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• c++ struct size

  - by kiokko89

  struct CExample { int a; } int main(int argc, char* argv[]) { CExample ce; CExample ce2; cout << "Size:" << sizeof(ce)<< " Address: "<< &ce<< endl; cout << "Size:" << sizeof(ce2)<< " Address: "<< &ce2 << endl; CExample ceArr[2]; cout << "Size:" << sizeof(ceArr[0])<< " Address: "<<&ceArr[0]<<endl; cout << "Size:" << sizeof(ceArr[1])<< " Address: "<<&ceArr[1]<<endl; return 0; } Excuse me I'm just a beginner but i'd like to know why with this code, there is a difference of 12 bytes between the addresses of the first two objects(ce and ce2) (i thought about data allignment), but there is only a difference of 4 bytes between the two objects in the array. Sorry for my bad English...

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• Why does double dispatch not work in C++?

  - by Bruce

  #include<iostream.h> #include<conio.h> using namespace std; class SpaceShip {}; class GiantSpaceShip : public SpaceShip {}; class Asteroid { public: virtual void CollideWith(SpaceShip *) { cout << "Asteroid hit a SpaceShip" << endl; } virtual void CollideWith(GiantSpaceShip *) { cout << "Asteroid hit a GiantSpaceShip" << endl; } }; class ExplodingAsteroid : public Asteroid { public: virtual void CollideWith(SpaceShip *) { cout << "ExplodingAsteroid hit a SpaceShip" << endl; } virtual void CollideWith(GiantSpaceShip *) { cout << "ExplodingAsteroid hit a GiantSpaceShip" << endl; } }; int main() { SpaceShip * s = new GiantSpaceShip(); Asteroid * a = new ExplodingAsteroid(); a->CollideWith(s); getch(); return 0; } How can I enable double dispatch in C++?

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• Constructor and Destructors in C++ work?

  - by Jack

  I am using gcc. Please tell me if I am wrong - Lets say I have two classes A & B class A { public: A(){cout<<"A constructor"<<endl;} ~A(){cout<<"A destructor"<<endl;} }; class B:public A { public: B(){cout<<"B constructor"<<endl;} ~B(){cout<<"B destructor"<<endl;} }; 1) The first line in B's constructor should be a call to A's constructor ( I assume compiler automatically inserts it). Also the last line in B's destructor will be a call to A's destructor (compiler does it again). Why was it built this way? 2) When I say A * a = new B(); compiler creates a new B object and checks to see if A is a base class of B and if it is it allows 'a' to point to the newly created object. I guess that is why we don't need any virtual constructors. ( with help from @Tyler McHenry , @Konrad Rudolph) 3) When I write delete a compiler sees that a is an object of type A so it calls A's destructor leading to a problem which is solved by making A's destructor virtual. As user - Little Bobby Tables pointed out to me all destructors have the same name destroy() in memory so we can implement virtual destructors and now the call is made to B's destructor and all is well in C++ land. Please comment.

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• C++: Code assistance in Netbeans on Linux

  - by Martijn Courteaux

  Hi, My IDE (NetBeans) thinks this is wrong code, but it compiles correct: std::cout << "i = " << i << std::endl; std::cout << add(5, 7) << std::endl; std::string test = "Boe"; std::cout << test << std::endl; He always says: unable to resolve identifier .... (.... = cout, endl, string); So I think it has something to do with the code assistance. I think I have to change/add/remove some folders. Currently, I have this include folders: C compiler: /usr/local/include /usr/lib/gcc/i486-linux-gnu/4.4.3/include /usr/lib/gcc/i486-linux-gnu/4.4.3/include-fixed /usr/include C++ compiler: /usr/include/c++/4.4.3 /usr/include/c++/4.4.3/i486-linux-gnu /usr/include/c++/4.4.3/backward /usr/local/include /usr/lib/gcc/i486-linux-gnu/4.4.3/include /usr/include Thanks

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• C++ class with char pointers returning garbage

  - by JMP

  I created a class "Entry" to handle Dictionary entries, but in my main(), I create the Entry() and try to cout the char typed public members, but I get garbage. When I look at the Watch list in debugger, I see the values being set, but as soon as I access the values, there is garbage. Can anyone elaborate on what I might be missing? #include <iostream> using namespace std; class Entry { public: Entry(const char *line); char *Word; char *Definition; }; Entry::Entry(const char *line) { char tmp[100]; strcpy(tmp, line); Word = strtok(tmp, ",") + '\0'; Definition = strtok(0,",") + '\0'; } int main() { Entry *e = new Entry("drink,What you need after a long day's work"); cout << "Word: " << e->Word << endl; cout << "Def: " << e->Definition << endl; cout << endl; delete e; e = 0; return 0; }

