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  • How LINQ to Object statements work

    - by rajbk
    This post goes into detail as to now LINQ statements work when querying a collection of objects. This topic assumes you have an understanding of how generics, delegates, implicitly typed variables, lambda expressions, object/collection initializers, extension methods and the yield statement work. I would also recommend you read my previous two posts: Using Delegates in C# Part 1 Using Delegates in C# Part 2 We will start by writing some methods to filter a collection of data. Assume we have an Employee class like so: 1: public class Employee { 2: public int ID { get; set;} 3: public string FirstName { get; set;} 4: public string LastName {get; set;} 5: public string Country { get; set; } 6: } and a collection of employees like so: 1: var employees = new List<Employee> { 2: new Employee { ID = 1, FirstName = "John", LastName = "Wright", Country = "USA" }, 3: new Employee { ID = 2, FirstName = "Jim", LastName = "Ashlock", Country = "UK" }, 4: new Employee { ID = 3, FirstName = "Jane", LastName = "Jackson", Country = "CHE" }, 5: new Employee { ID = 4, FirstName = "Jill", LastName = "Anderson", Country = "AUS" }, 6: }; Filtering We wish to  find all employees that have an even ID. We could start off by writing a method that takes in a list of employees and returns a filtered list of employees with an even ID. 1: static List<Employee> GetEmployeesWithEvenID(List<Employee> employees) { 2: var filteredEmployees = new List<Employee>(); 3: foreach (Employee emp in employees) { 4: if (emp.ID % 2 == 0) { 5: filteredEmployees.Add(emp); 6: } 7: } 8: return filteredEmployees; 9: } The method can be rewritten to return an IEnumerable<Employee> using the yield return keyword. 1: static IEnumerable<Employee> GetEmployeesWithEvenID(IEnumerable<Employee> employees) { 2: foreach (Employee emp in employees) { 3: if (emp.ID % 2 == 0) { 4: yield return emp; 5: } 6: } 7: } We put these together in a console application. 1: using System; 2: using System.Collections.Generic; 3: //No System.Linq 4:  5: public class Program 6: { 7: [STAThread] 8: static void Main(string[] args) 9: { 10: var employees = new List<Employee> { 11: new Employee { ID = 1, FirstName = "John", LastName = "Wright", Country = "USA" }, 12: new Employee { ID = 2, FirstName = "Jim", LastName = "Ashlock", Country = "UK" }, 13: new Employee { ID = 3, FirstName = "Jane", LastName = "Jackson", Country = "CHE" }, 14: new Employee { ID = 4, FirstName = "Jill", LastName = "Anderson", Country = "AUS" }, 15: }; 16: var filteredEmployees = GetEmployeesWithEvenID(employees); 17:  18: foreach (Employee emp in filteredEmployees) { 19: Console.WriteLine("ID {0} First_Name {1} Last_Name {2} Country {3}", 20: emp.ID, emp.FirstName, emp.LastName, emp.Country); 21: } 22:  23: Console.ReadLine(); 24: } 25: 26: static IEnumerable<Employee> GetEmployeesWithEvenID(IEnumerable<Employee> employees) { 27: foreach (Employee emp in employees) { 28: if (emp.ID % 2 == 0) { 29: yield return emp; 30: } 31: } 32: } 33: } 34:  35: public class Employee { 36: public int ID { get; set;} 37: public string FirstName { get; set;} 38: public string LastName {get; set;} 39: public string Country { get; set; } 40: } Output: ID 2 First_Name Jim Last_Name Ashlock Country UK ID 4 First_Name Jill Last_Name Anderson Country AUS Our filtering method is too specific. Let us change it so that it is capable of doing different types of filtering and lets give our method the name Where ;-) We will add another parameter to our Where method. This additional parameter will be a delegate with the following declaration. public delegate bool Filter(Employee emp); The idea is that the delegate parameter in our Where method will point to a method that contains the logic to do our filtering thereby freeing our Where method from any dependency. The method is shown below: 1: static IEnumerable<Employee> Where(IEnumerable<Employee> employees, Filter filter) { 2: foreach (Employee emp in employees) { 3: if (filter(emp)) { 4: yield return emp; 5: } 6: } 7: } Making the change to our app, we create a new instance of the Filter delegate on line 14 with a target set to the method EmployeeHasEvenId. Running the code will produce the same output. 