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  • web.xml not reloading in tomcat even after stop/start

    - by ajay
    This is in relation to:- http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2576514/basic-tomcat-servlet-error I changed my web.xml file, did ant compile , all, /etc/init.d/tomcat stop , start Even then my web.xml file in tomcat deployment is still unchanged. This is build.properties file:- app.name=hello catalina.home=/usr/local/tomcat manager.username=admin manager.password=admin This is my build.xml file. Is there something wrong with this:- <!-- Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License. --> <!-- General purpose build script for web applications and web services, including enhanced support for deploying directly to a Tomcat 6 based server. This build script assumes that the source code of your web application is organized into the following subdirectories underneath the source code directory from which you execute the build script: docs Static documentation files to be copied to the "docs" subdirectory of your distribution. src Java source code (and associated resource files) to be compiled to the "WEB-INF/classes" subdirectory of your web applicaiton. web Static HTML, JSP, and other content (such as image files), including the WEB-INF subdirectory and its configuration file contents. $Id: build.xml.txt 562814 2007-08-05 03:52:04Z markt $ --> <!-- A "project" describes a set of targets that may be requested when Ant is executed. The "default" attribute defines the target which is executed if no specific target is requested, and the "basedir" attribute defines the current working directory from which Ant executes the requested task. This is normally set to the current working directory. --> <project name="My Project" default="compile" basedir="."> <!-- ===================== Property Definitions =========================== --> <!-- Each of the following properties are used in the build script. Values for these properties are set by the first place they are defined, from the following list: * Definitions on the "ant" command line (ant -Dfoo=bar compile). * Definitions from a "build.properties" file in the top level source directory of this application. * Definitions from a "build.properties" file in the developer's home directory. * Default definitions in this build.xml file. You will note below that property values can be composed based on the contents of previously defined properties. This is a powerful technique that helps you minimize the number of changes required when your development environment is modified. Note that property composition is allowed within "build.properties" files as well as in the "build.xml" script. --> <property file="build.properties"/> <property file="${user.home}/build.properties"/> <!-- ==================== File and Directory Names ======================== --> <!-- These properties generally define file and directory names (or paths) that affect where the build process stores its outputs. app.name Base name of this application, used to construct filenames and directories. Defaults to "myapp". app.path Context path to which this application should be deployed (defaults to "/" plus the value of the "app.name" property). app.version Version number of this iteration of the application. build.home The directory into which the "prepare" and "compile" targets will generate their output. Defaults to "build". catalina.home The directory in which you have installed a binary distribution of Tomcat 6. This will be used by the "deploy" target. dist.home The name of the base directory in which distribution files are created. Defaults to "dist". manager.password The login password of a user that is assigned the "manager" role (so that he or she can execute commands via the "/manager" web application) manager.url The URL of the "/manager" web application on the Tomcat installation to which we will deploy web applications and web services. manager.username The login username of a user that is assigned the "manager" role (so that he or she can execute commands via the "/manager" web application) --> <property name="app.name" value="myapp"/> <property name="app.path" value="/${app.name}"/> <property name="app.version" value="0.1-dev"/> <property name="build.home" value="${basedir}/build"/> <property name="catalina.home" value="../../../.."/> <!-- UPDATE THIS! --> <property name="dist.home" value="${basedir}/dist"/> <property name="docs.home" value="${basedir}/docs"/> <property name="manager.url" value="http://localhost:8080/manager"/> <property name="src.home" value="${basedir}/src"/> <property name="web.home" value="${basedir}/web"/> <!-- ==================== External Dependencies =========================== --> <!-- Use property values to define the locations of external JAR files on which your application will depend. In general, these values will be used for two purposes: * Inclusion on the classpath that is passed to the Javac compiler * Being copied into the "/WEB-INF/lib" directory during execution of the "deploy" target. Because we will automatically include all of the Java classes that Tomcat 6 exposes to web applications, we will not need to explicitly list any of those dependencies. You only need to worry about external dependencies for JAR files that you are going to include inside your "/WEB-INF/lib" directory. --> <!-- Dummy external dependency --> <!-- <property name="foo.jar" value="/path/to/foo.jar"/> --> <!-- ==================== Compilation Classpath =========================== --> <!-- Rather than relying on the CLASSPATH environment variable, Ant includes features that makes it easy to dynamically construct the classpath you need for each compilation. The example below constructs the compile classpath to include the servlet.jar file, as well as the other components that Tomcat makes available to web applications automatically, plus anything that you explicitly added. --> <path id="compile.classpath"> <!-- Include all JAR files that will be included in /WEB-INF/lib --> <!-- *** CUSTOMIZE HERE AS REQUIRED BY YOUR APPLICATION *** --> <!-- <pathelement location="${foo.jar}"/> --> <!-- Include all elements that Tomcat exposes to applications --> <fileset dir="${catalina.home}/bin"> <include name="*.jar"/> </fileset> <pathelement location="${catalina.home}/lib"/> <fileset dir="${catalina.home}/lib"> <include name="*.jar"/> </fileset> </path> <!-- ================== Custom Ant Task Definitions ======================= --> <!-- These properties define custom tasks for the Ant build tool that interact with the "/manager" web application installed with Tomcat 6. Before they can be successfully utilized, you must perform the following steps: - Copy the file "lib/catalina-ant.jar" from your Tomcat 6 installation into the "lib" directory of your Ant installation. - Create a "build.properties" file in your application's top-level source directory (or your user login home directory) that defines appropriate values for the "manager.password", "manager.url", and "manager.username" properties described above. For more information about the Manager web application, and the functionality of these tasks, see <http://localhost:8080/tomcat-docs/manager-howto.html>. --> <taskdef resource="org/apache/catalina/ant/catalina.tasks" classpathref="compile.classpath"/> <!-- ==================== Compilation Control Options ==================== --> <!