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• image segmentation using pil/any package of python

  - by sag

  hi all., i need to segment an image into regions .i'm using pil.i found no module to segment image in pil. I need this segmented regions as a list or dictionary. Actually i'm trying to compare the images for similarity in content aware fashion.for that i need to segment the image. i tried segwin tool but it is drawing another image(which is not required and also time consuming) thans in advance

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• Dreaded python encoding errors, how to stop them?

  - by Rhubarb

  These have been plaguing me endlessly. Why? It seems that my console can't handle the encoding. I take it that the my browser and word processor can handle it. I don't have a master list of all the possible characters that it's choking on. What is the best way to relieve this without modifying my data? 'charmap' codec can't encode character u'\xca'

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• Get stacktrace from stuck python process

  - by piquadrat

  I have to run a legacy Zope2 website and have some grievance with it. The biggest issue is that, occasionally, it just locks up, running at 100% CPU load and not answering to requests anymore. While the problem isn't reproducible on a regular basis, one page containing 3 dynamic graphs triggers it sometimes, so I suspect some kind of race condition that leads to an endless loop or a stuck busywait. The problem is, I have not yet found a way to debug this thing. There's nothing in the Zope logs and nothing in the system logs. I tried the suggestions from this question to get a stacktrace, but the only signal that has any effect is SIGKILL. Is there another possibility to find out where exactly the process is when it gets stuck?

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• python MySQLdb got invalid syntax when trying to INSERT INTO table

  - by Michelle Jun Lee

  ## COMMENT OUT below just for reference "" cursor.execute (""" CREATE TABLE yellowpages ( business_id BIGINT(20) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, categories_name VARCHAR(255), business_name VARCHAR(500) NOT NULL, business_address1 VARCHAR(500), business_city VARCHAR(255), business_state VARCHAR(255), business_zipcode VARCHAR(255), phone_number1 VARCHAR(255), website1 VARCHAR(1000), website2 VARCHAR(1000), created_date datetime, modified_date datetime, PRIMARY KEY(business_id) ) """) "" ## TOP COMMENT OUT (just for reference) ## code website1g = "http://www.triman.com" business_nameg = "Triman Sales Inc" business_address1g = "510 E Airline Way" business_cityg = "Gardena" business_stateg = "CA" business_zipcodeg = "90248" phone_number1g = "(310) 323-5410" phone_number2g = "" website2g = "" cursor.execute (""" INSERT INTO yellowpages(categories_name, business_name, business_address1, business_city, business_state, business_zipcode, phone_number1, website1, website2) VALUES ('%s','%s','%s','%s','%s','%s','%s','%s','%s') """, (''gas-stations'', business_nameg, business_address1g, business_cityg, business_stateg, business_zipcodeg, phone_number1g, website1g, website2g)) cursor.close() conn.close() I keep getting this error File "testdb.py", line 51 """, (''gas-stations'', business_nameg, business_address1g, business_cityg, business_stateg, business_zipcodeg, phone_number1g, website1g, website2g)) ^ SyntaxError: invalid syntax any idea why? By the way, the up arrow is pointing to website1g (the b character) . Thanks for the help in advance

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• Short Python alphanumeric hash with minimal collisions

  - by ensnare

  I'd like to set non-integer primary keys for a table using some kind of hash function. md5() seems to be kind of long (32-characters). What are some alternative hash functions that perhaps use every letter in the alphabet as well as integers that are perhaps shorter in string length and have low collision rates? Thanks!

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• When to use weak references in Python?

  - by bodacydo

  Can anyone explain usage of weak references? The documentation doesn't explain it precisely, it just says that the GC can destroy the object linked to via a weak reference at any time. Then what's the point of having an object that can disappear at any time? What if I need to use it right after it disappeared? Can you please explain them with some good examples? Thanks, Boda Cydo.

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• Handle incorrect user/password repoze.who gracefully in Python/Pylons

  - by Timmy

  im using FriendlyFormPlugin, but would like to retrieve the username that was input as part of the request.params, but its no longer there when i check. this way i can set the default for username if the password is incorrect. thanks

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• Python mechanize to follow image links?

