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  • Python and Gstreamer

    - by Seif Sallam
    hi, I'm creating a streaming application, using GStreamer with TCP pipeline, and i implemented start, pause, and stop. but the problem is, that i can't seek, i tried to change the playback value from the server side, then i tried on the client side, and Finally tried to change the value on both at the same time, but in all cases it doesn't work. and I even tried to pause the playback then continue but nothing happens. I'm having this problem with the seek and the volume. Any help please, I searched everywhere but i couldn't find anything that worked. this is the code that i use for seeking self.pipeline.seek_simple(gst.FORMAT_TIME, gst.SEEK_FLAG_FLUSH, time)

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  • Python: How efficient is subtring extraction?

    - by Cameron
    I've got the entire contents of a text file (at least a few KB) in string myStr. Will the following code create a copy of the string (less the first character) in memory? myStr = myStr[1:] I'm hoping it just refers to a different location in the same internal buffer. If not, is there a more efficient way to do this? Thanks!

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  • Reading numeric Excel data as text using xlrd in Python

    - by Brian
    Hi guys, I am trying to read in an Excel file using xlrd, and I am wondering if there is a way to ignore the cell formatting used in Excel file, and just import all data as text? Here is the code I am using for far: import xlrd xls_file = 'xltest.xls' xls_workbook = xlrd.open_workbook(xls_file) xls_sheet = xls_workbook.sheet_by_index(0) raw_data = [['']*xls_sheet.ncols for _ in range(xls_sheet.nrows)] raw_str = '' feild_delim = ',' text_delim = '"' for rnum in range(xls_sheet.nrows): for cnum in range(xls_sheet.ncols): raw_data[rnum][cnum] = str(xls_sheet.cell(rnum,cnum).value) for rnum in range(len(raw_data)): for cnum in range(len(raw_data[rnum])): if (cnum == len(raw_data[rnum]) - 1): feild_delim = '\n' else: feild_delim = ',' raw_str += text_delim + raw_data[rnum][cnum] + text_delim + feild_delim final_csv = open('FINAL.csv', 'w') final_csv.write(raw_str) final_csv.close() This code is functional, but there are certain fields, such as a zip code, that are imported as numbers, so they have the decimal zero suffix. For example, is there is a zip code of '79854' in the Excel file, it will be imported as '79854.0'. I have tried finding a solution in this xlrd spec, but was unsuccessful.

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  • Problem building a complete binary tree of height 'h' in Python

    - by Jack
    Here is my code. The complete binary tree has 2^k nodes at depth k. class Node: def __init__(self, data): # initializes the data members self.left = None self.right = None self.data = data root = Node(data_root) def create_complete_tree(): row = [root] for i in range(h): newrow = [] for node in row: left = Node(data1) right = Node(data2) node.left = left node.right = right newrow.append(left) newrow.append(right) row = copy.deepcopy(newrow) def traverse_tree(node): if node == None: return else: traverse_tree(node.left) print node.data traverse_tree(node.right) create_complete_tree() print 'Node traversal' traverse_tree(root) The tree traversal only gives the data of root and its children. What am I doing wrong?

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  • How to display locale sensitive time format without seconds in python

    - by Tim Kersten
    I can output a locale sensitive time format using strftime('%X'), but this always includes seconds. How might I display this time format without seconds? >>> import locale >>> import datetime >>> locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL, 'en_IE.utf-8') 'en_IE.utf-8' >>> print datetime.datetime.now().strftime('%X') 12:22:43 >>> locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL, 'zh_TW.utf-8') 'zh_TW.utf-8' >>> print datetime.datetime.now().strftime('%X') 12?22?58? The only way I can think of doing this is attempting to parse the output of locale.nl_langinfo(locale.T_FMT) and strip out the seconds bit, but that brings it's own trickery. >>> print locale.nl_langinfo(locale.T_FMT) %H?%M?%S? >>> locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL, 'en_IE.utf-8') 'en_IE.utf-8' >>> print locale.nl_langinfo(locale.T_FMT) %T

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  • Web-based game in Python + Django and client browser polling

    - by ty
    I am creating a text-based game that implements a basic model in which multiple (10+) players interact with data and one moderator watches them and sets certain environmental statistics that affect gameplay. Recently I have begun to familiarize myself with Django. It seems to me that it would be an excellent tool for creating a game quickly, particularly because the nature of my game depends largely on sets of data (which lends itself quite well to a database). I am wondering how to "push" changes made by the game moderator to the players (for example, the moderator can decide to display an image to all players). The game is turn-based, not real-time, but certain messages need to be pushed out in roughly real-time. My thoughts: I could have each player's browser poll a status periodically (say, every 30 seconds) to see if there is a message from a moderator. But this forces a lag and means different players might receive it at different times. And reducing this interval to <10 seems like a bad idea for the server. Is there a better way to inform clients of changes? Would you suggest something other than using a web framework like Django? Thanks!