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• Function calculating the probability of a letter in an sentence

  - by Mike

  I have a function that is supposed to calculate the number of times a letter occurs in a sentence, and based on that, calculate the probability of it occurring in the sentence. To accomplish this, I have a sentence: The Washington Metropolitan Area is the most educated and affluent metropolitan area in the United States. An array of structures, containing the letter, the number of times it occurs, and the probability of it occurring, with one structure for each letter character and an additional structure for punctuation and spaces: struct letters { char letter; int occur; double prob; }box[53]; This is the function itself: void probability(letters box[53], int sum { cout<<sum<<endl<<endl; for(int c8=0;c8<26;c8++) { box[c8].prob = (box[c8].occur/sum); cout<<box[c8].letter<<endl; cout<<box[c8].occur<<endl; cout<<box[c8].prob<<endl<<endl; } } It correctly identifies that there are 90 letters in the sentence in the first line, prints out the uppercase letter as per the structure in the second line of the for loop, and prints out the number of times it occurs. It continually prints 0 for the probability. What am I doing wrong?

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• Variable not accessible within an if statment

  - by Chris

  I have a variable which holds a score for a game. My variable is accessible and correct outside of an if statement but not inside as shown below score is declared at the top of the main.cpp and calculated in the display function which also contains the code below cout << score << endl; //works if(!justFinished){ cout << score << endl; // doesn't work prints a large negative number endTime = time(NULL); ifstream highscoreFile; highscoreFile.open("highscores.txt"); if(highscoreFile.good()){ highscoreFile.close(); }else{ std::ofstream outfile ("highscores.txt"); cout << score << endl; outfile << score << std::endl; outfile.close(); } justFinished = true; } cout << score << endl;//works

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• C++: Construction and initialization order guarantees

  - by Helltone

  Hi, I have some doubts about construction and initialization order guarantees in C++. For instance, the following code has four classes X, Y, Z and W. The main function instantiates an object of class X. X contains an object of class Y, and derives from class Z, so both constructors will be called. Additionally, the const char* parameter passed to X's constructor will be implicitly converted to W, so W's constructor must also be called. What are the guarantees the C++ standard gives on the order of the calls to the copy constructors? Or, equivalently, this program is allowed to print? #include <iostream> class Z { public: Z() { std::cout << "Z" << std::endl; } }; class Y { public: Y() { std::cout << "Y" << std::endl; } }; class W { public: W(const char*) { std::cout << "W" << std::endl; } }; class X : public Z { public: X(const W&) { std::cout << "X" << std::endl; } private: Y y; }; int main(int, char*[]) { X x("x"); return 0; }

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• The program fails to display `cout` when it is run

  - by Jeff - FL

  Hello, I justed started a C++ course & I wrote, compiled, debugged & ran my first program: // This program calculates how much a little league team spent last year to purchase new baseballs. #include <iostream> using namespace std; int baseballs; int cost; int total; int main() { baseballs, cost, total; // Get the number of baseballs were purchased. cout << "How many baseballs were purchased? "; cin >> baseballs; // Get the cost of baseballs purchased. cout << "What was the cost of each baseball purchased? "; cin >> cost; // Calculate the total. total = baseballs * cost; // Display the total. cout << "The total amount spent $" << total << endl; return 0; } The only probelm that I encountered was that when I ran the program it failed to display the total amount spent (cout). Could someone please explain why? Thanks Jeff H - Sarasota, FL

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• C++: IDE Code assistance (Linux)

  - by Martijn Courteaux

  Hi, My IDE (NetBeans) thinks this is wrong code, but it compiles correct: std::cout << "i = " << i << std::endl; std::cout << add(5, 7) << std::endl; std::string test = "Boe"; std::cout << test << std::endl; He always says: unable to resolve identifier .... (.... = cout, endl, string); So I think it has something to do with the code assistance. I think I have to change/add/remove some folders. Currently, I have this include folders: C compiler: /usr/local/include /usr/lib/gcc/i486-linux-gnu/4.4.3/include /usr/lib/gcc/i486-linux-gnu/4.4.3/include-fixed /usr/include C++ compiler: /usr/include/c++/4.4.3 /usr/include/c++/4.4.3/i486-linux-gnu /usr/include/c++/4.4.3/backward /usr/local/include /usr/lib/gcc/i486-linux-gnu/4.4.3/include /usr/include Thanks

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• How to write curiously recurring templates with more than 2 layers of inheritance?

