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• How do I create an MBR on a USB stick using DD command line tool

  - by Lana Miller

  Okay I'm trying to create a BOOTABLE Windows7 image on a USB key from a Mac running Lion. My image is .iso format. I tried: sudo dd if=/Users/myusername/Win7.iso of=/dev/disk1 bs=1m And this succeeded in writing the files, except in DISK UTILITY on the mac, it shows the partition type as GUID Partition Table and not 'Master Boor Record'. Booting the key on my Vista computer yields the error "No boot sector on USB Device' From what I can tell, bs=1m in the DD command should have left 1 Megabyte for the boot sector, but for some reason this area of the USB Key is not set up correctly so that it will boot How can I fix this, or correctly use dd to write a bootable cd image such that it is now a bootable usb drive? Note: in the instructions I read about, they recommended renaming my Win7.iso to Win7.dmg before using DD, which made absolutely no sense to me, so I didn't do it. I could try with that step now, but it takes 1.99 hours to write the image to the USB drive so there is a huge penalty to trial and error here. Thank you.

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• Cannot load from raid with grub

  - by Andrew Answer

  I have a RAID1 array on my Ubuntu 12.04 LTS and my /sda HDD has been replaced several days ago. I use this commands to replace: # go to superuser sudo bash # see RAID state mdadm -Q -D /dev/md0 # State should be "clean, degraded" # remove broken disk from RAID mdadm /dev/md0 --fail /dev/sda1 mdadm /dev/md0 --remove /dev/sda1 # see partitions fdisk -l # shutdown computer shutdown now # physically replace old disk by new # start system again # see partitions fdisk -l # copy partitions from sdb to sda sfdisk -d /dev/sdb | sfdisk /dev/sda # recreate id for sda sfdisk --change-id /dev/sda 1 fd # add sda1 to RAID mdadm /dev/md0 --add /dev/sda1 # see RAID state mdadm -Q -D /dev/md0 # State should be "clean, degraded, recovering" # to see status you can use cat /proc/mdstat After bebuilding completion "fdisk -l" says what I have not valid partition table /dev/md0. So 1) "update-grub" find only /sda and /sdb Linux, not /md0 2) "dpkg-reconfigure grub-pc" says "GRUB failed to install the following devices /dev/md0" I cannot load my system except from /sdb1 and /sda1, but in DEGRADED mode... This is my partial fdisk -l output: Disk /dev/sdb: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 60801 cylinders, total 976773168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x000667ca Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 * 63 940910984 470455461 fd Linux raid autodetect /dev/sdb2 940910985 976768064 17928540 5 Extended /dev/sdb5 940911048 976768064 17928508+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris Disk /dev/md0: 481.7 GB, 481746288640 bytes 2 heads, 4 sectors/track, 117613840 cylinders, total 940910720 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/md0 doesn't contain a valid partition table Anybody can resolve this issue? I have big headache with this.

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• Determining the Source of a Given File System Mount on Unix [migrated]

  - by phobos51594

  Background Recently I have run into a bit of a snag on my home FreeBSD server. I recently upgraded it to the latest stable release, and I have noticed some strange behavior with the /var partition. Originally, I had the system configured such that /var had its own partition with /var/run and /var/log in memory disks (/tmp, too). After the upgrade, I notice there is a new, fourth memory disk mounting directly to /var that I had not set up manually and is not in my fstab. It is only 28 megs or so in size and is causing problems when trying to update my ports collection. The ramdisk mounts atuomagically at boot and cannot be unmounted while in multi-user mode. If I drop to single user mode, I am able to unmount it without issue, however rebooting causes it to pop right back up. System specifications have been included at the end of the post. Question Is there any way to determine exactly what is mounting a given memory disk (or any filesystem, for that matter) after it has been mounted? Alternately, does anybody have any ideas what might have caused the new /var ramdisk to pop up? System Specification # uname -a FreeBSD sarge 9.1-PRERELEASE FreeBSD 9.1-PRERELEASE #0: Thu Nov 22 14:02:13 PST 2012 donut@sarge:/usr/obj/usr/src/sys/GENERIC i386 # df Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Avail Capacity Mounted on /dev/da0s1a 515612 410728 63636 87% / devfs 1 1 0 100% /dev /dev/da0s1d 515612 287616 186748 61% /var /dev/da0s1e 6667808 2292824 3841560 37% /usr /dev/md0 63004 32 57932 0% /tmp /dev/md1 3484 8 3200 0% /var/run /dev/md2 31260 8 28752 0% /var/log /dev/md3 31260 512 28248 2% /var <-- This # cat /etc/fstab # Device Mountpoint FStype Options Dump Pass# /dev/da0s1a / ufs rw,noatime 1 1 /dev/da0s1d /var ufs rw,noatime 2 2 /dev/da0s1e /usr ufs rw,noatime 2 2 md /tmp mfs rw,-s64M,noatime 0 0 md /var/run mfs rw,-s4M,noatime 0 0 md /var/log mfs rw,-s32M,noatime 0 0 Thank you in advance for any assistance.

