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• how to return 2 values from a java function?

  - by javaLearner.java

  Here is my code: // Function code public static int something(){ int number1 = 1; int number2 = 2; return number1, number2; } // Main class code public static void main(String[] args) { something(); System.out.println(number1 + number2); } Error: Exception in thread "main" java.lang.RuntimeException: Uncompilable source code - missing return statement at assignment.Main.something(Main.java:86) at assignment.Main.main(Main.java:53) Java Result: 1

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• How to store multiple variables from a File Input of unknown size in Java?

  - by AlphaOmegaStrife

  I'm a total beginner with my first programming assignment in Java. For our programming assignment, we will be given a .txt file of students like so: 3 345 Lisa Miller 890238 Y 2 <-(Number of classes) Mathematics MTH345 4 A Physics PHY357 3 B Bill Wilton 798324 N 2 English ENG378 3 B Philosophy PHL534 3 A Dandy Goat 746333 Y 1 History HIS101 3 A" The teacher will give us a .txt file on the day of turning it in with a list of unknown students. My problem is: I have a specific class for turning the data from the file into variables to be used for a different class in printing it to the screen. However, I do not know of a good way to get the variables from the input file for the course numbers, since that number is not predetermined. The only way I can think of to iterate over that unknown amount is using a loop, but that would just overwrite my variables every time. Also, the teacher has requested that we not use any JCL classes (I don't really know what this means.) Sorry if I have done a poor job of explaining this, but I can't think of a better way to conceptualize it. Let me know if I can clarify. Edit: public static void analyzeData() { Scanner inputStream = null; try { inputStream = new Scanner(new FileInputStream("Programming Assignment 1 Data.txt")); } catch (FileNotFoundException e) { System.out.println("File Programming Assignment 1 Data.txt could not be found or opened."); System.exit(0); } int numberOfStudents = inputStream.nextInt(); int tuitionPerHour = inputStream.nextInt(); String firstName = inputStream.next(); String lastname = inputStream.next(); String isTuitionPaid = inputStream.next(); int numberOfCourses = inputStream.nextInt(); String courseName = inputStream.next(); String courseNumber = inputStream.next(); int creditHours = inputStream.nextInt(); String grade = inputStream.next(); To show the methods I am using now, I am just using a Scanner to read from the file and for Scanner inputStream, I am using nextInt() or next() to get variables from the file. Obviously this will not work when I do not know exactly how many classes each student will have.

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• C++ header file and function declaration ending in "= 0"

  - by Adam

  hi, I have the following code inside the .h file and I'm not sure what does the assignment statement do and how is it called properly? virtual void yield() = 0; I thought that the function returns a value of 0 by default but since this function returns void I am a little bit confused. Can anyone comment on this and maybe say how can I refer to this assignment, I mean how is it called in C++ jargon? Thanks.

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• How to define a class with variable properties?

  - by user1723326

  I'm making a database program. I want the user to be able to define their own columns, as many as they want. How would I then define each record in its class file?(Since the properties would be different user to user) EDIT: It's part of a school assignment-it's going to hold different scores and the likes for the teacher for different students they can add, but they will also be able to add a new assignment, test(a column) .

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• Java: How to return single char after string

  - by newSpringer

  I have a file directory which could look like either C:\projects\lab3\test\test.java or C:\projects\assignment3\test\test.java But the "lab3" or "assignment3" can appear anywhere in the directory, it is not a set directory What i want is to check to see if the directory either contains "lab" or "assignment" and get the number that follows. In this case "3" This is what i have so far if(directory.toLowerCase().contains("lab")){ } else if (directory.toLowerCase().contains("assignment")){ } but i do not know how to check for the char straight after the word?

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• From Binary to Data Structures

