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• What SATA drive should I install FreeBSD onto? i.e. ar0 vs da0 vs ad4/5

  - by Matt

  I'm installing FreeBSD 8.0 on a server that has hardware SATA Raid. I'm just wondering. What is the difference between these devices. i.e. ar0, da0, ad4, ad5 I take it that ad4 & 5 are my two disks. Somehow the OS can see them individually even though it's one logical mirrored drive. Should I be installing it onto ar0 or one of the adX disks. What is da0? it's smaller than the others. ar0 is not some kind of software raid device is it? Just want to make sure I don't mess this up right from the get go.

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• Linux Software Raid runs checkarray on the First Sunday of the Month? Why?

  - by mgjk

  It looks like Debian has a default to run checkarray on the first Sunday of the month. This causes massive performance problems and heavy disk usage for 12 hours on my 2TB mirror. Doing this "just in case" is bizzare to me. Discovering data out of sync between the two disks without quorum would be a failure anyway. This massive checking could only tell me that I have an unrecoverable drive failure and corrupt data. Which is nice, but not all that helpful. Is it necessary? Given I have no disk errors and no reason to believe my disks have failed, why is this check necessary? Should I take it out of my cron? /etc/cron.d# tail -1 /etc/cron.d/mdadm 57 0 * * 0 root [ -x /usr/share/mdadm/checkarray ] && [ $(date +\%d) -le 7 ] && /usr/share/mdadm/checkarray --cron --all --quiet Thanks for any insight,

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• What does the the reconstruction process of mdadm do exactly on raid10

  - by Azrael

  I've got a system with 4 disks set up as raid10. All disks are usable, and mdadm all states them with UUUU. Due to a recent system crash, the raid is currently reconstruction the raid as it was marked as "not clean," and a reconstruction process was started. On a closer look smartctl shows problems on one disk: sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Unhandled sense code sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Result: hostbyte=DID_OK driverbyte=DRIVER_SENSE sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Sense Key : Medium Error [current] [descriptor] Descriptor sense data with sense descriptors (in hex): 72 03 11 04 00 00 00 0c 00 0a 80 00 00 00 00 00 24 cd 78 d4 sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Add. Sense: Unrecovered read error - auto reallocate failed sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] CDB: Read(10): 28 00 24 cd 75 1e 00 04 00 00 With a research about the reconstruction process, I only found information concerning raid5 but nothing for raid10. Can I replace this problematic disk during the reconstruction process, or will I kill the raid with this?

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• Cloning single disk drive to multiple drives simultaneously

  - by mr.b

  I am looking for a way to clone single disk drive to more than one disk drive at the same time. I have prepared system images on 1TB disks, and it takes almost 2 hours to clone one disk to another, and then it goes up exponentially, in order to have say 30 disks cloned. If it was possible to clone one disk to more than single target, it would simplify whole procedure a lot. Also, is there something that prevents this kind of operation? I mean, is there some special reason why every disk cloning software that I know about supports only single target drive? Thanks!

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• slow disk writes between host and guest

  - by Jure1873

  I've got a ubuntu (server kernel) on a amd x4, 4gb ram, 2x seagate sata 1 tb disks for testing virtual machines and the write performance is very slow. The two disks are in a software raid1 array, one small boot ext3 partition, 10gb system partition and the rest is a xfs partition (about 980) gb for data (virtual machines). If I'm copying files from the virtual machine to the host with rsync or scp the copy frequently stalls or goes at about 1mb/s. What's wrong? I've tried disabling barriers on xfs, increased logbufs, allocsize, but it seems nothing helps. The strange thing is that await (for example during copying) for sda is usually under 100, while for sdb is around 400. Any ideas on what could be wrong / what could I do to improve this setup?

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• raid 5 creation (using mdadm) lots of read/writes on creation: is this normal?

  - by Gbrits

  I created a software raid 5 disk using: mdadm -C /dev/md2 -l5 -n4 /dev/sd[i-l] at the same time I'm using dstat to see io-activity: dstat -c -d -D total,sda1,md2,sdi,sdj,sdk,sdl -l -m -n and notice that disks sd[i-k] are all read from and sdl is written to. Now, I do understand that raid5 has to be configured, but it takes a really long time and all disks are clean & formatted (using xfs) so I figure there might be some kind of shortcut to skip (unnecessary? ) checking.. Is it? The creation is part of a time-critical nightly batch-process (run on amazon ec2) so it's not a one-time thing. Thanks, Geert-Jan

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• Installing Solaris 10 on sunT5220 - ZFS/UFS raid 10?

