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  • Give a reference to a python instance attribute at class definition

    - by Guenther Jehle
    I have a class with attributes which have a reference to another attribute of this class. See class Device, value1 and value2 holding a reference to interface: class Interface(object): def __init__(self): self.port=None class Value(object): def __init__(self, interface, name): self.interface=interface self.name=name def get(self): return "Getting Value \"%s\" with interface \"%s\""%(self.name, self.interface.port) class Device(object): interface=Interface() value1=Value(interface, name="value1") value2=Value(interface, name="value2") def __init__(self, port): self.interface.port=port if __name__=="__main__": d1=Device("Foo") print d1.value1.get() # >>> Getting Value "value1" with interface "Foo" d2=Device("Bar") print d2.value1.get() # >>> Getting Value "value1" with interface "Bar" print d1.value1.get() # >>> Getting Value "value1" with interface "Bar" The last print is wrong, cause d1 should have the interface "Foo". I know whats going wrong: The line interface=Interface() line is executed, when the class definition is parsed (once). So every Device class has the same instance of interface. I could change the Device class to: class Device(object): interface=Interface() value1=Value(interface, name="value1") value2=Value(interface, name="value2") def __init__(self, port): self.interface=Interface() self.interface.port=port So this is also not working: The values still have the reference to the original interface instance and the self.interface is just another instance... The output now is: >>> Getting Value "value1" with interface "None" >>> Getting Value "value1" with interface "None" >>> Getting Value "value1" with interface "None" So how could I solve this the pythonic way? I could setup a function in the Device class to look for attributes with type Value and reassign them the new interface. Isn't this a common problem with a typical solution for it? Thanks!

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  • Youtube python: get thumbnail

    - by dkgirl
    Is there a simple way to get the default thumbnail from a youtube entry object gdata.youtube.YouTubeVideoEntry? I tried entry.media.thumbnail, but that gives me four thumbnail objects. Can I always trust that there are four? Can I know which is the default thumbnail that would also appears on the youtube search page? And how would I get that one? Or do I have to alter one of the other ones? When I know the video_id I use: http://i4.ytimg.com/vi/{{video_id}}/default.jpg so, it would also be helpful to get the video_id. Do I really have to parse one of the url's to get at the video_id ? It seems strange that they don't provide this information directly.

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  • Dynamic dispatch and inheritance in python

    - by Bill Zimmerman
    Hi, I'm trying to modify Guido's multimethod (dynamic dispatch code): http://www.artima.com/weblogs/viewpost.jsp?thread=101605 to handle inheritance and possibly out of order arguments. e.g. (inheritance problem) class A(object): pass class B(A): pass @multimethod(A,A) def foo(arg1,arg2): print 'works' foo(A(),A()) #works foo(A(),B()) #fails Is there a better way than iteratively checking for the super() of each item until one is found? e.g. (argument ordering problem) I was thinking of this from a collision detection standpoint. e.g. foo(Car(),Truck()) and foo(Truck(), Car()) and should both trigger foo(Car,Truck) # Note: @multimethod(Truck,Car) will throw an exception if @multimethod(Car,Truck) was registered first? I'm looking specifically for an 'elegant' solution. I know that I could just brute force my way through all the possibilities, but I'm trying to avoid that. I just wanted to get some input/ideas before sitting down and pounding out a solution. Thanks

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  • Copying 2D lists in python

    - by SuperString
    Hi I want to copy a 2D list, so that if I modify 1 list, the other is not modified. For 1 D list, I just do this: a = [1,2] b = a[:] And now if I modify b, a is not modified. But this doesn't work for 2D list: a = [[1,2],[3,4]] b = a[:] If I modify b, a gets modified as well. How do I fix this?

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  • Python and hebrew encoding/decoding error

    - by user340495
    Hey, I have sqlite database which I would like to insert values in Hebrew to I am keep getting the following error : UnicodeDecodeError: 'ascii' codec can't decode byte 0xd7 in position 0: ordinal not in range(128) my code is as following : runsql(u'INSERT into personal values(%(ID)d,%(name)s)' % {'ID':1,'name':fabricate_hebrew_name()}) def fabricate_hebrew_name(): hebrew_names = [u'????',u'???',u'???',u'???',u'????',u'???',u'????',u'???',u'????',u'?????',u'????',u'???',u'????'] return random.sample(names,1)[0].encode('utf-8') note: runsql executing the query on the sqlite database fabricate_hebrew_name() should return a string which could be used in my SQL query. any help is much appreciated.