  - by Cédric Menzi

  Table of Contents Introduction PE file format and COFF header COFF file header BaseCoffReader Byte4ByteCoffReader UnsafeCoffReader ManagedCoffReader Conclusion History This article is also available on CodeProject Introduction Sometimes, you want to parse well-formed binary data and bring it into your objects to do some dirty stuff with it. In the Windows world most data structures are stored in special binary format. Either we call a WinApi function or we want to read from special files like images, spool files, executables or may be the previously announced Outlook Personal Folders File. Most specifications for these files can be found on the MSDN Libarary: Open Specification In my example, we are going to get the COFF (Common Object File Format) file header from a PE (Portable Executable). The exact specification can be found here: PECOFF PE file format and COFF header Before we start we need to know how this file is formatted. The following figure shows an overview of the Microsoft PE executable format. Source: Microsoft Our goal is to get the PE header. As we can see, the image starts with a MS-DOS 2.0 header with is not important for us. From the documentation we can read "...After the MS DOS stub, at the file offset specified at offset 0x3c, is a 4-byte...". With this information we know our reader has to jump to location 0x3c and read the offset to the signature. The signature is always 4 bytes that ensures that the image is a PE file. The signature is: PE\0\0. To prove this we first seek to the offset 0x3c, read if the file consist the signature. So we need to declare some constants, because we do not want magic numbers.   private const int PeSignatureOffsetLocation = 0x3c; private const int PeSignatureSize = 4; private const string PeSignatureContent = "PE";   Then a method for moving the reader to the correct location to read the offset of signature. With this method we always move the underlining Stream of the BinaryReader to the start location of the PE signature.   private void SeekToPeSignature(BinaryReader br) { // seek to the offset for the PE signagure br.BaseStream.Seek(PeSignatureOffsetLocation, SeekOrigin.Begin); // read the offset int offsetToPeSig = br.ReadInt32(); // seek to the start of the PE signature br.BaseStream.Seek(offsetToPeSig, SeekOrigin.Begin); }   Now, we can check if it is a valid PE image by reading of the next 4 byte contains the content PE.   private bool IsValidPeSignature(BinaryReader br) { // read 4 bytes to get the PE signature byte[] peSigBytes = br.ReadBytes(PeSignatureSize); // convert it to a string and trim \0 at the end of the content string peContent = Encoding.Default.GetString(peSigBytes).TrimEnd('\0'); // check if PE is in the content return peContent.Equals(PeSignatureContent); }   With this basic functionality we have a good base reader class to try the different methods of parsing the COFF file header. COFF file header The COFF header has the following structure: Offset Size Field 0 2 Machine 2 2 NumberOfSections 4 4 TimeDateStamp 8 4 PointerToSymbolTable 12 4 NumberOfSymbols 16 2 SizeOfOptionalHeader 18 2 Characteristics If we translate this table to code, we get something like this:   [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, CharSet = CharSet.Unicode)] public struct CoffHeader { public MachineType Machine; public ushort NumberOfSections; public uint TimeDateStamp; public uint PointerToSymbolTable; public uint NumberOfSymbols; public ushort SizeOfOptionalHeader; public Characteristic Characteristics; } BaseCoffReader All readers do the same thing, so we go to the patterns library in our head and see that Strategy pattern or Template method pattern is sticked out in the bookshelf. I have decided to take the template method pattern in this case, because the Parse() should handle the IO for all implementations and the concrete parsing should done in its derived classes.   public CoffHeader Parse() { using (var br = new BinaryReader(File.Open(_fileName, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))) { SeekToPeSignature(br); if (!IsValidPeSignature(br)) { throw new BadImageFormatException(); } return ParseInternal(br); } } protected abstract CoffHeader ParseInternal(BinaryReader br);   First we open the BinaryReader, seek to the PE signature then we check if it contains a valid PE signature and rest is done by the derived implementations. Byte4ByteCoffReader The first solution is using the BinaryReader. It is the general way to get the data. We only need to know which order, which data-type and its size. If we read byte for byte we could comment out the first line in the CoffHeader structure, because we have control about the order of the member assignment.   protected override CoffHeader ParseInternal(BinaryReader br) { CoffHeader coff = new CoffHeader(); coff.Machine = (MachineType)br.ReadInt16(); coff.NumberOfSections = (ushort)br.ReadInt16(); coff.TimeDateStamp = br.ReadUInt32(); coff.PointerToSymbolTable = br.ReadUInt32(); coff.NumberOfSymbols = br.ReadUInt32(); coff.SizeOfOptionalHeader = (ushort)br.ReadInt16(); coff.Characteristics = (Characteristic)br.ReadInt16(); return coff; }   If the structure is as short as the COFF header here and the specification will never changed, there is probably no reason to change the strategy. But if a data-type will be changed, a new member will be added or ordering of member will be changed the maintenance costs of this method are very high. UnsafeCoffReader Another way to bring the data into this structure is using a "magically" unsafe trick. As above, we know the layout and order of the data structure. Now, we need the StructLayout attribute, because we have to ensure that the .NET Runtime allocates the structure in the same order as it is specified in the source code. We also need to enable "Allow unsafe code (/unsafe)" in the project's build properties. Then we need to add the following constructor to the CoffHeader structure.   [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, CharSet = CharSet.Unicode)] public struct CoffHeader { public CoffHeader(byte[] data) { unsafe { fixed (byte* packet = &data[0]) { this = *(CoffHeader*)packet; } } } }   The "magic" trick is in the statement: this = *(CoffHeader*)packet;. What happens here? We have a fixed size of data somewhere in the memory and because a struct in C# is a value-type, the assignment operator = copies the whole data of the structure and not only the reference. To fill the structure with data, we need to pass the data as bytes into the CoffHeader structure. This can be achieved by reading the exact size of the structure from the PE file.   protected override CoffHeader ParseInternal(BinaryReader br) { return new CoffHeader(br.ReadBytes(Marshal.SizeOf(typeof(CoffHeader)))); }   This solution is the fastest way to parse the data and bring it into the structure, but it is unsafe and it could introduce some security and stability risks. ManagedCoffReader In this solution we are using the same approach of the structure assignment as above. But we need to replace the unsafe part in the constructor with the following managed part:   [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, CharSet = CharSet.Unicode)] public struct CoffHeader { public CoffHeader(byte[] data) { IntPtr coffPtr = IntPtr.Zero; try { int size = Marshal.SizeOf(typeof(CoffHeader)); coffPtr = Marshal.AllocHGlobal(size); Marshal.Copy(data, 0, coffPtr, size); this = (CoffHeader)Marshal.PtrToStructure(coffPtr, typeof(CoffHeader)); } finally { Marshal.FreeHGlobal(coffPtr); } } }     Conclusion We saw that we can parse well-formed binary data to our data structures using different approaches. The first is probably the clearest way, because we know each member and its size and ordering and we have control about the reading the data for each member. But if add member or the structure is going change by some reason, we need to change the reader. The two other solutions use the approach of the structure assignment. In the unsafe implementation we need to compile the project with the /unsafe option. We increase the performance, but we get some security risks.

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• The new workflow management of Oracle´s Hyperion Planning: Define more details with Planning Unit Hierarchies and Promotional Paths

