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  • How to distinguish between new and returning anonymous Drupal users?

    - by Matt V.
    Is there an easy way (or a module) in Drupal to distinguish between anonymous users who have never created an account versus those who are returning but are not currently logged in? For non-returning (ie, completely new) users, I'd like to have a front page that is very streamlined and focused on registration as the call-to-action. However, if someone is a returning user but not currently logged in, I'd like to present a lot more information on the front page and have login as the main call-to-action. I realize both pages would still need to have both login and register options available, I just want to make the focus significantly different between the two.

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  • Authenticate by libpam-mysql and libnss-mysql (CentOS)

    - by Chris
    I'm trying to get MySQL to function as a backend for authenticating users on CentOS 6.3. So far I have successfully installed and configured libnss-mysql. I can test this by doing: # groups testuser testuser : sftp Testuser is a member of the sftp group in fact, all MySQL based useraccounts will be hardcoded to it. The sftp group is chrooted and forced to use internal-sftp so they cannot do anything but access their home directory. Then I configured pam-mysql and PAM to allow mysql logins. This also works.. When SELinux is not enforcing. When I do setenforce 1 users can no longer login. Error: Permission denied, please try again. This is my pam_mysql.conf file: users.host=localhost users.db_user=nss-pam-user users.db_passwd=*********** users.database=sftpusers users.table=users users.user_column=username users.password_column=password users.password_crypt=6 verbose=1 My /etc/pam.d/sshd: #%PAM-1.0 auth sufficient pam_sepermit.so auth include password-auth auth required pam_mysql.so config_file=/etc/pam_mysql.conf account sufficient pam_nologin.so account include password-auth account required pam_mysql.so config_file=/etc/pam_mysql.conf password include password-auth # pam_selinux.so close should be the first session rule session required pam_selinux.so close session required pam_loginuid.so # pam_selinux.so open should only be followed by sessions to be executed in the user context session required pam_selinux.so open env_params session optional pam_keyinit.so force revoke session include password-auth And to be complete the contents of some log files.. /var/logs/secure Nov 20 14:52:20 hostname unix_chkpwd[4891]: check pass; user unknown Nov 20 14:52:20 hostname unix_chkpwd[4891]: password check failed for user (testuser) Nov 20 14:52:20 hostname sshd[4880]: pam_unix(sshd:auth): authentication failure; logname= uid=0 euid=0 tty=ssh ruser= rhost=192.168.10.107 user=testuser Nov 20 14:52:22 sftpusers sshd[4880]: Failed password for testuser from 192.168.10.107 port 51849 ssh2 /var/logs/audit/audit.log type=USER_AUTH msg=audit(1353420107.070:812): user pid=5285 uid=0 auid=500 ses=24 subj=unconfined_u:system_r:sshd_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023 msg='op=pubkey acct="testuser" exe="/usr/sbin/sshd" hostname=? addr=192.168.10.107 terminal=ssh res=failed' type=USER_AUTH msg=audit(1353420112.312:813): user pid=5285 uid=0 auid=500 ses=24 subj=unconfined_u:system_r:sshd_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023 msg='op=PAM:authentication acct="testuser" exe="/usr/sbin/sshd" hostname=192.168.10.107 addr=192.168.10.107 terminal=ssh res=failed' type=USER_AUTH msg=audit(1353420112.456:814): user pid=5285 uid=0 auid=500 ses=24 subj=unconfined_u:system_r:sshd_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023 msg='op=password acct="testuser" exe="/usr/sbin/sshd" hostname=? addr=192.168.10.107 terminal=ssh res=failed' I tried to let audit2why explain the problem but it remains silent even though there are some errors. Does anyone see the problem? Thanks! EDIT: Turns out it's almost working with setenforce 0 I can mkdir foobar but if I do a single ls I get an error: Received message too long 16777216

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  • Design by Contract with Microsoft .Net Code Contract