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  • [Python] - Getting data from external program

    - by Kenny M.
    Hey, I need a method to get the data from an external editor. def _get_content(): from subprocess import call file = open(file, "w").write(some_name) call(editor + " " + file, shell=True) file.close() file = open(file) x = file.readlines() [snip] I personally think this is a very ugly way. You see I need to interact with an external editor and get the data. Do you know any better approaches/have better ideas?

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  • Python: deleting rows in a text file

    - by Jenny
    A sample of the following text file i have is: > 1 -4.6 -4.6 -7.6 > > 2 -1.7 -3.8 -3.1 > > 3 -1.6 -1.6 -3.1 the data is separated by tabs in the text file and the first column indicates the position. I need to iterate through every value in the text file apart from column 0 and find the lowest value. once the lowest value has been found that value needs to be written to a new text file along with the column name and position. Column 0 has the name "position" Column 1 "fifteen", column 2 "sixteen" and column 3 "seventeen" for example the lowest value in the above data is "-7.6" and is in column 3 which has the name "seventeen". Therefore "7.6", "seventeen" and its position value which in this case is 1 need to be written to the new text file. I then need a number of rows deleted from the above text file. E.G. the lowest value above is "-7.6" and is found at position "1" and is found in column 3 which as the name "seventeen". I therefore need seventeen rows deleted from the text file starting from and including position 1 so the the column in which the lowest value is found denotes the amount of rows that needs to be deleted and the position it is found at states the start point of the deletion

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  • python- scipy optimization

