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• Why no multiple instances of Firefox on Linux as on Windows?

  - by Jack

  On Windows If I run Firefox as user jack, and then try to start another instance of firefox I will be unable to, as one is already running. If I choose to run firefox as administrator, then I can have two instances of firefox, separate from each other side by side, because they are under different user accounts. This does not seem to be true on Linux. As user jack if I start firefox, like on windows I am unable to start a new instance. If I open a terminal and change to root, set XAUTHORITY to jacks .Xauthority and try to start firefox as root....I get the error that firefox is already running. Why is this? Please don't spare any technical details in your answers....thankyou.

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• Tiny linux box with 2xGbLAN, WLAN and 10MB/s AES throughput?

  - by Nakedible

  I'd like to find a small linux box with the following specifications: Small (mini-ITX size is OK) Fanless Runs Debian At least two gigabit network interfaces WLAN that supports "host ap" with hostapd + mac80211 in AP mode Can encrypt AES at least 10 megabytes per second Total cost $300 or less Solutions from multiple parts also accepted - I can buy an external network card etc. and build the box myself if the components are available. If you don't know about the "host ap" thing, just suggest your solution, I'll find out if I can get that resolved. If I can't get all that, I can possibly skip the "runs Debian" part, and I can definitely skip the hostapd part if the box can be a wireless access point with multiple ESSIDs out of the box. Something like Asus RT-N16 is close - doesn't run Debian easily, and probably doesn't encrypt AES fast enough. Something like Zotac ZBOX HD-ID11 is also close - no idea which WLAN card it has and it lacks second gigabit interface, but otherwise nice.

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• Why is mcrypt not included in most Linux distributions?

  - by Daniel Lopez

  libmcrypt is a powerful encryption library that is very popular with PHP-based applications. However, most Linux distributions do not include it. This causes problems for many users that need to download and compile it separately. I am guessing that the reason it is not shipped is related to encryption or patent issues. However, the source code for library itself is hosted and available on sourceforge.net I have been searching unsuccessfully for a document of authoritative post that explains the exact issues why this extension is not bundled with mainstream distributions. Can anyone provide a pointer to such material or provide an explanation?

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• How to calculate time spent for Linux system administration?

  - by Jaakko

  I would love figuring out how much time I actually have spent in shell performing administrative duties. For billing of course, this information is not sufficient, but it would be helpful to figure out how much time I have actually spent in shell. My question is: How anyone got tips on how to calculate time spent in shell (in hours + minutes), let's say per user account? Could anyone recommend a software that could be used to analyze this time? Optionally I would like to know about ways how to categorise time spent (e.g. 1 hour for Apache, 2 hours for Samba, etc.) Also, your takes on how you monitor your admin time, are also much appreciated! To narrow down the problem, I am specifically interested in ways of tracking time spent in shell for Linux system administration

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• Which Linux distributive could you advise for a webserver with PIII-700MHz and 512Mb RAM?

  - by Andrei

  Hi everybody, We need to update our webserver (PIII-700MHz and 512Mb RAM) and could not do that without reinstalling the whole system. However my choice to put Ubuntu 9.10 was probably not the best and the machine works very slow now. Actually, we need it just for simple LAPM configuration and we really want to use the old box for this purpose. It used to have old version of Linux Slackware in which I didn't manage to update PHP due to a very complicated non-standard setup. What would you recommend?

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• How to display certain lines from a text file in Linux?

  - by Boaz

  Hi, I guess everyone knows the useful Linux cmd line utilities head and tail. Head allows you to print the first X lines of a file, tail does the same but prints the end of the file. What is a good command to print the middle of a file? something like middle --start 10000000 --count 20 (print the 10,000,000th till th 10,000,010th lines). I'm looking for something that will deal with large files efficiently. I tried tail -n 10000000 | head 10 and it's horrifically slow. Thanks, Boaz

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• Linux: How to break a large file into smaller files?

  - by Runcible

  I have a giant file (20 gigs) sitting on my source machine and I need to transfer it to my target machine. For the purposes of this question, let's assume that I do not have network connectivity between the two machines. I need to break this file into a series of smaller files, write the smaller files to DVD(s), then re-assemble everything on the target machine. Both source and destination machines are Linux boxes. Is there a way to accomplish this using tar? I have a feeling that I need to use the --multi-volume parameter. What are my options? I need to be able to specify the size of the volume files, in order to make sure that each one will fit onto a single DVD. Thanks!

