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• The Definition of Regular Languages

  - by AraK

  Good Day, I have tried, and burned my brain to understand the definition of Regular Languages in Discrete Mathematics and its Applications(Rosen) without reaching the goal of understanding why the definition is like that in this book. On page(789), I am rephrasing the definition: Type 3 grammars are defined as: w1 --> w2 Where w1 is a non-terminal, and w2 is of the form: w2 = aB w2 = a Where B is a non-terminal, and a is a terminal. A special case is when w1 is the starting symbol and w2 is lambda(the empty string): w1 = S S --> lambda Two questions I couldn't find an answer for. First, Why can't w2 be of the form Ba. Second, Why lambda is only allowed for the starting symbol only. The book states that, regular languages are equivalent to Finite State Automaton, and we can easily see that a we can build FSA for both cases. I took a look at other resources, and these restrictions don't exist in these resources. Thanks,

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• Programming Environment

  - by user65760

  What is a programming environment?

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• Is it possible to create thread-safe collections without locks?

  - by Andrey

  This is pure just for interest question, any sort of questions are welcome. So is it possible to create thread-safe collections without any locks? By locks I mean any thread synchronization mechanisms, including Mutex, Semaphore, and even Interlocked, all of them. Is it possible at user level, without calling system functions? Ok, may be implementation is not effective, i am interested in theoretical possibility. If not what is the minimum means to do it? EDIT: Why immutable collections don't work. This of class Stack with methods Add that returns another Stack. Now here is program: Stack stack = new ...; ThreadedMethod() { loop { //Do the loop stack = stack.Add(element); } } this expression stack = stack.Add(element) is not atomic, and you can overwrite new stack from other thread. Thanks, Andrey

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• How to balance number of ratings versus the ratings themselves?

  - by zneak

  Hello guys, For a school project, we'll have to implement a ranking system. However, we figured that a dumb rank average would suck: something that one user ranked 5 stars would have a better average that something 188 users ranked 4 stars, and that's just stupid. So I'm wondering if any of you have an example algorithm of "smart" ranking. It only needs to take in account the rankings given and the number of rankings. Thanks!

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• Collision detection between ball & bricks in brick breaker game

  - by ketu

  How do you detect a collision between ball & bricks in a brick breaker game?

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• What does 'foo' really mean?

  - by Prakash

  I hope this qualifies as a programming question, as in any programming tutorial, you eventually come across 'foo' in the code examples. (yeah, right?) what does 'foo' really mean? If it is meant to mean nothing, when did it begin to be used so? Cheers

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• Technical choices in unmarshaling hash-consed data

  - by Pascal Cuoq

  There seems to be quite a bit of folklore knowledge floating about in restricted circles about the pitfalls of hash-consing combined with marshaling-unmarshaling of data. I am looking for citable references to these tidbits. For instance, someone once pointed me to library aterm and mentioned that the authors had clearly thought about this and that the representation on disk was bottom-up (children of a node come before the node itself in the data stream). This is indeed the right way to do things when you need to re-share each node (with a possible identical node already in memory). This re-sharing pass needs to be done bottom-up, so the unmarshaling itself might as well be, too, so that it's possible to do everything in a single pass. I am in the process of describing difficulties encountered in our own context, and the solutions we found. I would appreciate any citable reference to the kind of aforementioned folklore knowledge. Some people obviously have encountered the problems before (the aterm library is only one example). But I didn't find anything in writing. Even the little piece of information I have about aterm is hear-say. I am not worried it's not reliable (you can't make this up), but "personal communication" and "look how it's done in the source code" are considered poor form in citations. I have enough references on hash-consing alone. I am only interested in references where it interferes with other aspects of programming, such as marshaling or distribution.

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• Do you ever feel confident in your skills?