  - by Matthew

  I am in a bit of a time crunch, and need to get two T5220's built. We were very happy to see two boxes in our aged inventory which had 8 HDD's each, but didn't think to check if they were running hardware RAID or not. Turns out that they aren't. When we install, we are given the option to use UFS or ZFS, but when we select a place to install we're only given the option of installing on one single disk. Is it possible to create a software raid 10 across all of the disks and install the OS on that? Sorry if any lingo is wrong, I'm not really a Sun guy and our guru is out of town right now. Any help would be really appreciated! Note: Most of the guides I've found on google entail installing the OS on a single disk, and then creating a separate RAID 10 on other disks. We would actually like the OS to reside on the RAID 10. Hope that clarifies things.

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• How secure is cloud computing?

  - by Rhubarb

  By secure, I don't mean the machines itself and access to it from the network. I mean, and I suppose this could be applied to any kind of hosting service, when you put all your intellectual property onto a hosted provider, what happens to the hard disks as they cycle through them? Say I've invested million into my software, and the information and data that I have is valuable, how can I be sure it isn't read off old disks as they're recycled? Is there some kind of standard to look for that ensures a provider is going to use the strictest form of intellectual property protection? Is SAS70 applicable here?

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• Mounting Solaris UFS partition on Debian(with FreeBSD kernel)

  - by hayalci

  I have some disks that were being used on a Solaris system. The disks are formatted as UFS. I attached them to a Debian system (with FreeBSD kernel. Debian/kFreeBSD), but I cannot mount them. $ mount -t ufs /dev/da2s1 /mnt/diska mount: /dev/da2s1 : Invalid argument Also the tunefs.ufs does not work; $ tunefs.ufs -p /dev/da2s1 tunefs.ufs: /dev/da2s1: could not read superblock to fill out disk Is there an incompatibility between FreeBSD UFS and Solaris UFS? Is it possible to mount one, under the other OS ? Note: tunefs.ufs works on the root partition $ tunefs.ufs -p /dev/da7s2 tunefs.ufs: ACLs: (-a) disabled tunefs.ufs: MAC multilabel: (-l) disabled tunefs.ufs: soft updates: (-n) disabled tunefs.ufs: gjournal: (-J) disabled tunefs.ufs: maximum blocks per file in a cylinder group: (-e) 2048 tunefs.ufs: average file size: (-f) 16384 tunefs.ufs: average number of files in a directory: (-s) 64 tunefs.ufs: minimum percentage of free space: (-m) 8% tunefs.ufs: optimization preference: (-o) time tunefs.ufs: volume label: (-L)

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• Any recommendations on a NAS for a home-super-user?

  - by marc_s

  Can anyone recommend a good NAS for use in a home-server environment? I would request at least 2, preferably 4 disks, and I am most interested in good to excellent throughput for file-server and backup purposes - don't need any of the fancy media-streaming or -sharing features, that's not of interest to me. For a 4 or more disk solution, support for the various RAID levels (0, 1, 1+0, 5) would be a plus - especially if supported in hardware (rather than just a software emulation). I just need a place to put my collection of data, ISO images, and so forth - and since several external disks (self-built and off-the-shelf) have failed so far, I'm looking into a more reliable solution. Marc

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• Windows 7 - cannot access my own external disk

  - by Tomas

  I use Windows 7 Home Premium and external USB disk with NTFS partition. I cannot write-access the my own files on it, even as a member of Admnistrators group! Is there any way how to go around this permission checking, without actually writing some permission information to every folder on it? I have 3 external disks (up to 1TB), and I have thousands hundreds of files on each!!! Doing some permission change, that will actually go recursivelly through all folders on all my disks is plain brain damage!! 1) Is there any way how to change it somehow globally? (like mount options...) .. Or how to go around this annoying permission checking? It was working in Win XP normally! 2) if not, and I must do the recursive operation on all folders, how to do it PERMANENTLY, so that I don't need to do it again on another Windows 7 computer!