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• Which upgrade path for disk IO bound postgres server?

  - by user41679

  Hi all, We currently have a Sun x4270 with 2xquad core Xeon Nehalmen 2.93ghz cores (16 threads), 72 gig of ram and 16 x 10k SAS disks split between the os raid 1, a partition for the Write Ahead Logs which is raid 10 and a partition for the database tables and indexes which is also raid 10, all xfs. I'm currently evaluating which path to go down in terms of upgrades. We'll be sharding the DB at some point soon, but for now I need to focus on hardware upgrades specifically. The machine is not CPU or memory bound at all at the moment, just IOWait is become an issue. The machine is mostly write access as we have a heavy caching layer. We're seeing about 300 write IOPS average on both the database partitions. We don't have any additional storage infrastructure like a Fiber Channel or ISCSI network. Budget isn't too much of a concern, something inline with the size of this server (i.e no $1m IBM machines) Space is ok on the DB side of things, we're running out obviously but there's also some reduction we can do. Additional space would be good though. My current thoughts are either: * ISCSI SAN, possible with 10Gbit network that has solid state acceleration. * FusionIO card / Sun F20 card (will the FusionIO card work in the Sun box? * DAS shelf (something like this http://www.broadberry.co.uk/das-direct-attached-storage-servers/cyberstore-224s-das) which a combination of 15k sas disks and some Intel X25-E drives for DB indexes etc) what would I need to put in the x4270 to add a DAS shelf? I think it's a SAS HBA card, do I have to use Sun's own card or will any PCI Express card work? Anything else??? what would you guys do from your experience? I appreciate it's a lot of questions, but I haven't expanded a DB machine for a number of years and the landscape has changed dramatically since then! Any advice or feedback would be very much appreciated. Let me know if there's anything else I can clarify. Thanks in advance!

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• New SSD, is the MBR broken? DISK BOOT FAILURE

  - by Shevek

  I've been running Windows 7 on a WD 500gb SATA single drive, single partition setup for some time with no issues. I've just installed a new Kingston V Series 64gb SSD and performed a clean install of Win7 to it, deleting the partitions on the 500gb and using that as a data drive. All was well for a few reboots but then I started to get "DISK BOOT FAILURE, INSERT SYSTEM DISK AND PRESS ENTER" messages. If I put the Win7 install DVD back in the drive it boots fine. Tried a clean install again, after replacing SATA cables and swapping SATA ports, with a complete partition wipe of both drives. Again, rebooted fine a few times then back with the "DISK BOOT FAILURE" error. Looked on the web and found some discussions about it so I then started from scratch again. This time I wiped the MBR on both drives using MBRWork, disconnected the 500gb and reinstalled to the SSD. Removed the install DVD and installed all the drivers which involved many reboots, all with no problem. To make sure I also did a few cold boots as well. Reconnected the 500gb, initialised, partitioned and formatted it. Copied data to it and did some more reboots and shutdowns. All was ok. Then out of the blue comes another "DISK BOOT FAILURE" and again, if the Win7 install DVD is in the drive it boots fine. So, is the SSD a bad'un? TIA UPDATE: It was a BIOS issue! I found a hidden away option for HDD boot order, which was separate from the usual HDD/CDRom/FDD boot order option. The WD was set to boot before the SSD... Swapped them round and all is well. Still don't understand how it worked at first though... Thanks Solaris

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• Share Firefox/Thnderbird data between W7 and Linux Mint 12 in dual boot computer

