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• Cloning to a smaller hard drive with DDRescue

  - by krebshack

  I am currently working with a 700 GB Seagate hard drive that's beginning to fail. I'll call this "SDB" from now on. I'd like to clone it while I'm still able to. However, the only hard drive that I have available is a 500 GB WD hard drive. I'll call this "SDC" from now on. The partition scheme on SDB is as follows: 9.77 GB is allocated to a recovery partition and the remaining 688.87 GB is allocated to a Windows partition. Both are formatted using NTFS. There is no partition scheme on SDC. I know how to clone one hard drive to another using DDRescue but I've only done it using hard drives that are the same size. For your reference, I'll normally use the command "ddrescue -v -r 3 /dev/sdb /dev/sdc example.log". I'd like to know if it's possible to do this with DDRescue. I've read the manual from GNU (http://www.gnu.org/software/ddrescue/manual/ddrescue_manual.html) and I haven't seen anything indicating that it is possible. I'm just looking for some confirmation that this is a correct impression. If it's not possible, then it would be helpful if any of y'all would be able to make some work around suggestions. But please don't feel obligated to do that. I don't want to have my one thread bogged down with two many questions.

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• Changing the prompt in telnet

  - by wim

  With some help from people on here, I was able to set a custom prompt in an ssh session (thanks!). Now I need to do the same in telnet, but I'm not sure of what syntax I could use for that. Basically the telnet prompt is just a > character, I need to modify it to something I can more reliably detect in automation jobs. Hope this makes sense. From inside telnet, trying to escape that command with a bang like !PS1=spam and !PS2=eggs did not change it. wim@wim-acer:~$ ssh [email protected] -i ~/.ssh/guest_nopassphrase -t "export PS1='Sending a custom prompt \w \$ '; exec sh" Sending a custom prompt ~ $ set HOME='/var/tmp' IFS=' ' LOGNAME='guest' PATH='/sbin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/usr/bin' PPID='1128' PS1='Sending a custom prompt \w $ ' PS2='> ' PS4='+ ' PWD='' SHELL='/bin/sh' TERM='xterm' USER='guest' Sending a custom prompt ~ $ telnet localhost <snip> Entering character mode Escape character is '^]'. > !set CONSOLE='/dev/ttyp0' HOME='/var/tmp' IFS=' ' LOGNAME='root' PATH='/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin' PPID='546' PREVLEVEL='N' PS1='\w \$ ' PS2='> ' PS4='+ ' PWD='/var/tmp' RESPAWN_COUNT='1' RESPAWN_LAST='0' RESPAWN_MAX='5' RESPAWN_TIME='5' ROOTDEV='/dev/sla1' RUNLEVEL='5' SHELL='/bin/false' TERM='linux' USER='root' > > Connection closed by foreign host Sending a custom prompt ~ $ Connection to 192.168.1.124 closed. wim@wim-acer:~$

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• how do you view / access the contents of a mounted dmg drive through TERMINAL hdiutil diskmount

  - by A. O.

  My external USB drive failed. I made a .dmg image file of the drive using disk utility. Later I was not able to mount the .dmg image. I used terminal hdiutil attach -noverify -nomount name.dmg diskutil list diskutil mountDisk /dev/disk4 then received the following message: Volume(s) mounted successfully However, I cant see the drive or access its contents through Finder. DUtility shows the drive as ghost but I still cant mount it using diskutility. Terminal tells me that the drive is mounted and constantly shows it in the diskutil list. pwd is not the mounted .dmg image. I dont know how to enter into the mounted image drive to see its contents. So in case what I said sounds like I see the files in the mounted image no this is not the case. I do not know how to access or even change the pwd within Terminal. I was hoping to see the mounted drive tru finder but I do not see that. So I need help as to how to find a way to access the mounted image drive if it was really mounted. Terminal says that it was and it shows it under diskutil list as a /dev/disk4. Can someone please help me access the files on this drive?