-- These properties control option settings on the Javac compiler when it is invoked using the <javac> task. compile.debug Should compilation include the debug option? compile.deprecation Should compilation include the deprecation option? compile.optimize Should compilation include the optimize option? --> <property name="compile.debug" value="true"/> <property name="compile.deprecation" value="false"/> <property name="compile.optimize" value="true"/> <!-- ==================== All Target ====================================== --> <!-- The "all" target is a shortcut for running the "clean" target followed by the "compile" target, to force a complete recompile. --> <target name="all" depends="clean,compile" description="Clean build and dist directories, then compile"/> <!-- ==================== Clean Target ==================================== --> <!-- The "clean" target deletes any previous "build" and "dist" directory, so that you can be ensured the application can be built from scratch. --> <target name="clean" description="Delete old build and dist directories"> <delete dir="${build.home}"/> <delete dir="${dist.home}"/> </target> <!-- ==================== Compile Target ================================== --> <!-- The "compile" target transforms source files (from your "src" directory) into object files in the appropriate location in the build directory. This example assumes that you will be including your classes in an unpacked directory hierarchy under "/WEB-INF/classes". --> <target name="compile" depends="prepare" description="Compile Java sources"> <!-- Compile Java classes as necessary --> <mkdir dir="${build.home}/WEB-INF/classes"/> <javac srcdir="${src.home}" destdir="${build.home}/WEB-INF/classes" debug="${compile.debug}" deprecation="${compile.deprecation}" optimize="${compile.optimize}"> <classpath refid="compile.classpath"/> </javac> <!-- Copy application resources --> <copy todir="${build.home}/WEB-INF/classes"> <fileset dir="${src.home}" excludes="**/*.java"/> </copy> </target> <!-- ==================== Dist Target ===================================== --> <!-- The "dist" target creates a binary distribution of your application in a directory structure ready to be archived in a tar.gz or zip file. Note that this target depends on two others: * "compile" so that the entire web application (including external dependencies) will have been assembled * "javadoc" so that the application Javadocs will have been created --> <target name="dist" depends="compile,javadoc" description="Create binary distribution"> <!-- Copy documentation subdirectories --> <mkdir dir="${dist.home}/docs"/> <copy todir="${dist.home}/docs"> <fileset dir="${docs.home}"/> </copy> <!-- Create application JAR file --> <jar jarfile="${dist.home}/${app.name}-${app.version}.war" basedir="${build.home}"/> <!-- Copy additional files to ${dist.home} as necessary --> </target> <!-- ==================== Install Target ================================== --> <!-- The "install" target tells the specified Tomcat 6 installation to dynamically install this web application and make it available for execution. It does *not* cause the existence of this web application to be remembered across Tomcat restarts; if you restart the server, you will need to re-install all this web application. If you have already installed this application, and simply want Tomcat to recognize that you have updated Java classes (or the web.xml file), use the "reload" target instead. NOTE: This target will only succeed if it is run from the same server that Tomcat is running on. NOTE: This is the logical opposite of the "remove" target. --> <target name="install" depends="compile" description="Install application to servlet container"> <deploy url="${manager.url}" username="${manager.username}" password="${manager.password}" path="${app.path}" localWar="file://${build.home}"/> </target> <!-- ==================== Javadoc Target ================================== --> <!-- The "javadoc" target creates Javadoc API documentation for the Java classes included in your application. Normally, this is only required when preparing a distribution release, but is available as a separate target in case the developer wants to create Javadocs independently. --> <target name="javadoc" depends="compile" description="Create Javadoc API documentation"> <mkdir dir="${dist.home}/docs/api"/> <javadoc sourcepath="${src.home}" destdir="${dist.home}/docs/api" packagenames="*"> <classpath refid="compile.classpath"/> </javadoc> </target> <!-- ====================== List Target =================================== --> <!-- The "list" target asks the specified Tomcat 6 installation to list the currently running web applications, either loaded at startup time or installed dynamically. It is useful to determine whether or not the application you are currently developing has been installed. --> <target name="list" description="List installed applications on servlet container"> <list url="${manager.url}" username="${manager.username}" password="${manager.password}"/> </target> <!-- ==================== Prepare Target ================================== --> <!-- The "prepare" target is used to create the "build" destination directory, and copy the static contents of your web application to it. If you need to copy static files from external dependencies, you can customize the contents of this task. Normally, this task is executed indirectly when needed. --> <target name="prepare"> <!-- Create build directories as needed --> <mkdir dir="${build.home}"/> <mkdir dir="${build.home}/WEB-INF"/> <mkdir dir="${build.home}/WEB-INF/classes"/> <!-- Copy static content of this web application --> <copy todir="${build.home}"> <fileset dir="${web.home}"/> </copy> <!-- Copy external dependencies as required --> <!-- *** CUSTOMIZE HERE AS REQUIRED BY YOUR APPLICATION *** --> <mkdir dir="${build.home}/WEB-INF/lib"/> <!-- <copy todir="${build.home}/WEB-INF/lib" file="${foo.jar}"/> --> <!-- Copy static files from external dependencies as needed --> <!-- *** CUSTOMIZE HERE AS REQUIRED BY YOUR APPLICATION *** --> </target> <!-- ==================== Reload Target =================================== --> <!-- The "reload" signals the specified application Tomcat 6 to shut itself down and reload. This can be useful when the web application context is not reloadable and you have updated classes or property files in the /WEB-INF/classes directory or when you have added or updated jar files in the /WEB-INF/lib directory. NOTE: The /WEB-INF/web.xml web application configuration file is not reread on a reload. If you have made changes to your web.xml file you must stop then start the web application. --> <target name="reload" depends="compile" description="Reload application on servlet container"> <reload url="${manager.url}" username="${manager.username}" password="${manager.password}" path="${app.path}"/> </target> <!-- ==================== Remove Target =================================== --> <!-- The "remove" target tells the specified Tomcat 6 installation to dynamically remove this web application from service. NOTE: This is the logical opposite of the "install" target. --> <target name="remove" description="Remove application on servlet container"> <undeploy url="${manager.url}" username="${manager.username}" password="${manager.password}" path="${app.path}"/> </target> </project>

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  • Why no client-side HTML include tag?

