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  • What are good uses for Python3's "Function Annotations"

    - by agscala
    Function Annotations: PEP-3107 I ran across a snippet of code demonstrating Python3's function annotations. The concept is simple but I can't think of why these were implemented in Python3 or any good uses for them. Perhaps SO can enlighten me? How it works: def foo(a: 'x', b: 5 + 6, c: list) -> max(2, 9): ... function body ... Everything following the colon after an argument is an 'annotation', and the information following the -> is an annotation for the function's return value. foo.func_annotations would return a dictionary: {'a': 'x', 'b': 11, 'c': list, 'return': 9} What's the significance of having this available?

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  • passing get parameters through named route and then to controller model; stringify_keys!

    - by user368937
    Hey, I'm just learning ruby on rails and I've been stumped on this for awhile now. Here's my url request: http://192.168.2.20:8080/Location/new/123.123,-123.123/ Here's my routes.rb: map.connect '/Location/new/:coords/', :controller => 'Location', :action => 'new', :coords => /\d+.\d+,-\d+.\d+/ map.connect '/Location/list/', :controller => 'Location', :action => 'list' map.connect '/Location/create/', :controller => 'Location', :action => 'create' Here's my location_controller.rb def new @coords = Location.new(params[:coords]) end Here's the error message it gives me: NoMethodError in LocationController#new undefined method `stringify_keys!' for "123.123,-123.123":String

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  • Clear sqlalchemy reflection cache

    - by OrganicPanda
    Hi all, I'm using sqlalchemy's reflection tools to get a Table object. I do this because these tables are dynamic and tables/columns can change. Here's the code I'm using: def getTableByReflection(self, tableName, metadata, engine): return Table(tableName, metadata, autoload = True, autoload_with = engine) The problem is that when the above code is run twice it seems to return the same results regardless of whether or not the columns have changed. I have tried refreshing using the mysession.refresh(mytable) but that fails because the table is not attached to any metadata - which makes sense but then why am I seeing cached results? Is there any way to tell the metadata/engine/session to forget about this table and let me load it cleanly?

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  • How to make form validation in Django dynamic?

    - by Oli
    I'm trying to make a form that handles the checking of a domain: the form should fail based on a variable that was set earlier in another form. Basically, when a user wants to create a new domain, this form should fail if the entered domain exists. When a user wants to move a domain, this form should fail if the entered domain doesn't exist. I've tried making it dynamic overload the initbut couldn't see a way to get my passed variabele to the clean function. I've read that this dynamic validation can be accomplished using a factory method, but maybe someone can help me on my way with this? Here's a simplified version of the form so far: #OrderFormStep1 presents the user with a choice: create or move domain class OrderFormStep2(forms.Form): domain = forms.CharField() extension = forms.CharField() def clean(self): cleaned_data = self.cleaned_data domain = cleaned_data.get("domain") extension = cleaned_data.get("extension") if domain and extension: code = whoislookup(domain+extension); #Raise error based on result from OrderFormStep1 #raise forms.ValidationError('error, domain already exists') #raise forms.ValidationError('error, domain does not exist') return cleaned_data

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  • Fastest way to find the rotation of a vector

    - by kriss
    I have two 2D vectors, say u and v, defined by cartesian coordinates. Imagine that vectors are needles of a clock. I'm looking for the fastest way to find out, using python, if v is after or before u (or in other words find out in wich half plane is v, regarding to position of u). For the purpose of the problem if vectors are aligned answer should be before. It seems easy using some trigonometry, but I believe there should be a faster way using coordinates only. My test case: def after(u, v): """code here""" after((4,2), (6, 1)) : True after((4,2), (3, 3)) : False after((4,2), (2, 1)) : False after((4,2), (3, -3)) : True after((4,2), (-2, -5)) : True after((4,2), (-4, -2)) : False

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  • JSON is not nested in rails view

    - by SeanGeneva
    I have a several models in a heirarchy, 1:many at each level. Each class is associated only with the class above it and the one below it, ie: L1 course, L2 unit, L3 unit layout, L4 layout fields, L5 table fields (not in code, but a sibling of layout fields) I am trying to build a JSON response of the entire hierarchy. def show @course = Course.find(params[:id]) respond_to do |format| format.html # show.html.erb format.json do @course = Course.find(params[:id]) @units = @course.units.all @unit_layouts = UnitLayout.where(:unit_id => @units) @layout_fields = LayoutField.where(:unit_layout_id => @unit_layouts) response = {:course => @course, :units => @units, :unit_layouts => @unit_layouts, :layout_fields => @layout_fields} respond_to do |format| format.json {render :json => response } end end end end The code is bring back the correct values, but the units, unit_layouts and layout_fields are all nested at the same level under course. I would like them to be nested inside their parent.