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• INACCESSIBLE_BOOT_DEVICE after installing Linux on same drive

  - by kdgregory

  History: My PC was configured with two drives: an 80G on IDE 0 Primary that was running Win2K, and a 320G on IDE 0 Secondary that was running Linux (Ubuntu). I decided to pull the 80Gb drive out of the system, so dd'd the entire 80 G drive (/dev/sda) onto the 320 (/dev/sdb) -- this included the MBR and partition table. Then I pulled the drive, plugged the 320 into IDE 0 Primary, and rebooted. The Windows partition worked at this point. Then I installed Ubuntu into the remaining space on the 320. It works. However, when I try to boot into Windows, I get a BSOD with the following message: *** STOP: 0x0000007B (0x89055030,0xC000014F,0x00000000,0x00000000) INACCESSILE_BOOT_DEVICE Before the BSOD I see the Win2K splash screen, and it claims to be "starting windows" for a couple of seconds -- so it appears that the first stage boot loader is working as expected. Ditto when I try booting in Safe Mode. After reading the Microsoft KB article, I booted into the recovery console and tried running chkdsk /r. It refused to run, claiming that the drive was corrupted (sorry, didn't write down the exact error message). However, I can mount the drive from Linux, and access all files. And for what it's worth, I can scan the drive using the Linux "Disk Utility" (this is Ubuntu, the menus don't show real program names), it claims the drive to be clean. The KB article mentioned that boot.ini could be the problem, so here it is: timeout=10 default=multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\WINDOWS [operating systems] multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\WINDOWS="Microsoft Windows 2000 Professional" /fastdetect Any pointers on what to do next?

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• linux automatic change permissions in resolv.file

  - by rikr

  In various linux servers I see how the permissions of the /etc/resolv.conf file change automatically. In state normal: -r--r--r-- 1 root root 103 Jul 4 11:50 resolv.conf In changed state: -r--r----- 1 root root 103 Jul 4 11:50 resolv.conf I installed auditd for monitoring it, and these are the two entries between the change: type=PATH msg=audit(07/04/2012 12:20:02.719:303) : item=0 name=/etc/resolv.conf inode=137102 dev=fe:00 mode=file,644 ouid=root ogid=root rdev=00:00 type=CWD msg=audit(07/04/2012 12:20:02.719:303) : cwd=/ type=SYSCALL msg=audit(07/04/2012 12:20:02.719:303) : arch=x86_64 syscall=open success=yes exit=3 a0=7feeb1405dec a1=0 a2=1b6 a3=0 items=1 ppid=1585 pid=3445 auid=unset uid=root gid=root euid=root suid=root fsuid=root egid=root sgid=root fsgid=root tty=(none) ses=4294967295 comm=hostid exe=/usr/bin/hostid key=(null) type=PATH msg=audit(07/04/2012 12:50:03.727:304) : item=0 name=/etc/resolv.conf inode=137102 dev=fe:00 mode=file,440 ouid=root ogid=root rdev=00:00 type=CWD msg=audit(07/04/2012 12:50:03.727:304) : cwd=/ type=SYSCALL msg=audit(07/04/2012 12:50:03.727:304) : arch=x86_64 syscall=open success=yes exit=3 a0=7f2bcf7abdec a1=0 a2=1b6 a3=0 items=1 ppid=1585 pid=3610 auid=unset uid=root gid=root euid=root suid=root fsuid=root egid=root sgid=root fsgid=root tty=(none) ses=4294967295 comm=hostid exe=/usr/bin/hostid key=(null) any ideas?

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• How would I change the DocumenRoot on the version of Apache that came pre-installed on my Mac OS X s

  - by racl101

  OK, so I want to take advantage of the Apache server that comes installed on my Mac OS X system (which means, I would like not to have to install my own version of Apache since I might as well tryto use what comes bundled), and as such, I went to change some settings in the configuration file: /etc/apache2/httpd.conf Namely, I changed the these two lines: DocumentRoot "/Users/myusername/Sites" <Directory "/Users/myusername/Sites"> So that they initially pointed to a folder in my Dropbox folder (so I could have my docs sync to my Dropbox): DocumentRoot "/Users/myusername/Dropbox/public_html" <Directory "/Users/myusername/Dropbox/public_html"> That didn't work. So then I figured, ok maybe it was too much to ask to make folder in my Dropbox be my document root. So then I thought, what if I make the Document root another folder of my choosing like so: DocumentRoot "/Users/myusername/dev-sites/public_html" <Directory "/Users/myusername/dev-sites/public_html"> and that didn't work either. After looking within the httpd.conf file for clues it seems that only two directories appear to work as Document root paths for the Apache that comes bundled with Mac OS X: /Users/myusername/Sites (or ~/Sites) and /Library/WebServer/Documents/ But trying to use any other directories didn't seem to work. I would get 403 errors on my browser. I was wondering if there was some other settings to change on the httpd.conf file or any permissions to set to make this work. Any help would be appreciated and many thanks in advance.