  - by Albert

  I've just set up my laptop (where I had running only W7) with a dual boot to run Linux Mint 12 as well. I have a "Data" partition (apart from the required partitions for W7 and Linux) where I store pretty much everything that isn't software installations (music, videos, project files, etc). I seem to be able to access that NTFS partition totally fine from Mint (like I've always done with W7), which is cool because I can access all that stuff regardless of which OS I'm using. I would like to know if it's possible (and how) to go one step further and share programs data between the two OS. One example would be my Firefox and Thunderbird data. For example, in Firefox share my bookmarks (and if I could share history, autocomplete and all that stuff, that would be awesome). In thunderbird, be able to share my mail and configuration, seeing the same inbox, folders, message rules, etc... So if I receive/send an email from W7 and later switch to Mint, I can see that email as it had been received/sent from Mint, and vice versa. Is this even possible? Or am I asking for too much convenience? If it's possible, any clues on how to set it all up?

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• Update a bootable OS X drive clone with rsync?

  - by Joe

  The question: is it possible to keep a boot-able backup drive clone of OS X updated with rsync? If rsync is not a viable option are there alternatives? The Setup: My situation is as shown above. One internal Samsung 840 SSD [120g] in use as my OS X 10.8 boot disk on a recent model Mac Mini. I have successfully cloned that drive with disk utility to a 125g partition of another HDD in an external USB 3 enclosure and at that point I am able to boot to it. The Goal: As my last system went out in a fiery blaze taking much valuable data with it, I have a new respect for a proper backup solution and really want to do this right. My goal is to achieve an automated differential backup/update from Disk A to Disk B while most importantly maintaining boot-ability on the external drive. And I would prefer to do this differentially to minimize stress on the drives. Hence rsync was the first thing to come to mind. What I have tried: following along with Jamie Zawinski's differential mac bootable backup solution running this manually initially worked - i tested it with only very miniscule file change and everything was fine / external booted and all. now after subsequent passes rsync fails throwing errors particularly relating to updating 'boot.efi' (not at the machine currently I will update the precise log message once I return home) is this a drive partition size issue? does rsync require more space? if it cant be done, are there any alternatives? i've heard whispers of dd

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• Installing Windows 7 over PXE, preferably with domain autojoin

  - by Ivan Vucica

  At an educational non-profit, I've inherited a previously set-up Windows domain that, after the first reinstall of the machines, we ended up not using by simply not joining machines back into the domain. Over last summer, before the annual reinstall for shipping machines to the summer school, I toyed with the idea of installing Windows 7 over network, instead of just imaging the machines. It took a bit longer than I expected to figure out the basics; honestly, I expected that Windows would be more friendly for PXE installation out of the box. What I'm interested in is best practices for installing Windows 7 over PXE with domain autojoin. I'd love it if the whole setup could optionally be hosted on a UNIX based system as well. I've had some success by preparing an ISO using Windows Deployment Kit, and loading the ISO into memory. This was needed since I wanted a menu, and I think I couldn't get PXELINUX to chainload into Windows' bootloader. Unfortunately, I couldn't figure out much about customization of the Windows setup in that timeframe nor could I get Samba to work properly; studying the stuff ended up being too lengthy, especially the portion where I edited a disk image on Windows and copied it outside. WDK didn't make things easier by mounting the disk image into RAM, and writing it in its entirety when done with it, making me a very sad boy. I've recently found a different approach, too, that appears to be closer to Microsoft's original idea for netboot deployment and does not involve ISOs. So my question boils down to the following. What exact approach do you use for netbooting Windows 7 setup? How can Windows 7 setup be best customized to be completely unattended, including installation on specific system partition and not destroying the data partition, creation of passworded admin and default user, choice of MAC-address-based hostname, and joining a domain? As much details as possible for everyone's future reference would be appreciated. WDS isn't a bad choice, but if a Linux-based install can be used, that'd be better.