    - by Fredrik N
    I have done some talks on different events and summits about Defensive Programming and Design by Contract, last time was at Cornerstone’s Developer Summit 2010. Next time will be at SweNug (Sweden .Net User Group). I decided to write a blog post about of some stuffs I was talking about. Users are a terrible thing! Protect your self from them ”Human users have a gift for doing the worst possible thing at the worst possible time.” – Michael T. Nygard, Release It! The kind of users Michael T. Nygard are talking about is the users of a system. We also have users that uses our code, the users I’m going to focus on is the users of our code. Me and you and another developers. “Any fool can write code that a computer can understand. Good programmers write code that humans can understand.” – Martin Fowler Good programmers also writes code that humans know how to use, good programmers also make sure software behave in a predictable manner despise inputs or user actions. Design by Contract   Design by Contract (DbC) is a way for us to make a contract between us (the code writer) and the users of our code. It’s about “If you give me this, I promise to give you this”. It’s not about business validations, that is something completely different that should be part of the domain model. DbC is to make sure the users of our code uses it in a correct way, and that we can rely on the contract and write code in a way where we know that the users will follow the contract. It will make it much easier for us to write code with a contract specified. Something like the following code is something we may see often: public void DoSomething(Object value) { value.DoIKnowThatICanDoThis(); } .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; } Where “value” can be uses directly or passed to other methods and later be used. What some of us can easily forget here is that the “value” can be “null”. We will probably not passing a null value, but someone else that uses our code maybe will do it. I think most of you (including me) have passed “null” into a method because you don’t know if the argument need to be specified to a valid value etc. I bet most of you also have got the “Null reference exception”. Sometimes this “Null reference exception” can be hard and take time to fix, because we need to search among our code to see where the “null” value was passed in etc. Wouldn’t it be much better if we can as early as possible specify that the value can’t not be null, so the users of our code also know it when the users starts to use our code, and before run time execution of the code? This is where DbC comes into the picture. We can use DbC to specify what we need, and by doing so we can rely on the contract when we write our code. So the code above can actually use the DoIKnowThatICanDoThis() method on the value object without being worried that the “value” can be null. The contract between the users of the code and us writing the code, says that the “value” can’t be null.   Pre- and Postconditions   When working with DbC we are specifying pre- and postconditions.  Precondition is a condition that should be met before a query or command is executed. An example of a precondition is: “The Value argument of the method can’t be null”, and we make sure the “value” isn’t null before the method is called. Postcondition is a condition that should be met when a command or query is completed, a postcondition will make sure the result is correct. An example of a postconditon is “The method will return a list with at least 1 item”. Commands an Quires When using DbC, we need to know what a Command and a Query is, because some principles that can be good to follow are based on commands and queries. A Command is something that will not return anything, like the SQL’s CREATE, UPDATE and DELETE. There are two kinds of Commands when using DbC, the Creation commands (for example a Constructor), and Others. Others can for example be a Command to add a value to a list, remove or update a value etc. //Creation commands public Stack(int size) //Other commands public void Push(object value); public void Remove(); .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }   A Query, is something that will return something, for example an Attribute, Property or a Function, like the SQL’s SELECT.   There are two kinds of Queries, the Basic Queries  (Quires that aren’t based on another queries), and the Derived Queries, queries that is based on another queries. Here is an example of queries of a Stack: //Basic Queries public int Count; public object this[int index] { get; } //Derived Queries //Is related to Count Query public bool IsEmpty() { return Count == 0; } .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; } To understand about some principles that are good to follow when using DbC, we need to know about the Commands and different Queries. The 6 Principles When working with DbC, it’s advisable to follow some principles to make it easier to define and use contracts. The following DbC principles are: Separate commands and queries. Separate basic queries from derived queries. For each derived query, write a postcondition that specifies what result will be returned, in terms of one or more basic queries. For each command, write a postcondition that specifies the value of every basic query. For every query and command, decide on a suitable precondition. Write invariants to define unchanging properties of objects. Before I will write about each of them I want you to now that I’m going to use .Net 4.0 Code Contract. I will in the rest of the post uses a simple Stack (Yes I know, .Net already have a Stack class) to give you the basic understanding about using DbC. A Stack is a data structure where the first item in, will be the first item out. Here is a basic implementation of a Stack where not contract is specified yet: public class Stack { private object[] _array; //Basic Queries public uint Count; public object this[uint index] { get { return _array[index]; } set { _array[index] = value; } } //Derived Queries //Is related to Count Query public bool IsEmpty() { return Count == 0; } //Is related to Count and this[] Query public object Top() { return this[Count]; } //Creation commands public Stack(uint size) { Count = 0; _array = new object[size]; } //Other commands public void Push(object value) { this[++Count] = value; } public void Remove() { this[Count] = null; Count--; } } .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }   Note: The Stack is implemented in a way to demonstrate the use of Code Contract in a simple way, the implementation may not look like how you would implement it, so don’t think this is the perfect Stack implementation, only used for demonstration.   Before I will go deeper into the principles I will simply mention how we can use the .Net Code Contract. I mention before about pre- and postcondition, is about “Require” something and to “Ensure” something. When using Code Contract, we will use a static class called “Contract” and is located in he “System.Diagnostics.Contracts” namespace. The contract must be specified at the top or our member statement block. To specify a precondition with Code Contract we uses the Contract.Requires method, and to specify a postcondition, we uses the Contract.Ensure method. Here is an example where both a pre- and postcondition are used: public object Top() { Contract.Requires(Count > 0, "Stack is empty"); Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result<object>() == this[Count]); return this[Count]; } .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }   The contract above requires that the Count is greater than 0, if not we can’t get the item at the Top of a Stack. We also Ensures that the results (By using the Contract.Result method, we can specify a postcondition that will check if the value returned from a method is correct) of the Top query is equal to this[Count].   1. Separate Commands and Queries   When working with DbC, it’s important to separate Command and Quires. A method should either be a command that performs an Action, or returning information to the caller, not both. By asking a question the answer shouldn’t be changed. The following is an example of a Command and a Query of a Stack: public void Push(object value) public object Top() .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }   The Push is a command and will not return anything, just add a value to the Stack, the Top is a query to get the item at the top of the stack.   2. Separate basic queries from derived queries There are two different kinds of queries,  the basic queries that doesn’t rely on another queries, and derived queries that uses a basic query. The “Separate basic queries from derived queries” principle is about about that derived queries can be specified in terms of basic queries. So this principles is more about recognizing that a query is a derived query or a basic query. It will then make is much easier to follow the other principles. The following code shows a basic query and a derived query: //Basic Queries public uint Count; //Derived Queries //Is related to Count Query public bool IsEmpty() { return Count == 0; } .