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  • windows 7 virtual wireless adapter keeps going to sleep

    - by conners
    Just a quick question that I can't see mentioned anywhere online. I have a Windows 7 box configured like these guys recommend http://www.itgeekdiary.com/windows-7-as-an-wi-fi-access-point/ simply so that I can have my Windows 7 box as a wifi access point or a wifi emitter. It's also called a Microsoft Virtual WiFi Miniport Adapter. But it powers off and shuts down automatically and stops working. Basically everything works as intended and then - well -it will stopped working when I am not at the Windows 7 PC for a long time. The problem seems to be that every time my PC goes to "power save / sleep" and in the morning the Windows 7 machine "wakes" but blooming heck the wifi has stopped and you have to power cycle the PC (which is very uncool). When I power Cycle I have to do the following as administrator C:\Windows\System32\netsh.exe wlan start hostednetwork I then tried a gazllion things involving services and power management and eventually discovered that if I run the following commands as administrator it will be ok (for a bit) but every 3rd ot 4th time I try this "trick" it simply fails. the trick that seems to work 3 out of 4 times (i.e. "most" of the time) C:\Windows\System32\netsh.exe wlan stop hostednetwork C:\Windows\System32\netsh.exe wlan start hostednetwork But why does this only work "some" of the time? What else I did by myself: on every manage adapter properties (that relates to the wifi) I right clicked [configure] [power management] /disabled/ "allow the computer to power off to save power" <- this made no difference Also (and this is a bit annoying) there is no system tray app/GUI for the Microsoft Virtual WiFi Miniport Adapter output signal ... none... so (lame as it sounds) the ONLY way I can check if it's on is to physically go to another device and SCAN.. lame so my question can probably be solved by any of the following: a) can I stop Windows 7 sleeping this wifi when the machine sleeps b) can I force Windows to force wake this process on wake? if so how? c) what is the service / process REALLY called and how do I restart it if it crashes d) how can I flush the wifi properly rather power cycle the host machine e) anyone have a link to an program or app that can sit in the system tray that shows windows 7 wifi hotspot emission status (on/off/etc etc) Since I am a programmer I can easily write a vbs script / windows exe to fix this (and I will share this solution) and the gui problem if I can work out the actual service that is running that netsh stops/starts

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  • How can I fix a computer that is infested with malware and is extremely unresponsive? [closed]

    - by fredley
    Possible Duplicate: How do I get rid of malicious spyware, malware, viruses or rootkits from my PC? I'm troubleshooting a Windows 7 PC for a friend. A couple of days ago it started running 'slow'. It turns out 'slow' is about 15 minutes to the first glimpse of the desktop, and another 30 to show icons. It is possible to open Task Manager, and nothing seems awry, CPU usage at 1-5%, plenty of memory free. The machine is clearly infested with malware though, in particular a program called 'Optimizer Pro' is demanding money to 'remove 5102 files slowing down my computer'. This seems highly suspicious. My problem is though, that I can't access msconfig (I left it for a couple of hours after having hopefully typed it into the Start Menu and hit enter - nothing seems to have loaded), or anything at all basically. I can boot from a Linux Live CD, but can I actually do anything useful from there? System Restore hasn't fixed it either, and Safe Mode exhibits the same behavior.

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  • background screen recording tool

    - by misha nesterenko
    I am searching for a tool that allows background recording of my pc screen. I it is nothing like a spy tool, I just need to be able to check what I was doing at the some time in the past. Small impact on the system, and relatively small size of recordings, as it is supposed to run all time pc is turned on. Some recording management as auto pruning of recordings older than x days. UPD This is not a problem if some scripting is necessary to achieve what is described in the question. So it could be a command line recording tool which could be used from batch, bash (cygwin, mingw) scripts.

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  • Windows XP: How to boot up in normal mode after improper shut down?

    - by Nick
    I work in two different locations and whenever there is a power outage at one of the locations, Windows XP detects that the system was improperly shutdown. Once the power is up, the PC powers on and Windows XP enters REPAIR/SAFE mode where only someone physically in front of the PC can control it. (Networking is all disabled in this mode) Now before it enters REPAIR/SAFE mode, there is an option for a NORMAL boot. But the catch is that REPAIR/SAFE mode is selected by default with a 30 second timer. Once it automatically enters REPAIR/SAFE mode and if nobody is at the other location, I have no way to remote control it anymore. And then I have to drive over to the other location and reboot it and select boot into NORMAL mode. Where can I change this setting so that Windows XP always boots into NORMAL mode no matter how many times it is improperly shut down?