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• ExpressCache not working after Windows 8 reinstall on Samsung Series 7 Gamer

  - by Morven

  I have a Samsung Series 7 Gamer laptop which came with Windows 8. After doing a reinstall of Windows, the ExpressCache software is no longer caching. Running "eccmd -info" shows me that the software is present and it has the MSATA drive partition configured. However, it's not actually caching anything. These are the results after having the system booted for days: C:\windows\system32eccmd -info ExpressCache Command Version 1.0.94.0 Copyright¬ 2010-2012 Condusiv Technologies. Date Time: 11/3/2013 12:26:20:263 (JAMETHIEL #36) EC Cache Info ================================================== Mounted : Yes Partition Size : 7.46 GB Reserved Size : 3.00 MB Volume Size : 7.46 GB Total Used Size : 86.50 MB Total Free Space : 7.38 GB Used Data Size : 16.63 MB Used Data Size on Disk : 84.38 MB Tiered Cache Stats ================================================== Memory in use : 32.00 MB Blocks in use : 136 Read Percent : 0.02% Cache Stats ================================================== Cache Volume Drive Number : 1 Total Read Count : 97242 Total Read Size : 4.13 GB Total Cache Read Count : 0 Total Cache Read Size : 595.50 KB Total Write Count : 161546 Total Write Size : 5.89 GB Total Cache Write Count : 0 Total Cache Write Size : 0 Bytes Cache Read Percent : 0.01% Cache Write Percent : 0.00% As you can see on the last two lines, cache read and write percent is nigh on zero. Anyone know where to look next? The only guides I can find deal with ExpressCache not being present or not having a configured drive.

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• Change default profile directory per group

  - by Joel Coel

  Is it possible to force windows to create profiles for members of one active directory group in a different folder from members in another active directory group? The school here uses DeepFreeze to protect public computers. In a nutshell, DeepFreeze prevents all changes to a hard drive such that every time you restart the machine the disk is identical to it was at the time you froze it. This is a bit different than restoring to an image, in that it never really wrote changes to disk in a permanent way in the first place. This has a few advantages over images: faster recover times, and it's easy to thaw the machine for a few minutes to perform maintenance such as windows updates (which can even be automated). DeepFreeze also allows you to configure a "thawspace" partition, where changes are persistent across reboots. One of the weaknesses of DeepFreeze is that you end up needing to create a new profile every time you log in, unless your profile existed at the time the machine was frozen. And even then, any changes you make to your profile while working on a frozen machine are lost. As students have frequent legitimate needs to log in to our classroom machines, there is currently a lot of cleanup involved from time to time in removing their old profiles and changes, so I want to extend DeepFreeze to protect our classroom computers as well as public computers. The problem is that faculty have a real need to keep a stateful profile locally on these classroom computers. The solution I would like to use is to configure Windows via group policy (or even manually, if that's the way I'll have to do it) to place profile folders on the thawspace partition, but only for members of the faculty security group. Is this possible?

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• Will these instructions work when turning of journaling on an ext4 SSD?

  - by snowlord

  I have an Acer Aspire One with an SSD for storage. I recently installed Ubuntu on it and chose ext4 for my filesystem. Then I read that journaling on an SSD isn't the best idea, so I will try to disable journaling and I have found these intstructions (from http://fenidik.blogspot.com/2010/03/ext4-disable-journal.html): # Create ext4 fs on /dev/sda10 disk mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda10 # Enable writeback mode. This mode will typically provide the best ext4 performance. tune2fs -o journal_data_writeback /dev/sda10 # Delete has_journal option tune2fs -O ^has_journal /dev/sda10 # Required fsck e2fsck -f /dev/sda10 # Check fs options dumpe2fs /dev/sda10 |more For more performance add fstab opions: data=writeback,noatime,nodiratime i.e: /dev/sda10 /opt ext4 defaults,data=writeback,noatime,nodiratime 0 0 I will use them on my boot partition. Are there any particularly bad parts here, or are there any missing steps? Will my boot partition be fit for being on an SSD after this? Or should I consider switching to ext2, or even reinstall it all and choose ext2 at partitioning time (I'd rather not though, since I've configured quite some stuff already)?