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• How to erase a SSD to restore factory performance in Linux?

  - by Andy B

  Due to big performance issues with an mdraid-1 array I'd like to pull down from the array one of the devices (Samsung 840 Pro), erase it to restore factory performance and re-add it to the array. The reason I want to do this to one of the SSDs is because the poor performance seems to be related to one specific SSD out of the two (although they are the same brand, model and firmware ver). But how do I erase a SSD from Linux? I mention that hdparm indicates that both drives are frozen at this time. Maybe because they are part of an md array? Thanks in advance!

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• Using Pidgin 2.5.2 in Linux no sound is made for incoming messages (as it should)

  - by Kent

  Hi, I have a problem with Pidgin 2.5.2 in Linux (Ubuntu 8.10). When someone sends me a message no sound is played (the tray indicates a new message and blinks, that's it). Sounds play fine when I send someone a message. If I preview the Message received and Message sent sound events both of them do make a sound. Automatic and ALSA is what's working from the alternatives in Sound method selection. I include a screenshot containing a lot of relevant information: Screenshot (It's to big to fit nicely inline.)

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• How can I disable DPMS temporarily in X under a modern linux?

  - by wrt

  Historically if you wanted to control blanking and DPMS in X, you could do it with xset. Issuingxset -dpms on my laptop results in xset q returning "DPMS is Disabled", as it should. But my screens still turn off. I'm running an up-to-date Arch Linux using KMS with integrated Intel graphics, I'm not running GNOME or willing to use anything that needs something like it. I am however stuck with DBUS and HAL. I've tried fiddling with the various timeouts, and it hasn't helped - specifically, changing the timeouts seems to be able to turn off the screen sooner, but not stop it from turning off :) This makes me suspect that there's something else overriding the setting. Is there any way to get xset to actually function as it used to, or at least stop lying to me? Note that I don't want to permanently disable DPMS or blanking - just to be able to control it when I need to.

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• Possible to write an implement of RAIDZ or RAIDZ2 for the MD driver in the Linux kernel?

  - by Pharaun

  I am curious on if it is possible to have an implement of RAIDZ and/or RAIDZ2 in the MD driver in the Linux kernel? From my understanding of it is that the RAIDZ version is equivalent to a RAID 5, and that a RAIDZ2 is equivalent to a RAID 6. The main difference is that the stripe size can be variable for RAIDZ as opposite to RAID 5/6 from my understanding, which helps performance. So what I am wondering is would it be possible to add this performance enhancing technique to RAID 5 & 6 in the MD driver in the kernel? Or is it tied too closely to how the ZFS works?

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• What emulator / VM software can I use to create a Win32-portable Linux Guest?

  - by Jotham

  Hi, I want to create a portable VM setup so that I can boot a Linux install regardless of which Windows XP / Windows 7 host machine I am on. I was looking at Qemu but it doesn't appear to have a relatively safe win32 build. Other things like VirtualBox require complete install on the host OS for performance reasons. I'm not so concerned about performance, I just want to run a few curses based applications. My ideal end goal would be a a memory stick of some size with a VM/Emulator I can boot on most WinXP/Windows 7 machines and access my own curses based applications (probably archlinux or debian). Any help would be appreciated. Regards,

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• Is there a test to see if hardware virtualization (vmx / svm) are presently enabled within a Linux session?

  - by Dr. Edward Morbius

  I'm writing procedures for configuring VirtualBox support for 64-bit SMP guests, which requires hardware virtualization suppot (VTx/Intel, AMD-V/AMD). I have successfully configured this myself, however I'd like the procedure to be clear. sed -ne '/^flags/s/^.*: //p' /proc/cpuinfo | egrep -q '(vmx|svm)' && echo Has hardware virt || echo No HW virt ... shows if the CPU is capable. I've still got to go enable the feature in BIOS. Any way to test from within Linux to see that this is no or not? Thanks. (Edit: s/xvm/svm/ in title)

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• Creating a FAT file system and save it into a file in GNU/linux?

