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• How to force mdadm to stop RAID5 array?

  - by lucek

  I have /dev/md127 RAID5 array that consisted of four drives. I managed to hot remove them from the array and currently /dev/md127 does not have any drives: cat /proc/mdstat Personalities : [linear] [multipath] [raid0] [raid1] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] [raid10] md0 : active raid1 sdd1[0] sda1[1] 304052032 blocks super 1.2 [2/2] [UU] md1 : active raid0 sda5[1] sdd5[0] 16770048 blocks super 1.2 512k chunks md127 : active raid5 super 1.2 level 5, 512k chunk, algorithm 2 [4/0] [____] unused devices: <none> and mdadm --detail /dev/md127 /dev/md127: Version : 1.2 Creation Time : Thu Sep 6 10:39:57 2012 Raid Level : raid5 Array Size : 8790402048 (8383.18 GiB 9001.37 GB) Used Dev Size : 2930134016 (2794.39 GiB 3000.46 GB) Raid Devices : 4 Total Devices : 0 Persistence : Superblock is persistent Update Time : Fri Sep 7 17:19:47 2012 State : clean, FAILED Active Devices : 0 Working Devices : 0 Failed Devices : 0 Spare Devices : 0 Layout : left-symmetric Chunk Size : 512K Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 0 0 0 0 removed 1 0 0 1 removed 2 0 0 2 removed 3 0 0 3 removed I've tried to do mdadm --stop /dev/md127 but: mdadm --stop /dev/md127 mdadm: Cannot get exclusive access to /dev/md127:Perhaps a running process, mounted filesystem or active volume group? I made sure that it's unmounted, umount -l /dev/md127 and confirmed that it indeed is unmounted: umount /dev/md127 umount: /dev/md127: not mounted I've tried to zero superblock of each drive and I get (for each drive): mdadm --zero-superblock /dev/sde1 mdadm: Unrecognised md component device - /dev/sde1 Here's output of lsof|grep md127: lsof|grep md127 md127_rai 276 root cwd DIR 9,0 4096 2 / md127_rai 276 root rtd DIR 9,0 4096 2 / md127_rai 276 root txt unknown /proc/276/exe What else can I do? LVM is not even installed so it can't be a factor.

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• Roundcube "Server Error (OK!)": Lists no messages but can get messages according to the log file

  - by thonixx

  In my server setup there are three virtual machines. One windows machine, an Ubuntu Server 11.10 and a Debian Squeeze mailserver. On the Ubuntu system I have Roundcube installed and I want to connect to the virtual mail server. What's the problem After login into Roundcube it says "Server Error (OK!)" and lists no messages. More information On the Ubuntu server there is no error in any log file (even Roundcubes log files). In the imap log file there you can see Roundcube is able to fetch all imap messages (I can see them in the imap log file created by Roundcube). And on the side of the mail server there are no error messages too. The test connection at the end of the configuration of Roundcube works too, there is a "success" notification. Even the basic login at Roundcube login dialog works without any error message. Roundcube log file you can look here for the log file: http://fixee.org/paste/wxg36eh/ So does anyone know what's wrong with Roundcube?

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• Ubuntu 9.04: Ripping CDs with grip?

  - by chris

  I tried to rip a CD tonight, and couldn't figure out how to configure grip - /dev/cdrom doesn't seem to be the mount point for music CDs any more. How can I configure grip to find CDs? Update: /etc/fstab has /dev/scd0 /media/cdrom0 udf,iso9660 user,noauto,exec,utf8 0 0 But there's nothing visible in /media/cdrom0 (or /media/cdrom, which is a symlink to cdrom0) There's an icon on the desktop labeled "Audio Disk" and opening it shows the .wav files on the CD. The location is cdda://sr0/, but grip doesn't like that either. Trying to manually mount /dev/sr0, I get $ sudo mount -t auto /dev/sr0 foo/ mount: block device /dev/sr0 is write-protected, mounting read-only mount: you must specify the filesystem type Update 2: Tried to change the media handling preferences (From a file browser, Edit-Preferences, Media, CD Audio) to "Do Nothing". CD Still doesn't mount. Update 3: With an audio CD in the drive: $ ls -l /dev/ | grep cd lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 3 2009-09-15 22:13 cdrom1 -> sr0 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 3 2009-09-15 22:13 cdrw1 -> sr0 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 60 2009-09-15 22:13 pktcdvd lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 3 2009-09-15 22:13 scd0 -> sr0 crw-rw----+ 1 root cdrom 21, 2 2009-09-15 22:13 sg2 brw-rw----+ 1 root cdrom 11, 0 2009-09-15 22:13 sr0