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }   We can see that IsEmpty will use the Count query, and that makes the IsEmpty a Derived query.   3. For each derived query, write a postcondition that specifies what result will be returned, in terms of one or more basic queries.   When the derived query is recognize we can follow the 3ed principle. For each derived query, we can create a postcondition that specifies what result our derived query will return in terms of one or more basic queries. Remember that DbC is about contracts between the users of the code and us writing the code. So we can’t use demand that the users will pass in a valid value, we must also ensure that we will give the users what the users wants, when the user is following our contract. The IsEmpty query of the Stack will use a Count query and that will make the IsEmpty a Derived query, so we should now write a postcondition that specified what results will be returned, in terms of using a basic query and in this case the Count query, //Basic Queries public uint Count; //Derived Queries public bool IsEmpty() { Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result<bool>() == (Count == 0)); return Count == 0; } The Contract.Ensures is used to create a postcondition. The above code will make sure that the results of the IsEmpty (by using the Contract.Result to get the result of the IsEmpty method) is correct, that will say that the IsEmpty will be either true or false based on Count is equal to 0 or not. The postcondition are using a basic query, so the IsEmpty is now following the 3ed principle. We also have another Derived Query, the Top query, it will also need a postcondition and it uses all basic queries. The Result of the Top method must be the same value as the this[] query returns. //Basic Queries public uint Count; public object this[uint index] { get { return _array[index]; } set { _array[index] = value; } } //Derived Queries //Is related to Count and this[] Query public object Top() { Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result<object>() == this[Count]); return this[Count]; } .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }   4. For each command, write a postcondition that specifies the value of every basic query.   For each command we will create a postconditon that specifies the value of basic queries. If we look at the Stack implementation we will have three Commands, one Creation command, the Constructor, and two others commands, Push and Remove. Those commands need a postcondition and they should include basic query to follow the 4th principle. //Creation commands public Stack(uint size) { Contract.Ensures(Count == 0); Count = 0; _array = new object[size]; } //Other commands public void Push(object value) { Contract.Ensures(Count == Contract.OldValue<uint>(Count) + 1); Contract.Ensures(this[Count] == value); this[++Count] = value; } public void Remove() { Contract.Ensures(Count == Contract.OldValue<uint>(Count) - 1); this[Count] = null; Count--; } .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }   As you can see the Create command will Ensures that Count will be 0 when the Stack is created, when a Stack is created there shouldn’t be any items in the stack. The Push command will take a value and put it into the Stack, when an item is pushed into the Stack, the Count need to be increased to know the number of items added to the Stack, and we must also make sure the item is really added to the Stack. The postconditon of the Push method will make sure the that old value of the Count (by using the Contract.OldValue we can get the value a Query has before the method is called)  plus 1 will be equal to the Count query, this is the way we can ensure that the Push will increase the Count with one. We also make sure the this[] query will now contain the item we pushed into the Stack. The Remove method must make sure the Count is decreased by one when the top item is removed from the Stack. The Commands is now following the 4th principle, where each command now have a postcondition that used the value of basic queries. Note: The principle says every basic Query, the Remove only used one Query the Count, it’s because this command can’t use the this[] query because an item is removed, so the only way to make sure an item is removed is to just use the Count query, so the Remove will still follow the principle.   5. For every query and command, decide on a suitable precondition.   We have now focused only on postcondition, now time for some preconditons. The 5th principle is about deciding a suitable preconditon for every query and command. If we starts to look at one of our basic queries (will not go through all Queries and commands here, just some of them) the this[] query, we can’t pass an index that is lower then 1 (.Net arrays and list are zero based, but not the stack in this blog post ;)) and the index can’t be lesser than the number of items in the stack. So here we will need a preconditon. public object this[uint index] { get { Contract.Requires(index >= 1); Contract.Requires(index <= Count); return _array[index]; } } .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; } Think about the Contract as an documentation about how to use the code in a correct way, so if the contract could be specified elsewhere (not part of the method body), we could simply write “return _array[index]” and there is no need to check if index is greater or lesser than Count, because that is specified in a “contract”. The implementation of Code Contract, requires that the contract is specified in the code. As a developer I would rather have this contract elsewhere (Like Spec#) or implemented in a way Eiffel uses it as part of the language. Now when we have looked at one Query, we can also look at one command, the Remove command (You can see the whole implementation of the Stack at the end of this blog post, where precondition is added to more queries and commands then what I’m going to show in this section). We can only Remove an item if the Count is greater than 0. So we can write a precondition that will require that Count must be greater than 0. public void Remove() { Contract.Requires(Count > 0); Contract.Ensures(Count == Contract.OldValue<uint>(Count) - 1); this[Count] = null; Count--; } .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }   6. Write invariants to define unchanging properties of objects.   The last principle is about making sure the object are feeling great! This is done by using invariants. When using Code Contract we can specify invariants by adding a method with the attribute ContractInvariantMethod, the method must be private or public and can only contains calls to Contract.Invariant. To make sure the Stack feels great, the Stack must have 0 or more items, the Count can’t never be a negative value to make sure each command and queries can be used of the Stack. Here is our invariant for the Stack object: [ContractInvariantMethod] private void ObjectInvariant() { Contract.Invariant(Count >= 0); } .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }   Note: The ObjectInvariant method will be called every time after a Query or Commands is called. Here is the full example using Code Contract:   public class Stack { private object[] _array; //Basic Queries public uint Count; public object this[uint index] { get { Contract.Requires(index >= 1); Contract.Requires(index <= Count); return _array[index]; } set { Contract.Requires(index >= 1); Contract.Requires(index <= Count); _array[index] = value; } } //Derived Queries //Is related to Count Query public bool IsEmpty() { Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result<bool>() == (Count == 0)); return Count == 0; } //Is related to Count and this[] Query public object Top() { Contract.Requires(Count > 0, "Stack is empty"); Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result<object>() == this[Count]); return this[Count]; } //Creation commands public Stack(uint size) { Contract.Requires(size > 0); Contract.Ensures(Count == 0); Count = 0; _array = new object[size]; } //Other commands public void Push(object value) { Contract.Requires(value != null); Contract.Ensures(Count == Contract.OldValue<uint>(Count) + 1); Contract.Ensures(this[Count] == value); this[++Count] = value; } public void Remove() { Contract.Requires(Count > 0); Contract.Ensures(Count == Contract.OldValue<uint>(Count) - 1); this[Count] = null; Count--; } [ContractInvariantMethod] private void ObjectInvariant() { Contract.Invariant(Count >= 0); } } .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; } Summary By using Design By Contract we can make sure the users are using our code in a correct way, and we must also make sure the users will get the expected results when they uses our code. This can be done by specifying contracts. To make it easy to use Design By Contract, some principles may be good to follow like the separation of commands an queries. With .Net 4.0 we can use the Code Contract feature to specify contracts.