    - by Xepoch
    I had a question posed to me the other day by another programmer. I remember (a very long time ago) wondering the very same. Why was a browser-side include tag never considered? Or was it? Specifically with a tag that instructed the browser to include additional HTML from other sources. e.g. <include src="http://server/foo/bar.html">. Many folks will make javascript calls and fill innerHTML to accomplish the same, when the same outside a the javascript engine could be accomplished by the browser. It would have been painful to have nested <HTML>s <BODY>s (i.e.) but we have to consider that aspect anywhere anyway.

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  • Conditional AddHandler Directive

    - by Itai
    Is it possible to conditionally call AddHandler in the .htaccess under Apache (2.x)? My present situation requires that a certain AddHandler is needed by one production server but that one breaks the development server. This requires to have 2 versions of .htaccess which is pain. So, instead I would like to wrap one AddHandler within a conditional. Something of this sort: IF IP=='1.2.3.4' THEN AddHandler type/foo .ext ENDIF The problem is new but out of my control for now. I know this is far from ideal and the servers used to match 100% as they should but temporarily they cannot.

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  • conventions for friend methods in Perl

    - by xenoterracide
    Perl doesn't support a friend relationship between objects, nor does it support private or protected methods. What is usually done for private methods is to prefix the name with an underscore. I occasionally have methods that I think of as friend methods. Meaning that I expect them to be used by a specific object, or an object with a specific responsibility, but I'm not sure if I should make that method public (meaning foo ) or private ( _foo ) or if there's a better convention? is there a convention for friend methods?

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  • What is a dedicated Linux box used for?

    - by DanLeaningphp
    So this is probably a very basic and obvious question for most people, but my google-foo is failing me and it just seems something is going over my head. I've heard numerous people refer to having a 'dedicated linux box' as a central part of a developer's setup. I have been doing web-dev programming for about a year and understand the benefits of programming on a Unix/Linux system. But I seem to be missing what role a 'dedicated linux box' plays in the development process. I would assume that it is used as a server of some sort, but I am yet to run across any needs to have a computer dedicated to running a linux server. Am I just being nieve and mistaking the commonality of programmers preferring to work in linux for a tool used by developers? What do most developers use their 'dedicated linux box' for?

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  • Nagging As A Strategy For Better Linking: -z guidance