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  • Search for a pattern in a list of strings - Python

    - by Holtz
    I have a list of strings containing filenames such as, file_names = ['filei.txt','filej.txt','filek.txt','file2i.txt','file2j.txt','file2k.txt','file3i.txt','file3j.txt','file3k.txt'] I then remove the .txt extension using: extension = os.path.commonprefix([n[::-1] for n in file_names])[::-1] file_names_strip = [n[:-len(extension)] for n in file_names] And then return the last character of each string in the list file_names_strip: h = [n[-1:] for n in file_names_strip] Which gives h = ['i', 'j', 'k', 'i', 'j', 'k', 'i', 'j', 'k'] How can i test for a pattern of strings in h? So if i,j,k occur sequentially it would return True and False if not. I need to know this because not all file names are formatted like they are in file_names. So: test_ijk_pattern(h) = True no_pattern = ['1','2','3','1','2','3','1','2','3'] test_ijk_pattern(no_pattern) = False

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  • python decorator to add function to list in current scope

    - by AlexH
    Goal: Make a decorator which can modify the scope that it is used in. If it worked: class Blah(): # or perhaps class Blah(ParentClassWhichMakesThisPossible) def one(self): pass @decorated def two(self): pass Blah.decorated ["two"] Why? I essentially want to write classes which can maintain specific dictionaries of methods, so that I can retrieve lists of available methods of different types on a per class basis. errr..... I want to do this: class RuleClass(ParentClass): @rule def blah(self): pass @rule def kapow(self): pass def shazam(self): class OtherRuleClass(ParentClass): @rule def foo(self): pass def bar(self): pass RuleClass.rules.keys() ["blah", "kapow"] OtherRuleClass.rules.keys() ["foo"]

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  • searching a list of tuples in python

    - by hdx
    So I have a list of tuple like: [(1,"juca"),(22,"james"),(53,"xuxa"),(44,"delicia")] I want this list for a tuple whose number value is equal to something. So that if I do search(53) it will return 2 Is is an easy way to do that?

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  • Calling a method with getattr in Python

    - by brain_damage
    How to call a method using getattr? I want to create a metaclass, which can call non-existing methods of some other class that start with the word 'oposite_'. The method should have the same number of arguments, but to return the opposite result. def oposite(func): return lambda s, *args, **kw: not oposite(s, *args, **kw) class Negate(type): def __getattr__(self, name): if name.startswith('oposite_'): return oposite(self.__getattr__(name[8:])) def __init__(self,*args,**kwargs): self.__getattr__ = Negate.__getattr__ class P(metaclass=Negate): def yep(self): return True But the problem is that self.__getattr__(sth) returns a NoneType object. >>> p = P() >>> p.oposite_yep() Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#115>", line 1, in <module> p.oposite_yep() TypeError: <lambda>() takes at least 1 positional argument (0 given) How to deal with this?

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  • Generating Mouse-Keyboard combination events in python

    - by freakazo
    I want to be able to do a combination of keypresses and mouseclicks simultaneously, as in for example Control+LeftClick At the moment I am able to do Control and then a left click with the following code: import win32com, win32api, win32con def CopyBox( x, y): time.sleep(.2) wsh = win32com.client.Dispatch("WScript.Shell") wsh.SendKeys("^") win32api.SetCursorPos((x,y)) win32api.mouse_event(win32con.MOUSEEVENTF_LEFTDOWN, x, y, 0, 0) win32api.mouse_event(win32con.MOUSEEVENTF_LEFTUP, x, y, 0, 0) What this does is press control on the keyboard, then it clicks. I need it to keep the controll pressed longer and return while it's still pressed to continue running the code. Is there a maybe lower level way of saying press the key and then later in the code tell it to lift up the key such as like what the mouse is doing?

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  • problem with hierarchical clustering in Python

    - by user248237
    I am doing a hierarchical clustering a 2 dimensional matrix by correlation distance metric (i.e. 1 - Pearson correlation). My code is the following (the data is in a variable called "data"): from hcluster import * Y = pdist(data, 'correlation') cluster_type = 'average' Z = linkage(Y, cluster_type) dendrogram(Z) The error I get is: ValueError: Linkage 'Z' contains negative distances. What causes this error? The matrix "data" that I use is simply: [[ 156.651968 2345.168618] [ 158.089968 2032.840106] [ 207.996413 2786.779081] [ 151.885804 2286.70533 ] [ 154.33665 1967.74431 ] [ 150.060182 1931.991169] [ 133.800787 1978.539644] [ 112.743217 1478.903191] [ 125.388905 1422.3247 ]] I don't see how pdist could ever produce negative numbers when taking 1 - pearson correlation. Any ideas on this? thank you.