1: public delegate bool Filter(Employee emp); 2:  3: public class Program 4: { 5: [STAThread] 6: static void Main(string[] args) 7: { 8: var employees = new List<Employee> { 9: new Employee { ID = 1, FirstName = "John", LastName = "Wright", Country = "USA" }, 10: new Employee { ID = 2, FirstName = "Jim", LastName = "Ashlock", Country = "UK" }, 11: new Employee { ID = 3, FirstName = "Jane", LastName = "Jackson", Country = "CHE" }, 12: new Employee { ID = 4, FirstName = "Jill", LastName = "Anderson", Country = "AUS" } 13: }; 14: var filterDelegate = new Filter(EmployeeHasEvenId); 15: var filteredEmployees = Where(employees, filterDelegate); 16:  17: foreach (Employee emp in filteredEmployees) { 18: Console.WriteLine("ID {0} First_Name {1} Last_Name {2} Country {3}", 19: emp.ID, emp.FirstName, emp.LastName, emp.Country); 20: } 21: Console.ReadLine(); 22: } 23: 24: static bool EmployeeHasEvenId(Employee emp) { 25: return emp.ID % 2 == 0; 26: } 27: 28: static IEnumerable<Employee> Where(IEnumerable<Employee> employees, Filter filter) { 29: foreach (Employee emp in employees) { 30: if (filter(emp)) { 31: yield return emp; 32: } 33: } 34: } 35: } 36:  37: public class Employee { 38: public int ID { get; set;} 39: public string FirstName { get; set;} 40: public string LastName {get; set;} 41: public string Country { get; set; } 42: } Lets use lambda expressions to inline the contents of the EmployeeHasEvenId method in place of the method. The next code snippet shows this change (see line 15).  For brevity, the Employee class declaration has been skipped. 1: public delegate bool Filter(Employee emp); 2:  3: public class Program 4: { 5: [STAThread] 6: static void Main(string[] args) 7: { 8: var employees = new List<Employee> { 9: new Employee { ID = 1, FirstName = "John", LastName = "Wright", Country = "USA" }, 10: new Employee { ID = 2, FirstName = "Jim", LastName = "Ashlock", Country = "UK" }, 11: new Employee { ID = 3, FirstName = "Jane", LastName = "Jackson", Country = "CHE" }, 12: new Employee { ID = 4, FirstName = "Jill", LastName = "Anderson", Country = "AUS" } 13: }; 14: var filterDelegate = new Filter(EmployeeHasEvenId); 15: var filteredEmployees = Where(employees, emp => emp.ID % 2 == 0); 16:  17: foreach (Employee emp in filteredEmployees) { 18: Console.WriteLine("ID {0} First_Name {1} Last_Name {2} Country {3}", 19: emp.ID, emp.FirstName, emp.LastName, emp.Country); 20: } 21: Console.ReadLine(); 22: } 23: 24: static bool EmployeeHasEvenId(Employee emp) { 25: return emp.ID % 2 == 0; 26: } 27: 28: static IEnumerable<Employee> Where(IEnumerable<Employee> employees, Filter filter) { 29: foreach (Employee emp in employees) { 30: if (filter(emp)) { 31: yield return emp; 32: } 33: } 34: } 35: } 36:  The output displays the same two employees.  Our Where method is too restricted since it works with a collection of Employees only. Lets change it so that it works with any IEnumerable<T>. In addition, you may recall from my previous post,  that .NET 3.5 comes with a lot of predefined delegates including public delegate TResult Func<T, TResult>(T arg); We will get rid of our Filter delegate and use the one above instead. We apply these two changes to our code. 1: public class Program 2: { 3: [STAThread] 4: static void Main(string[] args) 5: { 6: var employees = new List<Employee> { 7: new Employee { ID = 1, FirstName = "John", LastName = "Wright", Country = "USA" }, 8: new Employee { ID = 2, FirstName = "Jim", LastName = "Ashlock", Country = "UK" }, 9: new Employee { ID = 3, FirstName = "Jane", LastName = "Jackson", Country = "CHE" }, 10: new Employee { ID = 4, FirstName = "Jill", LastName = "Anderson", Country = "AUS" } 11: }; 12:  13: var filteredEmployees = Where(employees, emp => emp.ID % 2 == 0); 14:  15: foreach (Employee emp in filteredEmployees) { 16: Console.WriteLine("ID {0} First_Name {1} Last_Name {2} Country {3}", 17: emp.ID, emp.FirstName, emp.LastName, emp.Country); 18: } 19: Console.ReadLine(); 20: } 21: 22: static IEnumerable<T> Where<T>(IEnumerable<T> source, Func<T, bool> filter) { 23: foreach (var x in source) { 24: if (filter(x)) { 25: yield return x; 26: } 27: } 28: } 29: } We have successfully implemented a way to filter any IEnumerable<T> based on a  filter criteria. Projection Now lets enumerate on the items in the IEnumerable<Employee> we got from the Where method and copy them into a new IEnumerable<EmployeeFormatted>. The EmployeeFormatted class will only have a FullName and ID property. 