  - by RubenT

  I tell you my problem: I want to create a FAT file system and save it into a so I can mount it in linux using something like: sudo mount -t msdos <file> <dest_folder> Maybe I'm wrong and this cannot be done. Anyway, the problem is this: I'm trying to create the file containing a FAT file system, and I'm running this command: sudo mkfs.vfat -F 32 -r 112 -S 512 -v -C "test.fat" 100 That, accordingly to the mkfs man page, will create a FAT32 file system with 112 rootdir entries, logical sector size of 512 bytes, 100 blocks in total, and save it into "test.fat". But it fails, and the bash tells me: mkfs.vfat: unable to create test.fat What is going on? I think I am misunderstanding how mkfs works and how to use it. It is possible to write a filesystem into a file?

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• How does MySQL 5.5 and InnoDB on Linux use RAM?

  - by Loren

  Does MySQL 5.5 InnoDB keep indexes in memory and tables on disk? Does it ever do it's own in-memory caching of part or whole tables? Or does it completely rely on the OS page cache (I'm guessing that it does since Facebook's SSD cache that was built for MySQL was done at the OS-level: https://github.com/facebook/flashcache/)? Does Linux by default use all of the available RAM for the page cache? So if RAM size exceeds table size + memory used by processes, then when MySQL server starts and reads the whole table for the first time it will be from disk, and from that point on the whole table is in RAM? So using Alchemy Database (SQL on top of Redis, everything always in RAM: http://code.google.com/p/alchemydatabase/) shouldn't be much faster than MySQL, given the same size RAM and database?

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• How to build an outbound load balancer with linux?

  - by matnagel

  We have a small house in the countryside and there is no fixed broadband, so we had a mobile flatrate first, and for 2 people with 2 computers it was too slow, so now we have 2 flatrates for 2 client machines. So I pay 2 flatrates and have double bandwith theoretically. There is a local network in the house that connects everything. But when I am alone I wonder how I can use both connections at the same time. I want to build a solution where I can browse the web and page requests are spread between the 2 connections. I imagine there are expensive routers who can split the traffic between 2 lines. But is there a good way to do it with linux? The solution I am looking for will split the requests already for one page (multiple images, css files, javascrfipt files) between the two lines.

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• A button to set all processes to on-hold for Linux?

  - by fuenfundachtzig

  When Linux starts swapping you're basically doomed. Very soon the system won't react to any input any more, but happily swap on until the end of days... Can you think of a command that holds all processes whatsoever, thus (and while) allowing you to open a clean shell where you can examine the source of the problem and kill the process which ate up all the memory? (I guess this won't be easy, because as the memory is probably completely filled up you'd need to swap out some more memory to gather space for opening a shell, on the other hand all other swapping processes must be stopped.) If you tied such a command to a hot key then maybe you can use this as an emergency button saving you a lot a time. Any ideas if this is possible at all? Has somebody tried something like this before? If one could realize this it would be a cool feature :)

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• Where do you find the Bash source files of programs in Linux/Mac OSX?

  - by AndrewKS

  I am currently writing some convenience methods for my terminal in my bash_profile and am sure if what I am writing is "the best way". I figure a good way to verify whether what I'm doing is right or not would be to find some source code of more established programs and see how they do it. My question then is, where can I find this code on my Mac? An example is, with Macports installed, where is the source code that opens the port interactive console when I type nothing but "port" in my shell? (I added Linux in the title even though I am on a Mac because I assume the answer would be the same for both) Edit: The answer I am looking for is in terms of which directory relative to the programs will I find their unix scripts.

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• How to execute a script while booting Linux from flashdrive?

  - by Usman Ajmal

  I know i can make my script run at boot time in runlevel 2 by putting it in /etc/init.d/ and creating a symbolic to it in /etc/rc2.d but thats when Linux is on hard drive. I want to run my script from a flashdrive such that when a user plug in a flashdrive and powers ON the machine, it may start booting from the OS in flash drive and eventually executing my script. How can I achieve such a functionality? I have tried burning OS to flashdrive but I never succeeded in booting OS from flashdrive.

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• Windows 8.1 Professional Hyper-V - can I create my own linux VM through it?

