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• Linux buffer cache effect on IO writes?

  - by Patrick LeBoutillier

  I'm copying large files (3 x 30G) between 2 filesystems on a Linux server (kernel 2.6.37, 16 cores, 32G RAM) and I'm getting poor performance. I suspect that the usage of the buffer cache is killing the I/O performance. To try and narrow down the problem I used fio directly on the SAS disk to monitor the performance. Here is the output of 2 fio runs (the first with direct=1, the second one direct=0): Config: [test] rw=write blocksize=32k size=20G filename=/dev/sda # direct=1 Run 1: test: (g=0): rw=write, bs=32K-32K/32K-32K, ioengine=sync, iodepth=1 Starting 1 process Jobs: 1 (f=1): [W] [100.0% done] [0K/205M /s] [0/6K iops] [eta 00m:00s] test: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=4667 write: io=20,480MB, bw=199MB/s, iops=6,381, runt=102698msec clat (usec): min=104, max=13,388, avg=152.06, stdev=72.43 bw (KB/s) : min=192448, max=213824, per=100.01%, avg=204232.82, stdev=4084.67 cpu : usr=3.37%, sys=16.55%, ctx=655410, majf=0, minf=29 IO depths : 1=100.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0% submit : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0% complete : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0% issued r/w: total=0/655360, short=0/0 lat (usec): 250=99.50%, 500=0.45%, 750=0.01%, 1000=0.01% lat (msec): 2=0.01%, 4=0.02%, 10=0.01%, 20=0.01% Run status group 0 (all jobs): WRITE: io=20,480MB, aggrb=199MB/s, minb=204MB/s, maxb=204MB/s, mint=102698msec, maxt=102698msec Disk stats (read/write): sda: ios=0/655238, merge=0/0, ticks=0/79552, in_queue=78640, util=76.55% Run 2: test: (g=0): rw=write, bs=32K-32K/32K-32K, ioengine=sync, iodepth=1 Starting 1 process Jobs: 1 (f=1): [W] [100.0% done] [0K/0K /s] [0/0 iops] [eta 00m:00s] test: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=4733 write: io=20,480MB, bw=91,265KB/s, iops=2,852, runt=229786msec clat (usec): min=16, max=127K, avg=349.53, stdev=4694.98 bw (KB/s) : min=56013, max=1390016, per=101.47%, avg=92607.31, stdev=167453.17 cpu : usr=0.41%, sys=6.93%, ctx=21128, majf=0, minf=33 IO depths : 1=100.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0% submit : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0% complete : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0% issued r/w: total=0/655360, short=0/0 lat (usec): 20=5.53%, 50=93.89%, 100=0.02%, 250=0.01%, 500=0.01% lat (msec): 2=0.01%, 4=0.01%, 10=0.01%, 20=0.01%, 50=0.12% lat (msec): 100=0.38%, 250=0.04% Run status group 0 (all jobs): WRITE: io=20,480MB, aggrb=91,265KB/s, minb=93,455KB/s, maxb=93,455KB/s, mint=229786msec, maxt=229786msec Disk stats (read/write): sda: ios=8/79811, merge=7/7721388, ticks=9/32418456, in_queue=32471983, util=98.98% I'm not knowledgeable enough with fio to interpret the results, but I don't expect the overall performance using the buffer cache to be 50% less than with O_DIRECT. Can someone help me interpret the fio output? Are there any kernel tunings that could fix/minimize the problem? Thanks a lot,

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• XP OEM licensing when reinstalling Windows XP

  - by mindas

  My wife has managed to buy a Dell laptop she was using at her ex-employer that just went bust. The problem with it is the OS (Windows XP) which takes ages to boot and is generally disproportionally slow to the hardware of the machine. So my aim is to sacrifice a day and reinstall it. The problem I am slightly worried about is the licensing/registration/activation hell. Apart from the sticker (with WinXP license key), the laptop has no other paperwork proving this license is legitimate. I believe this was originally an OEM license. Unfortunately, I don't have the the installation CD. This computer also has MS Office installed (which I would like to retain) but it none of MS Office apps would launch due to some obscure error complaining about lack of free disk space (which computer has plenty of). I have absolutely no clue what kind of license this MS Office was. And because the company has gone into the administration, there is no way of getting this information nor installable media. I believe that by buying the hardware I have also acquired the software which I can use as I see fit. Correct me if I'm wrong. Above said, my question would be: What is the easiest way of reinstalling the XP? By easiest I mean avoiding spending my time to prove Microsoft support I've got the right to use the software (insert your computer says noooo joke here) but still being able to get to fresh virgin activated legal state of the XP. I used to work as a sysadmin many years ago so I am not afraid of any technical difficulties. The same question applies to MS Office. I imagine the process would consist of backing up all the data, pulling some bits from the registry and using that on the fresh install. As for reinstall I'd expect to use some sort of OEM Windows repair CD from Dell, right? Are those freely available? My other box (HP) has such a thing and it can't be used on any other brand. I'm sure somebody had to go through this licensing hell and could share his/her tips. Thanks in advance.

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• Nagios3: Conditional operators for service checks?