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  • X11 forwarding through SSH

    - by martinjlowm
    I have been playing around with X11 forwarding the past few hours and so far I've managed to forward my desktop pc's X Server to my laptop, using X11VNC as server and X2VNC as client. X2VNC uses Xinerama to provide a dual-screen-like behavior between my laptop and my desktop pc. It's actually really great! I know that most Linux systems run Xorg and desktop environments on TTY7. Therefore I was thinking, is it in any way possible to have the VNC-tunnel tied to it's own TTY? It would be great to be able to switch forth and back between two TTY's in order to choose which machine to manage. And I would like this approach more than using Xinerama or a GUI.

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  • I don't have a free PCI / PCI-e slot, can it be worked around?

    - by Borek
    I need to add a PCI(e) card to a nettop PC that is so small that the card won't fit there (and there is no external alternative like we're used to with external TV tuners). The only ports available are USB and eSATA, is it possible to somehow "dock" the PCI card into some device that would then connect to the PC via USB or eSATA? Or am I out of luck? (I don't mind the solution being visually ugly, I wouldn't even mind opening up the case and soldering some wires in, anything that would work would be great.)

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  • Skydrive unable to create directory

    - by blam3161
    I have upgraded a desktop PC from windows 8 pro to 8.1 pro. I 8, I had skydrive/desktop & skydrive/MUI. In 8.1, file syncing seems to be ok (as far as I could test it). By the way, I could not start the skydrive MUI app. It says "unable to display files on this PC". IN addition, I cannot turn the "offline file access" on in parameters tab. The option stays greyed. Is there away to fix it ? Thanks.

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  • How can I use my Windows 7 computer to share WiFi connection with PCs that don't have wireless?

    - by Tom Auger
    Long story short: modem and wireless router are downstairs and we're having a LAN party where some visitors don't have wireless. There's no way to run the length of cabling required, so looking for options. My Windows 7 Home Premium PC has a wireless-n connection, and I'd like to see if I can use it as a "hub" or switch of sorts, running an ethernet cable out of the back and into a switch, then splitting off to the other PCs. Is this an option? I know with Internet sharing, you can set up your PC as a wireless access point, but I want to do the opposite.

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  • Sublime Text: A package/quick and easy way to share code, make it accessible?

    - by Vennsoh
    I am just starting to use Sublime Text. So far it has been great! I am looking for a tutorial/method for a particular problem. I am working on a project, lets say on PC 1 and then once I am done with the project, I want to upload the whole thing to Github so that when I get home I can download the latest code and work on it again on PC 2. Is there a package available for this? Any thoughts or any better ways of managing your projects and still make them accessible.

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  • How can I find a computer on my network that is doing mass mailings?

    - by Alex Ciarlill
    I was notified by my isp that one of my machines is sending out spam. This happened about 3 months ago on windows machine running cygwin that was hacked due to an SSH vuln. The hackers setup IIS and SMTP. I cleared out the machine and all the services are disabled so I think that machine is okay I am wondering if there is any other way to identify which machine it could be coming from? The ISP has NO useful information such as source port, destination port, destination IP... nothing. I am running DD-WRT on my router, Windows 7 PC and a Windows XP PC.

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  • Masquerade traffic from certain source IP to VPN connection

    - by Shuo Ran
    Network Setup: 10.0.0.1 Router: to internet 10.0.0.70 Server: Ubuntu based server,default gateway is 10.0.0.1 10.0.0.51 PC I created a PPTP connection(interface: ppp0) on Server to a machine on the internet, what I want to do is route all the traffic from certain IP address(10.0.0.51) through the PPTP connection and then to the internet. What I did are: Set the gateway on PC(10.0.0.51) as 10.0.0.70 Enabled ipv4 forward on 10,0,0,70 Add the masquerade rule to iptable: iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o ppp0 -s 10.0.0.51 -j MASQUERADE After that, it seems none of the traffic from 10.0.0.51 be redirected to ppp0, instead these traffic are still going through 10.0.0.1 directly. Any thoughts on it?