  - by Alexandra Georgescu

  After having been almost unchanged for several years, starting with the 11.1.2 release of Oracle´s Hyperion Planning the Process Management has not only got a new name: “Approvals” now is offering the possibility to further split Planning Units (comprised of a unique Scenario-Version-Entity combination) into more detailed combinations along additional secondary dimensions, a so called Planning Unit Hierarchy, and also to pre-define a path of planners, reviewers and approvers, called Promotional Path. I´d like to introduce you to changes and enhancements in this new process management and arouse your curiosity for checking out more details on it. One reason of using the former process management in Planning was to limit data entry rights to one person at a time based on the assignment of a planning unit. So the lowest level of granularity for this assignment was, for a given Scenario-Version combination, the individual entity. Even if in many cases one person wasn´t responsible for all data being entered into that entity, but for only part of it, it was not possible to split the ownership along another additional dimension, for example by assigning ownership to different accounts at the same time. By defining a so called Planning Unit Hierarchy (PUH) in Approvals this gap is now closed. Complementing new Shared Services roles for Planning have been created in order to manage set up and use of Approvals: The Approvals Administrator consisting of the following roles: Approvals Ownership Assigner, who assigns owners and reviewers to planning units for which Write access is assigned (including Planner responsibilities). Approvals Supervisor, who stops and starts planning units and takes any action on planning units for which Write access is assigned. Approvals Process Designer, who can modify planning unit hierarchy secondary dimensions and entity members for which Write access is assigned, can also modify scenarios and versions that are assigned to planning unit hierarchies and can edit validation rules on data forms for which access is assigned. (this includes as well Planner and Ownership Assigner responsibilities) Set up of a Planning Unit Hierarchy is done under the Administration menu, by selecting Approvals, then Planning Unit Hierarchy. Here you create new PUH´s or edit existing ones. The following window displays: After providing a name and an optional description, a pre-selection of entities can be made for which the PUH will be defined. Available options are: All, which pre-selects all entities to be included for the definitions on the subsequent tabs None, manual entity selections will be made subsequently Custom, which offers the selection for an ancestor and the relative generations, that should be included for further definitions. Finally a pattern needs to be selected, which will determine the general flow of ownership: Free-form, uses the flow/assignment of ownerships according to Planning releases prior to 11.1.2 In Bottom-up, data input is done at the leaf member level. Ownership follows the hierarchy of approval along the entity dimension, including refinements using a secondary dimension in the PUH, amended by defined additional reviewers in the promotional path. Distributed, uses data input at the leaf level, while ownership starts at the top level and then is distributed down the organizational hierarchy (entities). After ownership reaches the lower levels, budgets are submitted back to the top through the approval process. Proceeding to the next step, now a secondary dimension and the respective members from that dimension might be selected, in order to create more detailed combinations underneath each entity. After selecting the Dimension and a Parent Member, the definition of a Relative Generation below this member assists in populating the field for Selected Members, while the Count column shows the number of selected members. For refining this list, you might click on the icon right beside the selected member field and use the check-boxes in the appearing list for deselecting members. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- TIP: In order to reduce maintenance of the PUH due to changes in the dimensions included (members added, moved or removed) you should consider to dynamically link those dimensions in the PUH with the dimension hierarchies in the planning application. For secondary dimensions this is done using the check-boxes in the Auto Include column. For the primary dimension, the respective selection criteria is applied by right-clicking the name of an entity activated as planning unit, then selecting an item of the shown list of include or exclude options (children, descendants, etc.). Anyway in order to apply dimension changes impacting the PUH a synchronization must be run. If this is really necessary or not is shown on the first screen after selecting from the menu Administration, then Approvals, then Planning Unit Hierarchy: under Synchronized you find the statuses Yes, No or Locked, where the last one indicates, that another user is just changing or synchronizing the PUH. Select one of the not synchronized PUH´s (status No) and click the Synchronize option in order to execute. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- In the next step owners and reviewers are assigned to the PUH. Using the icons with the magnifying glass right besides the columns for Owner and Reviewer the respective assignments can be made in the ordermthat you want them to review the planning unit. While it is possible to assign only one owner per entity or combination of entity+ member of the secondary dimension, the selection for reviewers might consist of more than one person. The complete Promotional Path, including the defined owners and reviewers for the entity parents, can be shown by clicking the icon. In addition optional users might be defined for being notified about promotions for a planning unit. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- TIP: Reviewers cannot change data, but can only review data according to their data access permissions and reject or promote planning units. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- In order to complete your PUH definitions click Finish - this saves the PUH and closes the window. As a final step, before starting the approvals process, you need to assign the PUH to the Scenario-Version combination for which it should be used. From the Administration menu select Approvals, then Scenario and Version Assignment. Expand the PUH in order to see already existing assignments. Under Actions click the add icon and select scenarios and versions to be assigned. If needed, click the remove icon in order to delete entries. After these steps, set up is completed for starting the approvals process. Start, stop and control of the approvals process is now done under the Tools menu, and then Manage Approvals. The new PUH feature is complemented by various additional settings and features; some of them at least should be mentioned here: Export/Import of PUHs: Out of Office agent: Validation Rules changing promotional/approval path if violated (including the use of User-defined Attributes (UDAs)): And various new and helpful reviewer actions with corresponding approval states. About the Author: Bernhard Kinkel started working for Hyperion Solutions as a Presales Consultant and Consultant in 1998 and moved to Hyperion Education Services in 1999. He joined Oracle University in 2007 where he is a Principal Education Consultant. Based on these many years of working with Hyperion products he has detailed product knowledge across several versions. He delivers both classroom and live virtual courses. His areas of expertise are Oracle/Hyperion Essbase, Oracle Hyperion Planning and Hyperion Web Analysis.

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• SQL SERVER – Weekly Series – Memory Lane – #032