  - by Dave

  I'm trying to setup Nagios to monitor my various using hostgroups to define 'machine roles', against which I run services to check the machines by role. However, I'd like to use conditional operators that would enable me to run the service check against an intersection of two host groups, rather than their unions... i.e. using &&, ||, or () operators. For example, imagine I have the following servers: www-eu: Linux WWW (Apache) server, in the EU www-us: Windows WWW (IIS) server, in the US (West coast) ftp-eu: Linux FTP server, in the EU ftp-us: Windows FTP server, in the US I would want to create the following host groups: US-Servers: www-us, ftp-us EU-Servers: www-eu, ftp-eu WWW-Servers: www-us, www-eu FTP-Servers: ftp-us, ftp-eu Now say I'm interested in checking the HTTP response time for my web servers. Then let's say this particular Nagios service is running from the US (West Coast), and that I have a command called *check_http_response_time*. This command will check the responsiveness of the HTTP server, which I can provide an argument which defines the max response time before raising critical. My command might look like: check_http_response_time $HOSTNAME$ 50 Now traditionally, I can run my checks by specifying a list of host or hostgroups. define service{ use local-service hostgroup_name WWW-Servers # Servers = www-us, www-eu servicegroups WWW Checks service_description Check HTTP Response Time check_command check_http_response_time!50 } However, with the above service definition, given my Nagios service is in US West, I could reasonably expect that my EU server will return critical. Really, I want different thresholds for each region (50 for US West, 200 for EU.) I would have to permutate my service for each host and set their custom threshold, or alternatively permutate out my service groups by role & region (i.e. WWW-Servers-EU), and run my specific thresholds against those. Though the latter is better, both are much messier than I'd like... What I would love, and what this post is asking for, is a way to use hostgroups to perform an intersection using conditional logic, rather than a simple union. It might look like: define service{ use local-service hostgroup_name WWW-Servers && US-Servers servicegroups WWW Checks service_description Check HTTP Response Time check_command check_http_response_time!50 } It then would run the check only against servers that are in both WWW-Servers and US-Servers, in my example, just www-us. The benefits of such a feature would be significant for Nagios services configured for large-scale. Is this feature available? If it isn't, will it be available in the future? Is there an alternative way to accomplish this given the most recent Nagios version? Any tips/suggestions are most appreciated! Dave

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• Ubuntu Newbie Needs Assistance!!

  - by Steve Greene

  New Ubuntu User Needs Help!- version 9.10 does not communicate with laptop Hello folks, Several days ago, I installed Ubuntu 9.10 onto my Acer Aspire 3100 laptop, running it alongside Widows Vista as a dual-bootable system. Creation of the Ubuntu boot CD went fine, and the installation onto my hard drive was flawless. Ubuntu opens and behaves as I would expect, except for one little problem. For reasons unknown to me, Ubuntu is not communicating with my laptop's networking hardware, and I have no internet connectivity, even when sitting directly under the wireless router at the local library (literally), which puts out a wickedly-fast signal that my Windows Vista OS auto-detects and immediately connects to. Up in the right side of the Ubuntu desktop, I click on the network icon and it does not show a wireless connection at all, even though I am only a few feet from the router. At home, where I use a dialup modem, I also see no means of getting online. My modem is an HDAUDIO Soft Data Fax Modem with Smart CP,manufactured by CXT (Conexant Systems Inc., file version 4.0.13.0, and the driver version is 7.58.0.0). I desparately wish to convert to Ubuntu. I used Mac for ten years, and then Windows for ten years. Now, after 20 years, I want to live out my days as an open-source Ubuntu fanatic. I am ready to give the old status quo the boot! I am an advanced computer user, but I am not a programmer. I seek a solution that is user-friendly for normal people, something equivalent to a driver that I can easily install or activate that will allow Ubuntu to see my hardware and get me connected. Can anyone help me over this hopefully-little glitch so that I can move on in total Ubuntu bliss? My processor is a Mobile AMD Sempron Processor 3500+ at 1.80 GHz, 1.50 GB RAM, and a 32-bit Operating System. I am running Windows Vista Home Basic, Service Pack 2. My current email is [email protected] if you have a workable solution that does not require programmer status to implement. Surely this must be a simple fix that I simply am overlooking, but being the new guy on the block, I have yet to be enlightened. Thanks for your help in coming up to speed!! Steve Wanna' be Ubuntu Fanatic "If you're not living on the edge, you're taking up too much space."

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• XP OEM licensing when reinstalling Windows XP

  - by mindas

  My wife has managed to buy a Dell laptop she was using at her ex-employer that just went bust. The problem with it is the OS (Windows XP) which takes ages to boot and is generally disproportionally slow to the hardware of the machine. So my aim is to sacrifice a day and reinstall it. The problem I am slightly worried about is the licensing/registration/activation hell. Apart from the sticker (with WinXP license key), the laptop has no other paperwork proving this license is legitimate. I believe this was originally an OEM license. Unfortunately, I don't have the the installation CD. This computer also has MS Office installed (which I would like to retain) but it none of MS Office apps would launch due to some obscure error complaining about lack of free disk space (which computer has plenty of). I have absolutely no clue what kind of license this MS Office was. And because the company has gone into the administration, there is no way of getting this information nor installable media. I believe that by buying the hardware I have also acquired the software which I can use as I see fit. Correct me if I'm wrong. Above said, my question would be: What is the easiest way of reinstalling the XP? By easiest I mean avoiding spending my time to prove Microsoft support I've got the right to use the software (insert your computer says noooo joke here) but still being able to get to fresh virgin activated legal state of the XP. I used to work as a sysadmin many years ago so I am not afraid of any technical difficulties. The same question applies to MS Office. I imagine the process would consist of backing up all the data, pulling some bits from the registry and using that on the fresh install. As for reinstall I'd expect to use some sort of OEM Windows repair CD from Dell, right? Are those freely available? My other box (HP) has such a thing and it can't be used on any other brand. I'm sure somebody had to go through this licensing hell and could share his/her tips. Thanks in advance.