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  • Tool to automate basic connectivity testing

    - by feicipet
    After our vendors have setup a certain test environment, we need to go in to perform connectivity testing between PC to servers and also between servers. The problem is that we run a range of tests to telnet between 2 nodes on several ports and this is a manual and rather tedious process. Does anyone know of a small tool or script that I can take input on the range of ports to be test and will run an automated range of testing against those ports? All I need to do is to validate whether a TCP connection can be established from the source PC / server to the target server IP address / port. Thanks, Wong

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  • monitor internet bandwidth on LAN

    - by Dimal Chandrasiri
    I'm on a office network and there are around 12 PCs that are connected to a switch and then to a Prolink Router. Now the Internet connection is very slow and I'm the one who manage all the computers. I want to monitor bandwidth usage of each computer on the LAN. how can I achieve this using my computer. I cannot install any software on the client computers other than mine. I tried wireshark but, it only shows my network usage so there is no use with the data I get from it. Is there any specific software that I can use within my PC to get the bandwidth details of other computers. I'm on a windows 7 x64bit PC with admin privileges. Thank you.

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  • Can Kies provide a data connection so my phone can avoid mobile data usage?

    - by Highly Irregular
    I regularly connect my Samsung phone by USB cable to my PC to charge it up, and when I run the Samsung Kies app on the PC I can sync data too. Is it possible for my phone to use my PCs internet connection through the USB link to avoid data charges? I don't have a wifi connection available. It would make sense if Kies could provide this, or perhaps there's some other way I can achieve it without wifi, such as using Bluetooth. I have a Samsung GT-S7500, though this question should apply to many other models.

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  • Deleting Windows 8 install

    - by Yann4
    I have a windows 7 pc, and I had installed windows 8 on an SSD, so it was the only partition on that SSD. I've now realised that I never use it, so I went to uninstall it and followed these steps. The PC now boots into 7, as expected, however I can't delete or format the drive that has windows 8 on it. The format dropdown selection is greyed out, and I tried to just simply delete all of the files and use the disk as is, but as windows 8 isn't there, I no longer have rights to delete all of the files, apparently. The drive in question has 3 partitions, one that I made for the win8 system, and 2 smaller system-created partitions (one 300MB recovery and 1 100MB EFI) How do I go about formatting the drive?

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  • missing windows/system32/config/system

    - by Faruq Sandi
    i know it is common problem, but not its so strange. problem: common missing windows/system32/config/system what i do next: put hdd to another pc and boot from it, it is succeeded but without warning window after startup that says like "windows has recovered from serious problem". and than i put back hdd to previous pc. tadaaa!!!! missing windows/system32/config/system is happening again! now i am trying repair this problem with recovery console from CD. i hope it will successful. someone can explain this? what should i do?

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  • My Computer will not turn on?

    - by user269120
    I recently built a gaming pc. It was working fine before the following events: I installed a graphics card driver update then: in windows it said that the user experience index needed to be refreshed, so i started the test and somewhere in the middle of the test my pc just switched off. No shutting down just stopped. Now it won't turn back on. I have checked its plugged in and the switch on psu is down, i tried a different power cable and i checked all the connections. When i press the power button nothing happens, no fans no lights no post beep. Computer Parts: Motherboard: Gigabyte GA78LMT-USB3 CPU: AMD FX-6350 @ 3.9 Ghz RAM: 2x4gb Crucial Ballistix Sport Power Supply: Tesla 750w psu Graphics card: XFX Radeon 7870 DD Case: CiT Vantage R Gaming Case Hard Drive: 2TB Western Digital Caviar Green Please help me, this computer is only a week old since i built it. All anwsers are appreciated :)

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  • My microphone is too quiet

    - by AmitM9S6
    I've been chatting with skype for a long time.. and I don't know why, but for X time it's fine, and then it's too quiet.. Here how it goes : I'm booting the PC - getting into a skype call with friends - talking with friends on skype - (everything goes well) - Closing the skype call - Going back to a skype call like a hour after -. They can't hear me well, I have to shout so they'll hear me, and in the settings, it's on 100% + 30 DECIBELS, so I can't raise it higher... and if I'll re-boot my PC, it'll be well until I'll close the skype call again.. Every time I'm skyping with friends well, and then when I close the call and come back after a while, they hear me really low(volume).. I've been trying to fix this problem for about 2 months! If you'll be able to help me, I'd be so happy. (btw It's connected not through USB, but through a microphone connection and headphone connection...) Also, I got Windows 7..