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• Setting up Virtual Host in Fedora Core 15 using apache

  - by Roland

  I'm trying to setup a couple of Virtual Host files on my Localhost PC running Fedora Core 15. Now I get this working, but now onloy one Virtual Host site works, and if I type in 127.0.0.1/test/testApp.php which is not related to the Virtual Host site , I get redirected to the Virtual Host site. Here's what I did. I created a new folder called virtualhosts in /etc/httpd/ where all my host files are stored in the following format site.conf In /etc/conf/httpd.conf I enabled NameVirtualHost *:80 and included the host files at the bottom of the config page like this Include virtualhosts/*.conf In /etc/hosts I added the line 127.0.0.1 website No when I run sudo httpd -t I get Syntax OK I restart apache and then the Virtualhost works, but as soon as I add other hosts and only use 127.0.0.1 as above it still links to the original host. Am I doing anything wrong here or left out something? An example of my Virtual Host file looks like this <VirtualHost *:80> ServerAdmin [email protected] DocumentRoot /var/www/html/website/ ServerName website ServerAlias website ErrorLog logs/dev-error_log CustomLog logs/dev-access_log common Alias /blog /var/www/html/blog/ <Directory /var/www/html/website/> Options FollowSymLinks Allow Override All Order allow,deny allow from all </Directory> #php_value error_reporting E_ALL & ~E_NOTICE & ~E_DEPRECATED php_flag display_errors On php_value date.timezone Europe/London </VirtualHost>

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• HPET missing from available clocksources on CentOS

  - by squareone

  I am having trouble using HPET on my physical machine. It is not available, even though I have enabled it in my bios, forced it in grub, and triple checked my kernel to include HPET in its compilation. Motherboard: Supermicro X9DRW Processor: 2x Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5-2640 SAS Controller: LSI Logic / Symbios Logic SAS2004 PCI-Express Fusion-MPT SAS-2 [Spitfire] (rev 03) Distro: CentOS 6.3 Kernel: 3.4.21-rt32 #2 SMP PREEMPT RT x86_64 GNU/Linux Grub: hpet=force clocksource=hpet .config file: CONFIG_HPET_TIMER=y CONFIG_HPET_EMULATE_RTC=y CONFIG_HPET=y dmesg | grep hpet: Command line: ro root=/dev/mapper/vg_xxxx-lv_root rd_NO_LUKS rd_LVM_LV=vg_xxxx/lv_root KEYBOARDTYPE=pc KEYTABLE=us rd_NO_MD SYSFONT=latarcyrheb-sun16 crashkernel=auto rd_LVM_LV=vg_xxxx/lv_swap rd_NO_DM LANG=en_US.UTF-8 rhgb quiet panic=5 hpet=force clocksource=hpet Kernel command line: ro root=/dev/mapper/vg_xxxx-lv_root rd_NO_LUKS rd_LVM_LV=vg_xxxx/lv_root KEYBOARDTYPE=pc KEYTABLE=us rd_NO_MD SYSFONT=latarcyrheb-sun16 crashkernel=auto rd_LVM_LV=vg_xxxx/lv_swap rd_NO_DM LANG=en_US.UTF-8 rhgb quiet panic=5 hpet=force clocksource=hpet cat /sys/devices/system/clocksource/clocksource0/current_clocksource: tsc cat /sys/devices/system/clocksource/clocksource0/available_clocksource: tsc jiffies What is even more confusing, is that I have about a dozen other machines that utilize the same kernel .config, and can use HPET fine. I fear it is a hardware issue, but would appreciate any advice or help with getting HPET available. Thanks in advance!