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• Linux buffer cache effect on IO writes?

  - by Patrick LeBoutillier

  Hi, I'm copying large files (3 x 30G) between 2 filesystems on a Linux server (kernel 2.6.37, 16 cores, 32G RAM) and I'm getting poor performance. I suspect that the usage of the buffer cache is killing the I/O performance. To try and narrow down the problem I used fio directly on the SAS disk to monitor the performance. Here is the output of 2 fio runs (the first with direct=1, the second one direct=0): Config: [test] rw=write blocksize=32k size=20G filename=/dev/sda # direct=1 Run 1: test: (g=0): rw=write, bs=32K-32K/32K-32K, ioengine=sync, iodepth=1 Starting 1 process Jobs: 1 (f=1): [W] [100.0% done] [0K/205M /s] [0/6K iops] [eta 00m:00s] test: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=4667 write: io=20,480MB, bw=199MB/s, iops=6,381, runt=102698msec clat (usec): min=104, max=13,388, avg=152.06, stdev=72.43 bw (KB/s) : min=192448, max=213824, per=100.01%, avg=204232.82, stdev=4084.67 cpu : usr=3.37%, sys=16.55%, ctx=655410, majf=0, minf=29 IO depths : 1=100.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0% submit : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0% complete : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0% issued r/w: total=0/655360, short=0/0 lat (usec): 250=99.50%, 500=0.45%, 750=0.01%, 1000=0.01% lat (msec): 2=0.01%, 4=0.02%, 10=0.01%, 20=0.01% Run status group 0 (all jobs): WRITE: io=20,480MB, aggrb=199MB/s, minb=204MB/s, maxb=204MB/s, mint=102698msec, maxt=102698msec Disk stats (read/write): sda: ios=0/655238, merge=0/0, ticks=0/79552, in_queue=78640, util=76.55% Run 2: test: (g=0): rw=write, bs=32K-32K/32K-32K, ioengine=sync, iodepth=1 Starting 1 process Jobs: 1 (f=1): [W] [100.0% done] [0K/0K /s] [0/0 iops] [eta 00m:00s] test: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=4733 write: io=20,480MB, bw=91,265KB/s, iops=2,852, runt=229786msec clat (usec): min=16, max=127K, avg=349.53, stdev=4694.98 bw (KB/s) : min=56013, max=1390016, per=101.47%, avg=92607.31, stdev=167453.17 cpu : usr=0.41%, sys=6.93%, ctx=21128, majf=0, minf=33 IO depths : 1=100.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0% submit : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0% complete : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0% issued r/w: total=0/655360, short=0/0 lat (usec): 20=5.53%, 50=93.89%, 100=0.02%, 250=0.01%, 500=0.01% lat (msec): 2=0.01%, 4=0.01%, 10=0.01%, 20=0.01%, 50=0.12% lat (msec): 100=0.38%, 250=0.04% Run status group 0 (all jobs): WRITE: io=20,480MB, aggrb=91,265KB/s, minb=93,455KB/s, maxb=93,455KB/s, mint=229786msec, maxt=229786msec Disk stats (read/write): sda: ios=8/79811, merge=7/7721388, ticks=9/32418456, in_queue=32471983, util=98.98% I'm not knowledgeable enough with fio to interpret the results, but I don't expect the overall performance using the buffer cache to be 50% less than with O_DIRECT. Can someone help me interpret the fio output? Are there any kernel tunings that could fix/minimize the problem? Thanks a lot,

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• CentOS 6 - Make system aware of custom lib paths and missing base links

