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  • varargs in lambda functions in Python

    - by brain_damage
    Is it possible a lambda function to have variable number of arguments? For example, I want to write a metaclass, which creates a method for every method of some other class and this newly created method returns the opposite value of the original method and has the same number of arguments. And I want to do this with lambda function. How to pass the arguments? Is it possible? class Negate(type): def __new__(mcs, name, bases, _dict): extended_dict = _dict.copy() for (k, v) in _dict.items(): if hasattr(v, '__call__'): extended_dict["not_" + k] = lambda s, *args, **kw: not v(s, *args, **kw) return type.__new__(mcs, name, bases, extended_dict) class P(metaclass=Negate): def __init__(self, a): self.a = a def yes(self): return True def maybe(self, you_can_chose): return you_can_chose But the result is totally wrong: >>>p = P(0) >>>p.yes() True >>>p.not_yes() # should be False Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#150>", line 1, in <module> p.not_yes() File "C:\Users\Nona\Desktop\p10.py", line 51, in <lambda> extended_dict["not_" + k] = lambda s, *args, **kw: not v(s, *args, **kw) TypeError: __init__() takes exactly 2 positional arguments (1 given) >>>p.maybe(True) True >>>p.not_maybe(True) #should be False True

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  • Using __str__ representation for printing objects in containers in Python

    - by BobDobbs
    I've noticed that when an instance with an overloaded str method is passed to the print() function as an argument, it prints as intended. However, when passing a container that contains one of those instances to print(), it uses the repr method instead. That is to say, print(x) displays the correct string representation of x, and print(x, y) works correctly, but print([x]) or print((x, y)) prints the repr representation instead. First off, why does this happen? Secondly, is there a way to correct that behavior of print() in this circumstance?

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  • Python unicode search not giving correct answer

    - by user1318912
    I am trying to search hindi words contained one line per file in file-1 and find them in lines in file-2. I have to print the line numbers with the number of words found. This is the code: import codecs hypernyms = codecs.open("hindi_hypernym.txt", "r", "utf-8").readlines() words = codecs.open("hypernyms_en2hi.txt", "r", "utf-8").readlines() count_arr = [] for counter, line in enumerate(hypernyms): count_arr.append(0) for word in words: if line.find(word) >=0: count_arr[counter] +=1 for iterator, count in enumerate(count_arr): if count>0: print iterator, ' ', count This is finding some words, but ignoring some others The input files are: File-1: ???? ??????? File-2: ???????, ????-???? ?????-???, ?????-???, ?????_???, ?????_??? ????_????, ????-????, ???????_???? ????-???? This gives output: 0 1 3 1 Clearly, it is ignoring ??????? and searching for ???? only. I have tried with other inputs as well. It only searches for one word. Any idea how to correct this?

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  • Replacing python docstrings

    - by tomaz
    I have written a epytext to reST markup converter, and now I want to convert all the docstrings in my entire library from epytext to reST format. Is there a smart way to read the all the docstrings in a module and write back the replacements? ps: ast module perhaps?

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  • strip spaces in python.

    - by Richard
    ok I know that this should be simple... anyways say: line = "$W5M5A,100527,142500,730301c44892fd1c,2,686.5 4,333.96,0,0,28.6,123,75,-0.4,1.4*49" I want to strip out the spaces. I thought you would just do this line = line.strip() but now line is still '$W5M5A,100527,142500,730301c44892fd1c,2,686.5 4,333.96,0,0,28.6,123,75,-0.4,1.4*49' instead of '$W5M5A,100527,142500,730301c44892fd1c,2,686.54,333.96,0,0,28.6,123,75,-0.4,1.4*49' any thoughts?

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  • Python RegExp exception

    - by Jasie
    How do I split on all nonalphanumeric characters, EXCEPT the apostrophe? re.split('\W+',text) works, but will also split on apostrophes. How do I add an exception to this rule? Thanks!

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  • Efficient way in Python to remove an element from a comma-separated string

    - by ensnare
    I'm looking for the most efficient way to add an element to a comma-separated string while maintaining alphabetical order for the words: For example: string = 'Apples, Bananas, Grapes, Oranges' subtraction = 'Bananas' result = 'Apples, Grapes, Oranges' Also, a way to do this but while maintaining IDs: string = '1:Apples, 4:Bananas, 6:Grapes, 23:Oranges' subtraction = '4:Bananas' result = '1:Apples, 6:Grapes, 23:Oranges' Sample code is greatly appreciated. Thank you so much.

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  • Dynamic variable name in python

    - by PhilGo20
    I'd like to call a query with a field name filter that I wont know before run time... Not sure how to construct the variable name ...Or maybe I am tired. field_name = funct() locations = Locations.objects.filter(field_name__lte=arg1) where if funct() returns name would equal to locations = Locations.objects.filter(name__lte=arg1) Not sure how to do that ...