  - by Shark

  mechanize's Browser class is great and it's follow_link() function is great too. But what to do with this kind of links: <a href="http://example.com"><img src="…"></a> Is there any way to follow such links? The text attribute of this type of links is simply '[IMG]', so AFAIK, there is no way to differentiate such links. Any help would be appreciated.

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• python generic exception handling and return arg on exception

  - by rikAtee

  I am trying to create generic exception handler - for where I can set an arg to return in case of exception, inspired from this answer. import contextlib @contextlib.contextmanager def handler(default): try: yield except Exception as e: yield default def main(): with handler(0): return 1 / 0 with handler(0): return 100 / 0 with handler(0): return 'helllo + 'cheese' But this results in RuntimeError: generator didn't stop after throw()

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• Precomputed Kernels with LibSVM in Python

  - by Lyyli

  I've been searching the net for ~3 hours but I couldn't find a solution yet. I want to give a precomputed kernel to libsvm and classify a dataset, but: How can I generate a precomputed kernel? (for example, what is the basic precomputed kernel for Iris data?) In the libsvm documentation, it is stated that: For precomputed kernels, the first element of each instance must be the ID. For example, samples = [[1, 0, 0, 0, 0], [2, 0, 1, 0, 1], [3, 0, 0, 1, 1], [4, 0, 1, 1, 2]] problem = svm_problem(labels, samples) param = svm_parameter(kernel_type=PRECOMPUTED) What is a ID? There's no further details on that. Can I assign ID's sequentially? Any libsvm help and an example of precomputed kernels really appreciated.

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• BDB Python Interface Error when Reading BDB

  - by biznez

  bsddb.db.DBInvalidArgError: (22, 'Invalid argument -- /dbs/supermodels.db: unexpected file type or format') Is this error a result of incompatible BDB versions (1.85 or 3+)? If so, how do I check the versions, trouble-shoot and solve this error?

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• Any Naive Bayesian Classifier in python?

  - by asldkncvas

  Dear Everyone I have tried the Orange Framework for Naive Bayesian classification. The methods are extremely unintuitive, and the documentation is extremely unorganized. Does anyone here have another framework to recommend? I use mostly NaiveBayesian for now. I was thinking of using nltk's NaiveClassification but then they don't think they can handle continuous variables. What are my options?

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• confused about python decorators

  - by nbv4

  I have a class that has an output() method which returns a matplotlib Figure instance. I have a decorator I wrote that takes that fig instance and turns it into a Django response object. My decorator looks like this: class plot_svg(object): def __init__(self, view): self.view = view def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs): print args, kwargs fig = self.view(*args, **kwargs) canvas=FigureCanvas(fig) response=HttpResponse(content_type='image/svg+xml') canvas.print_svg(response) return response and this is how it was being used: def as_avg(self): return plot_svg(self.output)() The only reason I has it that way instead of using the "@" syntax is because when I do it with the "@": @plot_svg def as_svg(self): return self.output() I get this error: as_svg() takes exactly 1 argument (0 given) I'm trying to 'fix' this by putting it in the "@" syntax but I can't figure out how to get it working. I'm thinking it has something to do with self not getting passed where it's supposed to...

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• Simple Prime Generator in Python

  - by marc lincoln

  Hi, could someone please tell me what I'm doing wrong with this code. It is just printing 'count' anyway. I just want a very simple prime generator (nothing fancy). Thanks a lot. lincoln. import math def main(): count = 3 one = 1 while one == 1: for x in range(2, int(math.sqrt(count) + 1)): if count % x == 0: continue if count % x != 0: print count count += 1

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• Mocking ImportError in Python

  - by Attila Oláh

  I'm trying this for almost two hours now, without any luck. I have a module that looks like this: try: from zope.cpomonent import queryUtility # and things like this except ImportError: # do some fallback operations <-- how to test this? Later in the code: try: queryUtility(foo) except NameError: # do some fallback actions <-- this one is easy with mocking # zope.component.queryUtility to raise a NameError Any ideas?

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• Python 3: unpack inner lists in list comprehension

  - by Beau Martínez

  I'm running the following code on a list of strings to return a list of its words: words = [re.split('\\s+', line) for line in lines] However, I end up getting something like: [['import', 're', ''], ['', ''], ['def', 'word_count(filename):', ''], ...] As opposed to the desired: ['import', 're', '', '', '', 'def', 'word_count(filename):', '', ...] How can I unpack the lists re.split('\\s+', line) produces in the above list comprehension? Naïvely, I tried using * but that doesn't work. (I'm looking for a simple and Pythonic way of doing; I was tempted to write a function but I'm sure the language accommodates for this issue.)