  - by Mike Purcell

  I am trying to compile libmemcached (1.0.7) on CentOS6, and keep getting the following warning: ... checking for event.h... no configure: WARNING: Unable to find libevent ... I manually compiled libevent (2.0.19) and built it using the following configure line: OPTIONS="--prefix=/usr/local/_custom/app/libevent" Everything compiled and installed fine, but I couldn't figure out how to make the system aware that the lib files are in the custom /usr/local/_custom/app/libevent/libdir. I stumbled upon an article and read that I can make the system aware of custom lib paths by adding a custom file to /etc/ld.so.conf.d/ directory: # /etc/ld.so.conf.d/customApp.conf /usr/local/_custom/app/libevent/lib Then I issued the ldconfig command and was able to confirm that libevent was included by issuing this command: ldconfig -p | ack -i libevent Seeing that libevent was now included in the ldconfig output, I figured I would be able to compile libmemcached and satisfy the aforementioned warning. Unfortunately it did not. So I took another look at the ldconfig output and noticed this: libevent_pthreads-2.0.so.5 (libc6,x86-64) => /usr/local/_custom/app/libevent/lib/libevent_pthreads-2.0.so.5 libevent_openssl-2.0.so.5 (libc6,x86-64) => /usr/local/_custom/app/libevent/lib/libevent_openssl-2.0.so.5 libevent_extra-2.0.so.5 (libc6,x86-64) => /usr/local/_custom/app/libevent/lib/libevent_extra-2.0.so.5 libevent_core-2.0.so.5 (libc6,x86-64) => /usr/local/_custom/app/libevent/lib/libevent_core-2.0.so.5 libevent-2.0.so.5 (libc6,x86-64) => /usr/local/_custom/app/libevent/lib/libevent-2.0.so.5 There are no references to the base links, for example, I would expect to see links to these (ls -la /usr/local/_custom/app/libevent/lib): libevent.so -> libevent-2.0.so.5.1.7 libevent_openssl.so -> libevent_openssl-2.0.so.5.1.7 libevent_core.so -> libevent_core-2.0.so.5.1.7 So either I am doing something wrong, or the system still does not know where to look to find libevent.so. -- Update #1 -- I wasn't able to get libmemcached to compile without the warning notice, even after trying to compile using the following configure command: ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/_custom/app/libmemcached CFLAGS="-I/usr/local/_custom/app/libevent/include" LDFLAGS="-L/usr/local/_custom/app/libevent/lib" I thought for sure this would work because I am directly passing the include and lib directories to the configure command. But it did not.

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• Cannot exit X server, restart, shutdown or drop to tty when VGA monitor active

  - by terdon

  I have a strange problem. If I connect an external VGA monitor to my laptop, exiting the X environment in any way crashes the computer. For example, say I am working with my two monitors (the laptop's and one connected to my VGA port) active. Hitting Ctrl+Alt+F Key should take me down to a tty. What actually happens is that the VGA screen goes blank, as you would expect, but the laptop screen, although still on, shows nothing. I know the screen is on because it is slightly more illuminated than when it is off. When in this state, I can do nothing to regain access to the machine. I have tried: Ctrl+F Key (and even Ctrl+Alt+F Key, just in case) combinations and none seem to have any effect. Ctrl+Alt+Del : Nothing Magic SysRq key: Nothing Blindly typing my username and password and trying to reboot/shutdown or restart GDM or MDM: Nothing The only thing that works is a hard reset. The exact same behavior occurs when kiling the X server through Ctrl+Alt+Backspace, rebooting or shutdown. There is no difference if I reboot/shutdown/log out using the WM's graphical menu or if I use the shutdown or rebootcommands. It is also not WM-dependent. I have the same problem using Cinnamon, Gnome 3, MATE and xfce4. It is, however, VGA dependent. I have tried connecting another VGA monitor and have the same problem. I do not, however, have this problem if a screen is connected to the DisplayPort. It is, therefore, a VGA specific issue. To make things even stranger, this only occurs when both screens are active. If either the laptop screen or the VGA monitor is inactive the problem goes away. Finally, this problem arose when I installed the latest Linux Mint Debian (LMDE). It did not occur with the previous release of LMDE. I am not sure what has changed since I used the same kernel version in both releases (I had upgraded the kernel while on the previous release) and, I think, the same nvidia drivers. Oh, and yes, I have updated the nvidia driver. Hardware: Dell M4500 laptop CPU: Intel Core i7 RAM: 8GB Graphics: nVidia GT216 [Quadro FX 880M] Software: LMDE, kernel 3.2.0-2-amd64 Xorg: 1.11.4 nVidia kernel: 295.20-1+3.2.9-1 Possibly relevant files: /var/log/Xorg.0.log ~/.xsession-errors Does anyone have any ideas how to fix this? Thanks in advance for any help.

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• Are FC and SAS DAS devices standard enough?

  - by user222182

  Before I ask my questions, here is some background info that may or may not be useful: For the first time I find myself needing a DAS solution. My priority is data through-put in a single direction. I can write large blocks, and I don't need to read at the same time. The server (the data producing device) is not really a typical server, its a very powerful single board computer. As such I have limited options when it comes to the add-in cards I can install since it must use the fairly uncommon interface, XMC. Currently I believe I am limited PCIex8 gen 1 which means that the likely bottle neck for me will be this 16gbps connection. XMC Boards I have found so far offer the following connections: a) Dual 10GBE ethernet controller, total throughput 20gbps b) Dual Quad SAS 2.0 Connectors (SFF-8XXX) HBA (no raid), total throughput 48 gbps c) Dual FC 8gb HBA (no raid), total throughput 16gbps My questions for you guys are: 1) Are SAS and/or FC, and by extension their HBAs, standard enough that I could purchase a Dell or Aberdeen storage server with a raid controller that has external SAS or FC ports and expect that I can connect it to my SAS or FC HBA, be presented with a single volume (if I so configured the storage server), all without having to check for HBA compatibility? 2) On a device like a Dell PowerVault (either DAS or NAS) is there an OS on it to concern myself with, or is it meant to be remotely managed? Is there a local interface in case I cant remotely manage it (i.e. if my single board computer uses an OS not supported by Dell OpenManage). Would this be true of nearly any device which calls itself a DAS? 3) If I purchase some sort of Supermicro storage chassis, installed a raid controller with external connections, is there a nice lightweight OS I can run just for management of the controller? Would I even need an OS since the raid card would be configured pre-boot anyway? 4) It is much easier to buy XMC based 10gigabit ethernet cards (generally dual port). In what ways would I be getting into trouble by using iSCSI as a DAS are direct cabling with SFP+ cables? Thanks in advance

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• Secret, unlogged, transparent, case-sensitive proxy in IIS6?