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  • win 8.1 with two startup logins. One local and one microsoft account

    - by lantonis
    On my win 8 pc when the pc was turned on i disabled the login password and it autogone to the start. After i updated to win 8.1 it first takes me to a login and its not set to me microsoft account but as other user. Thus is fails to login and i have to click below login as a microsoft account and reenter everytime my email and password. In windows in users there is only one user and thats the one i had before. No local account set or something. Same to accounts in control panel. How do i disable this double accounts?

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  • 1TB HDD making strange noise (not a common one)

    - by Darkkurama
    I built a new PC some days ago, and everything seems perfect, except that the 1 TB HDD I cloned from my old 500 GB HDD is making a deep weird sound. First of all, every time I access the disk, I hear a deep sound, and when the PC is turning on, I hear some clicking (the rapid clicking is my mouse, I'm opening and closing folders to trigger the vibrating deep weird sound I'm describing). I'm using this 1TB disk for data mainly (I use a SSD as the OS). As background information, the disk is a seagate barracuda 7200 rpm which was RMAd and replaced with a refurbished one. Maybe the refurbished disks make these noises? should I worry about my data? (although the disk is working normal and passed a seagatetools short generic test? Thanks! PS: I recorded the sounds, just click on the links. Thanks

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  • My microphone is too quiet (seems to be connected with Skype)

    - by AmitM9S6
    I've been chatting with skype for a long time.. and I don't know why, but for X time it's fine, and then it's too quiet.. Here how it goes : I'm booting the PC - getting into a skype call with friends - talking with friends on skype - (everything goes well) - Closing the skype call - Going back to a skype call like a hour after -. They can't hear me well, I have to shout so they'll hear me, and in the settings, it's on 100% + 30 DECIBELS, so I can't raise it higher... and if I'll re-boot my PC, it'll be well until I'll close the skype call again.. Every time I'm skyping with friends well, and then when I close the call and come back after a while, they hear me really low(volume).. I've been trying to fix this problem for about 2 months! If you'll be able to help me, I'd be so happy. (btw It's connected not through USB, but through a microphone connection and headphone connection...) Also, I got Windows 7..

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  • Is it legal to install WIndows 7 Professional (OEM) on VMWare? [closed]

    - by Domina
    Possible Duplicate: Can you help me with my software licensing issue? I recently heard that Microsoft allow you to install OEM version of windows 7 into Virtual Machine. I'm not 100% sure whether it is true or not and would like to re-confirm with you guys. FYI, I have 2 computers. Let's say "computer A" and "Computer B". I bought a copy of WIndows 7 Professional OEM edition recently and already installed it on my Computer A. I've two questions: Is it legal to install it again on a VMWare/Virtual PC on my Computer A? Is it legal to install it on VMWare/Virtual PC on my Computer B? Thanks.

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  • What’s New In Microsoft Security Essentials 2.0 And How To Upgrade To 2.0

    - by Gopinath
    Since Microsoft released Microsoft Security Essentials(MSE) couple of years ago, I stopped worrying about antivirus programs on all my Windows PCs. MSE is just awesome and it’s the best free antivirus available in the market. Microsoft released version 2.0 of MSE yesterday with enhanced security features and more love for Windows users. New features introduced in this version are New protection engine - Heuristic scanning engine is introduced to bump the virus detection and cleaning mechanism. Network inspection system to monitor network traffic as we browse and protects us from malicious scripts and programs. Better integration with Windows Firewall With this upgrade, MSE is irresistible antivirus application to have on every Windows PC. How To Upgrade MSE 1.0 to 2.0 Generally upgrading Microsoft applications are kids play. All one would require to upgrade is to go to Help->Check for upgrades menu option and follow the wizard to complete upgrade process. Microsoft Security Essentials 1.0 to 2.0 upgrade is also expected to be this way, but somehow it’s not working for me in India. May be I guess, MSE 2.0 is not released for Indian users. What ever may be the reason, it’s very easy to upgrade MSE 1.0 to 2.0  manually. Just download the installer from Microsoft(link given below) and run the installer. Choose Upgrade option when the installer is executing to have MSE 2.0 installed on your PC. MSE 2.0 Download Link You can download Microsoft Security Essentials 2.0 at Microsoft Download Center. This article titled,What’s New In Microsoft Security Essentials 2.0 And How To Upgrade To 2.0, was originally published at Tech Dreams. Grab our rss feed or fan us on Facebook to get updates from us.