  - by Gary Willoughby

  As a self taught developer i always find myself questioning my skill and knowledge and always feel like i am falling behind in using new technology. Over a period of nearly 9 years i've studied most mainstream languages (especially C based ones), used lots of different OSes, read and absorbed many books and even written one myself. But i still feel i'm usless! Do professional developers ever get to the stage where they feel confident that they know what they are doing and are confident when submitting solutions/code? When do you know you're good enough?

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• C#: How to inherit constructors?

  - by Ian Boyd

  Imagine a base class with many constructors and a virtual method public class Foo { ... public Foo() {...} public Foo(int i) {...} ... public virtual void SomethingElse() {...} ... } and now I want to create a descendant class that overrides the virtual method: public class Bar : Foo { public override void SomethingElse() {...} } And another descendant that does some more stuff: public class Bah : Bar { public void DoMoreStuff() {...} } Do I really have to copy all constructors from Foo into Bar and Bah? And then if I change a constructor signature in Foo, do I have to update it in Bar and Bah? Is there no way to inherit constructors? Is there no way to encourage code reuse?

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• What is the purpose of Java's unary plus operator?

  - by Syntactic

  Java's unary plus operator appears to have come over from C, via C++. As near as I can tell, it has the following effects: promotes its operand to int, if it's not already an int or wider unboxes its operand, if it's a wrapper object complicates slightly the parsing of evil expressions containing large numbers of consecutive plus signs It seems to me that there are better (or, at least, clearer) ways to do all of these things. In this SO question, concerning the counterpart operator in C#, someone said that "It's there to be overloaded if you feel the need." But in Java, one cannot overload any operator. So does this operator exist in Java just because it existed in C++?

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• A two way minimum spanning tree of a directed graph

  - by mvid

  Given a directed graph with weighted edges, what algorithm can be used to give a sub-graph that has minimum weight, but allows movement from any vertex to any other vertex in the graph (under the assumption that paths between any two vertices always exist). Does such an algorithm exist?

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• How should i organize authority code?

  - by acidzombie24

  I have users that fall into the following Not logged in Not Verified Verified Moderator Admin All code that only admin and moderators can access (like banning) is in ModeratorUser which inherits from verified which inherits from BaseUser. Some pages are accessible to all users such as public profiles. If a user is logged in he can leave a comment. To check this i use if (IsVerifiedUser). Now here is the problem. To avoid problems if a user is banned he is not recognized as a verified user. However in the rare case i need to know if he is verified i can use usertype & Verified. Should i not be doing this? I have a bunch of code in my VerifiedUser class and find i am moving tons of it to BaseUser. Is this something i help because a not logged in user can access the page? Should i handle the ban user in a different way and allow IsVerifiedUser to be true even if the user is banned?

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• What's the best example of pure show-off code you've seen?

  - by Damovisa

  Let's face it, programmers can be show-offs. I've seen a lot of code that was only done a particular way to prove how smart the person who wrote it was. What's the best example of pure show-off code you've seen (or been responsible for) in your time? For me, it'd have to be the guy who wrote FizzBuzz in one line on a whiteboard during a programming interview. Not really that impressive in the scheme of things, but completely unnecessary and pure, "look-what-I-can-do". I've lost the original code, but I think it was something like this (linebreaks for readability): Enumerable.Range(1,100).ToList().ForEach( n => Console.WriteLine( (n%3==0) ? (n%5==0) ? "FizzBuzz" : "Fizz" : (n%5==0) ? "Buzz" : n ) );

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• Worst "muscle memory" keyboard shortcut?

  - by Colin Pickard

  What's the worst shortcut you have in your "muscle memory"? For example, mine is CTRL-L: compiles the current object in Sybase Powerbuilder, but deletes the current line in Visual Studio.

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• How to notice unusual news activity

  - by ??iu

  Suppose you were able keep track of the news mentions of different entities, like say "Steve Jobs" and "Steve Ballmer". What are ways that could you tell whether the amount of mentions per entity per a given time period was unusual relative to their normal degree of frequency of appearance? I imagine that for a more popular person like Steve Jobs an increase of like 50% might be unusual (an increase of 1000 to 1500), while for a relatively unknown CEO an increase of 1000% for a given day could be possible (an increase of 2 to 200). If you didn't have a way of scaling that your unusualness index could be dominated by unheard-ofs getting their 15 minutes of fame.