  - by Ian Boyd

  Does IIS have a secret, unlogged, transparent, case-sensitive proxy built into it? A file exists on the web-server: GET http://www.stackoverflow.com/javascript/ModifyQuoteArea.js HTTP/1.1 Accept: text/html, application/xhtml+xml, */* Accept-Language: en-US User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/5.0) Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate Connection: Keep-Alive Host: www.stackoverflow.com HTTP/1.1 200 OK Connection: Keep-Alive Content-Length: 29246 Date: Mon, 07 Mar 2011 14:20:07 GMT Content-Type: application/x-javascript ETag: "5a0a6178edacb1:1c51" Server: Microsoft-IIS/6.0 Last-Modified: Fri, 02 Tue 2010 17:03:32 GMT Accept-Ranges: bytes X-Powered-By: ASP.NET ... Problem is that a changes made to the file will not get served, the old (i.e. February of last year) version keeps getting served: HTTP/1.1 200 OK Connection: Keep-Alive Content-Length: 29246 Date: Mon, 07 Mar 2011 14:23:07 GMT Content-Type: application/x-javascript ETag: "5a0a6178edacb1:1c51" Server: Microsoft-IIS/6.0 Last-Modified: Fri, 02 Tue 2010 17:03:32 GMT Accept-Ranges: bytes X-Powered-By: ASP.NET ... The same old file gets served, even though we've: renamed the file deleted the file restarted IIS The request for this file does not appear in the IIS logs (e.g. C:\WINNT\System32\LogFiles\W3SVC7\) And this only happens from the outside (i.e. the internet). If you issue the request locally on the server, then you will: - get the current file (file there) - 404 (file renamed) - 404 (file deleted) But if i change the case of the requested resource, i.e.: GET http://www.stackoverflow.com/javascript/MoDiFyQuOtEArEa.js HTTP/1.1 Accept: text/html, application/xhtml+xml, */* Accept-Language: en-US User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/5.0) Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate Connection: Keep-Alive Host: www.stackoverflow.com Note: MoDiFyQuOtEArEa.js verses ModifyQuoteArea.js Then i do get the proper file (or get the 404 as i expect if the file is renamed or deleted). But any subsequent changes to the file will not show up until i change the case of the file i'm asking for. Checking the IIS logs all indicate that the (internet) requests are all coming the correct client on the internet (i.e. not from some intermediate proxy). Since the file doesn't exist on the hard drive anymore, i conclude that there is a proxy. The requests serviced from this proxy are not logged in the IIS logs. The requests for new files are logged, and from the client IP, not a proxy IP. The proxy is case sensitivie. This does not sound like something Microsoft, or IIS, would do: - a transparent proxy - case-sensitivie - unlogged - surviving restarts of IIS - surviving in a cache for hours i can't believe that our customer's IIS is doing these things. i'm assuming there is some other transparent proxy in front of IIS. Or, does IIS have a transparent, unlogged, case-sensitive, memory based, proxy, that caches content for at least 7 hours? (Come Monday morning, IIS is serving the correct file, unlogged).

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• Vagrant - Failed login, ssh not set up

  - by motleydev

  This question is two fold because somewhere in my attempts to solve the problem, I created a new one. First: I was trying to vagrant up using a Vagranfile based on the standard hashicorp/precise32 box. Everything worked up until default: SSH auth method: private key where it would eventually time out. Enabling gui in the Vagrantfile showed that the machine never actually logs in. I can use the standard user/pass and log in from that point but the vagrant up process still remains at that prior status. Here's where my understanding might be a little dim. I've tried setting auth method from the insecure_pass_key to my root ~/.ssh/id_rsa or whichever one I wanted to use. I'm not entirely sure where to put a copy of the public key or my authorized keys file. I've got a .vagrant.d folder in my user dir (I'm on OSX) which seems to contain the box images. I've got a .vagrant folder in my directory with the Vagrantfile which seems to contain the specific machine I am building off of. I've tried pouring over the docs and forums but I seem to be missing a key concept here. And Now: After a host of tips/tricks such as rolling back by VirtualBox install, uninstalling/reinstalling Vagrant and VritualBox several times, when I try to run vagrant ssh-config with a Vagrantfile based on the same hashicorp/precise32 it says that the box is not enabled for SSH. Specifically, this error: The provider for this Vagrant-managed machine is reporting that it is not yet ready for SSH. Depending on your provider this can carry different meanings. Make sure your machine is created and running and try again. Additionally, check the output of `vagrant status` to verify that the machine is in the state that you expect. If you continue to get this error message, please view the documentation for the provider you're using. So now I am slightly up a creek. Any help would be appreciated if not just clarifying a concept. Some pertinent info: I'm on OSX Maverics Due to the fact I'm running a dual HD system with system files on one HD and user files on another, my permissions are a little wonky and VBoxManage will only let me run commands via Sudo - not sure if it's pertinent - but maybe. I have no idea what I'm doing. That part is perhaps more important.

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• Why won't vyatta allow SMTP through my firewall?