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  • Python Tkinter comparing PhotoImage objects

    - by Kyle Schmidt
    In a simple LightsOut game, when I click on a light I need to toggle the image on a button. I'm doing this with Tkinter, so I thought I'd just check and see what image is currently on the button (either 'on.gif' or 'off.gif') and set it to the other one, like this: def click(self,x,y): if self.buttons[x][y].image == self.on: self.buttons[x][y].config(image=self.off) self.buttons[x][y].image == self.off else: self.buttons[x][y].config(image=self.on) self.buttons[x][y].image == self.on This ends up always being True - I can turn a lgiht off, but never turn it back on. Did some research, realized that I should probably be using cmp: def click(self,x,y): if cmp(self.buttons[x][y].image,self.on) == 0: self.buttons[x][y].config(image=self.off) self.buttons[x][y].image == self.off else: self.buttons[x][y].config(image=self.on) self.buttons[x][y].image == self.on But that gave me the exact same result. Both self.on and self.off are PhotoImage objects. Aside from keeping a separate set of lists which tracks what type of light is in each position and redrawing them every click, is there a way to directly compare two PhotoImage objects like this?

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  • Python: Repeat elements in a list comprehension?

    - by User
    I have the following list comprehension which returns a list of coordinate objects for each location. coordinate_list = [Coordinates(location.latitude, location.longitude) for location in locations] This works. Now suppose the location object has a number_of_times member. I want a list comprehension to generate n Coordinate objects where n is the number_of_times for the particular location. So if a location has number_of_times = 5 then the coordinates for that location will be repeated 5 times in the list. (Maybe this is a case for a for-loop but I'm curious if it can be done via list comprehensions)

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  • python / sets / dictionary / initialization

    - by Mario D
    Can someone explain help me understand how the this bit of code works? Particularly how the myHeap assignment works. I know the freq variable is assigned as a dictionary. But what about my myHeap? is it a Set? exe_Data = { 'e' : 0.124167, 't' : 0.0969225, 'a' : 0.0820011, 'i' : 0.0768052, } freq = exe_Data) myHeap = [[pct, [symbol, ""]] for symbol, pct in freq.items()]

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  • Find last match with python regular expression

    - by SDD
    I wanto to match the last occurence of a simple pattern in a string, e.g. list = re.findall(r"\w+ AAAA \w+", "foo bar AAAA foo2 AAAA bar2) print "last match: ", list[len(list)-1] however, if the string is very long, a huge list of matches is generated. Is there a more direct way to match the second occurence of "AAAA" or should I use this workaround?

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  • Python Eggs on Google App Engine

    - by ott
    Usually I would use virtualenv and pip for deployment of web applications. With Google App Engine this doesn't work, because all import statement are relative to directory of the application. The most common approach I saw was to simply copy the packages from site-packages to the directory of the application. This involves manual work and is error-prone. Another approach was to changes install_lib and install_scripts in ~/.pydisutils.cfg, but this doesn't allow me to use pip in my home directory simultaneously. Do you have any suggestions for this?

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  • Global variables in Python

    - by rejinacm
    A global variable created in one function cannot be used in another function directly. Instead I need to store the global variable in a local variable of the function which needs its access. Am I correct? Why is it so?

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  • Python:Comparing Two Dictionaries

    - by saun jean
    The first Dict is fixed.This Dict will remain as it is List of Countries with there Short Names. firstDict={'ERITREA': 'ER', 'LAOS': 'LA', 'PORTUGAL': 'PT', "D'IVOIRE": 'CI', 'MONTENEGRO': 'ME', 'NEW CALEDONIA': 'NC', 'SVALBARD AND JAN MAYEN': 'SJ', 'BAHAMAS': 'BS', 'TOGO': 'TG', 'CROATIA': 'HR', 'LUXEMBOURG': 'LU', 'GHANA': 'GH'} However This Tuple result has multiple Dict inside it.This is the format in which MySQLdb returns result: result =({'count': 1L, 'country': 'Eritrea'}, {'count': 1L, 'country': 'Togo'}, {'count': 1L, 'country': 'Sierra Leone'}, {'count': 3L, 'country': 'Bahamas'}, {'count': 1L, 'country': 'Ghana'}) Now i want to compare these both results With COUNTRY Names and If 'Country' in Result is present in firstDict then put the value.else put the 0 The result desired is: mainRes={'ER':1,'TG':1,'BS':3,'GH':0,'LU':0}

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  • Find&Replace using Python - Binary file

    - by Aaron Hoffman
    Hello, I'm attempting to do a "find and replace" in a file on a Mac OS X computer. Although it appears to work correctly. It seems that the file is somehow altered. The text editor that I use (Text Wrangler) is unable to even open the file once this is completed. Here is the code as I have it: import fileinput for line in fileinput.FileInput("testfile.txt",inplace=1): line = line.replace("newhost",host) print line, When I view the file from the terminal, it does say "testfile" may be a binary file. See it anyway? Is there a chance that this replace is corrupting the file? Do I have another option for this to work? I really appreciate the help. Thank you, Aaron UPDATE: the actual file is NOT a .txt file it is a .plist file which is preference file in Mac OS X if that makes any difference

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