tab key work as expected in the Python interpreter? This is in my VirtualBox Ubuntu 12.04 VM, if it matters. EDIT: Curiously, I now have a different issue with the Python shell that comes with Django -- when I press tab, I get Python tab completion, but only with one Tab press. I've opened a separate question here for it.

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  • Koans, now available in Python flavor

    - by Greg Malcolm
    Recently a Python developer friend with whom I was pair programming with suggested that I show him how to write a little Ruby. I responded by telling him to check out Ruby Koans as a starting point. However I wanted to try that in reverse at the same time with me learning some Python. I did a bit of googling, and sure enough someone had started writing some Python Koans. It just needed finishing... So, a few weeks later Python Koans is now complete and ready for action! It is available through Mercurial on Bitbucket: http://bitbucket.org/gregmalcolm/python_koans/wiki/Home It is also mirrored on Github: http://wiki.github.com/gregmalcolm/python_koans/ Converting it was fairly easy. Aside from the differing philosophical approaches behind the two languages, Ruby and Python are fairly similar. We had to come up with completely new material for a few subjects like multiple inheritance and decorators, but for most features in Ruby there is something roughly comparable in Python. I highly recommend writing tests (or koans) as a means to lean a new language or framework. I've learned a lot from doing this.

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  • motion computation from video using pyglet in python

    - by kuaywai
    Hi, I am writing a simple motion detection program but i want it to be cross platform so im using python and the pyglet library since it provides a simple way to load videos in different formats (specially wmv and mpeg). So far i have the code given below which loads the movie and plays it in a window. Now i need to: 1) grab frame at time t and t-1 2) do a subtraction to see which pixels are active for motion detection. any ideas on how to grab frames and to skip over frames and is it possible to put the pixel values into a matrix in numpy or something directly from pyglet? or should look into using something other than pyglet? thanks kuaywai import pyglet import sys window = pyglet.window.Window(resizable=True) window.set_minimum_size(320,200) window.set_caption('Motion detect 1.0') video_intro = pyglet.resource.media('movie1.wmv') player = pyglet.media.Player() player.queue(video_intro) print 'calculating movie size...' if not player.source or not player.source.video_format: sys.exit myWidth = player.source.video_format.width myHeight = player.source.video_format.height if player.source.video_format.sample_aspect 1: myWidth *= player.source.video_format.sample_aspect elif player.source.video_format.sample_aspect < 1: myHeight /= player.source.video_format.sample_aspect print 'its size is %d,%d' % (myWidth,myHeight) player.play() @window.event def on_draw(): window.clear() (w,h) = window.get_size() player.get_texture().blit(0, h-myHeight, width=myWidth, height=myHeight) pyglet.app.run()

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