  - by Solignis

  I am setting up a vyatta router on VMware ESXi, But I see to have hit a major snag, I could not get my firewall and NAT to work correctly. I am not sure what was wrong with NAT but it "seems" to be working now. But the firewall is not allowing traffic from my WAN interface (eth0) to my LAN (eth1). I can confirm its the firewall because I disabled all firewall rules and everything worked with just NAT. If put the firewalls (WAN and LAN) back in place nothing can get through to port 25. I am not really sure what the issue could be I am using pretty basic firewall rules, I wrote the rules while looking at the vyatta docs so unless there is something odd with the documentation they "should" be working. Here is my NAT rules so far; vyatta@gateway# show service nat rule 20 { description "Zimbra SNAT #1" outbound-interface eth0 outside-address { address 74.XXX.XXX.XXX } source { address 10.0.0.17 } type source } rule 21 { description "Zimbra SMTP #1" destination { address 74.XXX.XXX.XXX port 25 } inbound-interface eth0 inside-address { address 10.0.0.17 } protocol tcp type destination } rule 100 { description "Default LAN -> WAN" outbound-interface eth0 outside-address { address 74.XXX.XXX.XXX } source { address 10.0.0.0/24 } type source } Then here is my firewall rules, this is where I believe the problem is. vyatta@gateway# show firewall all-ping enable broadcast-ping disable conntrack-expect-table-size 4096 conntrack-hash-size 4096 conntrack-table-size 32768 conntrack-tcp-loose enable ipv6-receive-redirects disable ipv6-src-route disable ip-src-route disable log-martians enable name LAN_in { rule 100 { action accept description "Default LAN -> any" protocol all source { address 10.0.0.0/24 } } } name LAN_out { } name LOCAL { rule 100 { action accept state { established enable } } } name WAN_in { rule 20 { action accept description "Allow SMTP connections to MX01" destination { address 74.XXX.XXX.XXX port 25 } protocol tcp } rule 100 { action accept description "Allow established connections back through" state { established enable } } } name WAN_out { } receive-redirects disable send-redirects enable source-validation disable syn-cookies enable SIDENOTE To test for open ports I have using this website, http://www.yougetsignal.com/tools/open-ports/, it showed port 25 as open without the firewall rules and closed with the firewall rules. UPDATE Just to see if the firewall was working properly I made a rule to block SSH from the WAN interface. When I checked for port 22 on my primary WAN address it said it was still open even though I outright blocked the port. Here is the rule I used; rule 21 { action reject destination { address 74.219.80.163 port 22 } protocol tcp } So now I am convinced either I am doing something wrong or the firewall is not working like it should.

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• How can I verify that my SSD is performing as it should?

  - by Jon Skeet

  EDIT: Okay, so I've no idea what caused the change, but after trying loads of different things to work out what was wrong, I've rerun the WEI (about the 4th time in total) and the score has jumped to a far more respectable 7.3. I'm going to leave well alone now :) I've got a brand new 256GB SSD (Crucial CT256M225) which should have stellar performance. However, on my (also brand new) Dell Studio 1557 with Windows 7 Professional 64 bit, it's only giving a performance index of 5.9. I realise the performance index should be taken with a bit of a pinch of salt, but I wonder whether something's wrong. Given this paragraph from this MSDN article on Windows 7, I'd expect to see a high 6.X or possible a 7.X figure: In Windows 7, there are new random read, random write and flush assessments. Better SSDs can score above 6.5 all the way to 7.9. To be included in that range, an SSD has to have outstanding random read rates and be resilient to flush and random write workloads. In the Beta timeframe of Windows 7, there was a capping of scores at 1.9, 2.9 or the like if a disk (SSD or HDD) didn’t perform adequately when confronted with our random write and flush assessments. Feedback on this was pretty consistent, with most feeling the level of capping to be excessive. As a result, we now simply restrict SSDs with performance issues from joining the newly added 6.0+ and 7.0+ ranges. SSDs that are not solid performers across all assessments effectively get scored in a manner similar to what they would have been in Windows Vista, gaining no Win7 boost for great random read performance. How can I diagnose any performance issues with either the disk or how Windows 7 is handling it? Are there any particularly good tools you'd recommend? One note of curiosity: I couldn't install the firmware update (to 1916) until I changed my BIOS handling of the drive to ATA mode; after installing the firmware I tried to boot the Windows installation DVD - but that only worked after turning it back to AHCI mode (which I've left it in). Installing Windows 7 took longer than I expected - it sat at the "Windows is loading files" prompt for a very long time. Likewise it was on "Expanding files (0%)" for a long time. Since installation it's been fine though - but I don't know whether it's really providing quite as beefy performance as it should. EDIT: My netbook with the 64GB equivalent drive has a performance index of 6.6...