  - by Kyle

  All the material I've read on Curiously Recurring Template Pattern seems to one layer of inheritance, ie Base and Derived : Base<Derived>. What if I want to take it one step further? #include <iostream> using std::cout; template<typename LowestDerivedClass> class A { public: LowestDerivedClass& get() { return *static_cast<LowestDerivedClass*>(this); } void print() { cout << "A\n"; } }; template<typename LowestDerivedClass> class B : public A<LowestDerivedClass> { public: void print() { cout << "B\n"; } }; class C : public B<C> { public: void print() { cout << "C\n"; } }; int main() { C c; c.get().print(); // B b; // Intentionally bad syntax, // b.get().print(); // to demonstrate what I'm trying to accomplish return 0; } How can I rewrite this code to compile without errors (and output "C\nB\n")?

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• C++ : integer constant is too large for its type

  - by user38586

  I need to bruteforce a year for an exercise. The compiler keep throwing this error: bruteforceJS12.cpp:8:28: warning: integer constant is too large for its type [enabled by default] My code is: #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main(){ unsigned long long year(0); unsigned long long result(318338237039211050000); unsigned long long pass(1337); while (pass != result) { for (unsigned long long i = 1; i<= year; i++) { pass += year * i * year; } cout << "pass not cracked with year = " << year << endl; ++year; } cout << "pass cracked with year = " << year << endl; } Note that I already tried with unsigned long long result(318338237039211050000ULL); I'm using gcc version 4.8.1 EDIT: Here is the corrected version using InfInt library http://code.google.com/p/infint/ #include <iostream> #include "InfInt.h" using namespace std; int main(){ InfInt year = "113"; InfInt result = "318338237039211050000"; InfInt pass= "1337"; while (pass != result) { for (InfInt i = 1; i<= year; i++) { pass += year * i * year; } cout << "year = " << year << " pass = " << pass << endl; ++year; } cout << "pass cracked with year = " << year << endl; }

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• C++ Loop - Need variable to accumulate sum

  - by user1780064

  I'm writing a program to ask the user to enter a value between 5 and 21 (inclusive). If the number entered is not in this range, it prints, "Please try again". If the number is within the range, I need to take that number, and print the sum of all the numbers from 1 to the value entered. So if the user entered "7", the sum would be "28". I successfully wrote the first loop, in the case of the number not being within the range, but cannot figure out how to run the second loop- whether to use a while, do-while, or for loop. Please advise. #include <iostream> int main () { int uservalue; int count; int sum; //Prompt user for input do { cout << "Enter a value from 5 to 21: "; cin >> uservalue; if (uservalue < 5 || uservalue > 21) cout << "Value out of range. Try again..." << endl; } while (uservalue < 5 || uservalue > 21); cout << endl; //Loop to accumulate sum for (count = 1, count < uservalue, count++;) { sum = uservalue + count; if (uservalue <= 5 || uservalue <= 21) cout << the sum is " << sum << endl; } return 0; }

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• Variable not accessible within and if statment

  - by Chris

  I have a variable which holds a score for a game. My variable is accessible and correct outside of an if statement but not inside as shown below cout << score << endl; //works if(!justFinished){ cout << score << endl; // doesn't work prints a large negative number endTime = time(NULL); ifstream highscoreFile; highscoreFile.open("highscores.txt"); if(highscoreFile.good()){ highscoreFile.close(); }else{ std::ofstream outfile ("highscores.txt"); cout << score << endl; outfile << score << std::endl; outfile.close(); } justFinished = true; } cout << score << endl;//works

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• Why my linux signal handler run only once

  - by Henry Fané

  #include <iostream> #include <signal.h> #include <fenv.h> #include <string.h> void signal_handler(int sig, siginfo_t *siginfo, void* context) { std::cout << " signal_handler " << fetestexcept(FE_ALL_EXCEPT) << std::endl; throw "exception"; } void divide() { float a = 1000., b = 0., c, f = 1e-300; c = a / b; std::cout << c << " and f = " << f << std::endl; } void init_sig_hanlder() { feenableexcept(FE_ALL_EXCEPT); struct sigaction sa, initial_sa; sa.sa_sigaction = &signal_handler ; sigemptyset( &sa.sa_mask ) ; sa.sa_flags = SA_SIGINFO; // man sigaction(3) // allows for void(*)(int,siginfo_t*,void*) handler sigaction(SIGFPE, &sa, &initial_sa); } int main(int argc, char** argv) { init_sig_hanlder(); while(true) { try { sleep(1); divide(); } catch(const char * a) { std::cout << "Exception in catch: " << a << std::endl; } catch(...) { std::cout << "Exception in ..." << std::endl; } } return 0; } Produce the following results on Linux/g++4.2: signal_handler 0 Exception in catch: exception inf and f = 0 inf and f = 0 inf and f = 0 inf and f = 0 So, signal handler is executed the first time but the next fp exception does not trigger the handler again. Where am I wrong ?