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• Does this data structure have a name? Sort of a "linked matrix"?

  - by Bob

  Let's say I wanted similar functionality to a doubly linked list but needed a matrix instead so that each node was structured like this: public class Node { Node Up, Down, Left, Right; object Value; } Is there a name for such a structure? I've looked through this Wikipedia listing of data structures but didn't see anything similar. Unless I just missed it.

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• Where do you start your design - code, UI, workflow or whatever?

  - by Mmarquee

  Hi I was discussing this at work, and was wondering where people start their designs? We tend to start with designing code to solve the problem presented to us, but that is probably all of us are (or were) programmers. I was wondering where other people and organisations start their design. Do they start with solving the problem as a coding problem, sit down and design what UI to use, or map out the data or workflow? Thanks

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• can a function return more than one value?

  - by ashish yadav

  can a function return more than one value? Edit Except return by reference.

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• What features would you like to see added to C++?

  - by George Edison

  Are there any features you would like to see added to C++? Maybe... A programming construct An extra operator A built-in function you think would be useful I realize questions like this are frowned upon, but I think this one is a genuine programming question that can be answered and the answers will spawn valuable discussion. (And it's community wiki.) Here is one of mine: How come C++ has no exponent operator, like Python's **?

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• Formula needed: Sort Array

  - by aw

  I have the following array: a = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16] I use it for some visual stuff like this: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Now I want to sort the array like this: 1 3 6 10 2 5 9 13 4 8 12 15 7 11 14 16 //So the original array should look like this: a = [1,5,2,9,6,3,13,10,7,4,14,11,8,15,12,16] Yeah, now I'm looking for a smart formula to do that ticker = 0; originalArray = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16] newArray = []; while(ticker < originalArray.length) { //do the magic here ticker++; }

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• Should a function have only one return statement?

  - by David

  Are there good reasons why it's a better practice to have only one return statement in a function? Or is it okay to return from a function as soon as it is logically correct to do so, meaning there may be many return statements in the function?

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• Why aren't constructors inherited?

  - by Mike

  In all OO languages I've worked with, constructors aren't inherited. Why is this?

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• Any benefit/disadvantages to open beta vs. closed beta for webapp

  - by Kamo

  This isn't a question about code, but it's programming related. We have a web app that's ready for beta testing. Has anyone noticed any difference between open beta vs. closed beta in terms of the quality or quantity of feedback the testers give or any other factors?

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• Explaining NULL and Empty to your 6-year old?

  - by Atomiton

  I'm thinking in terms of Objects here. I think it's important to simplify ideas. If you can explain this to a 6-year old, you can teach new programmers the difference. I'm thinking that a cookie object would be apropos: public class Cookie { public string flavor {get; set; } public int numberOfCrumbs { get; set; } }

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• Nested class with hidden constructor impossible in c#?

  - by luckyluke

  I' ve been doing some programming lately and faced an issue which i found weird in c#. (at least for me) public class Foo { //whatever public class FooSpecificCollection : List<Bar> { //implementation details } public FooSpecificCollection GetFoosStuff() { //return the collection } } I want the consumer of Foo to be able to obtain a reference to FooSpecificCollection, even perform some operations on it. Maybe even set it to some other property of Foo or smth like that, but not To be able to CREATE an instance of this class. (the only class that should be able to instatiate this collection should be Foo. Is my request really that far-fetched? I know that people way smarter defined c# but shouldn't there be such an option that a parent class can create a nested class instance but nobody else can't. So far I created a solution to make an abstract class, or interface available through the property and implement a concrete private class that is not available anywhere else. Is this a correct way to handle such a situation.?

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