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• Installing the Newest KeePass for MacOSX from Source

  - by firebush

  I've transitioned our passwords to KeePass. LastPass looks cool, but I prefer a system where we control the database locally rather than it being kept in the cloud. I have a windows and Linux system and both are able to access our KeePass database easily. On my Linux system (Ubuntu), I simply installed KeePass via synaptic and it just worked. So everything was working great, until my wife tried to set up things on her MacBook to access the database. Huge problems. It was so easy on Linux that I didn't expect there to be issues there. In case it's helpful, she's running a fresh install of Mac OSX 10.5.8, Leopard. We simply went to the download site for KeePass: http://keepass.info/download.html Clicked on the link titled KeePass 2.x for Mac OS X from which we retrieved Mono 2.10.5 and KeePass 2.18 from that site (the packages posted there at the time of this writing). Mono installed without problems (at least, none that we saw). She opened the KeePass image and dragged it to the Application side, unpackaging it there. According to the instructions on the KeePass installation instructions, she opened a terminal, changed to the directory in /Applications containing KeePass.exe, and ran it through mono: mono KeePass.exe No application opens at all - we see a blip for it, but then it immediately goes away, indicating to us that it is crashing. Also disconcerting, I see that people are throwing fits about copy-and-paste not working for KeePass 2.18 on MacOSX. Judging from the 2.19 addresses the copy/paste issue. I'm hoping that version will solve all our issues. So here's my question: how can I try out 2.19 on her system. It doesn't seem to be packaged like the 2.18 one is. But we're not scared of building it. I see that the source for 2.19 is here (at the bottom of the page). Can I just download that to her machine somewhere and run something to build it? I'm familiar with automake but not with building .NET source, so please answer gently if this is stupidly easy. :^) btw: tomorrow's my wife's birthday, and this is getting her down. If you know how to navigate these issues, it would be a nice birthday gift for her. Thanks in advance! Update I'll post this since it might be helpful to someone else: I got KeePass 2.18 to run by updating Mono to 2.10.9 (rather than the 2.10.5 given by the site above). With the later version of Mono, it runs without crashing. And yet, I do see the copy and paste issue that others see. I can open a database on her machine, but the incorrect data get's copied. So again, can someone help me install KeePass 2.19? Thanks!

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• Handling site not found and page not found with dynamic mass virtual hosting

  - by Rick Moynihan

  I have recently setup mass virtual hosting in Apache so that all we need to do is create a directory to create a new vhost. We're then also using wildcard DNS to map all subdomains to the server running our Apache instance. This works excellently, however I'm now having trouble configuring it to fail-over to an appropriate default/error-page when the vhost directory does not exist. The problem appears to be conflated between by my desire to handle the two error conditions: vhost not found i.e. there was no directory found matching the host supplied in the HTTP host header. I'd like this to display an appropriate site not found error page. The 404 page not found condition of the vhost. Additionally I have a specialised "api" vhost in its own vhost block. I've tried a number of variations and none seem to exhibit the behaviour I want. Here's what I'm working with right now: NameVirtualHost *:80 <VirtualHost *:80> DocumentRoot /var/www/site-not-found ServerName sitenotfound.mydomain.org ErrorDocument 500 /500.html ErrorDocument 404 /500.html </VirtualHost> <VirtualHost *:80> ServerName api.mydomain.org DocumentRoot /var/www/vhosts/api.mydomain.org/current # other directives, e.g. setting up passenger/rails etc... </VirtualHost> <VirtualHost *:80> # get the server name from the Host: header UseCanonicalName Off VirtualDocumentRoot /var/www/vhosts/%0/current # other directives ... e.g proxy passing to api etc... ErrorDocument 404 /404.html </VirtualHost> My understanding is that the first vhost block is used as the default, so I have this here as my catch all site. Next I have my API vhost, and then finally my mass vhost block. So for a domain that doesn't match the first two ServerName's and has no corresponding directory in /var/www/vhosts/ I'd expect it to fall-over to the first vhost, however with this setup, all domains resolve to my default site-not-found. Why is this? By putting the mass-vhost block first, I can get the mass-vhosts to resolve properly, but not my site-not-found vhost... and in this case I can't seem to find a way to distinguish between a page-level 404 in the vhost, and the case where the VirtualDocumentRoot fails to find a vhost directory (this appears to use the 404 also). Any help out of this bind is much appreciated!

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• How can I troubleshoot Virtualbox port forwarding from Windows guest to OSX host not working?

  - by joe larson

  There are a plethora of questions about virtual box port forwarding problems but none with my specific details. I have a Windows install living in Virtual Box, hosted within OSX. I've got several webservers running on localhost on different ports within the Windows install. I cannot for the life of me get port forwarding to work so I can access those webservers from OSX. My settings look like this (yes I have a NAT adapter): And in my vbox configuration file the relavent portion looks like this: <NAT> <DNS pass-domain="true" use-proxy="false" use-host-resolver="false"/> <Alias logging="false" proxy-only="false" use-same-ports="false"/> <Forwarding name="RLPWeb" proto="1" hostport="7084" guestip="127.0.0.1" guestport="7084"/> <Forwarding name="UtilWeb" proto="1" hostport="4040" guestip="127.0.0.1" guestport="4040"/> <Forwarding name="WCARLP" proto="1" hostport="8084" guestip="127.0.0.1" guestport="8084"/> <Forwarding name="WCAUtil" proto="1" hostport="4848" guestip="127.0.0.1" guestport="4848"/> </NAT> I've turned off the Windows firewall to ensure it is not interfering, and I am not running a firewall on OSX. Anyway, when I attempt to go to for example http://127.0.0.1:4040/ on any of my OSX browsers, it will eventually time out. The log file for this VM shows that it is correctly reading the settings and implying it's doing the right thing here: 00:00:08.286 NAT: set redirect TCP host port 4848 => guest port 4848 @ 127.0.0.1 00:00:08.286 NAT: set redirect TCP host port 8084 => guest port 8084 @ 127.0.0.1 00:00:08.286 NAT: set redirect TCP host port 4040 => guest port 4040 @ 127.0.0.1 00:00:08.286 NAT: set redirect TCP host port 7084 => guest port 7084 @ 127.0.0.1 00:00:08.290 Changing the VM state from 'LOADING' to 'SUSPENDED'. 00:00:08.290 Changing the VM state from 'SUSPENDED' to 'RESUMING'. 00:00:08.290 Changing the VM state from 'RESUMING' to 'RUNNING'. 00:00:08.337 Display::handleDisplayResize(): uScreenId = 0, pvVRAM=000000012017d000 w=1834 h=929 bpp=32 cbLine=0x1CA8, flags=0x1 00:00:09.139 AIOMgr: Host limits number of active IO requests to 16. Expect a performance impact. 00:00:13.454 NAT: DHCP offered IP address 10.0.2.15 I've tried setting the Host IP to 127.0.0.1, and I've tried setting Guest IP blank and also 10.0.2.15. None of these seem to help. What else can I look at to troubleshoot this issue? Details of setup: OSX 10.6.8 Windows 7 Professional 64bit VirtualBox 4.1.2