1: public class EmployeeFormatted { 2: public int ID { get; set; } 3: public string FullName {get; set;} 4: } We could “project” our existing IEnumerable<Employee> into a new collection of IEnumerable<EmployeeFormatted> with the help of a new method. We will call this method Select ;-) 1: static IEnumerable<EmployeeFormatted> Select(IEnumerable<Employee> employees) { 2: foreach (var emp in employees) { 3: yield return new EmployeeFormatted { 4: ID = emp.ID, 5: FullName = emp.LastName + ", " + emp.FirstName 6: }; 7: } 8: } The changes are applied to our app. 1: public class Program 2: { 3: [STAThread] 4: static void Main(string[] args) 5: { 6: var employees = new List<Employee> { 7: new Employee { ID = 1, FirstName = "John", LastName = "Wright", Country = "USA" }, 8: new Employee { ID = 2, FirstName = "Jim", LastName = "Ashlock", Country = "UK" }, 9: new Employee { ID = 3, FirstName = "Jane", LastName = "Jackson", Country = "CHE" }, 10: new Employee { ID = 4, FirstName = "Jill", LastName = "Anderson", Country = "AUS" } 11: }; 12:  13: var filteredEmployees = Where(employees, emp => emp.ID % 2 == 0); 14: var formattedEmployees = Select(filteredEmployees); 15:  16: foreach (EmployeeFormatted emp in formattedEmployees) { 17: Console.WriteLine("ID {0} Full_Name {1}", 18: emp.ID, emp.FullName); 19: } 20: Console.ReadLine(); 21: } 22:  23: static IEnumerable<T> Where<T>(IEnumerable<T> source, Func<T, bool> filter) { 24: foreach (var x in source) { 25: if (filter(x)) { 26: yield return x; 27: } 28: } 29: } 30: 31: static IEnumerable<EmployeeFormatted> Select(IEnumerable<Employee> employees) { 32: foreach (var emp in employees) { 33: yield return new EmployeeFormatted { 34: ID = emp.ID, 35: FullName = emp.LastName + ", " + emp.FirstName 36: }; 37: } 38: } 39: } 40:  41: public class Employee { 42: public int ID { get; set;} 43: public string FirstName { get; set;} 44: public string LastName {get; set;} 45: public string Country { get; set; } 46: } 47:  48: public class EmployeeFormatted { 49: public int ID { get; set; } 50: public string FullName {get; set;} 51: } Output: ID 2 Full_Name Ashlock, Jim ID 4 Full_Name Anderson, Jill We have successfully selected employees who have an even ID and then shaped our data with the help of the Select method so that the final result is an IEnumerable<EmployeeFormatted>.  Lets make our Select method more generic so that the user is given the freedom to shape what the output would look like. We can do this, like before, with lambda expressions. Our Select method is changed to accept a delegate as shown below. TSource will be the type of data that comes in and TResult will be the type the user chooses (shape of data) as returned from the selector delegate. 1:  2: static IEnumerable<TResult> Select<TSource, TResult>(IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TResult> selector) { 3: foreach (var x in source) { 4: yield return selector(x); 5: } 6: } We see the new changes to our app. On line 15, we use lambda expression to specify the shape of the data. In this case the shape will be of type EmployeeFormatted. 1:  2: public class Program 3: { 4: [STAThread] 5: static void Main(string[] args) 6: { 7: var employees = new List<Employee> { 8: new Employee { ID = 1, FirstName = "John", LastName = "Wright", Country = "USA" }, 9: new Employee { ID = 2, FirstName = "Jim", LastName = "Ashlock", Country = "UK" }, 10: new Employee { ID = 3, FirstName = "Jane", LastName = "Jackson", Country = "CHE" }, 11: new Employee { ID = 4, FirstName = "Jill", LastName = "Anderson", Country = "AUS" } 12: }; 13:  14: var filteredEmployees = Where(employees, emp => emp.ID % 2 == 0); 15: var formattedEmployees = Select(filteredEmployees, (emp) => 16: new EmployeeFormatted { 17: ID = emp.ID, 18: FullName = emp.LastName + ", " + emp.FirstName 19: }); 20:  21: foreach (EmployeeFormatted emp in formattedEmployees) { 22: Console.WriteLine("ID {0} Full_Name {1}", 23: emp.ID, emp.FullName); 24: } 25: Console.ReadLine(); 26: } 27: 28: static IEnumerable<T> Where<T>(IEnumerable<T> source, Func<T, bool> filter) { 29: foreach (var x in source) { 30: if (filter(x)) { 31: yield return x; 32: } 33: } 34: } 35: 36: static IEnumerable<TResult> Select<TSource, TResult>(IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TResult> selector) { 37: foreach (var x in source) { 38: yield return selector(x); 39: } 40: } 41: } The code outputs the same result as before. On line 14 we filter our data and on line 15 we project our data. What if we wanted to be more expressive and concise? We could combine both line 14 and 15 into one line as shown below. Assuming you had to perform several operations like this on our collection, you would end up with some very unreadable code! 1: var formattedEmployees = Select(Where(employees, emp => emp.ID % 2 == 0), (emp) => 2: new EmployeeFormatted { 3: ID = emp.ID, 4: FullName = emp.LastName + ", " + emp.FirstName 5: }); A cleaner way to write this would be to give the appearance that the Select and Where methods were part of the IEnumerable<T>. This is exactly what extension methods give us. Extension methods have to be defined in a static class. Let us make the Select and Where extension methods on IEnumerable<T> 1: public static class MyExtensionMethods { 2: static IEnumerable<T> Where<T>(this IEnumerable<T> source, Func<T, bool> filter) { 3: foreach (var x in source) { 4: if (filter(x)) { 5: yield return x; 6: } 7: } 8: } 9: 10: static IEnumerable<TResult> Select<TSource, TResult>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TResult> selector) { 11: foreach (var x in source) { 12: yield return selector(x); 13: } 14: } 15: } The creation of the extension method makes the syntax much cleaner as shown below. We can write as many extension methods as we want and keep on chaining them using this technique. 1: var formattedEmployees = employees 2: .Where(emp => emp.ID % 2 == 0) 3: .Select (emp => new EmployeeFormatted { ID = emp.ID, FullName = emp.LastName + ", " + emp.FirstName }); Making these changes and running our code produces the same result. 1: using System; 2: using System.Collections.Generic; 3:  4: public class Program 5: { 6: [STAThread] 7: static void Main(string[] args) 8: { 9: var employees = new List<Employee> { 10: new Employee { ID = 1, FirstName = "John", LastName = "Wright", Country = "USA" }, 11: new Employee { ID = 2, FirstName = "Jim", LastName = "Ashlock", Country = "UK" }, 12: new Employee { ID = 3, FirstName = "Jane", LastName = "Jackson", Country = "CHE" }, 13: new Employee { ID = 4, FirstName = "Jill", LastName = "Anderson", Country = "AUS" } 14: }; 15:  16: var formattedEmployees = employees 17: .Where(emp => emp.ID % 2 == 0) 18: .Select (emp => 19: new EmployeeFormatted { 20: ID = emp.ID, 21: FullName = emp.LastName + ", " + emp.FirstName 22: } 23: ); 24:  25: foreach (EmployeeFormatted emp in formattedEmployees) { 26: Console.WriteLine("ID {0} Full_Name {1}", 27: emp.ID, emp.FullName); 28: } 29: Console.ReadLine(); 30: } 31: } 32:  33: public static class MyExtensionMethods { 34: static IEnumerable<T> Where<T>(this IEnumerable<T> source, Func<T, bool> filter) { 35: foreach (var x in source) { 36: if (filter(x)) { 37: yield return x; 38: } 39: } 40: } 41: 42: static IEnumerable<TResult> Select<TSource, TResult>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TResult> selector) { 43: foreach (var x in source) { 44: yield return selector(x); 45: } 46: } 47: } 48:  49: public class Employee { 50: public int ID { get; set;} 51: public string FirstName { get; set;} 52: public string LastName {get; set;} 53: public string Country { get; set; } 54: } 55:  56: public class EmployeeFormatted { 57: public int ID { get; set; } 58: public string FullName {get; set;} 59: } Let’s change our code to return a collection of anonymous types and get rid of the EmployeeFormatted type. We see that the code produces the same output. 