  - by Pinal Dave

  Here is the list of selected articles of SQLAuthority.com across all these years. Instead of just listing all the articles I have selected a few of my most favorite articles and have listed them here with additional notes below it. Let me know which one of the following is your favorite article from memory lane. 2007 Complete Series of Database Coding Standards and Guidelines SQL SERVER Database Coding Standards and Guidelines – Introduction SQL SERVER – Database Coding Standards and Guidelines – Part 1 SQL SERVER – Database Coding Standards and Guidelines – Part 2 SQL SERVER Database Coding Standards and Guidelines Complete List Download Explanation and Example – SELF JOIN When all of the data you require is contained within a single table, but data needed to extract is related to each other in the table itself. Examples of this type of data relate to Employee information, where the table may have both an Employee’s ID number for each record and also a field that displays the ID number of an Employee’s supervisor or manager. To retrieve the data tables are required to relate/join to itself. Insert Multiple Records Using One Insert Statement – Use of UNION ALL This is very interesting question I have received from new developer. How can I insert multiple values in table using only one insert? Now this is interesting question. When there are multiple records are to be inserted in the table following is the common way using T-SQL. Function to Display Current Week Date and Day – Weekly Calendar Straight blog post with script to find current week date and day based on the parameters passed in the function.  2008 In my beginning years, I have almost same confusion as many of the developer had in their earlier years. Here are two of the interesting question which I have attempted to answer in my early year. Even if you are experienced developer may be you will still like to read following two questions: Order Of Column In Index Order of Conditions in WHERE Clauses Example of DISTINCT in Aggregate Functions Have you ever used DISTINCT with the Aggregation Function? Here is a simple example about how users can do it. Create a Comma Delimited List Using SELECT Clause From Table Column Straight to script example where I explained how to do something easy and quickly. Compound Assignment Operators SQL SERVER 2008 has introduced new concept of Compound Assignment Operators. Compound Assignment Operators are available in many other programming languages for quite some time. Compound Assignment Operators is operator where variables are operated upon and assigned on the same line. PIVOT and UNPIVOT Table Examples Here is a very interesting question – the answer to the question can be YES or NO both. “If we PIVOT any table and UNPIVOT that table do we get our original table?” Read the blog post to get the explanation of the question above. 2009 What is Interim Table – Simple Definition of Interim Table The interim table is a table that is generated by joining two tables and not the final result table. In other words, when two tables are joined they create an interim table as resultset but the resultset is not final yet. It may be possible that more tables are about to join on the interim table, and more operations are still to be applied on that table (e.g. Order By, Having etc). Besides, it may be possible that there is no interim table; sometimes final table is what is generated when the query is run. 2010 Stored Procedure and Transactions If Stored Procedure is transactional then, it should roll back complete transactions when it encounters any errors. Well, that does not happen in this case, which proves that Stored Procedure does not only provide just the transactional feature to a batch of T-SQL. Generate Database Script for SQL Azure When talking about SQL Azure the most common complaint I hear is that the script generated from stand-along SQL Server database is not compatible with SQL Azure. This was true for some time for sure but not any more. If you have SQL Server 2008 R2 installed you can follow the guideline below to generate a script which is compatible with SQL Azure. Convert IN to EXISTS – Performance Talk It is NOT necessary that every time when IN is replaced by EXISTS it gives better performance. However, in our case listed above it does for sure give better performance. You can read about this subject in the associated blog post. Subquery or Join – Various Options – SQL Server Engine Knows the Best Every single time whenever there is a performance tuning exercise, I hear the conversation from developer where some prefer subquery and some prefer join. In this two part blog post, I explain the same in the detail with examples. Part 1 | Part 2 Merge Operations – Insert, Update, Delete in Single Execution MERGE is a new feature that provides an efficient way to do multiple DML operations. In earlier versions of SQL Server, we had to write separate statements to INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE data based on certain conditions; however, at present, by using the MERGE statement, we can include the logic of such data changes in one statement that even checks when the data is matched and then just update it, and similarly, when the data is unmatched, it is inserted. 2011 Puzzle – Statistics are not updated but are Created Once Here is the quick scenario about my setup. Create Table Insert 1000 Records Check the Statistics Now insert 10 times more 10,000 indexes Check the Statistics – it will be NOT updated – WHY? Question to You – When to use Function and When to use Stored Procedure Personally, I believe that they are both different things - they cannot be compared. I can say, it will be like comparing apples and oranges. Each has its own unique use. However, they can be used interchangeably at many times and in real life (i.e., production environment). I have personally seen both of these being used interchangeably many times. This is the precise reason for asking this question. 2012 In year 2012 I had two interesting series ran on the blog. If there is no fun in learning, the learning becomes a burden. For the same reason, I had decided to build a three part quiz around SEQUENCE. The quiz was to identify the next value of the sequence. I encourage all of you to take part in this fun quiz. Guess the Next Value – Puzzle 1 Guess the Next Value – Puzzle 2 Guess the Next Value – Puzzle 3 Guess the Next Value – Puzzle 4 Simple Example to Configure Resource Governor – Introduction to Resource Governor Resource Governor is a feature which can manage SQL Server Workload and System Resource Consumption. We can limit the amount of CPU and memory consumption by limiting /governing /throttling on the SQL Server. If there are different workloads running on SQL Server and each of the workload needs different resources or when workloads are competing for resources with each other and affecting the performance of the whole server resource governor is a very important task. Tricks to Replace SELECT * with Column Names – SQL in Sixty Seconds #017 – Video  Retrieves unnecessary columns and increases network traffic When a new columns are added views needs to be refreshed manually Leads to usage of sub-optimal execution plan Uses clustered index in most of the cases instead of using optimal index It is difficult to debug SQL SERVER – Load Generator – Free Tool From CodePlex The best part of this SQL Server Load Generator is that users can run multiple simultaneous queries again SQL Server using different login account and different application name. The interface of the tool is extremely easy to use and very intuitive as well. A Puzzle – Swap Value of Column Without Case Statement Let us assume there is a single column in the table called Gender. The challenge is to write a single update statement which will flip or swap the value in the column. For example if the value in the gender column is ‘male’ swap it with ‘female’ and if the value is ‘female’ swap it with ‘male’. Reference: Pinal Dave (http://blog.sqlauthority.com) Filed under: Memory Lane, PostADay, SQL, SQL Authority, SQL Query, SQL Server, SQL Tips and Tricks, T SQL, Technology

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• Introduction to Human Workflow 11g

  - by agiovannetti

  Human Workflow is a component of SOA Suite just like BPEL, Mediator, Business Rules, etc. The Human Workflow component allows you to incorporate human intervention in a business process. You can use Human Workflow to create a business process that requires a manager to approve purchase orders greater than $10,000; or a business process that handles article reviews in which a group of reviewers need to vote/approve an article before it gets published. Human Workflow can handle the task assignment and routing as well as the generation of notifications to the participants. There are three common patterns or usages of Human Workflow: 1) Approval Scenarios: manage documents and other transactional data through approval chains . For example: approve expense report, vacation approval, hiring approval, etc. 2) Reviews by multiple users or groups: group collaboration and review of documents or proposals. For example, processing a sales quote which is subject to review by multiple people. 3) Case Management: workflows around work management or case management. For example, processing a service request. This could be routed to various people who all need to modify the task. It may also incorporate ad hoc routing which is unknown at design time. SOA 11g Human Workflow includes the following features: Assignment and routing of tasks to the correct users or groups. Deadlines, escalations, notifications, and other features required for ensuring the timely performance of a task. Presentation of tasks to end users through a variety of mechanisms, including a Worklist application. Organization, filtering, prioritization and other features required for end users to productively perform their tasks. Reports, reassignments, load balancing and other features required by supervisors and business owners to manage the performance of tasks. Human Workflow Architecture The Human Workflow component is divided into 3 modules: the service interface, the task definition and the client interface module. The Service Interface handles the interaction with BPEL and other components. The Client Interface handles the presentation of task data through clients like the Worklist application, portals and notification channels. The task definition module is in charge of managing the lifecycle of a task. Who should get the task assigned? What should happen next with the task? When must the task be completed? Should the task be escalated?, etc Stages and Participants When you create a Human Task you need to specify how the task is assigned and routed. The first step is to define the stages and participants. A stage is just a logical group. A participant can be a user, a group of users or an application role. The participants indicate the type of assignment and routing that will be performed. Stages can be sequential or in parallel. You can combine them to create any usage you require. See diagram below: Assignment and Routing There are different ways a task can be assigned and routed: Single Approver: task is assigned to a single user, group or role. For example, a vacation request is assigned to a manager. If the manager approves or rejects the request, the employee is notified with the decision. If the task is assigned to a group then once one of managers acts on it, the task is completed. Parallel : task is assigned to a set of people that must work in parallel. This is commonly used for voting. For example, a task gets approved once 50% of the participants approve it. You can also set it up to be a unanimous vote. Serial : participants must work in sequence. The most common scenario for this is management chain escalation. FYI (For Your Information) : task is assigned to participants who can view it, add comments and attachments, but can not modify or complete the task. Task Actions The following is the list of actions that can be performed on a task: Claim : if a task is assigned to a group or multiple users, then the task must be claimed first to be able to act on it. Escalate : if the participant is not able to complete a task, he/she can escalate it. The task is reassigned to his/her manager (up one level in a hierarchy). Pushback : the task is sent back to the previous assignee. Reassign :if the participant is a manager, he/she can delegate a task to his/her reports. Release : if a task is assigned to a group or multiple users, it can be released if the user who claimed the task cannot complete the task. Any of the other assignees can claim and complete the task. Request Information and Submit Information : use when the participant needs to supply more information or to request more information from the task creator or any of the previous assignees. Suspend and Resume :if a task is not relevant, it can be suspended. A suspension is indefinite. It does not expire until Resume is used to resume working on the task. Withdraw : if the creator of a task does not want to continue with it, for example, he wants to cancel a vacation request, he can withdraw the task. The business process determines what happens next. Renew : if a task is about to expire, the participant can renew it. The task expiration date is extended one week. Notifications Human Workflow provides a mechanism for sending notifications to participants to alert them of changes on a task. Notifications can be sent via email, telephone voice message, instant messaging (IM) or short message service (SMS). Notifications can be sent when the task status changes to any of the following: Assigned/renewed/delegated/reassigned/escalated Completed Error Expired Request Info Resume Suspended Added/Updated comments and/or attachments Updated Outcome Withdraw Other Actions (e.g. acquiring a task) Here is an example of an email notification: Worklist Application Oracle BPM Worklist application is the default user interface included in SOA Suite. It allows users to access and act on tasks that have been assigned to them. For example, from the Worklist application, a loan agent can review loan applications or a manager can approve employee vacation requests. Through the Worklist Application users can: Perform authorized actions on tasks, acquire and check out shared tasks, define personal to-do tasks and define subtasks. Filter tasks view based on various criteria. Work with standard work queues, such as high priority tasks, tasks due soon and so on. Work queues allow users to create a custom view to group a subset of tasks in the worklist, for example, high priority tasks, tasks due in 24 hours, expense approval tasks and more. Define custom work queues. Gain proxy access to part of another user's tasks. Define custom vacation rules and delegation rules. Enable group owners to define task dispatching rules for shared tasks. Collect a complete workflow history and audit trail. Use digital signatures for tasks. Run reports like Unattended tasks, Tasks productivity, etc. Here is a screenshoot of what the Worklist Application looks like. On the right hand side you can see the tasks that have been assigned to the user and the task's detail. References Introduction to SOA Suite 11g Human Workflow Webcast Note 1452937.2 Human Workflow Information Center Using the Human Workflow Service Component 11.1.1.6 Human Workflow Samples Human Workflow APIs Java Docs