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• Testing Python Decorators?

  - by Jama22

  I'm writing some unit tests for a Django project, and I was wondering if its possible (or necessary?) to test some of the decorators that I wrote for it. Here is an example of a decorator that I wrote: class login_required(object): def __init__(self, f): self.f = f def __call__(self, *args): request = args[0] if request.user and request.user.is_authenticated(): return self.f(*args) return redirect('/login')

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• What exactly are tuples in Python?

  - by Sergio Tapia

  I'm following a couple of Pythone exercises and I'm stumped at this one. # C. sort_last # Given a list of non-empty tuples, return a list sorted in increasing # order by the last element in each tuple. # e.g. [(1, 7), (1, 3), (3, 4, 5), (2, 2)] yields # [(2, 2), (1, 3), (3, 4, 5), (1, 7)] # Hint: use a custom key= function to extract the last element form each tuple. def sort_last(tuples): # +++your code here+++ return What is a Tuple? Do they mean a List of Lists?

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• Python 3 with the range function

  - by Leif Andersen

  I can type in the following code in the terminal, and it works: for i in range(5): print(i) And it will print: 0 1 2 3 4 as expected. However, I tried to write a script that does a similar thing: print(current_chunk.data) read_chunk(file, current_chunk) numVerts, numFaces, numEdges = current_chunk.data print(current_chunk.data) print(numVerts) for vertex in range(numVerts): print("Hello World") current_chunk.data is gained from the following method: def read_chunk(file, chunk): line = file.readline() while line.startswith('#'): line = file.readline() chunk.data = line.split() The output for this is: ['OFF'] ['490', '518', '0'] 490 Traceback (most recent call last): File "/home/leif/src/install/linux2/.blender/scripts/io/import_scene_off.py", line 88, in execute load_off(self.properties.path, context) File "/home/leif/src/install/linux2/.blender/scripts/io/import_scene_off.py", line 68, in load_off for vertex in range(numVerts): TypeError: 'str' object cannot be interpreted as an integer So, why isn't it spitting out Hello World 490 times? Or is the 490 being thought of as a string? I opened the file like this: def load_off(filename, context): file = open(filename, 'r')

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• Python sorting list of dictionaries by multiple keys

  - by simi

  I have a list of dicts: b = [{u'TOT_PTS_Misc': u'Utley, Alex', u'Total_Points': 96.0}, {u'TOT_PTS_Misc': u'Russo, Brandon', u'Total_Points': 96.0}, {u'TOT_PTS_Misc': u'Chappell, Justin', u'Total_Points': 96.0}, {u'TOT_PTS_Misc': u'Foster, Toney', u'Total_Points': 80.0}, {u'TOT_PTS_Misc': u'Lawson, Roman', u'Total_Points': 80.0}, {u'TOT_PTS_Misc': u'Lempke, Sam', u'Total_Points': 80.0}, {u'TOT_PTS_Misc': u'Gnezda, Alex', u'Total_Points': 78.0}, {u'TOT_PTS_Misc': u'Kirks, Damien', u'Total_Points': 78.0}, {u'TOT_PTS_Misc': u'Worden, Tom', u'Total_Points': 78.0}, {u'TOT_PTS_Misc': u'Korecz, Mike', u'Total_Points': 78.0}, {u'TOT_PTS_Misc': u'Swartz, Brian', u'Total_Points': 66.0}, {u'TOT_PTS_Misc': u'Burgess, Randy', u'Total_Points': 66.0}, {u'TOT_PTS_Misc': u'Smugala, Ryan', u'Total_Points': 66.0}, {u'TOT_PTS_Misc': u'Harmon, Gary', u'Total_Points': 66.0}, {u'TOT_PTS_Misc': u'Blasinsky, Scott', u'Total_Points': 60.0}, {u'TOT_PTS_Misc': u'Carter III, Laymon', u'Total_Points': 60.0}, {u'TOT_PTS_Misc': u'Coleman, Johnathan', u'Total_Points': 60.0}, {u'TOT_PTS_Misc': u'Venditti, Nick', u'Total_Points': 60.0}, {u'TOT_PTS_Misc': u'Blackwell, Devon', u'Total_Points': 60.0}, {u'TOT_PTS_Misc': u'Kovach, Alex', u'Total_Points': 60.0}, {u'TOT_PTS_Misc': u'Bolden, Antonio', u'Total_Points': 60.0}, {u'TOT_PTS_Misc': u'Smith, Ryan', u'Total_Points': 60.0}] and I need to use a multi key sort reversed by Total_Points, then not reversed by TOT_PTS_Misc. This can be done at the command prompt like so: a = sorted(b, key=lambda d: (-d['Total_Points'], d['TOT_PTS_Misc'])) But I have to run this through a function, where I pass in the list and the sort keys. For example, def multikeysort(dict_list, sortkeys):. How can the lambda line be used which will sort the list, for an arbitrary number of keys that are passed in to the multikeysort function, and take into consideration that the sortkeys may have any number of keys and those that need reversed sorts will be identified with a '-' before it?