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  • Basic Python: Exception raising and local variable scope / binding

    - by SuperJdynamite
    I have a basic "best practices" Python question. I see that there are already StackOverflow answers tangentially related to this question but they're mired in complicated examples or involve multiple factors. Given this code: #!/usr/bin/python def test_function(): try: a = str(5) raise b = str(6) except: print b test_function() what is the best way to avoid the inevitable "UnboundLocalError: local variable 'b' referenced before assignment" that I'm going to get in the exception handler? Does python have an elegant way to handle this? If not, what about an inelegant way? In a complicated function I'd prefer to avoid testing the existence of every local variable before I, for example, printed debug information about them.

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  • In Python, are there builtin functions for elementwise boolean operators over boolean lists?

    - by bshanks
    For example, if you have n lists of bools of the same length, then elementwise boolean AND should return another list of that length that has True in those positions where all the input lists have True, and False everywhere else. It's pretty easy to write, i just would prefer to use a builtin if one exists (for the sake of standardization/readability). Here's an implementation of elementwise AND: def eAnd(*args): return [all(tuple) for tuple in zip(*args)] example usage: >>> eAnd([True, False, True, False, True], [True, True, False, False, True], [True, True, False, False, True]) [True, False, False, False, True] thx

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  • Hashing a python function to regenerate output when the function is modified

    - by Seth Johnson
    I have a python function that has a deterministic result. It takes a long time to run and generates a large output: def time_consuming_function(): # lots_of_computing_time to come up with the_result return the_result I modify time_consuming_function from time to time, but I would like to avoid having it run again while it's unchanged. [time_consuming_function only depends on functions that are immutable for the purposes considered here; i.e. it might have functions from Python libraries but not from other pieces of my code that I'd change.] The solution that suggests itself to me is to cache the output and also cache some "hash" of the function. If the hash changes, the function will have been modified, and we have to re-generate the output. Is this possible or ridiculous? Updated: based on the answers, it looks like what I want to do is to "memoize" time_consuming_function, except instead of (or in addition to) arguments passed into an invariant function, I want to account for a function that itself will change.

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  • Custom Rails Validation (Doesn't seem to be working)

    - by Karl Entwistle
    Hey guys ive got the following Model for Accounts require 'net/http' require 'uri' require 'date' class Account < ActiveRecord::Base validates_presence_of :username, :password, :on => :update validate :valid_expiry_date, :on => :update def valid_expiry_date reply = Net::HTTP.get URI.parse("http://api.rapidshare.com/cgi-bin/rsapi.cgi?sub=getaccountdetails_v1&type=prem&login=" + username + "&password=" + password) account = Time.at(reply[80..90].to_i) if (Time.now + 2419200) <= account return true else return false errors.add_to_base("Sorry this account isnt valid") end end end I know the code works in a ruby.rb file and will return true or false, however I seem to be having rather a lot of difficultly trying to translate this code into an actual validation, any help would be much appreciated. Thanks :) Its also defiantly at least connecting to the website as my firewall asked me if the Terminal was aloud to access it. At the moment not only is it displaying no errors its actually letting anything through and saving it.

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  • Rails - undefined method `name' for nil:NilClass

    - by sscirrus
    Hi guys, Quick question. Here is my code: #routes map.resources :customers, :has_many => [:addresses, :matchings] map.connect ":controller/:action/:id" #url path: http://127.0.0.1:3000/customers/index/3 #customers controller def index @customer = Customer.find(params[:id]) end #customers view/index.html.erb ... <%= @customer.name %> ... Error: undefined method `name' for nil:NilClass. Here's my reasoning. The parameter :id is coming from my url path (i.e. we're looking for customer #3 in the above path). @customer should find that array easily, then @customer.name should produce the name, but apparently @customer is blank. Why? I assume the problem is that I'm not producing an array in my controller?