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• STOP 0x7b booting from iSCSI

  - by Michael

  Hi, I've a Windows 2008 SBS running. It boots of iSCSI. That setup worked for months until yesterday. I intended to reboot and gained a: STOP 0x0000007b INACCESSIBLE_BOOT_DEVICE and no idea why. My setup hasn't changed. No new controller, no new or changed iSCSI targets, no new Network Card or IP address changes. I had all Windows Updates on it. Last known good: same STOP. Allow unsigned drivers: same STOP. Safe mode (all variants): same STOP. Mount target from a client: works. Filesystem check fine. I booted of the SBS DVD but in computer repair options my target doesn't appear. When i choose setup the target appears. So, how can i diagnose what's going wrong? Any helpful tools? Any hints? Thanks in advance Michael

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• Migrating to AWS Cloud with auto-scaling - where to put Redis and ElasticSearch?

  - by RobMasters

  I've been trying to research this topic but haven't found anywhere that recommends where to install services such as Redis and ElasticSearch when migrating to a cloud framework. I'm currently running a Symfony2 application on 2 static servers - one is running MySQL and the other is the public facing web server, which also has Redis and ElasticSearch running on it. Both of these servers are virtualised, but they're static in terms of not being able to replicate at present (various aspects are still dependent on the local filesystem). The goal is to migrate to AWS and use auto-scaling to be able to spin up and kill web servers as required, but I'm not clear on what I should put on each EC2 instance. Should they be single-responsibility only? i.e. Set up individual instances for the web server(s), Redis, and ElasticSearch and most likely an RDS instance for MySQL and only set up auto-scaling on the web server(s)? I don't foresee having to scale the ElasticSearch server anytime soon as it's only driving the search functionality, but it's possible that Redis may need to be replicated at some point - but should this be done manually? I'm not sure of how this could be done automatically as each instance needs to be configured to know about it's master/slave(s) as far as I know. I'd appreciate advice on this. One more quick question while I'm here - how would I be able to deploy code changes when there are X web servers currently active? I'm using a Capifony deployment script (Symfony2 version of Capistrano), which I think can handle multiple servers easily enough by specifying an array of :domain addresses...but how can should this be handled when the number of web servers can vary?

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• Replace Linux Boot-Drive | ext3 to btrfs

  - by bardiir

  I've got a headless server running Debian Linux currently. Linux vault 3.2.0-3-686-pae #1 SMP Mon Jul 23 03:50:34 UTC 2012 i686 GNU/Linux The root filesystem is located on an ext3 partition on the main harddrive. My data is located on multiple harddrives that are bundled to a storage pool running with btrfs. UUID=072a7fce-bfea-46fa-923f-4fb0827ae428 / ext3 errors=remount-ro 0 1 UUID=b50965f1-a2e1-443f-876f-578b5f93cbf1 none swap sw 0 0 UUID=881e3ad9-31c4-4296-ae60-eae6c98ea45f none swap sw 0 0 UUID=30d8ae34-e2f0-44b4-bbcc-22d761a128f6 /data btrfs defaults,compress,autodefrag 0 0 What I'd like to do is to place / into the btrfs pool too. The ideal solution would provide the flexibility to boot from any disk in the system alike, so if the main drive fails I'd just need to swap another one into the main slot and it would be bootable like the main one. My main problem is, everything I do needs to result in a bootable system that is open to ssh logins via network as this server is 100% headless so there is no possibility to boot it from a live cd or anything like that. So I'd like to be extra sure everything works out fine :) How would I best go about this? Can anybody hint me to guides or whip something up for these tasks? Anything I forgot to think about? Copy root-data into btrfs pool, adjust mountpoints,... Adjust GRUB to boot from btrfs pool UUID or the local device where GRUB is installed Sync GRUB to all harddrives so every drive is equally bootable (is this even possible without destroying the btrfs partitions on the drives or would I need to disconnect the drives, install grub on them and then connect them back with a slightly smaller partition?)