    - by user9154181
    The link-editor (ld) in Solaris 11 has a new feature that we call guidance that is intended to help you build better objects. The basic idea behind guidance is that if (and only if) you request it, the link-editor will issue messages suggesting better options and other changes you might make to your ld command to get better results. You can choose to take the advice, or you can disable specific types of guidance while acting on others. In some ways, this works like an experienced friend leaning over your shoulder and giving you advice — you're free to take it or leave it as you see fit, but you get nudged to do a better job than you might have otherwise. We use guidance to build the core Solaris OS, and it has proven to be useful, both in improving our objects, and in making sure that regressions don't creep back in later. In this article, I'm going to describe the evolution in thinking and design that led to the implementation of the -z guidance option, as well as give a brief description of how it works. The guidance feature issues non-fatal warnings. However, experience shows that once developers get used to ignoring warnings, it is inevitable that real problems will be lost in the noise and ignored or missed. This is why we have a zero tolerance policy against build noise in the core Solaris OS. In order to get maximum benefit from -z guidance while maintaining this policy, I added the -z fatal-warnings option at the same time. Much of the material presented here is adapted from the arc case: PSARC 2010/312 Link-editor guidance The History Of Unfortunate Link-Editor Defaults The Solaris link-editor is one of the oldest Unix commands. It stands to reason that this would be true — in order to write an operating system, you need the ability to compile and link code. The original link-editor (ld) had defaults that made sense at the time. As new features were needed, command line option switches were added to let the user use them, while maintaining backward compatibility for those who didn't. Backward compatibility is always a concern in system design, but is particularly important in the case of the tool chain (compilers, linker, and related tools), since it is a basic building block for the entire system. Over the years, applications have grown in size and complexity. Important concepts like dynamic linking that didn't exist in the original Unix system were invented. Object file formats changed. In the case of System V Release 4 Unix derivatives like Solaris, the ELF (Extensible Linking Format) was adopted. Since then, the ELF system has evolved to provide tools needed to manage today's larger and more complex environments. Features such as lazy loading, and direct bindings have been added. In an ideal world, many of these options would be defaults, with rarely used options that allow the user to turn them off. However, the reality is exactly the reverse: For backward compatibility, these features are all options that must be explicitly turned on by the user. This has led to a situation in which most applications do not take advantage of the many improvements that have been made in linking over the last 20 years. If their code seems to link and run without issue, what motivation does a developer have to read a complex manpage, absorb the information provided, choose the features that matter for their application, and apply them? Experience shows that only the most motivated and diligent programmers will make that effort. We know that most programs would be improved if we could just get you to use the various whizzy features that we provide, but the defaults conspire against us. We have long wanted to do something to make it easier for our users to use the linkers more effectively. There have been many conversations over the years regarding this issue, and how to address it. They always break down along the following lines: Change ld Defaults Since the world would be a better place the newer ld features were the defaults, why not change things to make it so? This idea is simple, elegant, and impossible. Doing so would break a large number of existing applications, including those of ISVs, big customers, and a plethora of existing open source packages. In each case, the owner of that code may choose to follow our lead and fix their code, or they may view it as an invitation to reconsider their commitment to our platform. Backward compatibility, and our installed base of working software, is one of our greatest assets, and not something to be lightly put at risk. Breaking backward compatibility at this level of the system is likely to do more harm than good. But, it sure is tempting. New Link-Editor One might create a new linker command, not called 'ld', leaving the old command as it is. The new one could use the same code as ld, but would offer only modern options, with the proper defaults for features such as direct binding. The resulting link-editor would be a pleasure to use. However, the approach is doomed to niche status. There is a vast pile of exiting code in the world built around the existing ld command, that reaches back to the 1970's. ld use is embedded in large and unknown numbers of makefiles, and is used by name by compilers that execute it. A Unix link-editor that is not named ld will not find a majority audience no matter how good it might be. Finally, a new linker command will eventually cease to be new, and will accumulate its own burden of backward compatibility issues. An Option To Make ld Do The Right Things Automatically This line of reasoning is best summarized by a CR filed in 2005, entitled 6239804 make it easier for ld(1) to do what's best The idea is to have a '-z best' option that unchains ld from its backward compatibility commitment, and allows it to turn on the "best" set of features, as determined by the authors of ld. The specific set of features enabled by -z best would be subject to change over time, as requirements change. This idea is more realistic than the other two, but was never implemented because it has some important issues that we could never answer to our satisfaction: The -z best proposal assumes that the user can turn it on, and trust it to select good options without the user needing to be aware of the options being applied. This is a fallacy. Features such as direct bindings require the user to do some analysis to ensure that the resulting program will still operate properly. A user who is willing to do the work to verify that what -z best does will be OK for their application is capable of turning on those features directly, and therefore gains little added benefit from -z best. The intent is that when a user opts into -z best, that they understand that z best is subject to sometimes incompatible evolution. Experience teaches us that this won't work. People will use this feature, the meaning of -z best will change, code that used to build will fail, and then there will be complaints and demands to retract the change. When (not if) this occurs, we will of course defend our actions, and point at the disclaimer. We'll win some of those debates, and lose others. Ultimately, we'll end up with -z best2 (-z better), or other compromises, and our goal of simplifying the world will have failed. The -z best idea rolls up a set of features that may or may not be related to each other into a unit that must be taken wholesale, or not at all. It could be that only a subset of what it does is compatible with a given application, in which case the user is expected to abandon -z best and instead set the options that apply to their application directly. In doing so, they lose one of the benefits of -z best, that if you use it, future versions of ld may choose a different set of options, and automatically improve the object through the act of rebuilding it. I drew two conclusions from the above history: For a link-editor, backward compatibility is vital. If a given command line linked your application 10 years ago, you have every reason to expect that it will link today, assuming that the libraries you're linking against are still available and compatible with their previous interfaces. For an application of any size or complexity, there is no substitute for the work involved in examining the code and determining which linker options apply and which do not. These options are largely orthogonal to each other, and it can be reasonable not to use any or all of them, depending on the situation, even in modern applications. It is a mistake to tie them together. The idea for -z guidance came from consideration of these points. By decoupling the advice from the act of taking the advice, we can retain the good aspects of -z best while avoiding its pitfalls: -z guidance gives advice, but the decision to take that advice remains with the user who must evaluate its merit and make a decision to take it or not. As such, we are free to change the specific guidance given in future releases of ld, without breaking existing applications. The only fallout from this will be some new warnings in the build output, which can be ignored or dealt with at the user's convenience. It does not couple the various features given into a single "take it or leave it" option, meaning that there will never be a need to offer "-zguidance2", or other such variants as things change over time. Guidance has the potential to be our final word on this subject. The user is given the flexibility to disable specific categories of guidance without losing the benefit of others, including those that might be added to future versions of the system. Although -z fatal-warnings stands on its own as a useful feature, it is of particular interest in combination with -z guidance. Used together, the guidance turns from advice to hard requirement: The user must either make