    - by pear
    In scipy fmin_slsqp (Sequential Least Squares Quadratic Programming), I tried reading the code 'slsqp.py' provided with the scipy package, to find what are the criteria to get the exit_modes 0? I cannot find which statements in the code produce this exit mode? Please help me 'slsqp.py' code as follows, exit_modes = { -1 : "Gradient evaluation required (g & a)", 0 : "Optimization terminated successfully.", 1 : "Function evaluation required (f & c)", 2 : "More equality constraints than independent variables", 3 : "More than 3*n iterations in LSQ subproblem", 4 : "Inequality constraints incompatible", 5 : "Singular matrix E in LSQ subproblem", 6 : "Singular matrix C in LSQ subproblem", 7 : "Rank-deficient equality constraint subproblem HFTI", 8 : "Positive directional derivative for linesearch", 9 : "Iteration limit exceeded" } def fmin_slsqp( func, x0 , eqcons=[], f_eqcons=None, ieqcons=[], f_ieqcons=None, bounds = [], fprime = None, fprime_eqcons=None, fprime_ieqcons=None, args = (), iter = 100, acc = 1.0E-6, iprint = 1, full_output = 0, epsilon = _epsilon ): # Now do a lot of function wrapping # Wrap func feval, func = wrap_function(func, args) # Wrap fprime, if provided, or approx_fprime if not if fprime: geval, fprime = wrap_function(fprime,args) else: geval, fprime = wrap_function(approx_fprime,(func,epsilon)) if f_eqcons: # Equality constraints provided via f_eqcons ceval, f_eqcons = wrap_function(f_eqcons,args) if fprime_eqcons: # Wrap fprime_eqcons geval, fprime_eqcons = wrap_function(fprime_eqcons,args) else: # Wrap approx_jacobian geval, fprime_eqcons = wrap_function(approx_jacobian, (f_eqcons,epsilon)) else: # Equality constraints provided via eqcons[] eqcons_prime = [] for i in range(len(eqcons)): eqcons_prime.append(None) if eqcons[i]: # Wrap eqcons and eqcons_prime ceval, eqcons[i] = wrap_function(eqcons[i],args) geval, eqcons_prime[i] = wrap_function(approx_fprime, (eqcons[i],epsilon)) if f_ieqcons: # Inequality constraints provided via f_ieqcons ceval, f_ieqcons = wrap_function(f_ieqcons,args) if fprime_ieqcons: # Wrap fprime_ieqcons geval, fprime_ieqcons = wrap_function(fprime_ieqcons,args) else: # Wrap approx_jacobian geval, fprime_ieqcons = wrap_function(approx_jacobian, (f_ieqcons,epsilon)) else: # Inequality constraints provided via ieqcons[] ieqcons_prime = [] for i in range(len(ieqcons)): ieqcons_prime.append(None) if ieqcons[i]: # Wrap ieqcons and ieqcons_prime ceval, ieqcons[i] = wrap_function(ieqcons[i],args) geval, ieqcons_prime[i] = wrap_function(approx_fprime, (ieqcons[i],epsilon)) # Transform x0 into an array. x = asfarray(x0).flatten() # Set the parameters that SLSQP will need # meq = The number of equality constraints if f_eqcons: meq = len(f_eqcons(x)) else: meq = len(eqcons) if f_ieqcons: mieq = len(f_ieqcons(x)) else: mieq = len(ieqcons) # m = The total number of constraints m = meq + mieq # la = The number of constraints, or 1 if there are no constraints la = array([1,m]).max() # n = The number of independent variables n = len(x) # Define the workspaces for SLSQP n1 = n+1 mineq = m - meq + n1 + n1 len_w = (3*n1+m)*(n1+1)+(n1-meq+1)*(mineq+2) + 2*mineq+(n1+mineq)*(n1-meq) \ + 2*meq + n1 +(n+1)*n/2 + 2*m + 3*n + 3*n1 + 1 len_jw = mineq w = zeros(len_w) jw = zeros(len_jw) # Decompose bounds into xl and xu if len(bounds) == 0: bounds = [(-1.0E12, 1.0E12) for i in range(n)] elif len(bounds) != n: raise IndexError, \ 'SLSQP Error: If bounds is specified, len(bounds) == len(x0)' else: for i in range(len(bounds)): if bounds[i][0] > bounds[i][1]: raise ValueError, \ 'SLSQP Error: lb > ub in bounds[' + str(i) +'] ' + str(bounds[4]) xl = array( [ b[0] for b in bounds ] ) xu = array( [ b[1] for b in bounds ] ) # Initialize the iteration counter and the mode value mode = array(0,int) acc = array(acc,float) majiter = array(iter,int) majiter_prev = 0 # Print the header if iprint >= 2 if iprint >= 2: print "%5s %5s %16s %16s" % ("NIT","FC","OBJFUN","GNORM") while 1: if mode == 0 or mode == 1: # objective and constraint evaluation requird # Compute objective function fx = func(x) # Compute the constraints if f_eqcons: c_eq = f_eqcons(x) else: c_eq = array([ eqcons[i](x) for i in range(meq) ]) if f_ieqcons: c_ieq = f_ieqcons(x) else: c_ieq = array([ ieqcons[i](x) for i in range(len(ieqcons)) ]) # Now combine c_eq and c_ieq into a single matrix if m == 0: # no constraints c = zeros([la]) else: # constraints exist if meq > 0 and mieq == 0: # only equality constraints c = c_eq if meq == 0 and mieq > 0: # only inequality constraints c = c_ieq if meq > 0 and mieq > 0: # both equality and inequality constraints exist c = append(c_eq, c_ieq) if mode == 0 or mode == -1: # gradient evaluation required # Compute the derivatives of the objective function # For some reason SLSQP wants g dimensioned to n+1 g = append(fprime(x),0.0) # Compute the normals of the constraints if fprime_eqcons: a_eq = fprime_eqcons(x) else: a_eq = zeros([meq,n]) for i in range(meq): a_eq[i] = eqcons_prime[i](x) if fprime_ieqcons: a_ieq = fprime_ieqcons(x) else: a_ieq = zeros([mieq,n]) for i in range(mieq): a_ieq[i] = ieqcons_prime[i](x) # Now combine a_eq and a_ieq into a single a matrix if m == 0: # no constraints a = zeros([la,n]) elif meq > 0 and mieq == 0: # only equality constraints a = a_eq elif meq == 0 and mieq > 0: # only inequality constraints a = a_ieq elif meq > 0 and mieq > 0: # both equality and inequality constraints exist a = vstack((a_eq,a_ieq)) a = concatenate((a,zeros([la,1])),1) # Call SLSQP slsqp(m, meq, x, xl, xu, fx, c, g, a, acc, majiter, mode, w, jw) # Print the status of the current iterate if iprint > 2 and the # major iteration has incremented if iprint >= 2 and majiter > majiter_prev: print "%5i %5i % 16.6E % 16.6E" % (majiter,feval[0], fx,linalg.norm(g)) # If exit mode is not -1 or 1, slsqp has completed if abs(mode) != 1: break majiter_prev = int(majiter) # Optimization loop complete. Print status if requested if iprint >= 1: print exit_modes[int(mode)] + " (Exit mode " + str(mode) + ')' print " Current function value:", fx print " Iterations:", majiter print " Function evaluations:", feval[0] print " Gradient evaluations:", geval[0] if not full_output: return x else: return [list(x), float(fx), int(majiter), int(mode), exit_modes[int(mode)] ]