1: using System; 2: using System.Collections.Generic; 3:  4: public class Program 5: { 6: [STAThread] 7: static void Main(string[] args) 8: { 9: var employees = new List<Employee> { 10: new Employee { ID = 1, FirstName = "John", LastName = "Wright", Country = "USA" }, 11: new Employee { ID = 2, FirstName = "Jim", LastName = "Ashlock", Country = "UK" }, 12: new Employee { ID = 3, FirstName = "Jane", LastName = "Jackson", Country = "CHE" }, 13: new Employee { ID = 4, FirstName = "Jill", LastName = "Anderson", Country = "AUS" } 14: }; 15:  16: var formattedEmployees = employees 17: .Where(emp => emp.ID % 2 == 0) 18: .Select (emp => 19: new { 20: ID = emp.ID, 21: FullName = emp.LastName + ", " + emp.FirstName 22: } 23: ); 24:  25: foreach (var emp in formattedEmployees) { 26: Console.WriteLine("ID {0} Full_Name {1}", 27: emp.ID, emp.FullName); 28: } 29: Console.ReadLine(); 30: } 31: } 32:  33: public static class MyExtensionMethods { 34: public static IEnumerable<T> Where<T>(this IEnumerable<T> source, Func<T, bool> filter) { 35: foreach (var x in source) { 36: if (filter(x)) { 37: yield return x; 38: } 39: } 40: } 41: 42: public static IEnumerable<TResult> Select<TSource, TResult>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TResult> selector) { 43: foreach (var x in source) { 44: yield return selector(x); 45: } 46: } 47: } 48:  49: public class Employee { 50: public int ID { get; set;} 51: public string FirstName { get; set;} 52: public string LastName {get; set;} 53: public string Country { get; set; } 54: } To be more expressive, C# allows us to write our extension method calls as a query expression. Line 16 can be rewritten a query expression like so: 1: var formattedEmployees = from emp in employees 2: where emp.ID % 2 == 0 3: select new { 4: ID = emp.ID, 5: FullName = emp.LastName + ", " + emp.FirstName 6: }; When the compiler encounters an expression like the above, it simply rewrites it as calls to our extension methods.  So far we have been using our extension methods. The System.Linq namespace contains several extension methods for objects that implement the IEnumerable<T>. You can see a listing of these methods in the Enumerable class in the System.Linq namespace. Let’s get rid of our extension methods (which I purposefully wrote to be of the same signature as the ones in the Enumerable class) and use the ones provided in the Enumerable class. Our final code is shown below: 1: using System; 2: using System.Collections.Generic; 3: using System.Linq; //Added 4:  5: public class Program 6: { 7: [STAThread] 8: static void Main(string[] args) 9: { 10: var employees = new List<Employee> { 11: new Employee { ID = 1, FirstName = "John", LastName = "Wright", Country = "USA" }, 12: new Employee { ID = 2, FirstName = "Jim", LastName = "Ashlock", Country = "UK" }, 13: new Employee { ID = 3, FirstName = "Jane", LastName = "Jackson", Country = "CHE" }, 14: new Employee { ID = 4, FirstName = "Jill", LastName = "Anderson", Country = "AUS" } 15: }; 16:  17: var formattedEmployees = from emp in employees 18: where emp.ID % 2 == 0 19: select new { 20: ID = emp.ID, 21: FullName = emp.LastName + ", " + emp.FirstName 22: }; 23:  24: foreach (var emp in formattedEmployees) { 25: Console.WriteLine("ID {0} Full_Name {1}", 26: emp.ID, emp.FullName); 27: } 28: Console.ReadLine(); 29: } 30: } 31:  32: public class Employee { 33: public int ID { get; set;} 34: public string FirstName { get; set;} 35: public string LastName {get; set;} 36: public string Country { get; set; } 37: } 38:  39: public class EmployeeFormatted { 40: public int ID { get; set; } 41: public string FullName {get; set;} 42: } This post has shown you a basic overview of LINQ to Objects work by showning you how an expression is converted to a sequence of calls to extension methods when working directly with objects. It gets more interesting when working with LINQ to SQL where an expression tree is constructed – an in memory data representation of the expression. The C# compiler compiles these expressions into code that builds an expression tree at runtime. The provider can then traverse the expression tree and generate the appropriate SQL query. You can read more about expression trees in this MSDN article.