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• Synchronize two directories on linux pc

  - by Gab

  I need a distributed filesystem (or a synchronization tool) that is capable of keeping a directory synchronized across 4 pc. My requirements are: offline access (data must be available offline on each pc) preserve execution rights: some files are marked executable on a linux partition. This flag should be replicated. efficient sync strategy: some of my files are 20GB, they are changed quite often, but in very little parts (Virtualbox images). Delta transmissions are welcome. efficient handling of space: no history for files, files shouldn't be copied to temp directories "just in case you break it". it must propagate deletions of files modification can happen in any of the 4 pcs, they should be propagated when other pc are connected. Other specs of my solution are: Sync is over a lan, the total amount of data to be synced is around 180GB, in some ten thousand files. Changes are small, but can happen in big files. At the moment i'm interested in a linux only solution. conflicts either don't happen or are solved with "last one wins" I haven't found any good solution. I've been trying: unison: it is the only one working at the moment, but during the hashing phase it hangs my pc for some minute, disk light steady on. Sparkleshare doesn't handle large files nicely. It keeps an history of all your changes that grows up indefinitely. They promise it will be fixed in next releases, but at the moment it still doesn't fit my needs. owncloud (keeps history of each file i change) coda ? (help! i couldn't set it up correctly!) git-annex assistant transforms all your files in symlinks and mark the original file as read only ("just in case you make a mistake while you modify it"!). Before you edit a file you have to issue a special command "git-annex unlock", that creates a local copy of the file, and you have to remember to lock it again if you want it synchronized. What to try next?

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• Moving a site from IIs6 to IIS7.5

  - by Sukotto

  I need to move a site off of IIS6 (Win Server 2003) and onto IIS7.5 (Win Server 2008) as soon as possible. Preferably tomorrow. The site itself is a delightful mix of classic asp (vbscript) and one-off asp.net (C#) applications (each asp.net app is in its own virtual dir and has a self-contained web.config). In case it's relevant, this is a sort of research site made up of 40 or 50 unconnected microsites. Each microsite is typically a simple form allowing a user to submit a form, which then runs a Stored Proc on a sqlserver db and displays a chart and/or table of the results. There is very little security to worry about. The database connection info is in a central file (in the case of the classic asp) or app's individual web.config (lots of duplication there) To add a little spice to the exercise... I have no idea how to admin IIS The company no longer employs the sysadmin or the guys who set this thing up. (They're not going to employ me much longer either but my sense of professional pride does not permit me to just walk away from this task). The servers are on mutually firewalled networks and I have to perform a convoluted, multi-step process to copy anything from one to the other. Would someone please point me to a crash-course tutorial for accomplishing the above? I have: a complete copy of the site's filesystem on the new box installed the 3rd party charting tool on the new system a config.xml file from the "all tasks - save configuration to a file" right click menu. There doesn't seem to be a way to import it on the new system however. The newer IIS manager has a completely different UI and I'm totally lost. Please help.

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• Borked ubuntu uninstall - need to delete boot partition (i think)

  - by Max Williams

  I just got a new pc laptop with windows 7 and wanted to install Ubuntu on it. Which i did, no problem there, by downloading the installer, burning it to dvd then booting off the dvd and installing. Then, i realised that the new Ubuntu 12.04 uses the Unity desktop, which i immediately disliked, and after some research, began to hate. So, i decided (after a little googling) to install Linux Mint instead. So, thinking i'd better start from scratch, i went to the Windows 7 disk manager and wiped the Ubuntu partition that had been created. Now, when i start up, i get an error from grub, the ubuntu boot manager: error: unknown filesystem grub rescue> _ and a blinking cursor where i can enter commands. I suspect that what i've done is deleted the main ubuntu partition but NOT deleted another partition which is a boot partition, or something like that? Can anyone tell me how i can rescue or unbork this? I'd like to either a) get back to my original windows-only setup OR b) install linux mint off dvd (which i have), into the empty partition, fixing any grub confusion in the process. Any suggestions? Thanks, max BTW please don't answer if you're just going to tell me to stick with 12.04, or install a different distro or something. I definitely want Mint and just want to fix this mess - thanks :)

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• How can I use wildcards in an Nginx map directive?