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• Making swap faster, easier to use and exception-safe

  - by FredOverflow

  I could not sleep last night and started thinking about std::swap. Here is the familiar C++98 version: template <typename T> void swap(T& a, T& b) { T c(a); a = b; b = c; } If a user-defined class Foo uses external ressources, this is inefficient. The common idiom is to provide a method void Foo::swap(Foo& other) and a specialization of std::swap<Foo>. Note that this does not work with class templates since you cannot partially specialize a function template, and overloading names in the std namespace is illegal. The solution is to write a template function in one's own namespace and rely on argument dependent lookup to find it. This depends critically on the client to follow the "using std::swap idiom" instead of calling std::swap directly. Very brittle. In C++0x, if Foo has a user-defined move constructor and a move assignment operator, providing a custom swap method and a std::swap<Foo> specialization has little to no performance benefit, because the C++0x version of std::swap uses efficient moves instead of copies: #include <utility> template <typename T> void swap(T& a, T& b) { T c(std::move(a)); a = std::move(b); b = std::move(c); } Not having to fiddle with swap anymore already takes a lot of burden away from the programmer. Current compilers do not generate move constructors and move assignment operators automatically yet, but as far as I know, this will change. The only problem left then is exception-safety, because in general, move operations are allowed to throw, and this opens up a whole can of worms. The question "What exactly is the state of a moved-from object?" complicates things further. Then I was thinking, what exactly are the semantics of std::swap in C++0x if everything goes fine? What is the state of the objects before and after the swap? Typically, swapping via move operations does not touch external resources, only the "flat" object representations themselves. So why not simply write a swap template that does exactly that: swap the object representations? #include <cstring> template <typename T> void swap(T& a, T& b) { unsigned char c[sizeof(T)]; memcpy( c, &a, sizeof(T)); memcpy(&a, &b, sizeof(T)); memcpy(&b, c, sizeof(T)); } This is as efficient as it gets: it simply blasts through raw memory. It does not require any intervention from the user: no special swap methods or move operations have to be defined. This means that it even works in C++98 (which does not have rvalue references, mind you). But even more importantly, we can now forget about the exception-safety issues, because memcpy never throws. I can see two potential problems with this approach: First, not all objects are meant to be swapped. If a class designer hides the copy constructor or the copy assignment operator, trying to swap objects of the class should fail at compile-time. We can simply introduce some dead code that checks whether copying and assignment are legal on the type: template <typename T> void swap(T& a, T& b) { if (false) // dead code, never executed { T c(a); // copy-constructible? a = b; // assignable? } unsigned char c[sizeof(T)]; std::memcpy( c, &a, sizeof(T)); std::memcpy(&a, &b, sizeof(T)); std::memcpy(&b, c, sizeof(T)); } Any decent compiler can trivially get rid of the dead code. (There are probably better ways to check the "swap conformance", but that is not the point. What matters is that it's possible). Second, some types might perform "unusual" actions in the copy constructor and copy assignment operator. For example, they might notify observers of their change. I deem this a minor issue, because such kinds of objects probably should not have provided copy operations in the first place. Please let me know what you think of this approach to swapping. Would it work in practice? Would you use it? Can you identify library types where this would break? Do you see additional problems? Discuss!

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• Pull Request Changes, Multi-Selection in Advanced View, and Advertisement Changes