the suggested change, or explicitly reject the advice by specifying a guidance exception token, in order to get a build. This is valuable in environments with high coding standards. ld Command Line Options The guidance effort resulted in new link-editor options for guidance and for turning warnings into fatal errors. Before I reproduce that text here, I'd like to highlight the strategic decisions embedded in the guidance feature: In order to get guidance, you have to opt in. We hope you will opt in, and believe you'll get better objects if you do, but our default mode of operation will continue as it always has, with full backward compatibility, and without judgement. Guidance suggestions always offers specific advice, and not vague generalizations. You can disable some guidance without turning off the entire feature. When you get guidance warnings, you can choose to take the advice, or you can specify a keyword to disable guidance for just that category. This allows you to get guidance for things that are useful to you, without being bothered about things that you've already considered and dismissed. As the world changes, we will add new guidance to steer you in the right direction. All such new guidance will come with a keyword that let's you turn it off. In order to facilitate building your code on different versions of Solaris, we quietly ignore any guidance keywords we don't recognize, assuming that they are intended for newer versions of the link-editor. If you want to see what guidance tokens ld does and does not recognize on your system, you can use the ld debugging feature as follows: % ld -Dargs -z guidance=foo,nodefs debug: debug: Solaris Linkers: 5.11-1.2275 debug: debug: arg[1] option=-D: option-argument: args debug: arg[2] option=-z: option-argument: guidance=foo,nodefs debug: warning: unrecognized -z guidance item: foo The -z fatal-warning option is straightforward, and generally useful in environments with strict coding standards. Note that the GNU ld already had this feature, and we accept their option names as synonyms: -z fatal-warnings | nofatal-warnings --fatal-warnings | --no-fatal-warnings The -z fatal-warnings and the --fatal-warnings option cause the link-editor to treat warnings as fatal errors. The -z nofatal-warnings and the --no-fatal-warnings option cause the link-editor to treat warnings as non-fatal. This is the default behavior. The -z guidance option is defined as follows: -z guidance[=item1,item2,...] Provide guidance messages to suggest ld options that can improve the quality of the resulting object, or which are otherwise considered to be beneficial. The specific guidance offered is subject to change over time as the system evolves. Obsolete guidance offered by older versions of ld may be dropped in new versions. Similarly, new guidance may be added to new versions of ld. Guidance therefore always represents current best practices. It is possible to enable guidance, while preventing specific guidance messages, by providing a list of item tokens, representing the class of guidance to be suppressed. In this way, unwanted advice can be suppressed without losing the benefit of other guidance. Unrecognized item tokens are quietly ignored by ld, allowing a given ld command line to be executed on a variety of older or newer versions of Solaris. The guidance offered by the current version of ld, and the item tokens used to disable these messages, are as follows. Specify Required Dependencies Dynamic executables and shared objects should explicitly define all of the dependencies they require. Guidance recommends the use of the -z defs option, should any symbol references remain unsatisfied when building dynamic objects. This guidance can be disabled with -z guidance=nodefs. Do Not Specify Non-Required Dependencies Dynamic executables and shared objects should not define any dependencies that do not satisfy the symbol references made by the dynamic object. Guidance recommends that unused dependencies be removed. This guidance can be disabled with -z guidance=nounused. Lazy Loading Dependencies should be identified for lazy loading. Guidance recommends the use of the -z lazyload option should any dependency be processed before either a -z lazyload or -z nolazyload option is encountered. This guidance can be disabled with -z guidance=nolazyload. Direct Bindings Dependencies should be referenced with direct bindings. Guidance recommends the use of the -B direct, or -z direct options should any dependency be processed before either of these options, or the -z nodirect option is encountered. This guidance can be disabled with -z guidance=nodirect. Pure Text Segment Dynamic objects should not contain relocations to non-writable, allocable sections. Guidance recommends compiling objects with Position Independent Code (PIC) should any relocations against the text segment remain, and neither the -z textwarn or -z textoff options are encountered. This guidance can be disabled with -z guidance=notext. Mapfile Syntax All mapfiles should use the version 2 mapfile syntax. Guidance recommends the use of the version 2 syntax should any mapfiles be encountered that use the version 1 syntax. This guidance can be disabled with -z guidance=nomapfile. Library Search Path Inappropriate dependencies that are encountered by ld are quietly ignored. For example, a 32-bit dependency that is encountered when generating a 64-bit object is ignored. These dependencies can result from incorrect search path settings, such as supplying an incorrect -L option. Although benign, this dependency processing is wasteful, and might hide a build problem that should be solved. Guidance recommends the removal of any inappropriate dependencies. This guidance can be disabled with -z guidance=nolibpath. In addition, -z guidance=noall can be used to entirely disable the guidance feature. See Chapter 7, Link-Editor Quick Reference, in the Linker and Libraries Guide for more information on guidance and advice for building better objects. Example The following example demonstrates how the guidance feature is intended to work. We will build a shared object that has a variety of shortcomings: Does not specify all it's dependencies Specifies dependencies it does not use Does not use direct bindings Uses a version 1 mapfile Contains relocations to the readonly allocable text (not PIC) This scenario is sadly very common — many shared objects have one or more of these issues. % cat hello.c #include <stdio.h> #include <unistd.h> void hello(void) { printf("hello user %d\n", getpid()); } % cat mapfile.v1 # This version 1 mapfile will trigger a guidance message % cc hello.c -o hello.so -G -M mapfile.v1 -lelf As you can see, the operation completes without error, resulting in a usable object. However, turning on guidance reveals a number of things that could be better: % cc hello.c -o hello.so -G -M mapfile.v1 -lelf -zguidance ld: guidance: version 2 mapfile syntax recommended: mapfile.v1 ld: guidance: -z lazyload option recommended before first dependency ld: guidance: -B direct or -z direct option recommended before first dependency Undefined first referenced symbol in file getpid hello.o (symbol belongs to implicit dependency /lib/libc.so.1) printf hello.o (symbol belongs to implicit dependency /lib/libc.so.1) ld: warning: symbol referencing errors ld: guidance: -z defs option recommended for shared objects ld: guidance: removal of unused dependency recommended: libelf.so.1 warning: Text relocation remains referenced against symbol offset in file .rodata1 (section) 0xa hello.o getpid 0x4 hello.o printf 0xf hello.o ld: guidance: position independent (PIC) code recommended for shared objects ld: guidance: see ld(1) -z guidance for more information Given the explicit advice in the above guidance messages, it is relatively easy to modify the example to do the right things: % cat mapfile.v2 # This version 2 mapfile will not trigger a guidance message $mapfile_version 2 % cc hello.c -o hello.so -Kpic -G -Bdirect -M mapfile.v2 -lc -zguidance There are situations in which the guidance does not fit the object being built. For instance, you want to build an object without direct bindings: % cc -Kpic hello.c -o hello.so -G -M mapfile.v2 -lc -zguidance ld: guidance: -B direct or -z direct option recommended before first dependency ld: guidance: see ld(1) -z guidance for more information It is easy to disable that specific guidance warning without losing the overall benefit from allowing the remainder of the guidance feature to operate: % cc -Kpic hello.c -o hello.so -G -M mapfile.v2 -lc -zguidance=nodirect Conclusions The linking guidelines enforced by the ld guidance feature correspond rather directly to our standards for building the core Solaris OS. I'm sure that comes as no surprise. It only makes sense that we would want to build our own product as well as we know how. Solaris is usually the first significant test for any new linker feature. We now enable guidance by default for all builds, and the effect has been very positive. Guidance helps us find suboptimal objects more quickly. Programmers get concrete advice for what to change instead of vague generalities. Even in the cases where we override the guidance, the makefile rules to do so serve as documentation of the fact. Deciding to use guidance is likely to cause some up front work for most code, as it forces you to consider using new features such as direct bindings. Such investigation is worthwhile, but does not come for free. However, the guidance suggestions offer a structured and straightforward way to tackle modernizing your objects, and once that work is done, for keeping them that way. The investment is often worth it, and will replay you in terms of better performance and fewer problems. I hope that you find guidance to be as useful as we have.