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  • Day 2 - Game Design Documentation

    - by dapostolov
    So yesterday I didn't cut any code for my game but I was able to do a tiny bit of research on the XNA Game Development Technology and the communities out there and do you know what? I feel I'm a bit closer to my goal. The bad news is today I didn't cut code either. However, not all is lost because I wanted to get my ideas on paper and today I just did that.  Today, I began to jot down notes about the game and how I felt the visual elements would interact with each other. Unlike my workplace, my personal level of documentation is nothing more than a task list or a mind map of my ideas; it helps me streamline my solutions quiet effectively and circumvent the long process of articulating each thought to the n-th degree. I truly dislike documentation (because I have an extremely hard time articulating my thought and solutions); however, because I tend to do a really good job with documentation I tend to get stuck writing the buggers. But as a generalist remark: 'No Developer likes documentation.' For now let's stick with my basic notes and call this post a living document. Here are my notes, fresh, from after watching the new first episode of Merlin second season! Actually, a quick recommendation to anyone who is reading this (if anyone is): I truly recommend you envelope yourself in the medium or task you're trying to tackle. Be one with moment and feel it! For instance: Are you writing a fantasy script / game? What would the music of the genre sound like? For me the Conan the Barbarian soundtrack by Basil Poledouris is frackin awesome. There are many other good CD's out there, which I listen to (some who even use medival instruments, but Conan I keep returning to. It's a creative trigger for me. Ask yourself what would the imagery look like? Time to surf google for artist renditions of fantasy! What would the game feel like? Start playing some of your favorite games that inspire you, be wary though, have some self control and don't let it absorb your time. Anyhow, onto the documentation... Screens, Scenes, and Sprites. Oh My! (groan...) The first thing that came to mind were the screens, I thought the following would suffice: Menu Screen Character Customisation Screen Loading Screen? Battle Ground The Menu Screen Ok. So, the thought here is when the game loads a huge title is displayed: Wizard Wars. The player is prompted with 3 menu items: 1 Player Game, 2 Player Game, and Exit. Since I'm targetting the PC platform, as a non-networked game to start, I picture myself running my mouse over each menu option and the visual element of the menu item changes, along with a sound to indicate that I am over a curent menu item. And as I move my mouse away, it changes back, and possibly an exit mouse sound. Maybe on the screen somewhere is a brazier alit with a magical tome open right beside it, OR, maybe the tome is the menu! I hear the menu music as mellow, not obtrusive or piercing. On a menu item select, a confirmation sound bellows to indicate the players selection. The Esc key will always return me to the previous screens or desktop. The menu screen must feel...dark, like a really important ritual is about to happen and thus the music should build up. 1 Player Game - > Customize Character(s) 2 Player Game - > Customize Character(s) Exit - > Back to Windows Notes: So the first thing I pick up here are a couple things: First and foremost, my artistic abilities suck crap, so I may have to hire an artist (now that i've said that, lets get techy) graphical objects will be positioned within a scene on each screen / window. Menu items will be represented grapically, possibly animated, and have sound / animation effects triggered by user input or a time line. I have an animated scene involving a brazier or fire on a stick IF I was to move this game to the xbox, I'd have to track which menu item is currently selected (unless I do a mouse pointer type thing.) WindowObject has a scene A Scene has many GameObjects GameObject has a position graphic or animation MenuObject is a GameObject which has a mouse in, mouse out, and click event which either does something graphically (animation), does something with sound, or moves to another screen.  