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  • maximum of given function

    - by davit-datuashvili
    first of all i am doing programs in java language this code is merely taken from web site i have not question about divide and conqurer but about function and it's argument here is code of ternary search def ternarySearch(f, left, right, absolutePrecision): #left and right are the current bounds; the maximum is between them if (right - left) < absolutePrecision: return (left + right)/2 leftThird = (2*left + right)/3 rightThird = (left + 2*right)/3 if f(leftThird) < f(rightThird): return ternarySearch(f, leftThird, right, absolutePrecision) return ternarySearch(f, left, rightThird, absolutePrecision) i am not asking once again how implement it in java i am asking for example how define function?for example let y=x^+3 yes we can determine it as public static int y(int x){ return x*x+3; } but here return ternarySearch(f, leftThird, right, absolutePrecision) function f does not have argument and how do such?please help me

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  • Using Python, How to copy files in 'temporary internet files' folder in Windows

    - by pythBegin
    I am using this code to find files recursively in a folder , with size greater than 50000 bytes. def listall(parent): lis=[] for root, dirs, files in os.walk(parent): for name in files: if os.path.getsize(os.path.join(root,name))>500000: lis.append(os.path.join(root,name)) return lis This is working fine. But when I used this on 'temporary internet files' folder in windows, am getting this error. Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#4>", line 1, in <module> listall(a) File "<pyshell#2>", line 5, in listall if os.path.getsize(os.path.join(root,name))>500000: File "C:\Python26\lib\genericpath.py", line 49, in getsize return os.stat(filename).st_size WindowsError: [Error 123] The filename, directory name, or volume label syntax is incorrect: 'C:\\Documents and Settings\\khedarnatha\\Local Settings\\Temporary Internet Files\\Content.IE5\\EDS8C2V7\\??????+1[1].jpg' I think this is because windows gives names with special characters in this specific folder... Please help to sort out this issue.

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  • Realtime processing and callbacks with Python and C++

    - by Doughy
    I need to write code to do some realtime processing that is fairly computationally complex. I would like to create some Python classes to manage all my scripting, and leave the intensive parts of the algorithm coded in C++ so that they can run as fast as possible. I would like to instantiate the objects in Python, and have the C++ algorithms chime back into the script with callbacks in python. Something like: myObject = MyObject() myObject.setCallback(myCallback) myObject.run() def myCallback(val): """Do something with the value passed back to the python script.""" pass Will this be possible? How can I run a callback in python from a loop that is running in a C++ module? Anyone have a link or a tutorial to help me do this correctly?

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  • Plotting Tweets from DB in Ruby, grouping by hour.

    - by plotti
    Hey guys I've got a couple of issues with my code. I was wondering that I am plotting the results very ineffectively, since the grouping by hour takes ages the DB is very simple it contains the tweets, created date and username. It is fed by the twitter gardenhose. Thanks for your help ! require 'rubygems' require 'sequel' require 'gnuplot' DB = Sequel.sqlite("volcano.sqlite") tweets = DB[:tweets] def get_values(keyword,tweets) my_tweets = tweets.filter(:text.like("%#{keyword}%")) r = Hash.new start = my_tweets.first[:created_at] my_tweets.each do |t| hour = ((t[:created_at]-start)/3600).round r[hour] == nil ? r[hour] = 1 : r[hour] += 1 end x = [] y = [] r.sort.each do |e| x << e[0] y << e[1] end [x,y] end keywords = ["iceland", "island", "vulkan", "volcano"] values = {} keywords.each do |k| values[k] = get_values(k,tweets) end Gnuplot.open do |gp| Gnuplot::Plot.new(gp) do |plot| plot.terminal "png" plot.output "volcano.png" plot.data = [] values.each do |k,v| plot.data << Gnuplot::DataSet.new([v[0],v[1]]){ |ds| ds.with = "linespoints" ds.title = k } end end end

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  • mysql select from multi tables problem

    - by moustafa
    this is the query SELECT members.memberID, members.salutation, members.firstName, members.middleName, members.lastName, members.suffix, members.company, addresses.address1, addresses.address2, addresses.city, addresses.state, addresses.postalCode, addresses.country, addresses.memberID, email.email, email.memberID, phonenumbers.phoneNumber, phonenumbers.memberId, subscriptions.year, subscriptions.memberID FROM members, addresses, email, phonenumbers, subscriptions WHERE subscriptions.year = '%s' AND subscriptions.memberID = members.memberID AND subscriptions.memberID = addresses.memberID AND subscriptions.memberID = email.memberID AND subscriptions.memberID = phonenumbers.memberID ORDER BY members.lastName, members.firstName, members.company LIMIT 0, 10 my problem is its a huge query so Im trying to limit it to so many at a time... its supposed to have over 5000 results... anyway the only limit that works is limit 0, 10 if you do anything else 5, 10 it doesnt work 0, 50 doesnt work... only 0, 10 works... and when I do 0, 10 the query returns blake firstName, middleName, lastName, and a few others... and when I do a print_r() on the $result it shows them blank as well and there is most def data in the database and there is also no typos for that...