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  • Google Analytics - Unable to get GA Tracking

    - by Pure.Krome
    We've been using GA for a few years with no probs. About 2-3 weeks ago we tried to clean up some of our tracking and on one of our profiles, it's not working anymore (since oct 10.) First, some context then some GA Debugging code. 1. Context. We have the following setup: different root domains AND different sub-domains on one of the root domains. www.website.com www.website.com.au www.anotherWebsite.com foo.website.com baa.website.com So what we're doing is the following: each root domain and each sub-domain get their own tracking code. This way we can allow separate people (from outside our company) to access only their own data. Eg. a manager for foo.website.com can only see data related to that domain .. and see data on the other domains. Have a last account which is the SUM of all the domains. this is for us. so we can see total numbers. So to do this, we have two trackers that fire off, on the page. the individual accounts all work fine - they seem to be tracking data ok. the 'global' account is not working and this gives us the = Tracking Not Installed error. This has been going on since oct 10. So the wait 24/48/72 hours thing is waaaaay over. 2. GA Debug code. Installing GA Debug chrome extension gives the following output. I've tried to hide anything that could be considered secret. UA-XXXXX34-1 == Global account (which isn't working any more). UA-XXXXX34-11 == Specific account for www.website.com _gaq.push processing "_setAccount" for args: "[UA-XXXXX34-1]": ga_debug.js:18 _gaq.push processing "_setDomainName" for args: "[website.com]": ga_debug.js:18 _gaq.push processing "_setAllowLinker" for args: "[true]": ga_debug.js:18 _gaq.push processing "_trackPageview" for args: "[]": ga_debug.js:18 Track Pageview ga_debug.js:18 Tracking beacon sent! utmwv=--snipped-- Account ID : UA-XXXX234-1 Page Title : Some page title Host Name : www.website.com Page : / Referring URL : - Hit ID : 1923583969 Visitor ID : 785310647 Session Count : 51 Session Time - First : Thu Aug 23 2012 15:20:17 GMT 1000 (AUS Eastern Standard Time) Session Time - Last : Mon Oct 29 2012 11:41:46 GMT 1100 (AUS Eastern Summer Time) Session Time - Current : Mon Oct 29 2012 12:19:23 GMT 1100 (AUS Eastern Summer Time) Campaign Time : Thu Aug 23 2012 15:20:17 GMT 1000 (AUS Eastern Standard Time) Campaign Session : 1 Campaign Count : 1 Campaign Source : (direct) Campaign Medium : (none); Campaign Name : (direct) Language : en-gb Encoding : UTF-8 Flash Version : 11.4 r31 Java Enabled : true Screen Resolution : 1050x1680 Browser Size : 1033x861 Color Depth : 32-bit Ga.js Version : 5.3.7d Cachebuster : 1846514973 ga_debug.js:18 _gaq.push processing "_setAccount" for args: "[UA-XXXX234-11]": ga_debug.js:18 _gaq.push processing "_setDomainName" for args: "[website.com]": ga_debug.js:18 _gaq.push processing "_setAllowLinker" for args: "[true]": ga_debug.js:18 _gaq.push processing "_trackPageview" for args: "[]": ga_debug.js:18 Track Pageview ga_debug.js:18 Tracking beacon sent! utmwv=--snipped-- Account ID : UA-XXXX234-11 Page Title : SomePageTitle Host Name : www.website.com Page : / Referring URL : - Hit ID : 1923583969 Visitor ID : 785310647 Session Count : 51 Session Time - First : Thu Aug 23 2012 15:20:17 GMT 1000 (AUS Eastern Standard Time) Session Time - Last : Mon Oct 29 2012 11:41:46 GMT 1100 (AUS Eastern Summer Time) Session Time - Current : Mon Oct 29 2012 12:19:23 GMT 1100 (AUS Eastern Summer Time) Campaign Time : Thu Aug 23 2012 15:20:17 GMT 1000 (AUS Eastern Standard Time) Campaign Session : 1 Campaign Count : 1 Campaign Source : (direct) Campaign Medium : (none); Campaign Name : (direct) Language : en-gb Encoding : UTF-8 Flash Version : 11.4 r31 Java Enabled : true Screen Resolution : 1050x1680 Browser Size : 1033x861 Color Depth : 32-bit Ga.js Version : 5.3.7d Cachebuster : 1580443754 and this is the js code he have. BTW, it is inside a <head></head> <script type="text/javascript"> var _gaq = _gaq || []; _gaq.push( ['_setAccount', 'UA-XXXX234-1'], ['_setDomainName', 'website.com'], ['_setAllowLinker', true], ['_trackPageview'] ,['b._setAccount','UA-XXXX234-11'], ['b._setDomainName','website.com'], ['b._setAllowLinker',true], ['b._trackPageview'] ); (function () { var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'http://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s); })(); </script> Finally, I've triple checked that the UA is the correct text. and yes, the global account is -1 and the specific domain is -11. Anyone have any suggestions to help?