Character Customisation Screen With either the 1 or 2 player option selected, both selections will come to this screen; a wizard requires a name, powers, and vestements of course! Player one will configure his character first and then player two. I considered a split screen for PC but to have two people fighting over a keyboard would probably suck. For XBox, a split screen could work; maybe when I get into the networking portion (phase 2 blog?) of this game I will remove the 2 player option for PC and provide only multiplayer and I will leave 2 player for xbox...hmm... Anyhow...I picture the creation process as follows: Name: (textbox / keyboard entry) - for xbox, this would have to be different. Robe Color: (color box, or something) Stats: Speed, Oomph, and Health. (as sliders) 1 as minimum and 10 as maximum. Ok, Back, and Cancel buttons / options. Each stat has a benefit which are listed below. The idea is the player decides if he wants his wizard to run fast, be a tank and ... hit with a purse.Regardless, the player will have a pool of 12 points to use. Ideally, A balanced wizard will have 5 in each attribute. Spells? The only spell of choice is a ball of fire which comes without question. The music and screen should still feel like a ritual. The Character Speed Basically, how fast your character moves and casts. Oomph (Best Monster Truck Voice): PURE POWAH!!! The damage output of your fireball. Health How much damage you can take. Notes: I realise the game dynamics may sound uninteresting at the moment; but I think after a couple releases, we could have some other grand ideas such as: saved profiles, gold to upgrade arsenal of spells, talents, etc...but for now...a vanilla fireball thrower mage will suffice for this experiment. OK. So... a MenuObject  may need to be loosely coupled to allow future items such as networking? may be a button? a CharacterObject has a name speed oomph health and a funky robe color. cap on the three stats (1-10) an arsenal of 1 spell (possibly could expand this) The Loading Screen As is. The Battleground Screen For now, I'm keeping the screen as max resolution for the PC. The screen isn't going to move or even be a split screen. I'm not aiming high here because I want to see what level of change is involved when new features / concepts are added to game content. I'm interested to find out if we could apply techniques such as MVC or MVVM to this type of development or is it too tightly coupled? This reminds me when when my best friend and I were brainstorming our game idea (this is going back a while...1994, 6?) and he cringed at the thought of bringing business technology into games, especially when I suggested a database to store character information and COM / DCOM as the medium, but it seems I wasn't far off (reflecting); just like his implementation of a xml "config file" for dynamic direct-x menus back before .net in 1999...anyhow...i digress... The Battle One screen, two characters lobing balls of fire at each other...It doesn't get better than that. Every so often a scroll appears...and the fireballs bounce off walls, or the wizard has rapid fire, or even scrolls of healing! The scroll options are endless. Two bars at the top, each the color of the wizard (with their name beside the bar) indicate how much health they have. Possibly the appearance of the scrolls means the battle is taking too long? I'm thinking 1 player controls: up, down, left, right and space to fire the button. Or even possibly, mouse click and shift - mouse button to fire a spell in the direction they are facing. Two player controls: a, s, d, f and space AND arrows (up, down, left, right) and Del key or Crtl. The game ends when a player has 0 health and a dialog box appears asking for a rematch / reconfigure / exit. Health goes down when a fireball (friendly or not), connects with a wizard. When a wizard connects with a scroll, a countdown clock / icon appears near the health bar and the wizard begins to glow. For the most part, a wizard can have only scroll 1 effect on him at a time. Notes: Ok, there's alot to cover here. a CharacterObject is a GameObject it travels at a set velocity it travels in a direction it has sounds (walking, running, casting, impact, dying, laughing, whistling, other?) it has animations (walking, running, casting, impact, dying, laughing, idle, other?) it has a lifespan (determined by health) it is alive or dead it has a position a ScrollObject is a GameObject it carries a transferance of points "damage" (or healing, bad scroll effect?) (determinde by caster) it carries a transferance of "other" it is stationary it has a sound on impact it has a stationary animation it has an impact animation / or transfers an impact animation it has a fade animation? it has a lifespan (determined by game) it is alive or dead it has a position a WallObject is a GameObject it has a sound on fireball impact? it is a still image / stationary it has an impact animation / or transfers an impact animation it is dead it has a position A FireBall is a GameObject it carries a transferance of poinst "damage" (or healing, bad scroll effect?) (determinde by caster) it travels at a set velocity it travels in a direction it has a sound it has a travel animation it has an impact animation / or transfers an impact animation it has a fade animation? it has a lifespan (determined by caster) it is alive or dead it has a position As I look at this, I can see some common attributes in each object that I can carry up to the GameObject. I think I'm going to end the documentation here, it's taken me a bit of time to type this all out, tomorrow. I'll load up my IDE and my paint studio to get some good old fashioned cowboy hacking going!   D.