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  • Python: Figure out local timezone

    - by Adam Matan
    I want to compare UTC timestamps from a log file with local timestamps. When creating the local datetime object, I use something like: >>> local_time=datetime.datetime(2010, 4, 27, 12, 0, 0, 0, tzinfo=pytz.timezone('Israel')) I want to find an automatic tool that would replace thetzinfo=pytz.timezone('Israel') with the current local time zone. Any ideas?

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  • Accessing Class Variables from a List in a nice way in Python

    - by Dennis
    Suppose I have a list X = [a, b, c] where a, b, c are instances of the same class C. Now, all these instances a,b,c, have a variable called v, a.v, b.v, c.v ... I simply want a list Y = [a.v, b.v, c.v] Is there a nice command to do this? The best way I can think of is: Y = [] for i in X Y.append(i.v) But it doesn't seem very elegant ~ since this needs to be repeated for any given "v" Any suggestions? I couldn't figure out a way to use "map" to do this.

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  • Python - Blackjack

    - by user335932
    def showCards(): #SUM sum = playerCards[0] + playerCards[1] #Print cards print "Player's Hand: " + str(playerCards) + " : " + "sum print "Dealer's Hand: " + str(compCards[0]) + " : " + "sum" compCards = [Deal(),Deal()] playerCards = [Deal(),Deal()] How can i add up the interger element of a list containing to values? under #SUM error is can combine lists like ints...

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  • strange behavior in python

    - by fsm
    The tags might not be accurate since I am not sure where the problem is. I have a module where I am trying to read some data from a socket, and write the results into a file (append) It looks something like this, (only relevant parts included) if __name__ == "__main__": <some init code> for line in file: t = Thread(target=foo, args=(line,)) t.start() while nThreads > 0: time.sleep(1) Here are the other modules, def foo(text): global countLock, nThreads countLock.acquire() nThreads += 1 countLock.release() """connect to socket, send data, read response""" writeResults(text, result) countLock.acquire() nThreads -= 1 countLock.release() def writeResults(text, result): """acquire file lock""" """append to file""" """release file lock""" Now here's the problem. Initially, I had a typo in the function 'foo', where I was passing the variable 'line' to writeResults instead of 'text'. 'line' is not defined in the function foo, it's defined in the main block, so I should have seen an error, but instead, it worked fine, except that the data was appended to the file multiple times, instead of being written just once, which is the required behavior, which I got when I fixed the typo. My question is, 1) Why didn't I get an error? 2) Why was the writeResults function being called multiple times?

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  • python appengine form-posted utf8 file issue

    - by khany
    hi, i am trying to form-post a sql file that consists on many INSERTS, eg. INSERT INTO `TABLE` VALUES ('abcdé', 2759); then i use re.search to parse it and extract the fields to put into my own datastore. The problem is that, although the file contains accented characters (see the e is a é), once uploaded it loses it and either errors or stores a bytestring representation of it. Heres what i am currently using (and I have tried loads of alternatives): form = cgi.FieldStorage() uFile = form['sql'] uSql = uFile.file.read() lineX = uSql.split("\n") # to get each line and so on. has anyone got a robust way of making this work? remember i am on appengine so access to some libraries is restricted/forbidden

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  • Most efficient way to search the last x lines of a file in python