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  • rc.local is not always executed upon boot

    - by starcorn
    Hey, I have some weird problem with the rc.local file which is located in /etc/rc.local the thing is that it is not always running when I boot up the laptop. Maybe every second time, I haven't counted. Anyway when that happens I have to manually go to terminal and type sudo /etc/init.d/rc.local start, which kinda kills the purpose of having this script. Anyone know what the problem could be? EDIT Since this wasn't obvious. This is an issue where I make a fresh boot up. Which mean I have shut down the computer. And next time when I boot up the computer, the rc.local file is randomly deciding whether it will automatically start or not. Here's a copy of what my rc.local file contains echo -n 255 > /sys/devices/platform/i8042/serio1/serio2/sensitivity echo level 2 > /proc/acpi/ibm/fan touch /home/starcorn/Desktop/foo rfkill block bluetooth exit 0

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  • bash script to login to webpage

    - by Nathan Cazell
    I am trying to login into this page but I cannot for the life of me get it to work. I have to login to this site when i connect to my school's wifi in order to start a session. So far ive tried to use bash and cUrl to achieve this but have only achieved to give myself a headache. will cUrl work or am I on the wrong track? Any help is greatly appreciated! Thanks, N Here's what i tried: curl --cookie-jar cjar --output /dev/null http://campus.fsu.edu/webapps/login/ curl --cookie cjar --cookie-jar cjar \ --data 'username=foo' \ --data 'password=bar' \ --data 'service=http://campus.fsu.edu/webapps/login/' \ --data 'loginurl=http://campus.fsu.edu/webapps/login/bb_bb60/logincas.jsp' \ --location \ --output ~/loginresult.html \ http://campus.fsu.edu/webapps/login/

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  • Unity3D: default parameters in C# script

    - by Heisenbug
    Accordingly to this thread, it seems that default parameters aren't supported by C# script in Unity3D environment. Declaring an optional parameter in a C# scirpt makes Mono Ide complaint about it: void Foo(int first, int second = 10) // this line is marked as wrong inside Mono IDE Anyway if I ignore the error message of Mono and run the script in Unity, it works without notify any error inside Unity Console. Could anyone clarify a little bit this issue? Particularly: Are default parameters allowed inside C# scripts? If yes, are they supported by all platforms? Why Mono complains about them if the actually works?

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  • Prefer algorithms to hand-written loops?

    - by FredOverflow
    Which of the following to you find more readable? The hand-written loop: for (std::vector<Foo>::const_iterator it = vec.begin(); it != vec.end(); ++it) { bar.process(*it); } Or the algorithm invocation: #include <algorithm> #include <functional> std::for_each(vec.begin(), vec.end(), std::bind1st(std::mem_fun_ref(&Bar::process), bar)); I wonder if std::for_each is really worth it, given such a simple example already requires so much code. What are your thoughts on this matter?

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  • Using env variables with RewriteRule and ErrorDocument

    - by misterte
    Hi, I'm having problems with the following while config. my Apache server to Rewrite some urls. SetEnv PATH_TO_DIR /directory RewriteRule ^%{PATH_TO_DIR}/([a-zA-Z0-9_\-]+)/([a-zA-Z0-9_\-\.]+)/?$ /index.php?dir=$1&file=$2 ErrorDocument 404 %{PATH_TO_DIR}/index.php?dir=null&file=error This conf. used to work perfectly fine until I used SetEnv PATH... etc. I need to use this because there are lots of rules, not just those. Can anyone point out my mistake? Apache returns %{PATH_TO_DIR}/index.php?dir=null&file=error when I try anything (www.site.com/foo/bar for instance). Apache returns the ErrorDocument if i just try to fetch the index. I know it's not a problem with the rewrite rules because they work when I remove the PATH_TO_DIR variable and just hard code it. Thanks! A.

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  • Add entries to Nautilus' right-click menu (copy, move to arbitrary directories)

    - by qbi
    Assume I want to copy a file from /home/foo/bar/baz to /opt/quuz/dir1/option3. When I try it with Nautilus, first I have to open the correct directory, copy the file, go to the other directory and paste it there. I was thinking of a better way and old KDE3 versions of Konqueror came to mind. It was possible to right-click on a file. The context menu had an option for copying, moving the file to some default directories. Furthermore you could select any directory under /. So for the above action one would right click on a file, select /opt first, a list of subdirectories will open, select /opt/quuz and so on. Using GNOME there are only two possible values (home and desktop). Is there any way to insert more directories to this context menu in GNOME? Can I copy somehow the behaviour of Konqueror?

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  • Is it possible to remove a particular host key from SSH's known_hosts file?

    - by Kaustubh P
    I usually end up deleting the entire known_hosts file, which I have no problems for. But just out of curiosity, Is it possible to remove just a single entry? I opened the known_hosts file, and other han understanding that the file contains fingerprints for a given machine, I dont understand anything. Below is the message I faced, which led me to ask this question. Add correct host key in /home/wissen16/.ssh/known_hosts to get rid of this message. Offending key in /home/wissen16/.ssh/known_hosts:1 RSA host key for foo.com has changed and you have requested strict checking. Host key verification failed. Thanks.

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  • Is it possible to remove a particular host key from known_hosts?

    - by Kaustubh P
    I usually end up deleting the entire known_hosts file, which I have no problems for. But just out of curiosity, Is it possible to remove just a single entry? I opened the known_hosts file, and other han understanding that the file contains fingerprints for a given machine, I ddnt understand anything. Below is the message I faced, which led me to ask this question. Add correct host key in /home/wissen16/.ssh/known_hosts to get rid of this message. Offending key in /home/wissen16/.ssh/known_hosts:1 RSA host key for foo.com has changed and you have requested strict checking. Host key verification failed. Thanks.

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  • How to deal with almost the same enums?

    - by reza
    I need to define enums in several classes. The majority of fields are the same in all of the enums. But one has one or two more fields, another has fewer fields. Now I wonder what is the best way to deal with this? Create separate enums public enum Foo {field1, field2, field5 }; public enum Bar {field1, field2, field3, field4 }; or use a general enum for them all public enum FooBar {field1, field2, field3, field4 , field5}; The enumerations contain the list of actions available for each class.

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  • How to grep 2 or 3 lines, one containing the text I want, and the others just below it?