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  • Apache 2.4 + PHP-FPM + ProxyPassMatch

    - by apfelbox
    I recently installed Apache 2.4 on my local machine, together with PHP 5.4.8 using PHP-FPM. Everything went quite smoothly (after a while...) but there is still a strange error: I configured Apache for PHP-FPM like this: <VirtualHost *:80> ServerName localhost DocumentRoot "/Users/apfelbox/WebServer" ProxyPassMatch ^/(.*\.php(/.*)?)$ fcgi://127.0.0.1:9000/Users/apfelbox/WebServer/$1 </VirtualHost> It works, for example if I call http://localhost/info.php I get the correct phpinfo() (it is just a test file). If I call a directory however, I get a 404 with body File not found. and in the error log: [Tue Nov 20 21:27:25.191625 2012] [proxy_fcgi:error] [pid 28997] [client ::1:57204] AH01071: Got error 'Primary script unknown\n' Update I now tried doing the proxying with mod_rewrite: <VirtualHost *:80> ServerName localhost DocumentRoot "/Users/apfelbox/WebServer" RewriteEngine on RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d RewriteRule ^/(.*\.php(/.*)?)$ fcgi://127.0.0.1:9000/Users/apfelbox/WebServer/$1 [L,P] </VirtualHost> But the problem is: it is always redirecting, because on http://localhost/ automatically http://localhost/index.php is requested, because of DirectoryIndex index.php index.html Update 2 Ok, so I think "maybe check whether there is a file to give to the proxy first: <VirtualHost *:80> ServerName localhost DocumentRoot "/Users/apfelbox/WebServer" RewriteEngine on RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} -f RewriteRule ^/(.*\.php(/.*)?)$ fcgi://127.0.0.1:9000/Users/apfelbox/WebServer/$1 [L,P] </VirtualHost> Now the complete rewriting does not work anymore... Update 3 Now I have this solution: ServerName localhost DocumentRoot "/Users/apfelbox/WebServer" RewriteEngine on RewriteCond /Users/apfelbox/WebServer/%{REQUEST_FILENAME} -f RewriteRule ^/(.*\.php(/.*)?)$ fcgi://127.0.0.1:9000/Users/apfelbox/WebServer/$1 [L,P] First check, that there is a file to pass to PHP-FPM (with the full and absolute path) and then do the rewriting. This does not work when using URL rewriting inside a subdirectory, also it fails for URLs like http://localhost/index.php/test/ So back to square one. Any ideas?