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• Can't Install Win2k8 On KVM - Classic 0x80070013 error

  - by javano

  I am trying to install Win2k8 Std as a KVM guest on Debian Squeeze. As you can see from these screen shots; No drives are detected (I have blanked out a 20GB image for testing) - screenshot1 I am using this driver CD: - screenshot2 I have signed the Win7 driver (I assume this was the most appropriate one?) - screenshot3 I can now see an unpartitioned drive - screenshot4 But I can't create a new partition on here, getting the error code 0x80070013 - screenshot5 I have had this error code before but only on a physical server. If I remember correctly it was complaining because the disks were partitioned as GPT (because it was a server that was being re-purposed) so repartitioning with an MS-DOS table fixed that. This is a blank disk image though. What is wrong here, and how can I correct this? Thank you. UPDATE I have booted the VM with a Gparted-Live disk and formatted this volume with an MS-DOS partitioning scheme, and a single 20GB NTFS file system. Now when I boot the Win2k8 CD, load my drivers, I get a different error. As you can see at the bottom of screenshot6 "Windows cannot be installed on this hard drive space. Windows must be installed to a partition formatted as NTFS". Clicking format produces the error (0x80004005) on the screen, so I think this is still a driver issue because Windows can see the drive but not interact with it properly. Is that insane thinking?

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• Hibernate between OS X and Bootcamp Win 7

  - by Willem

  Wouldn't it be great if someone wrote a guide or an app which allowed you to switch instantly between OS X and Windows using Hibernate in both OS:s? Windows 7 already has an option "Hibernate" which allows you to boot back to your OS X partition, but OS X does not exactly offer the same. However, there are possibilities here. It seems that the recent Mac's have 3 different kinds of sleeping mode: Sleep: Low power consumption, RAM still active. Legacy Safe Sleep: No power consumption(?), writes RAM to disk and shuts down (is this the same as Hibernate?) Safe Sleep: Writes RAM to disk and enters sleep mode. If battery level drops too low it goes into Hibernate (is this Hibernate the same as #2 in this list? This is the Hibernate I will be referring to int he rest of this post) It seems that I am unable to force my MacBook Pro (Late 2011) OS X 10.7.3 into a true hibernate using either command line or apps that are supposed to do this. I believe the Mac should show that white loading bar whilst waking up if it was truly put into hibernate (which it does not). But I can get this white bar to show by letting my battery level drop to 0% so there is obviously a system function for it (obviously, duh! :). When Win 7 goes into hibernate it shuts down completely and you can then boot into OS X on startup. On OS X however, hibernate forces you to wake up into OS X. Can you hack this so that you're allowed to select boot partition after OS X hibernates? Would it be possible to use the true hibernate system functionalities of Win 7 and OS X to create a kind of instant switching between the two? Imagine this on a quick SATA-3 SSD like my 180GB Intel 520. Thanks / Willem

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• Need a place to store a few bytes of meta information on storage media

  - by Jason C

  I'm working on an embedded project. I need a place to store some filesystem-independent meta information on a storage device. The device has an MSDOS partition table. The device also may have unallocated space (depending on its size) but it will be TRIMmed (and also may be blown away by new partitions in the future). I need a location on the device that is not unallocated and that has a low risk of being touched (outside of completely erasing the device). The device is only guaranteed to have an MBR at the point the meta data needs to first be written; meaning there are no EBRs/VBRs present that I could use. There are 446 bytes at the very start of the device available for MBR bootstrap code. Currently my only idea is to store data at the end of this block. However, the device is bootable and I have no way of knowing if I'd be blowing away bootstrap code or not. The sector size is 512 bytes and the MBR is the first sector, I'm pretty sure (correct me if I'm wrong) that that means the second sector is available for use by partition data, so I can't use that either. Does anybody have any ideas? I need 4 bytes of space.

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• Replace Linux Boot-Drive | ext3 to btrfs