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• Mathmatic errors in basic C++ program

  - by Heather

  I am working with a basic C++ program to determine the area and perimeter of a rectangle. My program works fine for whole numbers but falls apart when I use any number with a decimal. I get the impression that I am leaving something out, but since I'm a complete beginner, I have no idea what. Below is the source: #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { // Declared variables int length; // declares variable for length int width; // declares variable for width int area; // declares variable for area int perimeter; // declares variable for perimeter // Statements cout << "Enter the length and the width of the rectangle: "; // states what information to enter cin >> length >> width; // user input of length and width cout << endl; // closes the input area = length * width; // calculates area of rectangle perimeter = 2 * (length + width); //calculates perimeter of rectangle cout << "The area of the rectangle = " << area << " square units." <<endl; // displays the calculation of the area cout << "The perimeter of the rectangle = " << perimeter << " units." << endl; // displays the calculation of the perimeter system ("pause"); // REMOVE BEFORE RELEASE - testing purposes only return 0; }

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• Mathematics errors in basic C++ program

  - by H Bomb1013

  I am working with a basic C++ program to determine the area and perimeter of a rectangle. My program works fine for whole numbers but falls apart when I use any number with a decimal. I get the impression that I am leaving something out, but since I'm a complete beginner, I have no idea what. Below is the source: #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { // Declared variables int length; // declares variable for length int width; // declares variable for width int area; // declares variable for area int perimeter; // declares variable for perimeter // Statements cout << "Enter the length and the width of the rectangle: "; // states what information to enter cin >> length >> width; // user input of length and width cout << endl; // closes the input area = length * width; // calculates area of rectangle perimeter = 2 * (length + width); //calculates perimeter of rectangle cout << "The area of the rectangle = " << area << " square units." <<endl; // displays the calculation of the area cout << "The perimeter of the rectangle = " << perimeter << " units." << endl; // displays the calculation of the perimeter system ("pause"); // REMOVE BEFORE RELEASE - testing purposes only return 0; }

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• why does vector.size() read in one line too little?

  - by ace

  when running the following code, the amount of lines will read on less then there actually is (if the input file is main itself, or otherwise) why is this and how can i change that fact (besides for just adding 1)? #include <fstream> #include <iostream> #include <string> #include <vector> using namespace std; int main() { // open text file for input string file_name; cout << "please enter file name: "; cin >> file_name; // associate the input file stream with a text file ifstream infile(file_name.c_str()); // error checking for a valid filename if ( !infile ) { cerr << "Unable to open file " << file_name << " -- quitting!\n"; return( -1 ); } else cout << "\n"; // some data structures to perform the function vector<string> lines_of_text; string textline; // read in text file, line by line while (getline( infile, textline, '\n' )) { // add the new element to the vector lines_of_text.push_back( textline ); // print the 'back' vector element - see the STL documentation cout << "line read: " << lines_of_text.back() << "\n"; } cout<<lines_of_text.size(); return 0; }

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• cin.getline() equivalent when getting a char from a function.

  - by Aaron

  From what I understand cin.getLine gets the first char(which I think it a pointer) and then gets that the length. I have used it when cin for a char. I have a function that is returning a pointer to the first char in an array. Is there an equivalent to get the rest of the array into a char that I can use the entire array. I explained below what I am trying to do. The function works fine, but if it would help I could post the function. cmd_str[0]=infile();// get the pointer from a function cout<<"pp1>"; cout<< "test1"<<endl; // cin.getline(cmd_str,500);something like this with the array from the function cout<<cmd_str<<endl; this would print out the entire array cout<<"test2"<<endl; length=0; length= shell(cmd_str);// so I could pass it to this function

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• C++: Case statement within while loop?

  - by Jason

  I just started C++ but have some prior knowledge to other languages (vb awhile back unfortunately), but have an odd predicament. I disliked using so many IF statements and wanted to use switch/cases as it seemed cleaner, and I wanted to get in the practice.. But.. Lets say I have the following scenario (theorietical code): while(1) { //Loop can be conditional or 1, I use it alot, for example in my game char something; std::cout << "Enter something\n -->"; std::cin >> something; //Switch to read "something" switch(something) { case 'a': cout << "You entered A, which is correct"; break; case 'b': cout << "..."; break; } } And that's my problem. Lets say I wanted to exit the WHILE loop, It'd require two break statements? This obviously looks wrong: case 'a': cout << "You entered A, which is correct"; break; break; So can I only do an IF statement on the 'a' to use break;? Am I missing something really simple? This would solve a lot of my problems that I have right now.