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  • Active Directory, Linux, and User Private Groups

    - by larsks
    We're in the process of moving from NIS on our Linux systems to binding everything to Active Directory. The NIS environment follows the common standard used by many Linux distributions that a user's primary group is a group of the same name as the user (and of which the user is typically the only member). I have been informed that in the Active Directory environment, you may not have a group name with the same name as a user (specifically, that no two AD security objects may have the same name). This would seem to complicate the process of moving our group definitions into AD. It looks like we could maintain the NIS group information in AD using only POSIX attributes (e.g., not an actual AD security object), but that seems like a suboptimal fix (because we do really want to have the same view of group membership in both the Unix and AD worlds). Have you moved a large legacy NIS environment into Active Directory? How did you handle this situation?

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  • SSH public key authentication -- always require users to generate their own keypair?

    - by schinazi
    I was working with a partner today that I needed to upload files to my server using scp. I have passwords turned off in the server's SSH configuration, so I wanted them to use public key authentication. I generated the keypair for them on the server and gave them the private key and put the public key in the appropriate authorized_keys file. After a bunch of problems with them setting up their job, they finally got a more experienced sysadmin involved on their end, and he scolded me for handling the key generation this way. He said that by giving them a private key generated on my system, I had enabled them to do a brute-force attack against other keys generated on the same server. I even asked him "so if I have an account on a server, and I can log in with a password but I want to automate something and I generate a keypair on that system, does that then give me an attack vector for brute forcing other users' keys?" and he said yes. I've never heard of this, is it true? Can anyone point me to a discussion of this attack? Thanks in advance.

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  • CIFS(Samba) + ACL = not working

    - by tst
    I have two servers with Debian 5.0. server1: samba 2:3.2.5-4lenny9 smbfs 2:3.2.5-4lenny9 smb.conf: [test] comment = test path = /var/www/_test/ browseable = no only guest = yes writable = yes printable = no create mask = 0644 directory mask = 0755 server1:~# mount | grep sda3 /dev/sda3 on /var/www type ext3 (rw,acl,user_xattr) # getfacl /var/www/_test/ # file: var/www/_test/ # owner: www-data # group: www-data user::rwx group::rwx other::r-x default:user::rwx default:user:www-data:rw- default:user:testuser:rw- default:group::rwx default:mask::rwx default:other::r-x server2: samba-common 2:3.2.5-4lenny9 smbfs 2:3.2.5-4lenny9 server2:~# mount.cifs //server1/test /media/smb/test -o rw,user_xattr,acl server2:~# mount | grep test //server1/test on /media/smb/test type cifs (rw,mand) server2:~# getfacl /media/smb/test/ # file: media/smb/test/ # owner: www-data # group: www-data user::rwx group::rwx other::r-x default:user::rwx default:user:www-data:rw- default:user:testuser:rw- default:group::rwx default:mask::rwx default:other::r-x And there is the problem: server2:~# su - testuser (reverse-i-search)`touch': touch 123 testuser@server2:~$ touch /media/smb/ testuser@server2:~$ touch /media/smb/test/123 touch: cannot touch `/media/smb/test/123': Permission denied Whats wrong?!

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  • Two group of name server records, where to put them?

    - by sazary
    I've registered my domain by a registrar that has very poor DNS management tools. I need to point from my registrar to another third-party DNS manager, and then from there point to the name servers of my host, along with some other DNS records (such as SPF records). What I've done now is this: I've given the address of the name servers of my third-party DNS manager to the DNS manager of my registrar, and then I've given the address of the name servers of my host to the third-party DNS manager, along with some SPF and MX records. Is this work correct? Or should I add the NS address of my host to my registrar DNS manager too? The problem is that my domain doesn't resolve to my host, and I see some strange records in some DNS servers around the world that I have not set!