  - by Ian Clelland

  I am trying to use Nginx to served cached files produced by a web application, and have spotted a potential problem; that the url-space is wide, and will exceed the Ext3 limit of 32000 subdirectories. I would like to break up the subdirectories, making, say, a two-level filesystem cache. So, where I am currently caching a file at /var/cache/www/arbitrary_directory_name/index.html I would store that instead at something like /var/cache/www/a/r/arbitrary_directory_name/index.html My trouble is that I can't get try_files, or even rewrite to make that mapping. My searching on the subject leads me to believe that I need to do something like this (heavily abbreviated): http { map $request_uri $prefix { /aa* a/a; /ab* a/b; /ac* a/c; ... /zz* z/z; } location / { try_files /var/cache/www/$prefix/$request_uri/index.html @fallback; # or # if (-f /var/cache/www/$prefix/$request_uri/index.html) { # rewrite ^(.*)$ /var/cache/www/$prefix/$1/index.html; # } } } But I can't get the /aa* pattern to match the incoming uri. Without the *, it will match an exact uri, but I can't get it to match just the first two characters. The Nginx documentation suggests that wildcards should be allowed, but I can't see a way to get them to work. Is there a way to do this? Am I missing something simple? Or am I going about this the wrong way?

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• Caching/preloading files on Linux into RAM

  - by Andrioid

  I have a rather old server that has 4GB of RAM and it is pretty much serving the same files all day, but it is doing so from the hard drive while 3GBs of RAM are "free". Anyone who has ever tried running a ram-drive can witness that It's awesome in terms of speed. The memory usage of this system is usually never higher than 1GB/4GB so I want to know if there is a way to use that extra memory for something good. Is it possible to tell the filesystem to always serve certain files out of RAM? Are there any other methods I can use to improve file reading capabilities by use of RAM? More specifically, I am not looking for a 'hack' here. I want file system calls to serve the files from RAM without needing to create a ram-drive and copy the files there manually. Or at least a script that does this for me. Possible applications here are: Web servers with static files that get read alot Application servers with large libraries Desktop computers with too much RAM Any ideas? Edit: Found this very informative: The Linux Page Cache and pdflush As Zan pointed out, the memory isn't actually free. What I mean is that it's not being used by applications and I want to control what should be cached in memory.

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• System occasionally hangs boot process with SLES 11

  - by ThaMe90

  I have several (new) systems on which I had to install SLES11 on. However, after a few (though not every) reboots, the system hangs during the boot sequence. It will only continue after I physically press a key on the keyboard. From what I've found in the dmesg log from a failed boot is the following: [ 22.170276] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Mode Sense: b7 00 00 08 [ 22.171155] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Write cache: enabled, read cache: enabled, doesn't support DPO or FUA [ 22.182760] sda: sda1 sda2 sda3 [ 22.383424] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Attached SCSI disk [ 22.545372] PM: Marking nosave pages: 000000000009a000 - 0000000000100000 [ 22.545377] PM: Marking nosave pages: 00000000bf780000 - 0000000100000000 [ 22.546217] PM: Basic memory bitmaps created [ 22.590380] PM: Basic memory bitmaps freed [ 22.596284] PM: Starting manual resume from disk [ 22.602319] PM: Resume from partition 8:1 [ 22.602321] PM: Checking hibernation image. [ 22.602479] PM: Error -22 checking image file [ 22.602481] PM: Resume from disk failed. [ 22.718727] kjournald starting. Commit interval 15 seconds [ 22.718960] EXT3-fs (sda3): using internal journal [ 22.718964] EXT3-fs (sda3): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode [ 1555.644404] udevd version 128 started [ 1555.697664] input: Power Button as /devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0C0C:00/input/input0 [ 1555.707961] ACPI: Power Button [PWRB] I've looked around the internet for the PM: Resume from disk failed. message, but this seems to only be important when restoring the system after a hybernate, i.e. restore from the hdd. But this is not my situation. I only get this after a reboot, as I said before. The timestamp [ 1555.xxxxxx] is only the result of me pressing a key on the keyboard. Any suggestions on how to proceed? As I am getting stuck on this issue.