  - by KevinM1

  I have a Windows 8.1 Professional desktop, and would like to have a Linux Mint VM on it so I can do some opensource web development work. I've tried VirtualBox, but it's giving me an IO error during the Mint .iso installation. VMWare Player flat out tells me it can't install because I have Hyper-V on my machine by default. My biggest concern is nuking the desktop, which is where I do most of my non-development work/browsing/etc. The desktop seems to be listed as a VM itself in the Hyper-V Manager, and I don't want to accidentally break it. So, two questions: Can I create the Mint VM I want/need for my work? Can I do it without messing up the desktop?

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• Quick and dirty user management service for Linux VMs?

  - by quack quixote

  Background I have a home server running Debian, and a workstation that runs various VirtualBox VMs (mostly Linuxen but some Windows). At the moment, I'm creating my main user account anew for every new Linux VM. I'd like to make use of a centralized user-management scheme instead, so I can just configure the new VMs for the directory technology and let them handle user lookups automatically. The last time I worked with anything like this, NIS+ was still in fashion. I have a vague notion of what LDAP and Active Directory are, but no knowledge of how to configure them for what I want. Question What user-management/network-directory technology should I use for providing user accounts to my network? The server must run on Debian Lenny. Client configuration should be simple point-at-server-and-go. I need an example configuration for one sample user account. (nice-to-have) I may want to mount the user's home directory from the server. (nice-to-have) The same configuration works with Windows clients.

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• The cd command using variable to mapped NFS volume within ssh in linux script is not working

  - by Bhavya Maheshwari

  I have to do the following from within a bash script. The /VMNFS/ folder is present on linux box, from where script is run, and is mapped to the machine into which i am ssh'ing, as an NFS at /vmfs/volumes/VMNFS/. The second cd command doesn't work, neither with symbolic path name nor physical pathname. Why? and How to rectify this? #!/bin/bash ssh -2 [email protected] /bin/sh <<\EOF vmfile_path=`grep / vmvar_file` datastore_path=/vmfs/volumes/VMNFS/ cd $datastore_path && echo "The present working directory is" `pwd -P` esxi_vmfile_path_sub=`pwd -P` && echo "variable value is" $esxi_vmfile_path_sub esxi_vmfile_path=`echo $vmfile_path | sed "s:/VMNFS:$esxi_vmfile_path_sub:"` cd "$esxi_vmfile_path" EOF ***Output***: The current working directory is /vmfs/volumes/65335ec4-46d12e41 variable value is /vmfs/volumes/65335ec4-46d12e41 can't cd to /vmfs/volumes/65335ec4-46d12e41/TPAE7.5/

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• How should I capture Linux kernel panic stack traces?

  - by Alnitak

  What's current best practice to capture full kernel stack traces on a Linux system (RHEL 5.x, kernel 2.6.18) that occasionally panics in a device driver? I'm used to the "old" SunOS way of doing things - crash dumps get written to swap, and on reboot the dump gets retrieved in the local file system. man 8 crash refers to diskdump, but that appears to be unsupported. and/or deprecated. I've played with kdump, but it's unclear whether I can get a stack trace from that. Triggering a panic via Magic SysRq didn't create one. It also seems wasteful to reserve so much memory (128MB) just for a kexec crash recovery kernel.

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• Can Solaris RBAC roles be ported to Linux using SElinux only?

  - by Jimmy

  We are migrating an application from Solaris to Linux and the main user is allowed, through the use of RBAC roles, to run a few system commands like svccfg/svcadm (chkconfig on redhat). Is it possible, using only SElinux (no sudo), to allow a normal user to run chkconfig off/on (basically give it the ability to add remove services) ? My approach was to try to create an SElinux user with a corresponding SElinux role that manages the app's domain/type and is allowed to transition to all other domains required to run chkconfig, tcpdump or any other system utility usually restricted to root access only. All my attempts so far have failed, so my second question would be where could I find good documentation that applies to this specific problem ?

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• How can I audit a Linux filesystem for files which have been changed or added within a specific time

  - by Bcos

  We are a website design/hosting company running several sites on a Linux server using Joomla 1.5.14 and recently someone was able exploit a vulnerability in the RW Cards component to write arbitrary files/modify existing files on our filesystem enabling them to do some nasty things to our customers sites. We have removed vulnerable modules from all sites but are still seeing some problems. We suspect that they still have some scripts installed and need a way to audit anything that has been changed or added in the last 10 days. Is there a command or script we can run to do this?

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