    - by Harley
    I have a file and I don't know how big it's going to be (it could be quite large, but the size will vary greatly). I want to search the last 10 lines or so to see if any of them match a string. I need to do this as quickly and efficiently as possible and was wondering if there's anything better than: s = "foo" last_bit = fileObj.readlines()[-10:] for line in last_bit: if line == s: print "FOUND"

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  • python object AttributeError: type object 'Track' has no attribute 'title'

    - by ccwhite1
    I apologize if this is a noob question, but I can't seem to figure this one out. I have defined an object that defines a music track (NOTE: originally had the just ATTRIBUTE vs self.ATTRIBUTE. I edited those values in to help remove confusion. They had no affect on the problem) class Track(object): def __init__(self, title, artist, album, source, dest): """ Model of the Track Object Contains the followign attributes: 'Title', 'Artist', 'Album', 'Source', 'Dest' """ self.atrTitle = title self.atrArtist = artist self.atrAlbum = album self.atrSource = source self.atrDest = dest I use ObjectListView to create a list of tracks in a specific directory ....other code.... self.aTrack = [Track(sTitle,sArtist,sAlbum,sSource, sDestDir)] self.TrackOlv.AddObjects(self.aTrack) ....other code.... Now I want to iterate the list and print out a single value of each item list = self.TrackOlv.GetObjects() for item in list: print item.atrTitle This fails with the error AttributeError: type object 'Track' has no attribute 'atrTitle' What really confuses me is if I highlight a single item in the Object List View display and use the following code, it will correctly print out the single value for the highlighted item list = self.TrackOlv.GetSelectedObject() print list.atrTitle

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  • Extract strings in python

    - by shadyabhi
    Basically, I want to extract the strings "AAA", "BBB", "CCC", "DDD" from a text file.. ...... (other text goes here)..... <TD align="left" class=texttd><font class='textfont'>AAA</font></TD> ..... (useless text here)..... <TD align="left" class=texttd><font class='textfont'>BBB</font></TD> ....(more text)..... <TD align="left" class=texttd><font class='textfont'>CCC</font></TD> <TD align="left" class=texttd><font class='textfont'>DDD</font></TD> ......(more text)..... I want something like if I do:- data = foo("file.txt") i get:- data = ['AAA','BBB','CCC','DDD'] What is the best possible way? My file is not big..

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  • Python - Nested List to Tab Delimited File?

    - by Seafoid
    Hi, I have a nested list comprising ~30,000 sub-lists, each with three entries, e.g., nested_list = [['x', 'y', 'z'], ['a', 'b', 'c']]. I wish to create a function in order to output this data construct into a tab delimited format, e.g., x y z a b c Any help greatly appreciated! Thanks in advance, Seafoid.

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  • Calling/selecting variables (float valued) with user input in Python