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  • Django: Why Doesn't the Current URL Match any Patterns in urls.py

    - by austin_sherron
    I've found a few questions here related to my issue, but I haven't found anything that has helped me resolve my issue. I'm using Python 2.7.5 and Django 1.8.dev20140627143448. I have a view that's interacting with my database to delete objects, and it takes two arguments in addition to a request: def delete_data_item(request, dataclass_id, dataitem_id): form = AddDataItemForm(request.POST) data_set = get_object_or_404(DataClass, pk=dataclass_id) context = {'data_set': data_set, 'form': form} data_item = get_object_or_404(DataItem, pk=dataitem_id) data_item.delete() data_set.save() return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('detail', args=(dataclass_id,))) The URL in myapp.urls.py looks something like this: url(r'^(?P<dataclass_id>[0-9]+)/(?P<dataitem_id>[0-9]+)/delete_data_item/$', views.delete_data_item, name='delete_data_item') and the portion of my template relevant to the view is: <a href="{% url 'delete_data_item' data_set.id data_item.id %}">DELETE</a> Whenever I click on the DELETE link, django tells me that the request URL: http://127.0.0.1:8000/myapp/5/%7B%%20url%20'delete_data_item'%20data_set.id%20data_item.id%20%%7D doesn't match any of my URL patterns. What am I missing? The URL on which the DELETE links exist is myapp/(<dataclass_id>[0-9]+)/

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  • Is there a way to ignore Cache errors in Django?

    - by Josh Smeaton
    I've just set our development Django site to use redis for a cache backend and it was all working fine. I brought down redis to see what would happen, and sure enough Django 404's due to cache backend behaviour. Either the Connection was refused, or various other errors. Is there any way to instruct Django to ignore Cache errors, and continue processing the normal way? It seems weird that caching is a performance optimization, but can bring down an entire site if it fails. I tried to write a wrapper around the backend like so: class CacheClass(redis_backend.CacheClass): """ Wraps the desired Cache, and falls back to global_settings default on init failure """ def __init__(self, server, params): try: super(CacheClass, self).__init__(server, params) except Exception: from django.core import cache as _ _.cache = _.get_cache('locmem://') But that won't work, since I'm trying to set the cache type in the call that sets the cache type. It's all a very big mess. So, is there any easy way to swallow cache errors? Or to set the default cache backend on failure?

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  • How to create an image from canvas data?

    - by Jakub Hampl
    In my application I am trying to save an arbitrary part of a rendered HTML canvas to an image file. In my Javascript I call ctx.getImageData(x, y, w, h) and pass the resulting object to my macruby code (though if you know a solution in objc I am also very interested). There I'm trying to create a NSBitmapImageRep object so that I can then save to an image format the user desires. This is my code so far (the function gets a WebScriptObject as it's argument): def setimagedata(d) w = d.valueForKey("width").to_i h = d.valueForKey("height").to_i data = Pointer.new(:char, d.valueForKey("data").valueForKey("length").to_i) d.valueForKey("data").valueForKey("length").to_i.times do |i| data[i] = d.valueForKey("data").webScriptValueAtIndex(i).to_i end puts "data complete" # get's called @exported_image = NSBitmapImageRep.alloc.initWithBitmapDataPlanes(data, pixelsWide: w, pixelsHigh:h, bitsPerSample: 32, samplesPerPixel: 4, hasAlpha: true, isPlanar: false, colorSpaceName: NSCalibratedRGBColorSpace, bitmapFormat: NSAlphaNonpremultipliedBitmapFormat, bytesPerRow: 0, bitsPerPixel: 0) puts "done" # doesn't get called end The code doesn't seem to get through the initWithBitmapDataPlanes function but gives no error. My question is: what am I doing wrong? Is this approach reasonable (if not, what would be better?).