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  • Master Note for Generic Data Warehousing

    - by lajos.varady(at)oracle.com
    ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ The complete and the most recent version of this article can be viewed from My Oracle Support Knowledge Section. Master Note for Generic Data Warehousing [ID 1269175.1] ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++In this Document   Purpose   Master Note for Generic Data Warehousing      Components covered      Oracle Database Data Warehousing specific documents for recent versions      Technology Network Product Homes      Master Notes available in My Oracle Support      White Papers      Technical Presentations Platforms: 1-914CU; This document is being delivered to you via Oracle Support's Rapid Visibility (RaV) process and therefore has not been subject to an independent technical review. Applies to: Oracle Server - Enterprise Edition - Version: 9.2.0.1 to 11.2.0.2 - Release: 9.2 to 11.2Information in this document applies to any platform. Purpose Provide navigation path Master Note for Generic Data Warehousing Components covered Read Only Materialized ViewsQuery RewriteDatabase Object PartitioningParallel Execution and Parallel QueryDatabase CompressionTransportable TablespacesOracle Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)Oracle Data MiningOracle Database Data Warehousing specific documents for recent versions 11g Release 2 (11.2)11g Release 1 (11.1)10g Release 2 (10.2)10g Release 1 (10.1)9i Release 2 (9.2)9i Release 1 (9.0)Technology Network Product HomesOracle Partitioning Advanced CompressionOracle Data MiningOracle OLAPMaster Notes available in My Oracle SupportThese technical articles have been written by Oracle Support Engineers to provide proactive and top level information and knowledge about the components of thedatabase we handle under the "Database Datawarehousing".Note 1166564.1 Master Note: Transportable Tablespaces (TTS) -- Common Questions and IssuesNote 1087507.1 Master Note for MVIEW 'ORA-' error diagnosis. For Materialized View CREATE or REFRESHNote 1102801.1 Master Note: How to Get a 10046 trace for a Parallel QueryNote 1097154.1 Master Note Parallel Execution Wait Events Note 1107593.1 Master Note for the Oracle OLAP OptionNote 1087643.1 Master Note for Oracle Data MiningNote 1215173.1 Master Note for Query RewriteNote 1223705.1 Master Note for OLTP Compression Note 1269175.1 Master Note for Generic Data WarehousingWhite Papers Transportable Tablespaces white papers Database Upgrade Using Transportable Tablespaces:Oracle Database 11g Release 1 (February 2009) Platform Migration Using Transportable Database Oracle Database 11g and 10g Release 2 (August 2008) Database Upgrade using Transportable Tablespaces: Oracle Database 10g Release 2 (April 2007) Platform Migration using Transportable Tablespaces: Oracle Database 10g Release 2 (April 2007)Parallel Execution and Parallel Query white papers Best Practices for Workload Management of a Data Warehouse on the Sun Oracle Database Machine (June 2010) Effective resource utilization by In-Memory Parallel Execution in Oracle Real Application Clusters 11g Release 2 (Feb 2010) Parallel Execution Fundamentals in Oracle Database 11g Release 2 (November 2009) Parallel Execution with Oracle Database 10g Release 2 (June 2005)Oracle Data Mining white paper Oracle Data Mining 11g Release 2 (March 2010)Partitioning white papers Partitioning with Oracle Database 11g Release 2 (September 2009) Partitioning in Oracle Database 11g (June 2007)Materialized Views and Query Rewrite white papers Oracle Materialized Views  and Query Rewrite (May 2005) Improving Performance using Query Rewrite in Oracle Database 10g (December 2003)Database Compression white papers Advanced Compression with Oracle Database 11g Release 2 (September 2009) Table Compression in Oracle Database 10g Release 2 (May 2005)Oracle OLAP white papers On-line Analytic Processing with Oracle Database 11g Release 2 (September 2009) Using Oracle Business Intelligence Enterprise Edition with the OLAP Option to Oracle Database 11g (July 2008)Generic white papers Enabling Pervasive BI through a Practical Data Warehouse Reference Architecture (February 2010) Optimizing and Protecting Storage with Oracle Database 11g Release 2 (November 2009) Oracle Database 11g for Data Warehousing and Business Intelligence (August 2009) Best practices for a Data Warehouse on Oracle Database 11g (September 2008)Technical PresentationsA selection of ObE - Oracle by Examples documents: Generic Using Basic Database Functionality for Data Warehousing (10g) Partitioning Manipulating Partitions in Oracle Database (11g Release 1) Using High-Speed Data Loading and Rolling Window Operations with Partitioning (11g Release 1) Using Partitioned Outer Join to Fill Gaps in Sparse Data (10g) Materialized View and Query Rewrite Using Materialized Views and Query Rewrite Capabilities (10g) Using the SQLAccess Advisor to Recommend Materialized Views and Indexes (10g) Oracle OLAP Using Microsoft Excel With Oracle 11g Cubes (how to analyze data in Oracle OLAP Cubes using Excel's native capabilities) Using Oracle OLAP 11g With Oracle BI Enterprise Edition (Creating OBIEE Metadata for OLAP 11g Cubes and querying those in BI Answers) Building OLAP 11g Cubes Querying OLAP 11g Cubes Creating Interactive APEX Reports Over OLAP 11g CubesSelection of presentations from the BIWA website:Extreme Data Warehousing With Exadata  by Hermann Baer (July 2010) (slides 2.5MB, recording 54MB)Data Mining Made Easy! Introducing Oracle Data Miner 11g Release 2 New "Work flow" GUI   by Charlie Berger (May 2010) (slides 4.8MB, recording 85MB )Best Practices for Deploying a Data Warehouse on Oracle Database 11g  by Maria Colgan (December 2009)  (slides 3MB, recording 18MB, white paper 3MB )