  - by bardiir

  I've got a headless server running Debian Linux currently. Linux vault 3.2.0-3-686-pae #1 SMP Mon Jul 23 03:50:34 UTC 2012 i686 GNU/Linux The root filesystem is located on an ext3 partition on the main harddrive. My data is located on multiple harddrives that are bundled to a storage pool running with btrfs. UUID=072a7fce-bfea-46fa-923f-4fb0827ae428 / ext3 errors=remount-ro 0 1 UUID=b50965f1-a2e1-443f-876f-578b5f93cbf1 none swap sw 0 0 UUID=881e3ad9-31c4-4296-ae60-eae6c98ea45f none swap sw 0 0 UUID=30d8ae34-e2f0-44b4-bbcc-22d761a128f6 /data btrfs defaults,compress,autodefrag 0 0 What I'd like to do is to place / into the btrfs pool too. The ideal solution would provide the flexibility to boot from any disk in the system alike, so if the main drive fails I'd just need to swap another one into the main slot and it would be bootable like the main one. My main problem is, everything I do needs to result in a bootable system that is open to ssh logins via network as this server is 100% headless so there is no possibility to boot it from a live cd or anything like that. So I'd like to be extra sure everything works out fine :) How would I best go about this? Can anybody hint me to guides or whip something up for these tasks? Anything I forgot to think about? Copy root-data into btrfs pool, adjust mountpoints,... Adjust GRUB to boot from btrfs pool UUID or the local device where GRUB is installed Sync GRUB to all harddrives so every drive is equally bootable (is this even possible without destroying the btrfs partitions on the drives or would I need to disconnect the drives, install grub on them and then connect them back with a slightly smaller partition?)

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• Grub error 18, gparted not showing anything

  - by Montecristo

  Some week ago I started having some problems with my pc, sometimes it just freezed not allowing me to do anything. I had to turn it off and on and sometimes do it a couple of time even at startup. Now it does not start at all, grub is giving me error 18. I have found that a solution is to create a bootable partition in the first sector of the disk. gparted does not recognize any partition, the window in which there would be my partitions is empty. sudo fdisk -l does not output anything. If I type sudo mount /dev/sda and then tab tab to autocomplete these are the devices coming out: sda sda1 sda2 sda5. If I launch sudo mount -t ext3 /dev/sda1 disk I get the following error: mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/sda1, missing codepage or helper program, or other error In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try dmesg | tail or so dmesg outputs [ 1831.974847] EXT3-fs: unable to read superblock Do you know how to solve this issue? I'm not completely sure this is a software problem, should I try with a new hard disk?

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• dd on entire disk, but do not want empty portion

  - by Jonathan Henson

  I have a disk, say /dev/sda. Here is fdisk -l: Disk /dev/sda: 64.0 GB, 64023257088 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 7783 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x0000e4b5 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 27 209920 83 Linux Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda2 27 525 4000768 5 Extended Partition 2 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda5 27 353 2621440 83 Linux /dev/sda6 353 405 416768 83 Linux /dev/sda7 405 490 675840 83 Linux /dev/sda8 490 525 282624 83 Linux I need to make an image to store on our file server for use in flashing other devices we are manufacturing so I only want the used space (only about 4gb). I want to keep the mbr etc... as this device should be boot ready as soon as the copy is finished. Any ideas? I previously had been using dd if=/dev/sda of=[//fileserver/file], but at that time, my master copy was on a 4gb flash ide.

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• Linux Software RAID1: How to boot after (physically) removing /dev/sda? (LVM, mdadm, Grub2)

  - by flight

  A server set up with Debian 6.0/squeeze. During the squeeze installation, I configured the two 500GB SATA disks (/dev/sda and /dev/sdb) as a RAID1 (managed with mdadm). The RAID keeps a 500 GB LVM volume group (vg0). In the volume group, there's a single logical volume (lv0). vg0-lv0 is formatted with extfs3 and mounted as root partition (no dedicated /boot partition). The system boots using GRUB2. In normal use, the systems boots fine. Also, when I tried and removed the second SATA drive (/dev/sdb) after a shutdown, the system came up without problem, and after reconnecting the drive, I was able to --re-add /dev/sdb1 to the RAID array. But: After removing the first SATA drive (/dev/sda), the system won't boot any more! A GRUB welcome message shows up for a second, then the system reboots. I tried to install GRUB2 manually on /dev/sdb ("grub-install /dev/sdb"), but that doesn't help. Appearently squeeze fails to set up GRUB2 to launch from the second disk when the first disk is removed, which seems to be quite an essential feature when running this kind of Software RAID1, isn't it? At the moment, I'm lost whether this is a problem with GRUB2, with LVM or with the RAID setup. Any hints?