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• OpenVPN - Cannot browse ipv4 websites

  - by user1494428

  I have set up an openVPN tunnel on my VPS (OpenVZ - Ubuntu 12.04). The problem is I can only browse websites which support ipv6 like google. http://whatismyv6.com/ reports me that I've an ipv6 adress, so I guess this is the problem. Server configuration: dev tun server 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.0 ifconfig-pool-persist ipp.txt ca /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/keys/ca.crt cert /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/keys/server.crt key /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/keys/server.key dh /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/keys/dh1024.pem push "route 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.0" push "dhcp-option DNS 8.8.8.8" push "dhcp-option DNS 8.8.4.4" push "redirect-gateway def1" comp-lzo persist-tun persist-key status openvpn-status.log log /var/log/openvpn.log verb 3 Client configuration: client remote xx.xx.xx.xx 1194 dev tun comp-lzo ca ca.crt cert client1.crt key client1.key redirect-gateway def1 verb 3 I have configured NAT with this command: iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 10.8.0.0/24 -j SNAT --to xx.xx.xx.xx Can someone explain me how I can make it works (forcing ipv4?) I had the same problem with another vps and I also tried on another client (All Windows 7).

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• Is there any reason this cronjob would fail in cron, but not on the command line?

  - by Treffynnon

  I have written a little one liner that will email me when a list of files changes - I used sha512 to generate a list of hashes and then periodically check that those hashes still match. */5 * * * * /usr/bin/sha512sum --status -c /sha512.sumlist && echo "Success" > /dev/null || echo "Check robots.txt and index.html in /var/www as staging sites are now potentially exposed to the world and the damned googlebot" | /usr/bin/mail -s "Default staging server files have changed" [email protected] It works fine on the command line with: /usr/bin/sha512sum --status -c /sha512.sumlist && echo "Success" > /dev/null || echo "Check robots.txt and index.html in /var/www as staging sites are now potentially exposed to the world and the damned googlebot" | /usr/bin/mail -s "Default staging server files have changed" [email protected] As soon as I run it as a cronjob though it emails every time it runs with the failure message instead of only when the sha512sum check should fail. Is there something silly I have missed in a rush? I forgot to mention that I am running an Ubuntu machine.

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• Cannot browse ipv4 websites (OpenVPN )

  - by user1494428

  I have set up an openVPN tunnel on my VPS (OpenVZ - Ubuntu 12.04). The problem is when I'm connected to the vpn, I can only browse websites which support ipv6 like google. Ipv4 sites aren't loading (no error, just waiting indefinitely). http://whatismyv6.com/ reports me that I've an ipv6 address, so I guess this is the problem. Server configuration: dev tun server 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.0 ifconfig-pool-persist ipp.txt ca /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/keys/ca.crt cert /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/keys/server.crt key /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/keys/server.key dh /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/keys/dh1024.pem push "route 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.0" push "dhcp-option DNS 8.8.8.8" push "dhcp-option DNS 8.8.4.4" push "redirect-gateway def1" comp-lzo persist-tun persist-key status openvpn-status.log log /var/log/openvpn.log verb 3 Client configuration: client remote xx.xx.xx.xx 1194 dev tun comp-lzo ca ca.crt cert client1.crt key client1.key redirect-gateway def1 verb 3 I have configured NAT with this command: iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 10.8.0.0/24 -j SNAT --to xx.xx.xx.xx Can someone explain me how I can make it works (forcing ipv4?) I had the same problem with another vps and I also tried on another client (All Windows 7).

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• Separated virtual networks with same subnet range with 2 interface

  - by Coolpet

  I'm having some problems with routing with the following: I have a server with 2 interfaces. It has 1-1 alias contains the same subnet. the 2 interface is connected to 2 switch, which are separated from each other. Infrastructure: Eth0 192.168.16.2/20 Eth0:eth0 192.168.1.222/20 Eth1 192.168.32.3/20 Eth1:eth1 192.168.1.223/20 I have a PC which has the IP address: 192.168.1.3/24 The problem is the next: If PC is on subnet 1, I can ping it. If PC is on subnet 2, I can't ping it. traceroute shows the route is across 192.168.1.222 ping -I 192.168.1.223 192.168.1.3 is not working on subnet 2. arp entries show the MAC address belonging to the correct interface (eth1 on subnet 2) How can I force the server to look on both interface same ranged subnet for specific IP? It searches only in the first subnet. The routing table has these 2 entries: 192.168.0.0/20 dev eth0 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.1.222 192.168.0.0/20 dev eth1 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.1.223

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• How to copy VirtualBox VDI contents to a partition and dual boot the OS from it?