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• Prioritize file sharing performance in Windows Server 2008

  - by cmbrnt

  I've got a server running Windows Server 2008, and use it mainly for sharing files throughout the domain from a number of disks. It's running on VMware ESXi 4.0, in case that matters. My problem is that when I log in to the server to check user permissions etc, the access speed the files on the remote disks almost grinds to a halt. I havn't been able to measure the speeds, but I would guess it slows down to about 100kB/s as soon as I log in. This is on a gigabit network and the problems are equal for all users, even the ones connected to the same switch as the server. I've assigned 2 GB RAM to the server, and reserved it 1,5Ghz processor power. I don't have to do anything special on the server for this halt to occur. How can I make sure file sharing is prioritized on the server, so no matter what applications I'm using it will always make sure file sharing works properly? Could this be a VMware issue?

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• Do you lose everything when you have a hard disk failure in a multi-hard disk LVM that does NOT use RAID?

  - by user72630

  I'm debating about using LVM for a media/file server because I would like to combine multiple physical hard disks into one volume. I do not wish to use any RAID in my LVM so my question is: If one of the multiple hard disks in my volume were to go down would I lose all my data or would I just lose the data that was stored on that individual disk? Also, if I were to just lose the data on the individual disk, would it be as simple as replacing that disk and restoring what was on it from a backup to recover? Thanks everyone.

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• Raid 5 scsi fault

  - by HaLaBi

  I have no much knowledge about servers and I was looking all day around the internet about finding a solution to my raid 5 problem. All of a sudden two disks failed. The server won't boot (HP Proliant, windows 2003 R2, very old maybe 10 years old). I know that if one disk is faulty then I can add a new disk and rebuild it and things will be fine, the problem is two went faulty :( is this normal? two at the same time? is there any other thing I can do and I am not aware of? other than taking them out and reinserting them back? Windows won't boot. The Array menu shows that disks 0 and 4 are "Missing". Any other tricks or things to do? It is important because for some unknown reason the back up job did not work for a month and I just found out, so I need to make these raid 5 back online again.

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• Is it possible to create a Mirror or Stripe volume for the boot partition in Windows 2008/R2?

  - by Georgios

  Hello, I have a server with two identical disks and I have installed Windows Server 2008 R2 on C, which is a 60GB volume on Disk 0. Using the disk manager, I have attempted to create both a Mirror and Stripe volume in Disk 1 but every time I get the same error "No extents found in the plex". This error occurs after Windows has converted both disks to Dynamic. The fact that the manager allows me to attempt to do this would point to the fact that this is possible. However I have been unable to find any solutions to this error. Any ideas on how to solve this? Thanks Georgios

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• What are the recognized ways to increase the size of the RAID array online/offline?

  - by user149509

  Is it possible, in theory, increase the size of the RAID-array of any level just by adding new drive(s)? Variant like "backup whole data - delete old array - add/replace disks - create new array - restore data" is obvious so what are the other options? Does it depend on the RAID-level only or on the implementation of RAID-controller only, or on both? Adding new disks to a striped array necessarily leads to a rebuilding of the array with the redistribution of the strips to the new drives? What steps should be done to increase size of RAID-array in online/offline scenarios? Especially interesting RAID-5 and RAID-10. I would like to see the big picture.

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• I have a 21TB array but only 16TB is visible from Windows

  - by Relentim

  CONTROLLER Raid Controller: 3Ware 9650SE-24M8 Disks: 21 x 1TB RAID5 Stripe 64KB WINDOWS OS: Windows Server 2003 SP2 32x Disk: Dynamic 19557.44GB Volume: Capacity 15832.19GB I guess my array must have a 4KB block size which is limiting it to 16TB. I think I would have to switch to a 64KB block size to be able to see a maximum of 256TB. Or create another unit on my controller to go above 16TB of storage. Unfortunately I have already added over 16TB, ideally I would like to shrink the array and reclaim the 5 disks that aren't doing anything. I don't think this is possible. More likely, can I change the block size so 20TB becomes visible in windows?

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• Can files deleted on an ecnrypted drive be restored?