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• Imac g5 with no OS nor CD drive

  - by sinekonata

  What I want: Ubuntu on a g5 Imac. What I have: An empty PC (Intel g5 17" Imac) with broken CD drive. Its model is A1173. This PC with Ubuntu 12.04 and an old Vista partition. a usb flash drive. Problems: No CD means the only boot Drive I could use is USB. There are no BIOS on Macs so I can't set boot settings or even see if it detects my USB drive. When I start the machine and press ALT the first and only thing I see is an old corrupted winXP partition and not a single option or additional information. So assuming blindly that the Mac hardware/firmware works normally, I don't have any Mac OS to use any of the tools that I found on different tutorials for building a bootable .img drive for macs. I can't find much software on Linux/Windows to substitute to those tools, for example among others converting an .iso file (win/linux) to .img (mac I guess). Which makes me think that the scenario where someone like me has Mac hardware but no Mac OS is extremely rare. So other than finding someone that has a Mac I have no solution. So I ask what would you do? the only thing is it should not involve any money (I know mac soft is rarely free) which also excludes getting any MacOS unless I can use a free macos.img for VM or restore the original Mac for free. Thank you

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• Recommended Win2k8 Server software to fix my RAID-0 issue

  - by Jason Kealey

  I'm running an Asus P6T V2 Deluxe. It has six SATA ports and supports onboard RAID. I am using two of those ports for a RAID0 array of 1.5TB Seagate drives using the onboard RAID controller. One of them is giving me SMART warnings and I want to preemptively replace it. I pulled out two other 1.5TB drives from another computer and am ready to use one or both, if necessary. I can't run any SMART diagnostic software from within Windows because it only sees the hardware RAID-0 array, not each individual drive. The first thing I tried was a slow sector-by-sector copy using a free tool called EASEUS Disk Copy. Used the bootdisk, copied (took like 16 hours), unplugged the defective drive and plugged the new one in its place. The motherboard didn't recognize the new drive as being part of the known setup, so it did not want to boot. The second thing I tried was using other software (I forget the name) to copy the partition from within Windows. The first software failed because I had a server operating system. I found another software (I forget the name) which supported a server OS and did a partition copy onto the new drive. This seemed to work and the OS started to boot, but blue screened and started a reboot cycle. I'm assuming the software I was using was no good as it was trying to copy the boot disk while it was in use. I am looking for recommendations on what software to use to fix my problem without doing a re-install. Everything is backed up but my computer works fine and I'd like to avoid re-installation when possible. However, my system would be back up now if I had just started over on a second RAID array. :)

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• Why database partitioning didn't work? Extract from thedailywtf.com

  - by questzen

  Original link. http://thedailywtf.com/Articles/The-Certified-DBA.aspx. Article summary: The DBA suggests an approach involving rigorous partitioning, 10 partitions per disk (3 actual disks and 3 raid). The stats show that the performance is non-optimal. Then the DBA suggests an alternative of 1 partition per disk (with more added disks). This also fails. The sys-admin then sets up a single disk, single partition and saves the day. The size of disks was not mentioned but given today,s typical disk sizes (of the order of 100 GB), the partitions ; would be huge, it surprises me that a single disk with all partitions outperformed. Initially I suspect that the data was segregated and hence faster reads. But how come the performance didn't degrade as time went by with all the inserts and updates happening? Saw this on reddit, but the explanation was by far spindle/platter centered. There was no mention in the article about this. Is there any other reason? I can only guess that the tables were using a incorrect hash distribution causing non-uniform allocation across disks (wrong partitioning); this would increase fetch times. Any thoughts?

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• How do I copy files between harddrives on Ubuntu CLI?

  - by ed209

  I have a dedicated server with a 120gb main ssd. The server happens to come with a couple of 3000GB hard drives. I'd like to use them to back up my main drive. Preferably, I'd like one as an exact copy of the main SSD and the other with incremental backups of the mysql database and a user uploads file. These are the drives I have Disk /dev/sda: 120.0 GB, 120034123776 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 14593 cylinders, total 234441648 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x000f2e18 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 2048 4196352 2097152+ 83 Linux /dev/sda2 4198400 5246976 524288+ 83 Linux /dev/sda3 5249024 234441647 114596312 83 Linux Disk /dev/sdb: 3000.6 GB, 3000592982016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 364801 cylinders, total 5860533168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/sdb doesn't contain a valid partition table Disk /dev/sdc: 3000.6 GB, 3000592982016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 364801 cylinders, total 5860533168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/sdc doesn't contain a valid partition table The first problem I have, is that I have no idea how to copy from one drive to another. Kind of embarrassing I know, but I don't know where to start. I'm thinking of this in terms of Mac OS cli where I'm able to copy between /Volumes - is there an equivalent? (there is nothing under /mnt or /media)