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• C++: Switch statement within while loop?

  - by Jason

  I just started C++ but have some prior knowledge to other languages (vb awhile back unfortunately), but have an odd predicament. I disliked using so many IF statements and wanted to use switch/cases as it seemed cleaner, and I wanted to get in the practice.. But.. Lets say I have the following scenario (theorietical code): while(1) { //Loop can be conditional or 1, I use it alot, for example in my game char something; std::cout << "Enter something\n -->"; std::cin >> something; //Switch to read "something" switch(something) { case 'a': cout << "You entered A, which is correct"; break; case 'b': cout << "..."; break; } } And that's my problem. Lets say I wanted to exit the WHILE loop, It'd require two break statements? This obviously looks wrong: case 'a': cout << "You entered A, which is correct"; break; break; So can I only do an IF statement on the 'a' to use break;? Am I missing something really simple? This would solve a lot of my problems that I have right now.

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• Dynamic function arguments in C++, possible?

  - by Jeshwanth Kumar N K

  I am little new to C++, I have one doubt in variable argument passing. As I mentioned in a sample code below ( This code won't work at all, just for others understanding of my question I framed it like this), I have two functions func with 1 parameter and 2 parameters(parameter overloading). I am calling the func from main, before that I am checking whether I needs to call 2 parameter or 1 parameter. Here is the problem, as I know I can call two fuctions in respective if elseif statements, but I am curious to know whether I can manage with only one function. (In below code I am passing string not int, as I mentioned before this is just for others understanding purpose. #include<iostream.h> #include <string> void func(int, int); void func(int); void main() { int a, b,in; cout << "Enter the 2 for 2 arg, 1 for 1 arg\n"; cin << in; if ( in == 2) { string pass = "a,b"; } elseif ( in == 1) { string pass = "a"; } else { return 0; } func(pass); cout<<"In main\n"<<endl; } void func(int iNum1) { cout<<"In func1 "<<iNum1<<endl; } void func(int iNum1, int iNum2) { cout<<"In func2 "<<iNum1<<" "<<iNum2<<endl; }

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• What is the difference between _tmain() and main() in C++?

  - by joshcomley

  If I run my C++ application with the following main() method everything is OK: int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { cout << "There are " << argc << " arguments:" << endl; // Loop through each argument and print its number and value for (int i=0; i<argc; i++) cout << i << " " << argv[i] << endl; return 0; } I get what I expect and my arguments are printed out. However, if I use _tmain: int _tmain(int argc, char *argv[]) { cout << "There are " << argc << " arguments:" << endl; // Loop through each argument and print its number and value for (int i=0; i<argc; i++) cout << i << " " << argv[i] << endl; return 0; } It just displays the first character of each argument. What is the difference causing this?

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• Operator Overloading << in c++

  - by thlgood

  I'm a fresh man in C++. I write this simple program to practice Overlaoding. This is my code: #include <iostream> #include <string> using namespace std; class sex_t { private: char __sex__; public: sex_t(char sex_v = 'M'):__sex__(sex_v) { if (sex_v != 'M' && sex_v != 'F') { cerr << "Sex type error!" << sex_v << endl; __sex__ = 'M'; } } const ostream& operator << (const ostream& stream) { if (__sex__ == 'M') cout << "Male"; else cout << "Female"; return stream; } }; int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { sex_t me('M'); cout << me << endl; return 0; } When I compiler it, It print a lots of error message: The error message was in a mess. It's too hard for me to found useful message sex.cpp: ???‘int main(int, char**)’?: sex.cpp:32:10: ??: ‘operator<<’?‘std::cout << me’????? sex.cpp:32:10: ??: ???: /usr/include/c++/4.6/ostream:110:7: ??: std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::__ostream_type& std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(std::basic_ostre

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• How do virtual destructors work?

  - by Jack

  I am using gcc. I am aware how the virtual destructors solve the problem when we destroy a derived class object pointed by a base class pointer. I want to know how do they work? class A { public: A(){cout<<"A constructor"<<endl;} ~A(){cout<<"A destructor"<<endl;} }; class B:public A { public: B(){cout<<"B constructor"<<endl;} ~B(){cout<<"B destructor"<<endl;} }; int main() { A * a = new B(); delete a; getch(); return 0; } When I change A's destructor to a virtual function, the problem is solved. What is the inner working for this. Why do I make A's destructor virtual.

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