    - by Jonathan Straus
    I've been working on a computational physics project (plotting related rates of chemical reactants with respect to eachother to show oscillatory behavior) with a fair amount of success. However, one of my simulations involves more than two active oscillating agents (five, in fact) which would obviously be unsuitable for any single visual plot... My scheme was hence to have the user select which two reactants they wanted plotted on the x-axis and y-axis respectively. I tried (foolishly) to convert string input values into the respective variable names, but I guess I need a radically different approach if any exist? If it helps clarify any, here is part of my code: def coupledBrusselator(A, B, t_trial,display_x,display_y): t = 0 t_step = .01 X = 0 Y = 0 E = 0 U = 0 V = 0 dX = (A) - (B+1)*(X) + (X**2)*(Y) dY = (B)*(X) - (X**2)*(Y) dE = -(E)*(U) - (X) dU = (U**2)*(V) -(E+1)*(U) - (B)*(X) dV = (E)*(U) - (U**2)*(V) array_t = [0] array_X = [0] array_Y = [0] array_U = [0] array_V = [0] while t <= t_trial: X_1 = X + (dX)*(t_step/2) Y_1 = Y + (dY)*(t_step/2) E_1 = E + (dE)*(t_step/2) U_1 = U + (dU)*(t_step/2) V_1 = V + (dV)*(t_step/2) dX_1 = (A) - (B+1)*(X_1) + (X_1**2)*(Y_1) dY_1 = (B)*(X_1) - (X_1**2)*(Y_1) dE_1 = -(E_1)*(U_1) - (X_1) dU_1 = (U_1**2)*(V_1) -(E_1+1)*(U_1) - (B)*(X_1) dV_1 = (E_1)*(U_1) - (U_1**2)*(V_1) X_2 = X + (dX_1)*(t_step/2) Y_2 = Y + (dY_1)*(t_step/2) E_2 = E + (dE_1)*(t_step/2) U_2 = U + (dU_1)*(t_step/2) V_2 = V + (dV_1)*(t_step/2) dX_2 = (A) - (B+1)*(X_2) + (X_2**2)*(Y_2) dY_2 = (B)*(X_2) - (X_2**2)*(Y_2) dE_2 = -(E_2)*(U_2) - (X_2) dU_2 = (U_2**2)*(V_2) -(E_2+1)*(U_2) - (B)*(X_2) dV_2 = (E_2)*(U_2) - (U_2**2)*(V_2) X_3 = X + (dX_2)*(t_step) Y_3 = Y + (dY_2)*(t_step) E_3 = E + (dE_2)*(t_step) U_3 = U + (dU_2)*(t_step) V_3 = V + (dV_2)*(t_step) dX_3 = (A) - (B+1)*(X_3) + (X_3**2)*(Y_3) dY_3 = (B)*(X_3) - (X_3**2)*(Y_3) dE_3 = -(E_3)*(U_3) - (X_3) dU_3 = (U_3**2)*(V_3) -(E_3+1)*(U_3) - (B)*(X_3) dV_3 = (E_3)*(U_3) - (U_3**2)*(V_3) X = X + ((dX + 2*dX_1 + 2*dX_2 + dX_3)/6) * t_step Y = Y + ((dX + 2*dY_1 + 2*dY_2 + dY_3)/6) * t_step E = E + ((dE + 2*dE_1 + 2*dE_2 + dE_3)/6) * t_step U = U + ((dU + 2*dU_1 + 2*dY_2 + dE_3)/6) * t_step V = V + ((dV + 2*dV_1 + 2*dV_2 + dE_3)/6) * t_step dX = (A) - (B+1)*(X) + (X**2)*(Y) dY = (B)*(X) - (X**2)*(Y) t_step = .01 / (1 + dX**2 + dY**2) ** .5 t = t + t_step array_X.append(X) array_Y.append(Y) array_E.append(E) array_U.append(U) array_V.append(V) array_t.append(t) where previously display_x = raw_input("Choose catalyst you wish to analyze in the phase/field diagrams (X, Y, E, U, or V) ") display_y = raw_input("Choose one other catalyst from list you wish to include in phase/field diagrams ") coupledBrusselator(A, B, t_trial, display_x, display_y) Thanks!

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  • Python: split a list based on a condition?

    - by Parand
    What's the best way, both aesthetically and from a performance perspective, to split a list of items into multiple lists based on a conditional? The equivalent of: good = [x for x in mylist if x in goodvals] bad = [x for x in mylist if x not in goodvals] is there a more elegant way to do this? Update: here's the actual use case, to better explain what I'm trying to do: # files looks like: [ ('file1.jpg', 33L, '.jpg'), ('file2.avi', 999L, '.avi'), ... ] IMAGE_TYPES = ('.jpg','.jpeg','.gif','.bmp','.png') images = [f for f in files if f[2].lower() in IMAGE_TYPES] anims = [f for f in files if f[2].lower() not in IMAGE_TYPES]

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  • Python nested function scopes

    - by Thomas O
    I have code like this: def write_postcodes(self): """Write postcodes database. Write data to file pointer. Data is ordered. Initially index pages are written, grouping postcodes by the first three characters, allowing for faster searching.""" status("POSTCODE", "Preparing to sort...", 0, 1) # This function returns the key of x whilst updating the displayed # status of the sort. ctr = 0 def keyfunc(x): ctr += 1 status("POSTCODE", "Sorting postcodes", ctr, len(self.postcodes)) return x sort_res = self.postcodes[:] sort_res.sort(key=keyfunc) But ctr responds with a NameError: Traceback (most recent call last): File "PostcodeWriter.py", line 53, in <module> w.write_postcodes() File "PostcodeWriter.py", line 47, in write_postcodes sort_res.sort(key=keyfunc) File "PostcodeWriter.py", line 43, in keyfunc ctr += 1 UnboundLocalError: local variable 'ctr' referenced before assignment How can I fix this? I thought nester scopes would have allowed me to do this. I've tried with 'global', but it still doesn't work.

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