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• Data recovery from corrupt Ubuntu partition/directory (question about a previous answer)

  - by JoshMaurice

  I have an Ubuntu installation that won't boot anymore. I asked my previous question about it here: http://superuser.com/questions/15916/ubuntu-chkdsk-equivalent Bolotov replied: As I see from your previous question you can boot Windows so you could use dskprobe from Windows XP Service Pack 2 Support Tools to make sure that fs type is correct ... but it's already correct fs type 7 is NTFS. Message "The type of the filesystem is RAW. CHKDSK is not available for RAW drives." means that windows can't determine fs type for some reason. As we see fs type is correct. To run Chkdsk on your Windows partition you can install Windows Recovery Console, boot in recovery console and check your disk. After checking the disk you will gain access to you c:\ubuntu\disks. I think you can mount your linux partition (which is in file) as usual loop-back device: mount -o loop [path to your linux-loopback-partition] But you should mount windows patrition first. So now I'd like to know: Within the recovery console I will be issuing the commands "chkdsk -r" and then "mount -o loop [path to windows partition]" and then "mount -o loop c:\ubuntu\disks", correct? I do have a ("corrupt and unreadable") c:\ubuntu\disks directory so that appears to be the correct path to the linux partition; do you know the path to the windows partition? would that be just "c:\"?

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• Virtualbox Networking: XP Guest, Ubuntu Host: Connecting to Windows servers & local network?

  - by user51833

  Here's what I have: Windows XP running in VirtualBox 3.0.8_OSE r53138; Host OS = Ubuntu 9.10 "Karmic Koala"; Windows network in my office with smb fileservers; Guest OS is connected to the internet and is sharing folders with Host OS; Limited networking expertise. Here's what I actually need to do: Use MS Outlook in my XP guest with all its calendar-sharing features and stuff (if this is all done through the internet then great) - or find a Linux app that can do the same stuff; Map Windows network servers, eg. smb://server01/ in my XP guest (I can already access these in Ubuntu. Here's what I've tried with no luck: Entering the server address (example above) in my XP guest windows explorer address bar (got a "could not access the file, path or drive" error message - maybe if I could enter login/pass information? But I don't know how); Mapping the server as a network drive (Windows could not find the path); Mounting the server as one of my shared folders (I couldn't find it through the shared folders browser in VirtualBox - is there somewhere in the Linux filesystem that Ubuntu keeps links to mounted servers?).

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• No Microsoft Security Essentials for Windows 8. So, how to access similar Defender features/settings?

  - by Chris W. Rea

  I just installed Windows 8 Pro. One of the first things I went to do is install Microsoft Security Essentials, thinking I still needed add-on security software, but I've learned here that it isn't required for Windows 8. Witness: Got Windows 8 or Windows RT? Windows Defender for Windows 8 and Windows RT provides the same level of protection against malware as Microsoft Security Essentials. You can't use Microsoft Security Essentials with Windows 8, but you don't need to — Windows Defender is already included and ready to go. [...] All well and good. However, on Windows 7, once you installed Microsoft Security Essentials, you got a tray icon, and from there you could access the features of MSE, such as perform custom scans, turn off real-time protection (temporarily, of course), check for updates, etc. However, Defender on Windows 8 doesn't display a tray icon – and yes, I've already made sure I'm displaying all icons in the notification area. So, how to access the similar specific features of Windows Defender on Windows 8?

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• Large, high performance object or key/value store for HTTP serving on Linux

  - by Tommy

  I have a service that serves images to end users at a very high rate using plain HTTP. The images vary between 4 and 64kbytes, and there are 1.300.000.000 of them in total. The dataset is about 30TiB in size and changes (new objects, updates, deletes) make out less than 1% of the requests. The number of requests pr. second vary from 240 to 9000 and is dispersed pretty much all over, with few objects being especially "hot". As of now, these images are files on a ext3 filesystem distributed read only across a large amount of mid range servers. This poses several problems: Using a fileysystem is very inefficient since the metadata size is large, the inode/dentry cache is volatile on linux and some daemons tend to stat()/readdir() it's way through the directory structure, which in my case becomes very expensive. Updating the dataset is very time consuming and requires remounting between set A and B. The only reasonable handling is operating on the block device for backup, copying, etc. What I would like is a deamon that: speaks HTTP (get, put, delete and perhaps update) stores data it in an efficient structure. The index should remain in memory, and considering the amount of objects, the overhead must be small. The software should be able to handle massive connections with slow (if any) time needed to ramp up. Index should be read in memory at startup. Statistics would be nice, but not mandatory. I have experimented a bit with riak, redis, mongodb, kyoto and varnish with persistent storage, but I haven't had the chance to dig in really deep yet.