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  • C# Neural Networks with Encog

    - by JoshReuben
    Neural Networks ·       I recently read a book Introduction to Neural Networks for C# , by Jeff Heaton. http://www.amazon.com/Introduction-Neural-Networks-C-2nd/dp/1604390093/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1296821004&sr=8-2-spell. Not the 1st ANN book I've perused, but a nice revision.   ·       Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are a mechanism of machine learning – see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_neural_network , http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Machine_learning ·       Problems Not Suited to a Neural Network Solution- Programs that are easily written out as flowcharts consisting of well-defined steps, program logic that is unlikely to change, problems in which you must know exactly how the solution was derived. ·       Problems Suited to a Neural Network – pattern recognition, classification, series prediction, and data mining. Pattern recognition - network attempts to determine if the input data matches a pattern that it has been trained to recognize. Classification - take input samples and classify them into fuzzy groups. ·       As far as machine learning approaches go, I thing SVMs are superior (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Support_vector_machine ) - a neural network has certain disadvantages in comparison: an ANN can be overtrained, different training sets can produce non-deterministic weights and it is not possible to discern the underlying decision function of an ANN from its weight matrix – they are black box. ·       In this post, I'm not going to go into internals (believe me I know them). An autoassociative network (e.g. a Hopfield network) will echo back a pattern if it is recognized. ·       Under the hood, there is very little maths. In a nutshell - Some simple matrix operations occur during training: the input array is processed (normalized into bipolar values of 1, -1) - transposed from input column vector into a row vector, these are subject to matrix multiplication and then subtraction of the identity matrix to get a contribution matrix. The dot product is taken against the weight matrix to yield a boolean match result. For backpropogation training, a derivative function is required. In learning, hill climbing mechanisms such as Genetic Algorithms and Simulated Annealing are used to escape local minima. For unsupervised training, such as found in Self Organizing Maps used for OCR, Hebbs rule is applied. ·       The purpose of this post is not to mire you in technical and conceptual details, but to show you how to leverage neural networks via an abstraction API - Encog   Encog ·       Encog is a neural network API ·       Links to Encog: http://www.encog.org , http://www.heatonresearch.com/encog, http://www.heatonresearch.com/forum ·       Encog requires .Net 3.5 or higher – there is also a Silverlight version. Third-Party Libraries – log4net and nunit. ·       Encog supports feedforward, recurrent, self-organizing maps, radial basis function and Hopfield neural networks. ·       Encog neural networks, and related data, can be stored in .EG XML files. ·       Encog Workbench allows you to edit, train and visualize neural networks. The Encog Workbench can generate code. Synapses and layers ·       the primary building blocks - Almost every neural network will have, at a minimum, an input and output layer. In some cases, the same layer will function as both input and output layer. ·       To adapt a problem to a neural network, you must determine how to feed the problem into the input layer of a neural network, and receive the solution through the output layer of a neural network. ·       The Input Layer - For each input neuron, one double value is stored. An array is passed as input to a layer. Encog uses the interface INeuralData to hold these arrays. The class BasicNeuralData implements the INeuralData interface. Once the neural network processes the input, an INeuralData based class will be returned from the neural network's output layer. ·       convert a double array into an INeuralData object : INeuralData data = new BasicNeuralData(= new double[10]); ·       the Output Layer- The neural network outputs an array of doubles, wraped in a class based on the INeuralData interface. ·        The real power of a neural network comes from its pattern recognition capabilities. The neural network should be able to produce the desired output even if the input has been slightly distorted. ·       Hidden Layers– optional. between the input and output layers. very much a “black box”. If the structure of the hidden layer is too simple it may not learn the problem. If the structure is too complex, it will learn the problem but will be very slow to train and execute. Some neural networks have no hidden layers. The input layer may be directly connected to the output layer. Further, some neural networks have only a single layer. A single layer neural network has the single layer self-connected. ·       connections, called synapses, contain individual weight matrixes. These values are changed as the neural network learns. Constructing a Neural Network ·       the XOR operator is a frequent “first example” -the “Hello World” application for neural networks. ·       The XOR Operator- only returns true when both inputs differ. 