  [Do you tweet? Follow us on Twitter @matthawley and @adacole_msft] We deployed a new version of the CodePlex website today. Pull Request Changes In this release, we have begun to re-focus on Pull Requests to ensure a productive experience between the project users and developers. We feel we made significant progress in this area for this release and look forward to using your feedback to drive future iterations. One of the biggest hurdles people have indicated is the inability to see what a pull request includes without pulling the source down from a Mercurial client. With today’s changes, any user has the ability to view a pull request, the changesets / changes included, and perform an inline diff of the file. When a pull request is made, the CodePlex website will query for all outgoing changes from the fork to the main repository for a point-in-time comparison. Because of this point-in-time comparison… All existing pull requests created prior to this release will not have changesets associated with them. If new commits are pushed to the fork while a pull request is active, they will not appear associated with the pull request. The pull request will need to be re-submitted for them to appear. Once a pull request is created, you can “View the Pull Request” which takes you to a page that looks like As you may notice, we now display a lot more detailed information regarding that pull request including who it was requested by and when, the associated changesets, the description, who it’s assigned to (we’ll come back to this) and the listing of summarized file changes. What you’ll also notice, is that each modified file has the ability to view a diff of all changes made. When you click “(view diff)” for a file, an inline diff experience appears. This new experience allows you to quickly navigate through all of the modified files as well as viewing the various change blocks for each file. You’ll also notice as you browse through each file’s changes, we update the URL to include the file path so you can quickly send a direct link to a pull request’s file. Clicking “(close diff)” will bring you back to the original pull request view. View this pull request live on WikiPlex. Pull Request Review Assignment Another new feature we added for pull requests is the ability for project members to assign pull requests for review. Any project member has the ability to assign (and re-assign if needed) a pull request to a project member. Once the assignment has been made, that project member will be notified via email of the assignment. Once they complete the review of the pull request, they can either accept or deny it similarly to the previous process. Multi-Selection in Advanced View Filters One of the more recent requests we have heard from users is the ability multi-select advanced view filters for work items. We are happy to announce this is now possible. Simply control-click the multiple options for each filter item and your work item query will be refined as such. Should you happen to unselect all options for a given filter, it will automatically reset to the default option for that filter. Furthermore, the “Direct Link” URL will be updated to include the multi-selected options for each filter. Note: The “Direct Link” feature was released in our previous deployment, just never written about. It allows you to capture the current state of your query and send it to other individuals. Advertisement Changes Very recently, the advertiser (The Lounge) we partnered to provide advertising revenue for projects, or donated to charity, was acquired by Lake Quincy Media. There has been no change in the advertising platform offering, and all projects have been converted over to using the new infrastructure. Project owners should note the new contact information for getting paid. The CodePlex team values your feedback, and is frequently monitoring Twitter, our Discussions and Issue Tracker for new features or problems. If you’ve not visited the Issue Tracker recently, please take a few moments to log an idea or vote for the features you would most like to see implemented on CodePlex.

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• Pseudocode: a clear definition?

  - by Cian E

  The following code is an example of what I think would qualify as pseudocode, since it does not execute in any language but the logic is correct. string checkRubric(gpa, major) bool brake = false num lastRange num rangeCounter string assignment = "unassigned" array bus['business']= array('person a'=>array(0, 2.9), 'person b'=>array(3, 4)) array cis['computer science']= array('person c'=>array(0, 2.9), 'person d'=>array(3, 4)) array lib['english']= array('person e'=>array(0, 4)) array rubric = array(bus, cis, lib) foreach (rubric as fieldAr) foreach (fieldAr as field => advisorAr) if (major == field) foreach (advisorAr as advisor => gpaRangeAr) rangeCounter = 0 foreach (gpaRangeAr as gpaValue) if (rangeCounter < 1) lastRange = gpaValue else if (gpa >= lastRange && gpa <= gpaValue) assignment = advisor brake = true break endif rangeCounter++ endforeach if (brake == true) break endif endforeach if (brake == true) break endif endif endforeach if (brake == true) break endif endforeach return assignment For the past couple of weeks I've been trying to create a clear definition of what pseudocode actually is. Is it relative to the programmer or is there an actual clearcut syntax? I say pseudocode is any code that does not execute, how about you? Thanks (links to this subject welcome)

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• jBPM 4.3 Task Notification tag being ignored

  - by user291780

  I have a task with a notification entry but no emails are being generated and no entries in logs. Emails from mail node work fine. What am I doing wrong? Do I have to do anything special to my custom AssignmentHandler impl for notifications? <mail g="216,156,80,40" name="Send email"> <to addresses="[email protected]" /> <subject>Testing the mail activity</subject> <text>This message was sent by the jBPM mail activity tester</text> <transition g="-78,-18" to="User Review" /> </mail> <task g="210,250,92,52" name="User Review"> <description>User Review Task Description</description> <assignment-handler class="com.kevinmoodley.BPMTaskAssignmentHandler"> <description>Review AI Process Failure Assignment Handler</description> </assignment-handler> <notification> <to addresses="[email protected]" /> <subject>Testing from task</subject> <text>This message was sent by the jBPM User Review task</text> </notification> <transition g="-42,-18" name="CANCEL" to="end1" /> <transition g="-42,-18" name="RESTART" to="end2" /> </task> Thanks Kevin

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• .NET CF -- Set Form height based on InputPanel state

  - by user354941

  Hi, So, I've got a C# project for Windows Mobile phones and I'm trying to work with the InputPanel. Specifically, I've got one form with a stack of Labels and TextBoxes that collect user input. I have an InputPanel that alerts me when the user opens the SIP. Everything works fine so far. When I get messages that the SIP status has changed, I want to change the height of the Form, which doesn't seem possible. Here's my event handler for my InputPanel: void m_InputPanel_EnabledChanged(object sender, EventArgs e) { // :( this assignment operation doesn't work and it doesn't this.ClientSize = inputPanel1.VisibleDesktop.Size; // doesn't work this.Size = inputPanel1.VisibleDesktop.Size; // assignment operation works, but isn't very useful this.visibleHeight = inputPanel1.VisibleDesktop.Height; this.InitializeUI(); } When I say that the assignment operation doesn't work, I mean that the values don't change in the debugger. I can understand that maybe I can't change the size of a Form, but I can't understand why trying to change it wouldn't throw an exception, or give a compiler error. I have my Form WindowState set to Normal instead of Maximized, but it doesn't make a difference. Also, I have read http://www.christec.co.nz/blog/archives/42 this page that tells me how I'm supposed to do this, but I can't easily put all of my controls in a Panel because I'm using a bunch of custom stuff to do alpha background controls.

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• Pthread Queue System

  - by Wallace

  Hi. I'm working on my assignment on pthreads. I'm new and never touched on pthreads before. Is there any sample codes or resources out there that anyone of you have, that might aid me in my assignment? Here are my assignment details. A pthread program about queue system: Write a C/C++ Pthread program for a Dental clinic’s queuing system that declares an array of integers of size N, where N is the maximum number of queue for the day. The pthread program uses two threads. Whenever there is a new dental appointment, the first thread (the creator) puts the queue numbers in the array, one after the other. The second thread (the remover) removes the queue numbers from the array whenever the dentist has seen the patient. This is done in a FIFO fashion (First In First Out). The algorithm of the creator is as follows: • If the array is not full then put a new number in it (the numbers start at 1 and are incremented by one each time, so the creator create queue number 1, 2, 3 etc.) • sleep for 1 to 10 seconds, randomly • repeat The algorithm of the remover is as follows: • If the array is not empty then remove its smallest queue number • sleep for 1 to 10 seconds, randomly • repeat You should use mutex locks to protect things that must be protected. Each thread should print on the screen what it is doing (eg: "number 13 is added into the queue", "number 7 is removed from the queue", etc.). The program should run forever. Any help will be appreciated. Thanks.