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• Ngins wont send POST to fastcgi backend, but GET works fine?

  - by xyld

  Not sure why, but it is happy sending a GET to the fastcgi backend (Mercurial hgwebdir in this case), but simply resorts to the filesystem if the request is a POST. Relevant parts of nginx.conf: location / { root /var/www/htdocs/; index index.html; autoindex on; } location /hg { fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/hg-fastcgi.socket; include fastcgi_params; if ($request_uri ~ ^/hg([^?#]*)) { set $rewritten_uri $1; } limit_except GET { allow all; deny all; auth_basic "hg secured repos"; auth_basic_user_file /var/trac.htpasswd; } fastcgi_param SCRIPT_NAME "/hg"; fastcgi_param PATH_INFO $rewritten_uri; # for authentication fastcgi_param AUTH_USER $remote_user; fastcgi_param REMOTE_USER $remote_user; #fastcgi_pass_header Authorization; #fastcgi_intercept_errors on; } GET's work fine, but POST delivers this error to the error_log: 2010/05/17 14:12:27 [error] 18736#0: *1601 open() "/usr/html/hg/test" failed (2: No such file or directory), client: XX.XX.XX.XX, server: domain.com, request: "POST /hg/test HTTP/1.1", host: "domain.com" What could possibly be the issue? I'm trying to allow read-only access via GET's to the page, but require authorization when using hg push to the same url which sends a POST request.

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• How do I prevent a tar pipe from causing swapping?

  - by Jeff Shattock

  I have a rather large filesystem that I need to transfer from one Linux server to another. I figured the best way to do this was via a tar/netcat pipe arrangment, something like tar c . | pv | nc blah blah blah And it works great, the network stays fairly saturated, life is good. Until the source machine starts swapping. The files are on a raid on the source system, so the read speed is much faster than the write speed on the other end. Since the dest machine hasnt picked up the data yet, the source machine needs to stick it somewhere, so into RAM it goes, until there is no more free RAM. It then starts swapping, which is horribly painful since that machine has its OS installed on a somewhat slow CF card. Both machines have 4GB of physical ram, 64 bit Ubuntu 9.04 server. GigE link between them. How do I prevent this swapping? Can I put a "speed-limit" on the tar or netcat process so that the transfer speed doesn't overwhelm the write throughput on the destination end? The man pages didn't list anything, but there might be something I'm overlooking.

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• a brand new FS based on a database without using fuse

  - by Devrim

  hi all, To serve millions of files out of a single directory, being able to connect to a drive from hundreds of endpoints, and for some other reasons (to avoid gluster/nfs/all fs based networking solutions), I want to evaluate the possibility of making a filesystem that's based on a mongodb (or any other). Basically, it works like fusefs, every single file is kept in mongo gridfs. In theory, I do, mount mongodbfs /mountPoint mongodb://localhost then when i say touch /mountPoint/test.txt this file is inserted into mongodb. This FS will also store uid/gid and perms with the file, we can throw hundreds of servers to it, and no useradd will be necessary. I'm not thinking to include all the features of FS, just the ones we need. My question is, how do I start my quest in finding resources, books, links, people, developers who'd help me implement this? at least a proof of concept. Is it feasible? What should I expect as a timeline for such undertaking? Please only think about gazillion small files and folders.

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• How to keep subtree removal (`rm -rf`) from starving other processes for Disk I/O?