  - by Calmarius

  I'm a Linux user but I keep a compressed Windows XP ISO with me on a pen drive for the case I absolutely need Windows to do something. This works in VirtualBox most of the time. But now I want to play some games, so I would like to run the Windows image natively. My computer don't have CD drive so cannot just burn the ISO and make an install normally. What I trying to do is moving the installed Windows image to a physical NTFS partition on my HDD and set up GRUB to let me dual boot it. I found many tutorials that deal with making VDI to physical drive. But they assume I want to overwrite my entire drive. Moving the raw disk image with dd to the partition resulted in a corrupt partition. I also tried the VMDK trick to use that empty partition and install the Windows on it. Although the text mode phase of the installation finishes without problems, the VM won't work, either crashes and keeps rebooting or just immediately or freezes (depending on how I created the VMDK, with -rawdisk /dev/sda3 or -rawdisk /dev/sda -partition 3).

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• Why is my rsync so slow?

  - by iblue

  My Laptop and my workstation are both connected to a Gigabit Switch. Both are running Linux. But when I copy files with rsync, it performs badly. I get about 22 MB/s. Shouldn't I theoretically get about 125 MB/s? What is the limiting factor here? EDIT: I conducted some experiments. Write performance on the laptop The laptop has a xfs filesystem with full disk encryption. It uses aes-cbc-essiv:sha256 cipher mode with 256 bits key length. Disk write performance is 58.8 MB/s. iblue@nerdpol:~$ LANG=C dd if=/dev/zero of=test.img bs=1M count=1024 1073741824 Bytes (1.1 GB) copied, 18.2735 s, 58.8 MB/s Read performance on the workstation The files I copied are on a software RAID-5 over 5 HDDs. On top of the raid is a lvm. The volume itself is encrypted with the same cipher. The workstation has a FX-8150 cpu that has a native AES-NI instruction set which speeds up encryption. Disk read performance is 256 MB/s (cache was cold). iblue@raven:/mnt/bytemachine/imgs$ dd if=backup-1333796266.tar.bz2 of=/dev/null bs=1M 10213172008 bytes (10 GB) copied, 39.8882 s, 256 MB/s Network performance I ran iperf between the two clients. Network performance is 939 Mbit/s iblue@raven $ iperf -c 94.135.XXX ------------------------------------------------------------ Client connecting to 94.135.XXX, TCP port 5001 TCP window size: 23.2 KByte (default) ------------------------------------------------------------ [ 3] local 94.135.XXX port 59385 connected with 94.135.YYY port 5001 [ ID] Interval Transfer Bandwidth [ 3] 0.0-10.0 sec 1.09 GBytes 939 Mbits/sec

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• Almost All Logical Volumes Disappeared - Recovery?

  - by Alex

  We had a hard disc crash of one of two hard discs in a software raid with a LVM on top. The server is running Citrix xenserver. On the hard disk which is still intact, the volume group gets detected well, but only one LV is left. (some hashes replaced by "x") # lvdisplay --- Logical volume --- LV Name /dev/VG_XenStorage-x-x-x-x-408b91acdcae/MGT VG Name VG_XenStorage-x-x-x-x-408b91acdcae LV UUID x-x-x-x-x-x-vQmZ6C LV Write Access read/write LV Status available # open 0 LV Size 4.00 MiB Current LE 1 Segments 1 Allocation inherit Read ahead sectors auto - currently set to 256 Block device 253:0 root@rescue ~ # vgdisplay --- Volume group --- VG Name VG_XenStorage-x-x-x-x-408b91acdcae System ID Format lvm2 Metadata Areas 1 Metadata Sequence No 4 VG Access read/write VG Status resizable MAX LV 0 Cur LV 1 Open LV 0 Max PV 0 Cur PV 1 Act PV 1 VG Size 698.62 GiB PE Size 4.00 MiB Total PE 178848 Alloc PE / Size 1 / 4.00 MiB Free PE / Size 178847 / 698.62 GiB VG UUID x-x-x-x-x-x-53w0kL I could understand if a full physical volume is lost - but why only the logical volumes? Is there any explanation for this? Is there any way to recover the logical volumes? EDIT We are here in a rescue system. The problem is that the whole server does not boot (GRUB error 22) What we are trying to do is to access the root filesystem. But everything was in the LVM. We have only this: (parted) print Model: ATA SAMSUNG HD753LJ (scsi) Disk /dev/sdb: 750GB Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B Partition Table: msdos Number Start End Size Type File system Flags 1 32.3kB 750GB 750GB primary boot, lvm And this 750GB LVM volume is exactly what we see on top.