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• Help with error creating SharePoint list (probably due to privilege issues)

  - by Swami

  I'm getting an error when trying to activate a webpart. It activates fine in one setup , but fails in a different one. Administrator in both. Seems like it fails because it's not able to create the list. The error is: Message: Value cannot be null. Stack Trace: at Microsoft.Sharepoint.SPRoleAssignment..ctor at ClientRequestHandler.CreateList(... private static void CreateLists() { try { SPSecurity.RunWithElevatedPrivileges(delegate() { using (SPSite site = SPContext.Current.Site) { using (SPWeb web = site.RootWeb) { string listName = LIST_NAME; bool listExist = ContainList(web, listName); if (!listExist) { AddFieldDelegate _delegate = new AddFieldDelegate(AddAttachmentFields); SPList list = CreateList(web, listName, _delegate); RegisterList(web, list, KEY); } } } }); } catch (Exception ex) { throw new Exception(String.Format("Message: {0} Stack Trace: {1}", ex.Message, ex.StackTrace.ToString())); } } private static SPList CreateList(SPWeb web, string listName, AddFieldDelegate _delegate) { web.AllowUnsafeUpdates = true; SPListTemplateType genericList = new SPListTemplateType(); genericList = SPListTemplateType.GenericList; Guid listGuid = web.Lists.Add(listName, "List", genericList); SPList list = web.Lists[listGuid]; list.Hidden = true; SPView view = _delegate(list); view.Update(); //Remove permissions from the list list.BreakRoleInheritance(false); //Make site owners the list administrators SPPrincipal principal = web.AssociatedOwnerGroup as SPPrincipal; SPRoleAssignment assignment = new SPRoleAssignment(principal); assignment.RoleDefinitionBindings.Add(web.RoleDefinitions.GetByType(SPRoleType.Administrator)); list.RoleAssignments.Add(assignment); //update list changes list.Update(); return list; }

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• Strange XCode debugger behavior with UITableView datasource

  - by Tarfa

  Hey guys. I've got a perplexing issue. In my subclassed UITableViewController my datasource methods lose their tableview reference depending on lines of code I put inside the method. For example, in this code block: - (NSInteger)numberOfSectionsInTableView:(UITableView *)tableView { // Return the number of sections. return 3; } - (NSInteger)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView numberOfRowsInSection:(NSInteger)section { // Return the number of rows in the section. return 5; } // Customize the appearance of table view cells. - (UITableViewCell *)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView cellForRowAtIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)indexPath { id i = tableView; static NSString *CellIdentifier = @"Cell"; UITableViewCell *cell = [tableView dequeueReusableCellWithIdentifier:CellIdentifier]; if (cell == nil) { cell = [[[UITableViewCell alloc] initWithStyle:UITableViewCellStyleDefault reuseIdentifier:CellIdentifier] autorelease]; } // Configure the cell... return cell; } the "id i = tableView;" causes the tableview to become nil (0x0) -- and it causes it to be nil before I ever start stepping into the method. If I insert an assignment statement above the "id i = tableview;" statement: CGFloat x = 5.0; id i = tableView; then tableview retains its pointer (i.e. is not nil) if I place the breakpoint after the "id i = tableView;" line. In other words, the breakpoint must be set after the "id i = tableView"; assignment in order for tableView to retain its pointer. If the breakpoint is set before the assignment is made and I just hang at that breakpoint for a bit then after a couple of seconds the console logs this error message: Assertion failed: (cls), function getName, file /SourceCache/objc4_Sim/objc4-427.5/runtime/objc-runtime-new.mm, line 3990. Although the code works when I don't step through the method, I need my debugger to work! It makes programming kind of challenging when your debugging tools become your enemy. Anyone know what the cause and solution are? Thanks.

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• Using Hidden Markov Model for designing AI mp3 player

  - by Casper Slynge

  Hey guys. Im working on an assignment, where I want to design an AI for a mp3 player. The AI must be trained and designed with the use of a HMM method. The mp3 player shall have the functionality of adapting to its user, by analyzing incoming biological sensor data, and from this data the mp3 player will choose a genre for the next song. Given in the assignment is 14 samples of data: One sample consist of Heart Rate, Respiration, Skin Conductivity, Activity and finally the output genre. Below is the 14 samples of data, just for you to get an impression of what im talking about. Sample HR RSP SC Activity Genre S1 Medium Low High Low Rock S2 High Low Medium High Rock S3 High High Medium Low Classic S4 High Medium Low Medium Classic S5 Medium Medium Low Low Classic S6 Medium Low High High Rock S7 Medium High Medium Low Classic S8 High Medium High Low Rock S9 High High Low Low Classic S10 Medium Medium Medium Low Classic S11 Medium Medium High High Rock S12 Low Medium Medium High Classic S13 Medium High Low Low Classic S14 High Low Medium High Rock My time of work regarding HMM is quite low, so my question to you is if I got the right angle on the assignment. I have three different states for each sensor: Low, Medium, High. Two observations/output symbols: Rock, Classic In my own opinion I see my start probabilities as the weightened factors for either a Low, Medium or High state in the Heart Rate. So the ideal solution for the AI is that it will learn these 14 sets of samples. And when a users sensor input is received, the AI will compare the combination of states for all four sensors, with the already memorized samples. If there exist a matching combination, the AI will choose the genre, and if not it will choose a genre according to the weightened transition probabilities, while simultaniously updating the transition probabilities with the new data. Is this a right approach to take, or am I missing something ? Is there another way to determine the output probability (read about Maximum likelihood estimation by EM, but dont understand the concept)? Best regards, Casper

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• MongoDB in Go (golang) with mgo: How do I update a record, find out if update was successful and get the data in a single atomic operation?

  - by Sebastián Grignoli

  I am using mgo driver for MongoDB under Go. My application asks for a task (with just a record select in Mongo from a collection called "jobs") and then registers itself as an asignee to complete that task (an update to that same "job" record, setting itself as assignee). The program will be running on several machines, all talking to the same Mongo. When my program lists the available tasks and then picks one, other instances might have already obtained that assignment, and the current assignment would have failed. How can I get sure that the record I read and then update does or does not have a certain value (in this case, an assignee) at the time of being updated? I am trying to get one assignment, no matter wich one, so I think I should first select a pending task and try to assign it, keeping it just in the case the updating was successful. So, my query should be something like: "From all records on collection 'jobs', update just one that has asignee=null, setting my ID as the assignee. Then, give me that record so I could run the job." How could I express that with mgo driver for Go?