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  • Python recursion with list returns None

    - by newman
    def foo(a): a.append(1) if len(a) > 10: print a return a else: foo(a) Why this recursive function returns None (see transcript below)? I can't quite understand what I am doing wrong. In [263]: x = [] In [264]: y = foo(x) [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1] In [265]: print y None

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  • Efficient file buffering & scanning methods for large files in python

    - by eblume
    The description of the problem I am having is a bit complicated, and I will err on the side of providing more complete information. For the impatient, here is the briefest way I can summarize it: What is the fastest (least execution time) way to split a text file in to ALL (overlapping) substrings of size N (bound N, eg 36) while throwing out newline characters. I am writing a module which parses files in the FASTA ascii-based genome format. These files comprise what is known as the 'hg18' human reference genome, which you can download from the UCSC genome browser (go slugs!) if you like. As you will notice, the genome files are composed of chr[1..22].fa and chr[XY].fa, as well as a set of other small files which are not used in this module. Several modules already exist for parsing FASTA files, such as BioPython's SeqIO. (Sorry, I'd post a link, but I don't have the points to do so yet.) Unfortunately, every module I've been able to find doesn't do the specific operation I am trying to do. My module needs to split the genome data ('CAGTACGTCAGACTATACGGAGCTA' could be a line, for instance) in to every single overlapping N-length substring. Let me give an example using a very small file (the actual chromosome files are between 355 and 20 million characters long) and N=8 import cStringIO example_file = cStringIO.StringIO("""\ header CAGTcag TFgcACF """) for read in parse(example_file): ... print read ... CAGTCAGTF AGTCAGTFG GTCAGTFGC TCAGTFGCA CAGTFGCAC AGTFGCACF The function that I found had the absolute best performance from the methods I could think of is this: def parse(file): size = 8 # of course in my code this is a function argument file.readline() # skip past the header buffer = '' for line in file: buffer += line.rstrip().upper() while len(buffer) = size: yield buffer[:size] buffer = buffer[1:] This works, but unfortunately it still takes about 1.5 hours (see note below) to parse the human genome this way. Perhaps this is the very best I am going to see with this method (a complete code refactor might be in order, but I'd like to avoid it as this approach has some very specific advantages in other areas of the code), but I thought I would turn this over to the community. Thanks! Note, this time includes a lot of extra calculation, such as computing the opposing strand read and doing hashtable lookups on a hash of approximately 5G in size. Post-answer conclusion: It turns out that using fileobj.read() and then manipulating the resulting string (string.replace(), etc.) took relatively little time and memory compared to the remainder of the program, and so I used that approach. Thanks everyone!

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  • Python string formatting too slow

    - by wich
    I use the following code to log a map, it is fast when it only contains zeroes, but as soon as there is actual data in the map it becomes unbearably slow... Is there any way to do this faster? log_file = open('testfile', 'w') for i, x in ((i, start + i * interval) for i in range(length)): log_file.write('%-5d %8.3f %13g %13g %13g %13g %13g %13g\n' % (i, x, map[0][i], map[1][i], map[2][i], map[3][i], map[4][i], map[5][i]))

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  • Python/Django Concatenate a string depending on whether that string exists

    - by Douglas Meehan
    I'm creating a property on a Django model called "address". I want address to consist of the concatenation of a number of fields I have on my model. The problem is that not all instances of this model will have values for all of these fields. So, I want to concatenate only those fields that have values. What is the best/most Pythonic way to do this? Here are the relevant fields from the model: house = models.IntegerField('House Number', null=True, blank=True) suf = models.CharField('House Number Suffix', max_length=1, null=True, blank=True) unit = models.CharField('Address Unit', max_length=7, null=True, blank=True) stex = models.IntegerField('Address Extention', null=True, blank=True) stdir = models.CharField('Street Direction', max_length=254, null=True, blank=True) stnam = models.CharField('Street Name', max_length=30, null=True, blank=True) stdes = models.CharField('Street Designation', max_length=3, null=True, blank=True) stdessuf = models.CharField('Street Designation Suffix',max_length=1, null=True, blank=True) I could just do something like this: def _get_address(self): return "%s %s %s %s %s %s %s %s" % (self.house, self.suf, self.unit, self.stex, self.stdir, self.stname, self.stdes, self.stdessuf) but then there would be extra blank spaces in the result. I could do a series of if statements and concatenate within each, but that seems ugly. What's the best way to handle this situation? Thanks.

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  • python cairoplot store previous readings..

    - by krisdigitx
    hi, i am using cairoplot, to make graphs, however the file from where i am reading the data is growing huge and its taking a long time to process the graph is there any real-time way to produce cairo graph, or at least store the previous readings..like rrd. -krisdigitx

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  • Optimizing BeautifulSoup (Python) code

    - by user283405
    I have code that uses the BeautifulSoup library for parsing, but it is very slow. The code is written in such a way that threads cannot be used. Can anyone help me with this? I am using BeautifulSoup for parsing and than save into a DB. If I comment out the save statement, it still takes a long time, so there is no problem with the database. def parse(self,text): soup = BeautifulSoup(text) arr = soup.findAll('tbody') for i in range(0,len(arr)-1): data=Data() soup2 = BeautifulSoup(str(arr[i])) arr2 = soup2.findAll('td') c=0 for j in arr2: if str(j).find("<a href=") > 0: data.sourceURL = self.getAttributeValue(str(j),'<a href="') else: if c == 2: data.Hits=j.renderContents() #and few others... c = c+1 data.save() Any suggestions? Note: I already ask this question here but that was closed due to incomplete information.