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• How to start and stop a systemd unit with another?

  - by Andy Shinn

  I am using CoreOS to schedule systemd units with fleet. I have two units (firehose.service and firehose-announce.service. I am trying to get the firehose-announce.service to start and stop along with the firehose.service. Here is the unit file for firehose-announce.service: [Unit] Description=Firehose etcd announcer BindsTo=firehose@%i.service After=firehose@%i.service Requires=firehose@%i.service [Service] EnvironmentFile=/etc/environment TimeoutStartSec=30s ExecStartPre=/bin/sh -c 'sleep 1' ExecStart=/bin/sh -c "port=$(docker inspect -f '{{range $i, $e := .NetworkSettings.Ports }}{{$p := index $e 0}}{{$p.HostPort}}{{end}}' firehose-%i); echo -n \"Adding socket $COREOS_PRIVATE_IPV4:$port/tcp to /firehose/upstream/firehose-%i\"; while netstat -lnt | grep :$port >/dev/null; do etcdctl set /firehose/upstream/firehose-%i $COREOS_PRIVATE_IPV4:$port --ttl 300 >/dev/null; sleep 200; done" RestartSec=30s Restart=on-failure [X-Fleet] X-ConditionMachineOf=firehose@%i.service I am trying to use BindsTo with the notion that start and stop of firehose.service will also start or stop firehose-announce.service. But this never happens correctly. If firehose.service is stopped, then firehose-announce.service goes to failed state. But when I start firehose.service, the firehose-announce.service doesn't start up. What am I doing wrong here?

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• Recovering a broken NTFS filesystem?

  - by OverTheRainbow

  A much-needed Windows Update broke a Vista laptop that was running fine until then: After booting up, Windows displays "Please wait..." but it never goes anywhere. I waited for a couple of hours, there is a bit of disk activity, but it didn't work out in the end. I booted with the Vista DVD, chose "Repair your computer" which said that there was nothing wrong :-/ Next, I booted it up with a Linux USB keydrive, and ran Gparted 0.8.1 (which includes ntfsresize v2011.4.12AR.4 libntfs-3g) which displays a bunch of warnings for the NTFS partition where the Vista system is located such as: ntfs_mst_post_read_fixup: magic: 0x00000000 size: 1024 usa_ofs: 0 usa_count: 65535: Invalid argument Record 16 has no FILE magic (0x0) Next, I ran ntfsfix /dev/sda2, which said: Mounting volume... OK Processing of $MFT and $MFTMirr completed successfully. NTFS volume version is 3.1. NTFS partition /dev/sda2 was processed successfully. Next, I rebooted Vista, which did a CHKDSK, before rebooting. But I'm still getting nowhere with "Please wait..." Before I copy the user's data to another host and reinstall Vista from a DVD, does someone know what I could try? Thank you. Edit: In case someone else has the same issue... After the BIOS, hit F8 and choose "Repair your computer", followed by "Toshiba HDD Recovery". In addition to a 1,5GB partition labelled "WinRE", the hard disk contains a second partition labeled "Data" from which the application will fetch a system image and reinstall it in the "Vista" partition. Make sure you copy your data out of the system partition before doing this.

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• Explain why .bash_logout won't run commands?

  - by Droogans

  So I've been wondering how to run these two lines of code everytime I close an open instance of Terminal: history -c cat /dev/null > ~/.bash_history I export HISTFILE=5 on startup, but still want to flush that out when I'm done. I've tried looking around a bit in a couple of places, and haven't had much luck. I run Linux Mint, and would also note here that I ran into a similar issue with .bash_profile; eventually, I discovered I needed to place all start up code in .bashrc, so maybe that has something to do with it. Here's my .bash_logout file: #!/bin/bash # ~/.bash_logout: executed by bash(1) when login shell exits. # when leaving the console clear the screen to increase privacy if [ "$SHLVL" = 1 ]; then history -c cat /dev/null > ~/.bash_history [ -x /usr/bin/clear_console ] && /usr/bin/clear_console -q fi #this does nothing on exit... echo 'logout'; sleep 2s I've tried re-arranging this script many ways, I'm not sure if I don't understand how bash works, and if any of this is running in the first place. Does the fact that I run Xserver make bash consider Terminal something that isn't a log-out on exit?