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  • Why is my hg workbench & Adobe Reader toolbar icon a blank white page?

    - by Zasurus
    On my work's PC (windows 7 32bit) all Adobe Reader and hg Workbench icons on the toolbar (and general shortcuts for hg workbench) are just white pages (with the top left corner folded over). If you right click on the toolbar icon then right click on "TortoiseHg Workbench"(for hg workbench) then "Properties" then the "Change Icon..." button is greyed out (same for "Adobe Reader X"). Also the "Target:" is "TortoiseHg 2.4.0 (x86)" and is greyed out also the "Open File Location" is greyed out. This is the same for both Hg Workbench and Adobe Reader and seems to be the only thing that connects them. I have tried reinstalling to no avail. I also have local admin rights on the PC. I finally I have tried the following following questions without any luck (they aren't quite relevant to my issue but close): Adobe Reader program icon and pdf icons don't appear in Windows 7 Adobe PDF icon disappeared? Encase my description isn't enough to understand the issue here is a screenshot. As you can see the Hg Workbench icon (far left) and a pdf open in Adobe Reader X (second icon to from the left) are both blank and the shortcut is mainly greyed out.

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  • What is the best way to detect white color?

    - by dnul
    I'm trying to detect white objects in a video. The first step is to filter the image so that it leaves only white-color pixels. My first approach was using HSV color space and then checking for high level of VAL channel. Here is the code: //convert image to hsv cvCvtColor( src, hsv, CV_BGR2HSV ); cvCvtPixToPlane( hsv, h_plane, s_plane, v_plane, 0 ); for(int x=0;x<srcSize.width;x++){ for(int y=0;y<srcSize.height;y++){ uchar * hue=&((uchar*) (h_plane->imageData+h_plane->widthStep*y))[x]; uchar * sat=&((uchar*) (s_plane->imageData+s_plane->widthStep*y))[x]; uchar * val=&((uchar*) (v_plane->imageData+v_plane->widthStep*y))[x]; if((*val>170)) *hue=255; else *hue=0; } } leaving the result in the hue channel. Unfortunately, this approach is very sensitive to lighting. I'm sure there is a better way. Any suggestions?

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  • Tough Decisions

    - by Johnm
    There was once a thriving business that employed two Database Administrators, Sam and Jim. Both DBAs were certified, educated and highly talented in their skill sets. During lunch breaks these two DBAs were often found together discussing best practices, troubleshooting techniques and the latest release notes for the upcoming version of SQL Server. They genuinely loved what they did. The maintenance of the first database was the responsibility of Sam. He was the architect of this server's setup and he was very meticulous in its configuration. He regularly monitored the health of the database, validated backup files and regularly adhered to the best practices that were advocated by well respected professionals. He was very proud of the fact that there was never a database that he managed that lost data or performed poorly. The maintenance of the second database was the responsibility of Jim. He too was the architect of this server's setup. At the time that he built this server, his understanding of the finer details of configuration were not as clear as they are today. The server was build on a shoestring budget and with very little time for testing and implementation. Jim often monitored the health of the database; but in more of a reactionary mode due to user complaints of slowness or failed transactions. Deadlocks abounded and the backup files were never validated. One day, the announcement was made that revealed that the business had hit financially hard times. Budgets were being cut, limitation on spending was implemented and the reduction in full-time staff was required. Since having two DBAs was regarded a luxury by many, this meant that either Sam or Jim were about to find themselves out of a job. Sam and Jim's boss, Frank, was faced with a very tough decision. Sam's performance was flawless. His techniques and practices were perfection. The databases he managed were reliable and efficient. His solutions are "by the book". When given a task it is certain that, while it may take a little longer, it will be done right the first time. Jim's techniques and practices were not perfect; but effective and responsive. He made mistakes regularly; but he shows that he learns from them and they often result in innovative solutions. When given a task it is certain that, while the results may require some tweaking, it will be done on time and under budget. You are Frank's best friend. He approaches you and presents this scenario. He must layoff one of his valued DBAs the very next morning. Frank asks you: "All else being equal, who would you let go? and Why?" Another pertinent question is raised: "Regardless of good times or bad, if you had to choose, which DBA would you want on your team when tough challenges arise?" Your response is. (This is where you enter a comment below)

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  • Having a white space issue with scala, I think?