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  • use/run python's 2to3 as or like a unittest

    - by Vincent
    I have used the 2to3 utility to convert code from the command line. What I would like to do is run it basically as a unittest. Even if it tests the file rather than parts(funtions, methods...) as would be normal for a unittest. It does not need to be a unittest and I don't what to automatically convert the files I just want to monitor the py3 compliance of files in a unittest like manor. I can't seem to find any documentation or examples for this. An example and/or documentation would be great. Thanks

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  • Custom keys for Google App Engine models (Python)

    - by Cameron
    First off, I'm relatively new to Google App Engine, so I'm probably doing something silly. Say I've got a model Foo: class Foo(db.Model): name = db.StringProperty() I want to use name as a unique key for every Foo object. How is this done? When I want to get a specific Foo object, I currently query the datastore for all Foo objects with the target unique name, but queries are slow (plus it's a pain to ensure that name is unique when each new Foo is created). There's got to be a better way to do this! Thanks.

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  • Unique elements of list within list in python

    - by user2901061
    We are given a list of animals in different zoos and need to find which zoos have animals that are not in any others. The animals of each zoo are separated by spaces, and each zoo is originally separated by a comma. I am currently enumerating over all of the zoos to split each animal and create lists within lists for different zoos as such: for i, zoo in enumerate(zoos): zoos[i] = zoo.split() However, I then do not know how to tell and count how many of the zoos have unique animals. I figure it is something else with enumerate and possibly sets, but cannot get it down exactly. Any help is greatly appreciated. Thanks

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  • Restart logging to a new file (Python)

    - by compie
    I'm using the following code to initialize logging in my application. logger = logging.getLogger() logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG) # log to a file directory = '/reserved/DYPE/logfiles' now = datetime.now().strftime("%Y%m%d_%H%M%S") filename = os.path.join(directory, 'dype_%s.log' % now) file_handler = logging.FileHandler(filename) file_handler.setLevel(logging.DEBUG) formatter = logging.Formatter("%(asctime)s %(filename)s, %(lineno)d, %(funcName)s: %(message)s") file_handler.setFormatter(formatter) logger.addHandler(file_handler) # log to the console console_handler = logging.StreamHandler() level = logging.INFO console_handler.setLevel(level) logger.addHandler(console_handler) logging.debug('logging initialized') How can I close the current logging file and restart logging to a new file? Note: I don't want to use RotatingFileHandler, because I want full control over all the filenames and the moment of rotation.

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  • Python - calendar.timegm() vs. time.mktime()

    - by ibz
    I seem to have a hard time getting my head around this. What's the difference between calendar.timegm() and time.mktime()? Say I have a datetime.datetime with no tzinfo attached, shouldn't the two give the same output? Don't they both give the number of seconds between epoch and the date passed as a parameter? And since the date passed has no tzinfo, isn't that number of seconds the same? >>> import calendar >>> import time >>> import datetime >>> d = datetime.datetime(2010, 10, 10) >>> calendar.timegm(d.timetuple()) 1286668800 >>> time.mktime(d.timetuple()) 1286640000.0 >>>

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  • Dynamic Operator Overloading on dict classes in Python

    - by Ishpeck
    I have a class that dynamically overloads basic arithmetic operators like so... import operator class IshyNum: def __init__(self, n): self.num=n self.buildArith() def arithmetic(self, other, o): return o(self.num, other) def buildArith(self): map(lambda o: setattr(self, "__%s__"%o,lambda f: self.arithmetic(f, getattr(operator, o))), ["add", "sub", "mul", "div"]) if __name__=="__main__": number=IshyNum(5) print number+5 print number/2 print number*3 print number-3 But if I change the class to inherit from the dictionary (class IshyNum(dict):) it doesn't work. I need to explicitly def __add__(self, other) or whatever in order for this to work. Why?

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  • python - from matrix to dictionary in single line

    - by Sanich
    matrix is a list of lists. I've to return a dictionary of the form {i:(l1[i],l2[i],...,lm[i])} Where the key i is matched with a tuple the i'th elements from each list. Say matrix=[[1,2,3,4],[9,8,7,6],[4,8,2,6]] so the line: >>> dict([(i,tuple(matrix[k][i] for k in xrange(len(matrix)))) for i in xrange(len(matrix[0]))]) does the job pretty well and outputs: {0: (1, 9, 4), 1: (2, 8, 8), 2: (3, 7, 2), 3: (4, 6, 6)} but fails if the matrix is empty: matrix=[]. The output should be: {} How can i deal with this?

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