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  • Windows 2008 R2 File Sharing - 'Access denied' if groups are specified in ACL

    - by John Smith
    I am trying to move our old Windows 2003 File Server to Windows 2008 R2. What I have noticed, however, is that the entries for groups in the ACL are being ignored. For example, a user is part of a group in active directory. If I create a folder and enable full access for this group, then share this folder (and define sharing permissions for this group), users in that group do not get access to that folder. If I make an entry in the ACL for the user itself, it works perfectly. These even applies to my domain administrator account - If I create a folder and give full control to the local administrators group / domain administrators group, and I physically log on to the server, I still do not get access - I need to explicitly define my name to proceed. I am not sure what the problem is, tried looking it up in Google to no avail Any assistance will be greatly appreciated

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  • Windows Vista Nested Desktop Folders Problem

    - by Samuel Walker
    I have no idea how, nor when this happened, and it's started to really quite annoy me. When navigating through Explorer, by clicking on Icons I have C:\Users\Samuel\Desktop (Icon is the blue special Desktop icon), which contains the items I see on my Desktop. I then have the following folder: C:\Users\Samuel\Desktop (Icon is the standard yellow folder icon), which contains many program shortcuts, and is completely seperate from the other C:\Users\Samuel\Desktop Then in the Yellow Icon Desktop I have the sub-folder Desktop with the blue icon that is a direct mirror of the blue C:\Users\Samuel\Desktop folder (as in a new folder / file shows up in both). In explorer when I directly type C:\Users\Samuel\Desktop I am taken to the Yellow folder version. If I go to C:\Users\Samuel\Desktop\Desktop I am taken to the Blue folder version. Finally, from cmd cd'ing to C:\Users\Samuel\Desktop takes me to the Yellow folder version whilst C:\Users\Samuel\Desktop\Desktop takes me to the blue folder version. How on earth can I get rid of the yellow folder version leaving the blue C:\Users\Samuel\Desktop. I can't delete either as it says they're in use. UPDATE: Ok, so it looks like doing a dir from cmd lists only one Desktop folder - the Yellow one. In addition, it looks like I can't delete either of them (given that they both contain my 'Desktop'

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  • How do you install .net4 on a Server 2008 r2 machine through psremoting in powershell?

    - by Jake
    I need to write a script that installs .net 4 remotely using powershell to a group of Server 2008 R2 machines. I based my script off of http://social.technet.microsoft.com/Forums/en-US/winserverpowershell/thread/3045eb24-7739-4695-ae94-5aa7052119fd/. enter-pssession -computername localhost $arglist = "/q /norestart /log C:\Users\tempuser\Desktop\dotnetfx4" $filepath = "C:\Users\tempuser\Desktop\dotNetFx40_Full_setup.exe" Start-Process -FilePath $filepath -ArgumentList $arglist -Wait -PassThru After running the command I would get the following log errors (running the same lines locally would install .net without error): Action: Downloading Item Failed to CreateJob : hr= 0x80200014 Action: Performing actions on all Items Action: Performing Action on Exe at C:\Users\tempuser\Desktop\dotnetfx4\SetupUtility.exe Exe (C:\Users\tempuser\Desktop\dotnetfx4\SetupUtility.exe) succeeded. Exe Log File: dd_SetupUtility.txt Action complete Action: ServiceControl - Stop clr_optimization_v2.0.50727_32 ServiceControl operation succeeded! Action complete Action: ServiceControl - Stop clr_optimization_v2.0.50727_64 ServiceControl operation succeeded! Action complete Action: Performing Action on Exe at C:\Users\tempuser\AppData\Local\Temp\Microsoft .NET Framework 4 Setup_4.0.30319\Windows6.1-KB958488-v6001-x64.msu Exe (C:\Users\tempuser\AppData\Local\Temp\Microsoft .NET Framework 4 Setup_4.0.30319\Windows6.1-KB958488-v6001-x64.msu) failed with 0x5 - Access is denied. . PerformOperation on exe returned exit code 5 (translates to HRESULT = 0x5) Action complete OnFailureBehavior for this item is to Rollback. Action: Performing actions on all Items Action complete Action complete Action: Downloading http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=164184&clcid=0x409 using WinHttp WinHttpDetectAutoProxyConfigUrl failed with error: 12180 Unable to retrieve Proxy information although WinHttpGetIEProxyConfigForCurrentUser called succeeded Action complete C:\Users\tempuser\AppData\Local\Temp\Microsoft .NET Framework 4 Setup_4.0.30319\TMPF279.tmp.exe: Verifying signature for netfx_Core.mzz C:\Users\tempuser\AppData\Local\Temp\Microsoft .NET Framework 4 Setup_4.0.30319\TMPF279.tmp.exe Signature verified successfully for netfx_Core.mzz Action complete Decompression completed with code: 16389 Decompression of payload failed: C:\Users\tempuser\AppData\Local\Temp\Microsoft .NET Framework 4 Setup_4.0.30319\netfx_Core.mzz Action complete Final Result: Installation failed with error code: (0x80074005) (Elapsed time: 0 00:00:28). Is there some security setting or perhaps something else I've missed?