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• python: subclass a metaclass

  - by Michael Konietzny

  Hello, for putting methods of various classes into a global registry I'm using a decorator with a metaclass. The decorator tags, the metaclass puts the function in the registry: class ExposedMethod (object): def __init__(self, decoratedFunction): self._decoratedFunction = decoratedFunction def __call__(__self,*__args,**__kw): return __self._decoratedFunction(*__args,**__kw) class ExposedMethodDecoratorMetaclass(type): def __new__(mcs, name, bases, dct): for obj_name, obj in dct.iteritems(): if isinstance(obj, ExposedMethod): WorkerFunctionRegistry.addWorkerToWorkerFunction(obj_name, name) return type.__new__(mcs, name, bases, dct) class MyClass (object): __metaclass__ = DiscoveryExposedMethodDecoratorMetaclass @ExposeDiscoveryMethod def myCoolExposedMethod (self): pass I've now came to the point where two function registries are needed. The first thought was to subclass the metaclass and put the other registry in. For that the new method has simply to be rewritten. Since rewriting means redundant code this is not what I really want. So, it would be nice if anyone could name a way how to put an attribute inside of the metaclass which is able to be read when new is executed. With that the right registry could be put in without having to rewrite new. Thanks and Greetings, Michael

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• [python]: path between two nodes

  - by www.yegorov-p.ru

  I'm using networkx to work with graphs. I have pretty large graph (it's near 200 nodes in it) and I try to find all possible paths between two nodes. But, as I understand, networkx can find only shortest path. How can I get not just shortest path, but all possible paths?

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• Python - Linux - Connecting to MS SQL with Windows Credentials - FreeTDS+UnixODBC + pyodbc or pymssq

  - by Keith P

  There doesn't seem to be any great instructions for setting this up. Does anyone have any good instructions? I am a linux noob so be gentle. I did see another post that is similar, but no real answer. I have a couple of problems. FreeTDS doesn't "seem" to be working. I am trying to connect and I get the following message using the "tsql" command: "Default database being set to databaseName There was a problem connecting to the server" but it doesn't mention what the problem is. The error I get when I try to connect using pyodbc is: "pyodbc.Error: ('08S01', '[08S01] [unixODBC][FreeTDS][SQL Server]Unable to connect: Adaptive Server is unavailable or does not exist (20009) (SQLDriverConnectW)')" I tried something similar with pymssql, but I ran into similar issues. I keep getting errors that I can't connect, but it doesn't tell me why.

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• Python: Create a duplicate of an array

  - by Dan

  I have an double array alist[1][1]=-1 alist2=[] for x in xrange(10): alist2.append(alist[x]) alist2[1][1]=15 print alist[1][1] and I get 15. Clearly I'm passing a pointer rather than an actual variable... Is there an easy way to make a seperate double array (no shared pointers) without having to do a double for loop? Thanks, Dan

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• Python twisted Reactor class

  - by anijhaw

  What is the significance of the decorators @reactor.callWhenRunning, @results_deferred.addCallback @results_deferred.addErrback. Also what are deferred strings, for example in the twisted.internet.utils.getProcessOutput() returns a deferred string what exactly is happening here? I am new to twisted hence this might be a very simple question but reading twisted documentation did not help me much

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