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• Ubuntu 12.04 can't boot after installing with software RAID 1

  - by Bill

  I've been trying to install Ubuntu with software RAID on my server and there is obviously something that I don't understand about the process. This is the guide that I followed: https://help.ubuntu.com/11.04/serverguide/advanced-installation.html I have two identical 1 TB disks in my server. I went through the initial install process and manually set up my partitions. On each disk I set up: (1) 100 MB partition for EFI boot (I didn't originally have this but added it based on a forum post I found after my original install failed to boot, I ended up with EFIboot since that was what the 'guided partitioning' decided to do) (1) 970 MB partition for / (1) 30 MB partition for swap I then created new RAID 1 disks combining the two partitions, one from each disk, such that each partition is mirrored. I then configured their usage as stated above. After saving the configuration I said yes to boot in a degraded state. The rest of the setup went normally, no errors of any kind. I saw GRUB being installed and again no errors. However, after rebooting the server I get the dreaded 'Insert boot media' and nothing happens. I loaded up the recovery disk and the mdadm configuration looks correct. md0 is my EFIBoot partition md1 is my \ partition using ext4 md2 is my swap partition Running file -s /dev/md0 doesn't indicate that GRUB is there and so I attempted to reinstall GRUB using the recovery disk. I selected the md0 disk and it appeared to install just fine. Running file -s /dev/md1 shows the error needs journal recovery, I'm not sure if that's related or not or how to fix that. Rebooting gives me the same problem, no boot media found. I've searched around the internet but can't figure out what to do next or more importantly how to troubleshoot what exactly is going wrong. Thanks!

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• Putting and configuring grub on an external drive

  - by HisDudeness

  I want to put a bunch of minor emergency operating systems (such as GParted Live, DSL, Puppy Linux and so on) on a partitioned USB pen drive, with a dedicated grub boot loader on it, which I want to start when I select the drive in the BIOS to boot. The problem is: when writing grub boot options I must tell where kernel and initial ram files are located, but the USB drive can have different letters depending on when I did plug it in, if some others external drive were mounted. So, how can I write appropriate options which automatically refer to the drive grub is installed on without having to specify absolute paths, which might change (I mean, like (hd1,msdos1) ot /dev/sdb1)? And, while we are at it, can I have grub working on a device without an operating system on it to which it can refer? I mean, I want to address the command sudo grub-install /dev/sdb from the LMDE system I'm on right now, but I won't have LMDE on my pen drive. Is that a problem? And installing grub on another device, will I keep the grub I have right now on my HDD?

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• Things to consider when building a continuous integration server?

  - by Dave

  I'm new to continuous integration, but immediately realize its value, and I want to get one set up right away. I have played with TeamCity and have it working in a VM great. Now, I don't want to spend money on another system, so I was planning on just doing the VM again on a faster machine (i.e. my dev system). There are a few questions that come to mind with this: Hard disk allocation - how big should it be? Sure, 60GB seems like more than enough, but people also used to think that we'd never need more than 64KB of RAM Backups - is it even important to back up the integration server? Sure, I guess it's nice so that one doesn't have to go through the entire configuration process again, but I would think that's about it. I could snapshot my VM every time I do a configuration change, and then do a backup of applications only (ignore the buildAgent stuff). Migration - if I want to go away from a VM on my dev system, to a new server, which maybe even runs Windows Server 2003, is it easy enough? Perhaps this is a particular point best suited for StackOverflow.

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• Routing Traffic With OpenVPN

  - by user224277

  Few minutes ago i configured my VPN server, and actually I can connect to my VPN but all trafic is going through my normal home network. On my OpenVPN application I've got an information : Server IP: **.185.***.*10 Client IP: 10.8.0.6 Traffic: 7.3 KB in, 5.6 KB out Connected: 10 June 2014 19:21:59 So everything is connected but how I can setup on windows 7 that all trafic have to go through OpenVPN network card ?? Client setting : client dev tun proto udp # enter the server's hostname # or IP address here, and port number remote **.185.***.*10 1194 resolv-retry infinite nobind persist-key persist-tun # Use the full filepaths to your # certificates and keys ca ca.crt cert user1.crt key user1.key ns-cert-type server comp-lzo verb 6 Server setting : port 1194 proto udp dev tun # the full paths to your server keys and certs ca /etc/openvpn/keys/ca.crt cert /etc/openvpn/keys/server.crt key /etc/openvpn/keys/server.key dh /etc/openvpn/keys/dh2048.pem cipher BF-CBC # Set server mode, and define a virtual pool of IP # addresses for clients to use. Use any subnet # that does not collide with your existing subnets. # In this example, the server can be pinged at 10.8.0.1 server 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.0 # Set up route(s) to subnet(s) behind # OpenVPN server push "dhcp-option DNS 8.8.8.8" push "dhcp-option DNS 8.8.4.4" ifconfig-pool-persist /etc/openvpn/ipp.txt keepalive 10 120 status openvpn-status.log verb 6 and sysctl : net.ipv4.ip_forward=1 Thank you for your time and help.