  - by roddik

  Hi. There are ways to restore files, deleted from the system by default, I'm not sure about the way they work but I guess thet read content, that has not been overwritten. On the other hand, there are programs (e.g. TrueCrypt), that encrypt disks, claiming that it wouldn't be possible to tell apart random data and file contents on such a disk without a password. Therefore I think that files, deleted from such disks can't be restored. Is that correct? I know one way to find out would be to try it, but there is a possibility, that I would just pick the wrong restoring software. Moreover, I'm more interested in theorethical explanation why it would/wouldn't be possible. Thanks

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• FreeNAS 8 and ext fs

  - by oraclecow

  i'm trying out freenas8 for my personal NAS, i have lots of data that was in an ubuntu server, but somehow i never got the file sharing right. on freenas things just worked. i installed on usb, tried sharing the windows disk, and i can see it on my windows 7 right away. my question is, is it ok to use ext4 fs from my ubuntu instalation ? i only saw zfs, ufs, ntfs, and ext2 option to import, i havent plugged in the disks yet, but im wondering the consequences, like if it asked to format like in windows to use. i can format the disks of course, but 5-6 TB of data juggling and reformatting is a lot of work, unnecessary work i think, does the zfs worth the trouble of formatting everything ? since i'm thinking to use it if i have to format it anyway and zfs looks more interesting than ext2.

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• High IO latency on ESXi 4.1 on HP DL580 G7

  - by teddydestodes

  at my Company we were experiencing some weird spikes on IO latency on one of our ESXi instances. we've spend 24h figuring out whats wrong and no clue so far. after giving up we put all the disks into a different server (HP DL380 G7) with much less RAM and only one 6(HT) cores (from 12 on the DL 580) which run fine for about 2 hours. I dont know the specs for the DL380 but both servers have a Smart Array P410i with BBWC (the DL 580 has 1GB) Is it possible that one(or all) of the disks is failing without actually failing?

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• Turning a (dual boot) Ubuntu 9 into a virtual machine

  - by xain

  I have a dual boot box (Ubuntu 9 and Vista) and I'm about to upgrade Vista to Win 7. Being Ubuntu my main development environment, I'd like to use it as it is from the new environment via VirtualBox or VMWare. I know tools like clonezilla that backup entire drives; in my case, the linux partitions are distributed between several disks which in turn contain both linux and windows data. My intention is to use some backup tool (like Clonezilla if it fits) that allows me to ONLY backup the linux partitions distributed in several disks. Any hints ? Thanks in advance.

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• Software Raid1 with Trim

  - by Penetal

  I have two Crucial C300 SSD disks that I would like to use as my OS disks in my new home server. I have read around a little and some places say that TRIM is simply not supported on any raid config, hw or sw. Then on some other sites I have seen that new support have come for SW raid via LVM somehow, and this is what I'm curious to know about. Can I get Raid 1 and still have TRIM enabled on SW raid by abstracting it with LVM or in any other way? I will most likely be using either Debian or CentOS.

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• Hardware recommendations for building an Ubuntu encrypted file server

  - by Robert Mashlan

  I would like to build a file server for my home network using Ubuntu. It will serve files from RAID1 configured disks, either in the OS or in hardware. It will be connected to a Gigabit ethernet LAN. The disks will use an encrypted file system. It will serve samba shares. I would like a recommendation on what kind of processing power/memory I would need to build a box that would be able to sustain the full capacity of the Gigabit ethernet connection in a file transfer for a single connection with the overhead of serving from an encrypted disk. I'm not looking to build a dream server, I just want enough processing capacity for high performance (and reliable) file sharing and spend as little as possible for it. This may be tangential, but what kind of hardware would I need to have a server be able to reliably go into a low power mode when no requests are being made of it?

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• Three disk (possibly RAID) data recovery

  - by Martin

  I have on my desk three 160 GB disks that were once part of an HP Proliant Windows 2003 Server. They may have been part of a RAID configuration of some sort. They may or may not be damaged in some way. When I interface them via USB, one of them shows up as a drive, but unformatted. The others show up as uninitialized disks in manager. An alternative explanation is that the two drives were simply not unused. What's my first step? I've recovered data off damaged drives before but never had anything to do with RAID configs. How can I even tell if any type of RAID was used?

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• Need data on disk drive management by OS: getting base I/O unit size, “sync” option, Direct Memory A

  - by Richard T

  Hello All, I want to ensure I have done all I can to configure a system's disks for serious database use. The three areas I know of (any others?) to be concerned about are: I/O size: the database engine and disk's native size should either match, or the database's native I/O size should be a multiple of the disk's native I/O size. Disks that are capable of Direct Memory Access (eg. IDE) should be configured for it. When a disk says it has written data persistently, it must be so! No keeping it in cache and lying about it. I have been looking for information on how to ensure these are so for CENTOS and Ubuntu, but can't seem to find anything at all! I want to be able to check these things and change them if needed. Any and all input appreciated.

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