  - by David Eyk

  We have a very large (multi-GB) Nginx cache directory for a busy site, which we occasionally need to clear all at once. I've solved this in the past by moving the cache folder to a new path, making a new cache folder at the old path, and then rm -rfing the old cache folder. Lately, however, when I need to clear the cache on a busy morning, the I/O from rm -rf is starving my server processes of disk access, as both Nginx and the server it fronts for are read-intensive. I can watch the load average climb while the CPUs sit idle and rm -rf takes 98-99% of Disk IO in iotop. I've tried ionice -c 3 when invoking rm, but it seems to have no appreciable effect on the observed behavior. Is there any way to tame rm -rf to share the disk more? Do I need to use a different technique that will take its cues from ionice? Update: The filesystem in question is an AWS EC2 instance store (the primary disk is EBS). The /etc/fstab entry looks like this: /dev/xvdb /mnt auto defaults,nobootwait,comment=cloudconfig 0 2

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• ext3: maximum recommended partition size / handling large partitions

  - by Hansi

  Hi! I would like to do an encrypted install of Ubuntu on a 2 Terabyte drive (i.e., using LUKS/DMcrypt). In order to not have to type in passwords too often, the partitioning scheme will be 50 GB for / and about 1 TB for /home (and the rest for Windows 7), just for clarity. Even though by now LVM is regarded as being stable, I don't want to bother having more room for errors by introducing unnecessary layers of complexity. For both Ubuntu partitions I want encrypted ext3 with the default blocksize of ext3 (4k?). Thoughts: When I look at most partition schemes here on this site or elsewhere, I usually see at most about 400 or 500 GB partitions (maybe I didn't see enough). There may be different reasons for this, but is reliability an issue here? Are larger ext3 partitions, like about 1 TB, harder to handle for the OS or filesystem driver or at some other level? If I make the partition too large, will it be harder to repair in case of corruptions? Are there some default settings for ext3 that I should change for 1 TB partitions? Question: What maximum partition size for ext3 do you recommend and why? Thanks!

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• Size of modules within initrd

  - by LiKao

  I am currently trying to manually replace the kernel within ubuntu-core on an embedded device with a custom kernel. However when I try to update the initrd my initrd becomes much bigger. Here is what I did: Extract the initrd that was shipped with ubuntu Make a list of all modules within the old initrd get the same modules from the new module director at /lib/modules/new_kernel_version add these modules to the initrd and remove the old ones If I do this my initrd becomes quite bigger than the original one, so I checked the individual modules. I picked the btrfs.ko filesystem driver as an example. So by comparing these two modules I noticed the one I just picked into the initrd was much bigger, which caused the difference in size. -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 999K Nov 14 15:06 btrfs.ko For the btrfs.ko within the shipped initrd. -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 7.2M Nov 14 15:08 btrfs.ko For the new btrfs.ko. What is different between these two modules? Could this be caused by some faulty setting for the new kernel? When producing the kernel I copied /proc/config.gz and used make oldconfig to update it, so all optimisations should be the same for both kernels. Or is there something else which is being done to the modules before they are put into the initrd? Maybe is there even some better way to build a new initrd for the new kernel in ubuntu altogether. Update: I just also tested with an initrd which I created from scratch using the mkinitrfs command within ubuntu, and it has the same size difference that I found for the initrd I manually updated.

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• Almost All Xenserver Logical Volumes Disappeared - Recovery?