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• How can I recover my data from a damaged hard drive?

  - by krk

  a few days ago when I was working on windows my laptop was beaten on the side where the hard drive is located. As a result, it was damaged and I couldn't access the windows partition. I had to boot the linux one, which is working without any trouble. I have 2 partition formatted with ntfs, the one with windows on it, and the other one intended to store data. I mounted the windows partition from ubuntu and I could see all my files. But when I tried to mount the data partition it was impossible. It threw me an error, it couldn't recognize ntfs partition. I try to copy the damaged disk into an external hard drive using the command: dd if=/dev/sda of=/dev/sdb conv=noerror,sync The progress stopped at 60%. I was still unable to mount the data partition. Now I'm trying to backup my files using an utility called Photorec. The problem is that it is recovering my files in a disorderly way, it is all mixed up and I need my original directory structure, it will become an endless task to organize the files as they were before. Is there any way I can get my partition back?

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• Script apparently changing file permissions on Mac OS to 000

  - by half_bit

  I wrote a little shellscript that helps installing a web application. The script itself just downloads a zip archive, extracts it and changes the permissions of the extracted files to the one needed to run the webapp. The problem now is that some users reported that after running my script, all the permissions of every file in their home directory or even on their whole computer changed to 000 (except the actual unzipped files which do have the correct permissions). The only lines in my script actually doing IO are these: URL="http://foo.com/" FILENAME="some.zip" curl --silent "$URL$FILENAME" -o $FILENAME > /dev/null echo "Unzipping...\c" if unzip -oqq $FILENAME > /dev/null then chmod -R 777 app/tmp app/webroot app/Config/database* app/configuration* chown -R www:www * rm $FILENAME echo "\t\t\tOK" exit 0 else echo "\t\t\tERROR" exit 1 fi I seriously can't explain this to myself. How can this even be possible? It is entirely possible that the users accidentally ran the script in their home directory, but that still wouldn't explain why the permissions where set to 000, not www/777.

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• Sudo won't execute command as another user

  - by TOdorus

  I'm trying to get a unicorn server to start when the server boots. I've created a shell script which works if I log as the ubuntu user and run /etc/init.d/unicorn start Shell script #!/bin/sh case "$1" in start) cd /home/ubuntu/projects/asbest/current/ unicorn_rails -c /home/ubuntu/projects/asbest/current/config/unicorn.rb -D -E production ;; stop) if ps aux | awk '{print $2 }' | grep `cat ~/projects/asbest/current/tmp/pids/unicorn.pid`> /dev/null; then kill `cat ~/projects/asbest/current/tmp/pids/uni$ ;; restart) $0 stop $0 start ;; esac When I rebooted the server I noticed that the unicorn server wasn't listening to a socket. Since I ran the code succesfully as the ubuntu user I modified the script to let it always use the ubuntu user via sudo. #!/bin/sh case "$1" in start) cd /home/ubuntu/projects/asbest/current/ sudo -u ubuntu unicorn_rails -c /home/ubuntu/projects/asbest/current/config/unicorn.rb -D -E production ;; stop) if ps aux | awk '{print $2 }' | grep `cat ~/projects/asbest/current/tmp/pids/unicorn.pid`> /dev/null; then sudo -u ubuntu kill `cat ~/projects/asbest/current/tmp/pids/uni$ ;; restart) $0 stop $0 start ;; esac After rebooting unicorn still wouldn't start, so I tried running the script from the command line. Now I get the following error sudo: unicorn_rails: command not found I've searched high and low to what could cause this, but I'm afraid I've tapped my limited understanding of Linux. From what I can understand is that although sudo should use the ubuntu user to execute the commands, it still uses the environment of the root user, which isn't configured to run ruby or unicorn. Does anybody have any experience with this?

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