    - by Uruhara747
    I'm trying to write a script to make generating Lift projects quicker but I believe i'm running into a white space issue. val strLiftGen = "mvn archetype:generate -U-DarchetypeGroupId=net.liftweb\ -DarchetypeArtifactId=lift-archetype-blank\ -DarchetypeVersion=1.0\ -DremoteRepositories=http://scala-tools.org/repo-releases-DgroupId=" + args(0)"-DartifactId=" + args(1)"-Dversion=1.0-SNAPSHOT */" Anyone care to hit the newb with the stick of wisdom and tell me a smart way of handling a long string like this?

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  • Beginners php developer does using LiveDocx white Zend Framework is cpu resource eater ?

    - by user63898
    Hello all im beginner in the php world i need to build option in web application that can convert well defined structures into rtf/pdf from txt/html i found using this site search about LiveDocx php component that is dependent on Zend Framework now im not familiar white the php engine ( the parser ) so im asking you experts is it good solution to use this components ? or its just over head ?

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  • I enabled and setup glBlendFunc, but my texture has a white outline. What am I doing wrong?

    - by vinzBad
    You can see most of my source code in this question: Instead of the specified Texture, black circles on a green background are getting rendered. Why? Now I have the problem, that my texture has a white outline on its transparent parts. After googling and setting up glBlendFunc, the outline just got "softer". This is how it looks like: This is how I now setup OpenGL: public static void SetupGL() { GL.Enable(EnableCap.Blend); GL.BlendFunc(BlendingFactorSrc.SrcAlpha, BlendingFactorDest.OneMinusSrcAlpha); GL.Enable(EnableCap.Texture2D); GL.Hint(HintTarget.PerspectiveCorrectionHint, HintMode.Nicest); }

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  • Numbering grouped data in Excel

    - by Jeff
    I have an Excel spreadsheet (2010) with data similar to this: Dogs Brown Nice Dogs White Nice Dogs White Moody Cats Black Nice Cats Black Mean Cats White Nice Cats White Mean I want to group these animals but I only care about species and color. I don't care about disposition. I want to assign group numbers to the set as shown here. 1 Dogs Brown Nice 2 Dogs White Nice 2 Dogs White Moody 3 Cats Black Nice 3 Cats Black Mean 4 Cats White Nice 4 Cats White Mean I was able to select all the species and colors, then from the data tab select 'advanced', then 'unique records only'. This collapsed the data so that I could number the visible rows. Then when I 'cleared' the filter I could easily just fill the blank areas under the numbers with the number above. The problem is that my real data has far too many rows for this to be practical. Also, the trick about entering 1 in the first cell, 2 in the cell below, selecting both then dragging the corner down to 'auto-number' doesn't seem to work when you're viewing filtered rows. Any way to do this?

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  • Why is my iPhone SDK 3.2 iPad code showing a white screen?

    - by Anthony Glyadchenko
    I'm trying to get a UISplitViewController working with an iPad app. I have the table view controller linked up under the Master pane and a plain UIView under the Detail view. I also have [window addSubview:splitView.view]; in my code. For some reason I just get a white screen even though the table view controller code is properly coded and linked under my nib. Any help would be great! Thanks! Here's where you can find the code: http://drop.io/s28bu4t/asset/mydevice-hd-zip

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  • Upon doing a XSL Transform to XML how do I remove white space from a Node's attribute or data?

    - by Randy
    I have a part's list built out in XML and each part is labeled as such: <division> <parts> <part number="123456 " drawing="123456 " cad="y"> <attribute> <header>Header</header> <list>2</list> </attribute> </part> And I need to get the data behind the number and drawing attributes without the white space. I tried xsl:strip-space on the specific elements, and across the board, but that only strips the content in between the tags. I unfortunately have no access to the back-end that's producing the XML, so removing the spaces there doesn't look like an option.

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  • Why does UMN-Mapserver shows an ERDAS Image-File (.img) as white shape?

    - by Mnementh
    I want to render an ERDAS-Image-file (suffix .img) with the UMN-Mapserver. The data is rendered on the right position and with the correct shape, but all data is white instead of an raster-image. The Image contains many layers. My mapfile looks like this: MAP NAME "Test" WEB METADATA "wms_title" "test" "WMS_SRS" "epsg:31466 epsg:31467 epsg:31468 epsg:31469 epsg:4326 epsg:25832 epsg:3035" END LOG "test.log" IMAGEPATH "." END SHAPEPATH "." PROJECTION "init=epsg:32632" END LAYER NAME "testlayer" TYPE RASTER DATA "test.img" STATUS ON OFFSITE 0 0 0 END OUTPUTFORMAT NAME png DRIVER "GD/PNG" MIMETYPE "image/png" IMAGEMODE RGBA END END

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