0 XOR 0 = 0 1 XOR 0 = 1 0 XOR 1 = 1 1 XOR 1 = 0 ·       Structuring a Neural Network for XOR  - two inputs to the XOR operator and one output. ·       input: 0.0,0.0 1.0,0.0 0.0,1.0 1.0,1.0 ·       Expected output: 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 ·       A Perceptron - a simple feedforward neural network to learn the XOR operator. ·       Because the XOR operator has two inputs and one output, the neural network will follow suit. Additionally, the neural network will have a single hidden layer, with two neurons to help process the data. The choice for 2 neurons in the hidden layer is arbitrary, and often comes down to trial and error. ·       Neuron Diagram for the XOR Network ·       ·       The Encog workbench displays neural networks on a layer-by-layer basis. ·       Encog Layer Diagram for the XOR Network:   ·       Create a BasicNetwork - Three layers are added to this network. the FinalizeStructure method must be called to inform the network that no more layers are to be added. The call to Reset randomizes the weights in the connections between these layers. var network = new BasicNetwork(); network.AddLayer(new BasicLayer(2)); network.AddLayer(new BasicLayer(2)); network.AddLayer(new BasicLayer(1)); network.Structure.FinalizeStructure(); network.Reset(); ·       Neural networks frequently start with a random weight matrix. This provides a starting point for the training methods. These random values will be tested and refined into an acceptable solution. However, sometimes the initial random values are too far off. Sometimes it may be necessary to reset the weights again, if training is ineffective. These weights make up the long-term memory of the neural network. Additionally, some layers have threshold values that also contribute to the long-term memory of the neural network. Some neural networks also contain context layers, which give the neural network a short-term memory as well. The neural network learns by modifying these weight and threshold values. ·       Now that the neural network has been created, it must be trained. Training a Neural Network ·       construct a INeuralDataSet object - contains the input array and the expected output array (of corresponding range). Even though there is only one output value, we must still use a two-dimensional array to represent the output. public static double[][] XOR_INPUT ={ new double[2] { 0.0, 0.0 }, new double[2] { 1.0, 0.0 }, new double[2] { 0.0, 1.0 }, new double[2] { 1.0, 1.0 } };   public static double[][] XOR_IDEAL = { new double[1] { 0.0 }, new double[1] { 1.0 }, new double[1] { 1.0 }, new double[1] { 0.0 } };   INeuralDataSet trainingSet = new BasicNeuralDataSet(XOR_INPUT, XOR_IDEAL); ·       Training is the process where the neural network's weights are adjusted to better produce the expected output. Training will continue for many iterations, until the error rate of the network is below an acceptable level. Encog supports many different types of training. Resilient Propagation (RPROP) - general-purpose training algorithm. All training classes implement the ITrain interface. The RPROP algorithm is implemented by the ResilientPropagation class. Training the neural network involves calling the Iteration method on the ITrain class until the error is below a specific value. The code loops through as many iterations, or epochs, as it takes to get the error rate for the neural network to be below 1%. Once the neural network has been trained, it is ready for use. ITrain train = new ResilientPropagation(network, trainingSet);   for (int epoch=0; epoch < 10000; epoch++) { train.Iteration(); Debug.Print("Epoch #" + epoch + " Error:" + train.Error); if (train.Error > 0.01) break; } Executing a Neural Network ·       Call the Compute method on the BasicNetwork class. Console.WriteLine("Neural Network Results:"); foreach (INeuralDataPair pair in trainingSet) { INeuralData output = network.Compute(pair.Input); Console.WriteLine(pair.Input[0] + "," + pair.Input[1] + ", actual=" + output[0] + ",ideal=" + pair.Ideal[0]); } ·       The Compute method accepts an INeuralData class and also returns a INeuralData object. Neural Network Results: 0.0,0.0, actual=0.002782538818034049,ideal=0.0 1.0,0.0, actual=0.9903741937121177,ideal=1.0 0.0,1.0, actual=0.9836807956566187,ideal=1.0 1.0,1.0, actual=0.0011646072586172778,ideal=0.0 ·       the network has not been trained to give the exact results. This is normal. Because the network was trained to 1% error, each of the results will also be within generally 1% of the expected value.

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