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  • Infinite recursion trying to check all elements of a TreeCtrl

    - by mavnn
    I have a TreeCtrl in which more than one Item can be assigned the same object as PyData. When the object is updated, I want to update all of the items in the tree which have that object as their PyData. I thought the following code would solve the problem quite neatly, but for some reason the logical test (current != self.GetFirstVisibleItem()) always returns true leading to infinite recursion. Can anyone explain why? def RefreshNodes(self, obj, current=None): print "Entered refresh" current = current or self.GetFirstVisibleItem() if current.IsOk(): print self.GetPyData(current).name if self.GetPyData(current) == obj: self.RefreshNode(current) current = self.GetNextVisible(current) if current != self.GetFirstVisibleItem(): self.RefreshNodes(obj, current) Edit: the above is obviously part of a class based on wx.TreeCtrl

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  • why is link generated in YUI javascript failing to render in rails?

    - by pmneve
    Using YAHOO.widget.treeview to generate a table with three levels of data: module, submodule, and detail. If there is an image associated with a detail row the javascript generates a link: "<td><a href=\"/screenshot/show/" + rowData.id + "\">Screenshot</a></td>" that is appended to the html for the row. The url is generated correctly and the link appears. When clicked nothing happens except the word 'Done' appears in the browser status bar. Am calling the very same url from another page that does not use javascript and the screenshot page appears as expected. Here is the controller. class ScreenshotController < ApplicationController def show if @detail.screen_path.length 1 @imagePath = "#{RAILS_ROOT}" + "/private/#{Company.find(@detail.company_id).subdir}/" + "#{Project.find(@detail.project_id).subdir}/screenshot/" + "#{@detail.screen_path}" send_file ( @imagePath, :type = 'image/jpeg', :disposition = 'inline') end end end A sample url: http://localhost:3004/screenshot/show/20854 This code from show.html.erb belonging to the detail model works: <%= link_to 'View', :controller = 'screenshot', :id = @detail.id, :action = 'show' % Any ideas???

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  • Adding fields to a proxied class in Clojure

    - by mikera
    I'm using "proxy" to extend various Swing classes in a Clojure GUI application, generally with code that looks something like: (def ^JPanel mypanel (proxy [JPanel] [] (paintComponent [#^Graphics g] (.drawImage g background-image 0 0 nil)))) This works well but I can't figure out how to add additional fields to the newly extended class, for example making the background-image a field that could be subsequently updated. This would be pretty easy and common practice in Java. Is there a good way to do this in Clojure? Or is there another preferred method to achieve the same effect?

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  • C++ detecting end of file

    - by xbonez
    I have a C++ program that is reading in info from a file, that stores info seperated by "$$$$". An example of how the file looks is: abc bcd $$$$ def $$$$ qwe gfh $$$$ How can I detect the file has ended, without using the eof() function? I have it set like this, getline(sin,temp) if (temp=="$$$$") { } After reading the last set of four dollars, how can I check the next line to ensure another set of data isn't beginning, and that the file has ended? If the file has indeed ended, I plan on using a boolean flag to terminate the while loop.

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  • How do I check for Existence of a Record in GAE

    - by VDev
    I am trying to create a simple view in Django & GAE, which will check if the user has a profile entity and prints a different message for each case. I have the program below, but somehow GAE always seem to return a object. My program is below import datetime from django.http import HttpResponse, HttpResponseRedirect from google.appengine.api import users from google.appengine.ext import db from models import Profile import logging #from accounts.views import profile # Create your views here. def login_view(request): user = users.get_current_user() profile = db.GqlQuery("SELECT * FROM Profile WHERE account = :1", users.get_current_user()) logging.info(profile) logging.info(user) if profile: return HttpResponse("Congratulations Your profile is already created.") else: return HttpResponse("Sorry Your profile is NOT created.") My model object is Profile defined as follows: class Profile(db.Model): first_name = db.StringProperty() last_name = db.StringProperty() gender = db.StringProperty(choices=set(["Male", "Female"])) account = db.UserProperty(required = True) friends = db.ListProperty(item_type=users.User) last_login = db.DateTimeProperty(required=True) Thanks for the help.

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  • How to access YAML sublevel item in a nested variable?

    - by Kleber S.
    Getting the error: You have a nil object when you didn't expect it! You might have expected an instance of Array. The error occurred while evaluating nil.[] APP_CONFIG are loading fine. account_type = 'sample' allowed = APP_CONFIG['account']["#{account_type}"]['highlight'] Error points to 'allowed' variable line. The method that I currently trying to is: def self.allow_highlight?(account) account_type = Account.find(account).active_pack # returning a string - OK logger.debug account_type.class # checked on console - OK allowed = APP_CONFIG['account']["#{account_type}"]['highlight'] # Error line if total_account_highlight > allowed false else true end end Hope you understand. Any doubts, please ask me. Thanks!

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