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• Adding string items to a list of type Person C#

  - by user1862808

  Im makeing a simple registration application and I have an assignment to learn more about lists. I have an assignment that says that i am to create a class called Persons and in that class set the values from the text fields in variables and add this to a list of type Person. So far: in the Person class: string strSocialSecurityNumber = string.Empty;//---( This will not be used now.) string strFirstName = string.Empty; string strLastName = string.Empty; string strFullName = string.Empty; string strAge = string.Empty; string strAll = string.Empty; int intAge = 0; List<Person> lstPerson = new List<Person>(); public void SetValues(string FirstName, string LastName, int Age) { strFirstName = FirstName; strLastName = LastName; strFullName = strFirstName + " " + strLastName; intAge = Age; strAge = Convert.ToString(intAge); strAll = strAge + " " + strFullName; } public List<Person> Person() { lstPerson.Add(strAll); return lstPerson; } Error message: "can not convert from string to Person" The assignment says that the list is to be of the type Person so i am suppose to add strings to it and ive looked how to do this but I dont know how. I have seen that there are options like "ConvertAll" But im not sure if I am allowed to use it since the list should be of type Person. Thank you!

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• Weird compile-time behavior when trying to use primitive type in generics

  - by polygenelubricants

  import java.lang.reflect.Array; public class PrimitiveArrayGeneric { static <T> T[] genericArrayNewInstance(Class<T> componentType) { return (T[]) Array.newInstance(componentType, 0); } public static void main(String args[]) { int[] intArray; Integer[] integerArray; intArray = (int[]) Array.newInstance(int.class, 0); // Okay! integerArray = genericArrayNewInstance(Integer.class); // Okay! intArray = genericArrayNewInstance(int.class); // Compile time error: // cannot convert from Integer[] to int[] integerArray = genericArrayNewInstance(int.class); // Run time error: // ClassCastException: [I cannot be cast to [Ljava.lang.Object; } } I'm trying to fully understand how generics works in Java. Things get a bit weird for me in the 3rd assignment in the above snippet: the compiler is complaining that Integer[] cannot be converted to int[]. The statement is 100% true, of course, but I'm wondering WHY the compiler is making this complaint. If you comment that line, and follow the compiler's "suggestion" as in the 4th assignment, the compiler is actually satisfied!!! NOW the code compiles just fine! Which is crazy, of course, since like the run time behavior suggests, int[] cannot be converted to Object[] (which is what T[] is type-erased into at run time). So my question is: why is the compiler "suggesting" that I assign to Integer[] instead for the 3rd assignment? How does the compiler reason to arrive to that (erroneous!) conclusion?

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• transmit a java.lang.reflect.Proxy over a network

  - by panzi

  Is there a convenient way to transmit an object including its code (the class) over a network (not just the instance data)? Don't ask me why I want to do this. It's in an assignment. I asked several times if that is really what they meant and the didn't rephrase their answer so I guess they really want us to transmit code (not just the field data) over a network. To be honest I have no clue why we need a Proxy in this assignment anyway, just writing a simple class would do IMO. The assignment says that we should instantiate the proxy on the server and transmit it to the client (and yes, they talk about a java.lang.reflect.Proxy, they name this class). Because there is no class file for a proxy I can't deploy that. I guess I would have to somehow read out the bytecode of the generated Proxy, transmit it to the client and then load it. Which makes absolutely no sense at all, but this seems what they want us to do. I don't get why.

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• Is there a way to detect Layout or Display changes in WPF?

  Hello! I am trying to check how fast the Frame control can display a FixedPage object when it is assigned to Frame.Content property. I plan to check the tick count before and after the assignment to the Content property. Example: int starttime = Environment.TickCount; frame1.Content = fixedpage; int endtime = Environment.TickCount; The problem is that the assignment to the Content property might be asynchronous and returns immediately therefore i get a zero amount of time. The rendering of the FixedPage however visually has a lag time from assignment of the Content property up to the point where the FixedPage appears on screen. The Frame.ContentChanged() event is no good either because it gets triggered even before the FixedPage appears on screen so it's not accurate. I'm thinking of detecting the change on the window or control's display instead in order to get the time when the FixedPage is actually displayed on screen. Is there a way to do this in WPF? Thanks!

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• What is the best / proper idiom in django for modifying a field during a .save() where you need to o

  - by MDBGuy

  Hi, say I've got: class LogModel(models.Model): message = models.CharField(max_length=512) class Assignment(models.Model): someperson = models.ForeignKey(SomeOtherModel) def save(self, *args, **kwargs): super(Assignment, self).save() old_person = #????? LogModel(message="%s is no longer assigned to %s"%(old_person, self).save() LogModel(message="%s is now assigned to %s"%(self.someperson, self).save() My goal is to save to LogModel some messages about who Assignment was assigned to. Notice that I need to know the old, presave value of this field. I have seen code that suggests, before super().save(), retrieve the instance from the database via primary key and grab the old value from there. This could work, but is a bit messy. In addition, I plan to eventually split this code out of the .save() method via signals - namely pre_save() and post_save(). Trying to use the above logic (Retrieve from the db in pre_save, make the log entry in post_save) seemingly fails here, as pre_save and post_save are two seperate methods. Perhaps in pre_save I can retrieve the old value and stick it on the model as an attribute? I was wondering if there was a common idiom for this. Thanks.

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• Java File Handling, what did I do wrong?

  - by Urda

  Wrote up a basic file handler for a Java Homework assignment, and when I got the assignment back I had some notes about failing to catch a few instances: Buffer from file could have been null. File was not found File stream wasn't closed Here is the block of code that is used for opening a file: /** * Create a Filestream, Buffer, and a String to store the Buffer. */ FileInputStream fin = null; BufferedReader buffRead = null; String loadedString = null; /** Try to open the file from user input */ try { fin = new FileInputStream(programPath + fileToParse); buffRead = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(fin)); loadedString = buffRead.readLine(); fin.close(); } /** Catch the error if we can't open the file */ catch(IOException e) { System.err.println("CRITICAL: Unable to open text file!"); System.err.println("Exiting!"); System.exit(-1); } The one comment I had from him was that fin.close(); needed to be in a finally block, which I did not have at all. But I thought that the way I have created the try/catch it would have prevented an issue with the file not opening. Let me be clear on a few things: This is not for a current assignment (not trying to get someone to do my own work), I have already created my project and have been graded on it. I did not fully understand my Professor's reasoning myself. Finally, I do not have a lot of Java experience, so I was a little confused why my catch wasn't good enough.

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