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  • Are there any problems migrating users from OSX 10.4.11 server to 10.6.6. server using WGM?

    - by Geoff Hardman
    I have just set up a new Mac server running 10.6.6. Installation went smoothly and all appears ok. Can create a new user through WGM and logon to the server from one of our local client systems. Imported the old users from the 10.4 system using WGM but the new system will not create home directories for these users and will not let them log on. I have read that there are issues using this method but can not find any detail as to why. Not wishing to recreate over 350 users from scratch I am looking for an easier solution. Can anyone help? The new server is 10.6.6. We use Open Directory and AFP. The paths are the same as the old server.

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  • SQL like group by and sum for text files in command line?

    - by dnkb
    I have huge text files with two fields, the first is a string the second is an integer. The files are sorted by the first field. What I'd like to get in the output is one line per unique string and the sum of the numbers for the identical strings. Some strings appear only once while other appear multiple times. E.g. Given the sample data below, for the string glehnia I'd like to get 10+22=32 in the result. Any suggestions how to do this either with gnuwin32 command line tools or in linux shell? Thanks! glehnia 10 glehnia 22 glehniae 343 glehnii 923 glei 1171 glei 2283 glei 3466 gleib 914 gleiber 652 gleiberg 495 gleiberg 709

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  • Are there cloud network drives that let users lock files or mark them as "in use"?

    - by Brandon Craig Rhodes
    Having spent several hours reading about the features and limitations of services like DropBox and Jungle Disk and the hundreds of competitors they seem to have (as though everyone with an AWS account these days goes ahead and writes a file sharing application just for fun), I have yet to find one that would let a team of people at a small business collaborate without stepping all over each other's toes. At a small business there are often many small documents per project — estimates, contracts, project plans, budgets — and team members frequently have to open and edit them, with all sorts of problems happening if two people edit a file at once. Even if a sharing service is smart enough to keep both versions of the file created, most small-business software (like word processors, spreadsheets, estimating software, or billing systems) has no way to compare — much less to merge! — the changes in two rival versions of a file that two people edited at the same time without each other's knowledge. So, my question: are their cloud-based file sharing solutions that not only provide a virtual network drive that people can access, but that also let users lock files — even if it's not a real lock but just a flag or indicator — that could possibly prevent remote workers from both editing the same file at once? Having one person wait for another person to finish editing is a very, very small inconvenience compared to the hour or more than it can take to compare two estimates by hand until you find and resolve the rival changes. Given this fact, I am surprised that almost none of the popular file sharing solutions seem to recognize this problem and provide some solution! Does anyone know of a service that does?

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  • ADSL to T1, Is it worth it for us?

    - by Jack Hickerson
    The company I work for has roughly 45-55 simultaneous users (local and remote/VPN) logged in at a given time. We currently subscribe to an ADSL connection but we have been experiencing slower upload/download speeds as our number of users increase. So, I have a few questions with regards to upgrading our connection to a t1 line. I am aware that the number of channels on a t1 line are much greater then that of our current ADSL connection, but I have heard that the number of active users on a t1 line should be no greater than ~30 for optimal performance. I would think this statement is dependent on what each user was using the connection for and could change depending on this variable. That being said, I have tried to break down how the line would be used in our organization based on our major departments: Sales (~60% of total users) - Everyday surfing, email, research, occasional streaming media Marketing (~15% of total users) - Heavy reliance on uploading/downloading, streaming media, file sharing Other (~25% of total users) - email, rare use of any connection intensive activities. I have considered keeping the ADSL for our local users and dedicating the t1 to our remote users (or vice versa) but the cost is significantly higher then what we had hoped for. All factors being equal (# of users, frequency of downloads/uploads from our current activities) Would you suspect a significant performance increase in making the transition to a t1 line from our current ADSL line? What are your thoughts or recommendations?

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  • How to open Total Commander with specific group of tabs open?

    - by Glen S. Dalton
    In TotalCommander I have saved the open tabs on the left and on the right windows in a *.tab file. But I want to put the *.tab file on my desktop and doubleklick it and TC (which is not already running) should open with just those tabs. And I could have different *.tc files on my desktop then. I remember this worked before? If so how can I fix it or change a setting? (I know I can open them again from inside TotalCommander as seen in the picture but that's not what I am asking for here.)

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  • Are there cloud network drives that let users lock files or mark them as "in use"?