  - by Alex

  We had a hard disc crash of one of two hard discs in a software raid with a LVM on top. The server is running Citrix xenserver. On the hard disk which is still intact, the volume group gets detected well, but only one LV is left. (some hashes replaced by "x") # lvdisplay --- Logical volume --- LV Name /dev/VG_XenStorage-x-x-x-x-408b91acdcae/MGT VG Name VG_XenStorage-x-x-x-x-408b91acdcae LV UUID x-x-x-x-x-x-vQmZ6C LV Write Access read/write LV Status available # open 0 LV Size 4.00 MiB Current LE 1 Segments 1 Allocation inherit Read ahead sectors auto - currently set to 256 Block device 253:0 root@rescue ~ # vgdisplay --- Volume group --- VG Name VG_XenStorage-x-x-x-x-408b91acdcae System ID Format lvm2 Metadata Areas 1 Metadata Sequence No 4 VG Access read/write VG Status resizable MAX LV 0 Cur LV 1 Open LV 0 Max PV 0 Cur PV 1 Act PV 1 VG Size 698.62 GiB PE Size 4.00 MiB Total PE 178848 Alloc PE / Size 1 / 4.00 MiB Free PE / Size 178847 / 698.62 GiB VG UUID x-x-x-x-x-x-53w0kL I could understand if a full physical volume is lost - but why only the logical volumes? Is there any explanation for this? Is there any way to recover the logical volumes? EDIT We are here in a rescue system. The problem is that the whole server does not boot (GRUB error 22) What we are trying to do is to access the root filesystem. But everything was in the LVM. We have only this: (parted) print Model: ATA SAMSUNG HD753LJ (scsi) Disk /dev/sdb: 750GB Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B Partition Table: msdos Number Start End Size Type File system Flags 1 32.3kB 750GB 750GB primary boot, lvm And this 750GB LVM volume is exactly what we see on top. edit2 Output of vgcfgrestore, but from the rescue system, as there is no root to chroot to. # vgcfgrestore --list VG_XenStorage-x-b4b0-x-x-408b91acdcae File: /etc/lvm/archive/VG_XenStorage-x-x-x-x-408b91acdcae_00000.vg VG name: VG_XenStorage-x-x-x-x-408b91acdcae Description: Created *before* executing '/sbin/vgscan --ignorelockingfailure --mknodes' Backup Time: Fri Jun 28 23:53:20 2013 File: /etc/lvm/backup/VG_XenStorage-x-x-x-x-408b91acdcae VG name: VG_XenStorage-x-x-x-x-408b91acdcae Description: Created *after* executing '/sbin/vgscan --ignorelockingfailure --mknodes' Backup Time: Fri Jun 28 23:53:20 2013

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• P2V Wouldn't Boot, Rebuilt initrd, Need to Clean Up

  - by Mike Soule

  We have a CentOS 5.4 server (build 2.6.18-164.el5xen). We went to P2V this server so we can have redundancy, the physical only has one PSU. The P2V only completed 99% of the way, we have a VMWare ticket opened, but they marked the ticket as low priority. I was able to boot into a rescue disc of Red Hat 5.4 and rebuild the initrd with the help of this blog post. Now the only issue is the original server had a modified initrd, which was also from a different OS build and made by an outside provider. We do not have a document outlining modifications. My question is, is it at all possible to copy the initrd off of the physical server and replace it on the virtual and some how have the virtual machine boot? Thanks for any input. Edit: I copied the initrd img from the physical and it recreated the original issue. Here is a screen capture of the error. http://i.imgur.com/MqC73.jpg Edit2: echo Scanning logical volumes lvm vgscan --ignorelockingfailure echo Activating logical volumes lvm vgchange -ay --ignorelockingfailure VolGroup00 resume /dev/VolGroup00/LogVol01 echo Creating root device. mkrootdev -t ext3 -o defaults,ro /dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00 echo Mounting root filesystem. mount /sysroot

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• Is it a good Idea to switch to a SSD to use less battery?

  - by Walter Maier-Murdnelch

  I am thinking of buying a SSD for my laptop, mainly for the purpose of extended operating time when running on battery. At the moment I use a Hitachi HTS545032B9A300 (320GB) (Datasheet) as main drive and a Seagate Momentus 5400.3 120GB as secondary drive. I dualboot Windows and Linux but I don't need the windows partition any longer, a 120GB SDD would be more than sufficient space-wise. Speed is not an issue for me, I make heavy use of tmpfs (ramdrive) within Linux and transfers of bigger files are mainly through some network filesystem anyways, thus a cheaper SSD should do. For the purpose of comparison I chose the OCZ Vertex Plus 120GB. Power consumption always is a big promotional thing the industry uses to make me want to buy their SSDs, some sheet on the OCZ page provides an astonishing comparison of desktop HDDS and SSDs. The numbers I got comparing my laptop HDD and their SSD were not really astonishing any longer. Hitachi 320GB HDD: Startup (W, peak, max.) 4.5 Seek (W, avg.) 1.7 Read / Write (W, avg.) 1.4 Performance idle (W, avg.) 1.3 Active idle (W, avg.) 0.8 Low power idle (W, avg.) 0.5 Standby (W, avg.) 0.2 Sleep 0.1 OCZ 120GB SSD: 1.5W active 0.3W standby I see that there are differences, but actually they don't seem that high as I though they were. And compared to the power consuption of the rest of my system I wonder if it makes a difference at all. Have I just taken the wrong look at the whole thing or may I be better off to buy another battery for my laptop?

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