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• K8NDRE motherboard in server fails to complete BIOS load with error 0078

  - by John

  K8NDRE motherboard with 4 sata drives, was running fine. Drives had raid-0 and raid-1 partitions, using mdadm. The onboard raid is disabled. Upon reformatting the drives, setting a new partition structure and new raid partitions, the bios fails to finish loading, with 0078 in the bottom right corner. Tried using completely new set of drives, and bios worked fine. Able to boot from a usb, format the drives, partition them, start raid, and then installed os. Reboot and received the same error from the bios, 0078. Works fine if I unplug the sata drives. Any thoughts? Physical inspection reveals no damage cables, connectors, or capacitors. Server was running happily for over a year, and this is the first problem it has had. Per Michael Hampton's answer: The drives, unjumpered and supporting sata III worked fine originally, and worked fine for formatting and having new partitions and raid installed on them. I did try jumpering one, with no change. If I put a brand new unformatted drive in, the motherboard recognizes it and I can proceed with formatting and installing. When I reboot, I get the 0078. I have 4 sata cables-the board supports 4 drives, so I tried each and no change. I am close to calling the motherboard done.

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• Creating a partitioned raid1 array for booting a debian squeeze system

  - by gucki

  I'd like to have the following raid1 (mirror) setup: /dev/md0 consists of /dev/sda and /dev/sdb I created this raid1 device using mdadm --create --verbose /dev/md0 --auto=yes --level=1 --raid-devices=2 /dev/sda /dev/sdb This gave a warning about metadata being 1.2 and my system might not boot. I cannot use 0.9 because it restricts the size of the raid to 2TB and I assume grub shipped with latest debian (squeeze) should be able to handle metadata 1.2. So then I created the needed partitions like this: # creating new label (partition table) parted -s /dev/md0 mklabel 'msdos' # creating partitions sfdisk -uM /dev/md0 << EOF 0,4096 ,1024,S ; EOF # making root filesystem mkfs -t ext4 -L boot -m 0 /dev/md0p1 # making swap filesystem mkswap /dev/md0p2 # making data filesystem mkfs -t ext4 -L data /dev/md0p3 Then I mounted the root partition, copied a minimal debian install inside and temporary mounted /dev /proc /sys. Afer this I chrooted to the new root folder and executed: grub-install --no-floppy --recheck /dev/md0 However this fails badly with: /usr/sbin/grub-probe: error: unknown filesystem. Auto-detection of a filesystem of /dev/md0p1 failed. Please report this together with the output of "/usr/sbin/grub-probe --device-map=/boot/grub/device.map --target=fs -v /boot/grub" to I don't think it's a bug in grub (so I didn't report it yet) but a fault of mine. So I really wonder how to properly setup my raid1, everything I tried so far failed.

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• file system that allow to specify different RAID level per directory and change it afterward

  - by Adam Ryczkowski

  I have 5 hard drives, where I want to keep my data. Some of my files are more important, and some of them are less. So some of them I wish to put on RAID-6, and for some it RAID-5 is sufficient. It is difficult to predict at the moment of creation of the arrays how much space of each type to declare. What I would do if I didn't hear about zfs, is partition the hard drives into identical 100GB partitions, and as my needs grow, assemble those partitions into md devices using linux-raid. Then, I'd combine those devices using lvm into logical volumes where I'd put my data. So when I'd need more space of e.g. RAID-6, I'd take 100GB partition from each hard drive and assemble them into another RAID-6 md device and would use it as physical storage for the logical volume group dedicated for RAID-6 data. Then I could grow the file system on this logical volume. On top of RAID-6 and RAID-5 Volume Groups (managed by lvm) would reside completely independent file systems, which I'd later merge with multiple mount --bind into a single directory structure that would reflect the logical structure of data rather that of the storage. But now, when I heard about the ZFS with all the performance, data-healing and compression capabilities I cannot stop thinking if it can help me. If so, what do you think would be the best setup?

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