    - by Brandon Craig Rhodes
    Having spent several hours reading about the features and limitations of services like DropBox and Jungle Disk and the hundreds of competitors they seem to have (as though everyone with an AWS account these days goes ahead and writes a file sharing application just for fun), I have yet to find one that would let a team of people at a small business collaborate without stepping all over each other's toes. At a small business there are often many small documents per project — estimates, contracts, project plans, budgets — and team members frequently have to open and edit them, with all sorts of problems happening if two people edit a file at once. Even if a sharing service is smart enough to keep both versions of the file created, most small-business software (like word processors, spreadsheets, estimating software, or billing systems) has no way to compare — much less to merge! — the changes in two rival versions of a file that two people edited at the same time without each other's knowledge. So, my question: are their cloud-based file sharing solutions that not only provide a virtual network drive that people can access, but that also let users lock files — even if it's not a real lock but just a flag or indicator — that could possibly prevent remote workers from both editing the same file at once? Having one person wait for another person to finish editing is a very, very small inconvenience compared to the hour or more than it can take to compare two estimates by hand until you find and resolve the rival changes. Given this fact, I am surprised that almost none of the popular file sharing solutions seem to recognize this problem and provide some solution! Does anyone know of a service that does?

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  • Destroyed user account on OS X with dscl; how to restore? [migrated]

    - by Sam Ritchie
    I was trying to create a new user on my OS X Lion machine, and somehow managed to destroy my own user's account. Here are the steps I took; hopefully someone here can recognize what I did, and maybe identify some way around this. First, I ran these commands: sudo dscl localhost -create /Local/Default/Users/elasticsearch sudo dscl localhost -create /Local/Default/Users/elasticsearch /bin/bash # mistake! sudo dscl localhost -create /Local/Default/Users/elasticsearch UserShell /bin/bash sudo dscl localhost -create /Local/Default/Users/elasticsearch RealName "Elastic Search" sudo dscl localhost -create /Local/Default/Users/elasticsearch UniqueID 503 # MY uniqueID sudo dscl localhost -create /Local/Default/Users/elasticsearch PrimaryGroupID 1000 sudo dscl localhost -create /Local/Default/Users/elasticsearch NFSHomeDirectory /Local/Users/elasticsearch The big mistake I made here was using "503", which was my user's UniqueID. Immediately my shell username changed to "elasticsearch". I fiddled around, tried to change the current user with sudo su -u sritchie, but this didn't work. On restart, only the "Elastic Search" user was available. I logged into the Lion Recovery partition and reset the root password. After logging in as root and checking on the terminal, I made the remarkable discovery that my home folder was totally empty. I deleted the elasticsearch user, but it made no difference. I don't see anything in Deleted Users either. The odd thing is that when I log in now as myself (sritchie) I can see desktop icons with previews. I can even open a few text files from the Downloads folder if I use the dock alias to Downloads. Could this data be hiding somewhere? Any help would be REALLY appreciated! Thanks, Sam

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  • Are there any tests I can run on a network to simulate 100 heavy network users?

    - by marc.gayle
    I will be hosting a Ruby on Rails workshop at a small hotel in the near future, and while they have 'Wifi' everywhere on the property, and the property normally hosts 150 - 300 people, I am not 100% confident that they have hosted 150 tech people that tend to have heavy web surfing habits/needs. Their tech department is also 1 or 2 guys. Are there any automated tests I can download and run from my laptop, on the network, that would simulate 100 'heavy users' on the network at the same time? Their broadband pipe is a 15mbps cable connection. Would that suffice for the general surfing needs of 100 - 150 techies? I know all it takes is 1 or 2 bit torrenters to kill the entire network, but assuming we can at the very least block those ports or encourage the attendees not to file share on the network, would that speed suffice for general surfing needs? What are good resources online that would allow me to quickly get up to speed on the IT related issues, so that I can ask their sysadmins the right questions? Edit: Note that I am fairly technical, so assume I can get up to speed quickly even with technical manuals, etc.

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  • Network drives don't get mapped and desktop redirection stops working when domain user becomes a member of the Local Administrator group on their PC

    - by Kim Jong-Un
    We have a Small Business Server 2003 domain controller with Windows 7 workstations joined to the domain. I noticed recently that, if I make a user a local administrator on his computer, his redirected desktop and mapped network drives do not connect at login (error on login that network drives inaccessible and desktop is blank). However, it is still possible for this user to browse to his home directory where his redirected folders are located- so he still has access to that location. Does anyone have any theories as to what is going on here?

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  • Is there a compression method for compressing a group of very similar files, without archiving them?

    - by awiebe
    I want to compress a large nuber of files that have near identical headers, and also some data, however I do not wish to archive them, nor do I wish to zip them individually(because the copression ratio would be much higher if substitutions of similar blocks could be done using a single table). Does a compression method exist to do this already, or should I implement it myself. Note: Don't say "Disk space is cheap", because I may want to use this on an embedded system.

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