    - by Kaustubh P
    This is a snapshot of error log: 06:16:29,933 ERROR EmailRMManager$:45 - Exception In get Message com.rabbitmq.client.AlreadyClosedException: clean connection shutdown; reason: Attempt to use closed channel at com.rabbitmq.client.impl.AMQChannel.ensureIsOpen(AMQChannel.java:195) at com.rabbitmq.client.impl.AMQChannel.rpc(AMQChannel.java:222) at com.rabbitmq.client.impl.AMQChannel.rpc(AMQChannel.java:208) at com.rabbitmq.client.impl.AMQChannel.exnWrappingRpc(AMQChannel.java:139) at com.rabbitmq.client.impl.ChannelN.basicGet(ChannelN.java:645) I do the following command: cat foo.log | grep ERROR to get an OP as: 06:16:29,933 ERROR EmailRMManager$:45 - Exception In get Message What command should I execute to get the output as 06:16:29,933 ERROR EmailRMManager$:45 - Exception In get Message com.rabbitmq.client.AlreadyClosedException: clean connection shutdown; reason: Attempt to use closed channel ie, also grep the line(s) after the pattern?

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  • How are generics implemented?

    - by greenoldman
    This is the question from compiler internals perspective. I am interested in generics, not templates (C++), so I marked the question with C#. Not Java, because AFAIK the generics in both languages differ in implementations. When I look at languages w/o generics it is pretty straightforward, you can validate the class definition, add it to hierarchy and that's it. But what to do with generic class, and more importantly how handle references to it? How to make sure that static fields are singular per instantiations (i.e. each time generic parameters are resolved). Let's say I see a call: var x = new Foo<Bar>(); Do I add new Foo_Bar class to hierarchy? Update: So far I found only 2 relevant posts, however even they don't go into much details in sense "how to do it by yourself": http://www.jprl.com/Blog/archive/development/2007/Aug-31.html http://www.artima.com/intv/generics2.html

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  • Remove third/nth level domains from google Index

    - by drakythe
    Somehow google has indexed some third(and fourth!) level domains that I had attached to my server temporarily, eg. my.domain.root.com. I now have these redirected properly where I would like them to go, however with a carefully crafted search one can still find them and I'd rather they not be exposed. My google foo skills have failed me in finding an answer, so I come to you wonderful folks: Is there a way/How do I remove sub-level domains from google search results? I have the site in google webmaster tools and verified, but all the URL removal requests I can perform append the url to the base url, not prefixed. And finally, how can I prevent this in the future?

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  • Text box select issue

    - by Kent Boogaart
    I have this issue where the entire text in text boxes is selected whilst I'm typing in it. For example, in FireFox search box I'd try to type "foo" but end up with "o" because I managed to type "fo" before everything was selected, and then typed "o" which replaced the "fo". When it happens, it is incessant - not just a one-off. But it doesn't happen all the time, and I haven't managed to figure out what causes it to start and stop. Is this a known problem with an easy solution? EDIT: this has nothing to do with touchpad. I get this occasionally even on a machine without one. I can usually rectify the issue just be alt-tabbing about a few times.

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  • Setup suspend-on-lid-close/Fn+F4 outside of KDE/Gnome?

    - by maxschlepzig
    On current Ubuntu (10.04) suspend-on-lid/Fn+F4 only works if some powermanagement-applet of KDE/gnome is running. But what about suspend-to-lid if you are working on the console or using a non-bloated window-manager? What is the current mechanism to configure suspend-on-lid system wide? What of hald/udev/acpid/foo-kit/random-thing is the right place to hook this feature in? What is the up-to-date command to suspend from the command line/script? echo -n mem > /sys/power/state pm-suspend pmi or something else? Btw, if it matters, I want to configure it on some Thinkpads.

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  • Is Ruby on Rails' Active Record an example of Aspect-Oriented Programming?

    - by B Seven
    From Clean Code, about Cross-Cutting Concerns: Note that concerns like persistence tend to cut across the natural object boundaries of a domain. You want to persist all your objects using generally the same strategy, for example, using a particular DBMS... Is Active Record an example of aspect-oriented programming? In AOP, modular constructs called aspects specify which points in the system should have their behavior modified in some consistent way to support a particular concern. This specification is done using a succinct declarative or programmatic mechanism. If Active Record is an example of AOP, what is the "aspect"? Is it the class declaration that inherits from Active Record? class Foo < ActiveRecord::Base

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  • Public versus private inheritance when some of the parent's methods need to be exposed?

    - by Vorac
    Public inheritance means that all fields from the base class retain their declared visibility, while private means that they are forced to 'private' within the derived class's scope. What should be done if some of the parent's members (say, methods) need to be publicly exposed? I can think of two solution. Public inheritance somewhat breaks encapsulation. Furthermore, when you need to find out where is the method foo() defined, one needs to look at a chain of base classes. Private inheritance solves these problems, but introduces burden to write wrappers (more text). Which might be a good thing in the line of verbosity, but makes changes of interfaces incredibly cumbersome. What considerations am I missing? What constraints on the type of project are important? How to choose between the two (I am not even mentioning 'protected')? Note that I am targeting non-virtual methods. There isn't such a discussion for virtual methods (or is there).

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  • How do you select the fastest mirror from the command line?

    - by Evan
    I want to update my sources.list file with the fastest server from the command line in a fresh Ubuntu Server install. I know this is trivially easy with the GUI, but there doesn't seem to be a simple way to do it from from the command line? There are two different working answers to this question below: Use apt-get's mirror: method This method asks the Ubuntu server for a list of mirrors near you based on your IP, and selects one of them. The easiest alternative, with the minor downside that sometimes the closest mirror may not be the fastest. Command-line foo using netselect Shows you how to use the netselect tool to find the fastest recently updated servers from you -- network-wise, not geographically. Use sed to replace mirrors in sources.list. The other answers, including the accepted answer, are no longer valid (for Ubuntu 11.04 and newer) because they recommended Debian packages such as netselect-apt and apt-spy which do not work with Ubuntu. Use sed to replace mirrors in sources.list sudo sed -i -e 's#us.archive.ubuntu.com/mirror.math.ucdavis.edu#g' /etc/apt/sources.list

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