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• How to enable caching on Apache / Ubuntu Linux?

  - by Jim Mischel

  I have a large (several megabytes) XML file that's updated rather frequently (every 10 minutes or less) and gets a lot of traffic. I'd like to implement some caching to reduce bandwidth and server load. Looking at the Apache documents, I see a dizzying array of configuration options that involve various combinations of mod_expires, mod_headers, and mod_cache (and variants). I end up running in circles and the results aren't what I expect. I'm comfortable editing the various configuration files if I have some idea what I'm supposed to change. But at the moment I'm poking around in the dark and that's never a comfortable feeling. So, perhaps if I describe what I want, somebody here can take me by the hand and say, "This is what you need to do." Periodically, this file, call it "stuff.xml" is updated and a new version copied to the directory. The external url would be, for example, http://example.com/stuff.xml. Understand, this part works. Whenever I request the file, I get the expected result. But the file is big and I want to save bandwidth, so first I'd like to implement conditional GET semantics with the If-Modified-Since header. How do I do this? I've enabled mod_headers and mod_expired and added the <FilesMatching> section in my httpd.conf as recommended in countless examples I've seen online, but that didn't change the behavior when made a conditional GET request. I always get a status 200 with the entire document. So how the heck do I implement this? That'll cut down on neeless transfers. I'd also like to limit the amount of data transferred. Seeing as this is XML, gzipping it should save me 50% or more. My next step would be to somehow gzip the file and, if it's not too difficult, store it in memory. That'll cut down on per-access data transfer, and also reduce disk transfers. So how do I implement this type of caching? Thanks in advance.

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• Expectations for NTFS file recovery

  - by Fred Hamilton

  Yesterday I booted my XP system, and as I looked up a minute later I saw the light blue screen and tail-end of that pre-boot diskcheck Windows sometimes does if it finds an error (or was previously told to run a diskcheck drung the next boot). I didn't worry about it at the moment... But then I looked at my "scratch" disk, which was a 70% full, 750GB hard disk...and it now looks like it has been freshly formatted. It doesn't have a single file on it, just the hidden "System Volume Information" file and 750GB of freedom from data. I looked at some of the recovery tools from the Free NTFS partition recovery question and decided to try PC INSPECTOR™ File Recovery 4.x initially. It ran overnight and afterwards returned a list of thousands of files it could recover. The odd thing was that the filenames were lost, but the file extensions were not (WTF?). And all of the files were exactly 1,472kB in size. I recovered a dozen PDFs as a test, and 80% of them displayed OK despite being padded out to 1.5MB (though I assume any files 1472kB are hosed). My primary question is: Is this the best I can expect from any file recovery software when trying to recover NTFS files? Or is there perhaps something better out there? I assume this is as good as it gets, but wanted to check in with the experts first. Bonus questions: What might have happened to my drive? I didn't intentionally format it. I've never seen a disk error cause the drive to suddenly become a clean, reformatted drive. Could some malicious/confused software have told my PC to format my disk on reboot? Is that even a function Windows XP has? Why can the file extensions be recovered but not the filename? Does NTFS really treat them as separate entities? I thought I had 8.3 naming turned off, but maybe that had something to do with it. Or maybe it looks at the data in the file and guesses the extension?

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• Automatic layout of manual network mapping

  - by Paul

  So I have a small business network mainly consisting of two routed layer-2 domains with a total of ca. 100 devices spread over ca. 2000m² production and office spaces. Typical problems to solve using the graph would be: Over what (cable) path is a PC connected to the server? Where to expect devices connected to a switch port? I want to generate a graph of the physical network topology: Nodes are endpoint devices, switch ports, wall outlets, patch panel ports etc. Edges are cable connections. Ideally, grouping edges (or segments) that pass through the same bundle could be grouped. Also I would like to augment the graph data with automatically gathered data (monitoring state, MAC address, Switch port <- MAC entries to build up parts of the map). At the moment I use graphviz for this inside a Confluence wiki like that: layout = "neato" overlap = scale subgraph { rankdir = "TB" subgraph cluster_r1pf1 { r1pf1 [label="{ Rack 1 PF 1 | { <p1>P1 | <p2>P2 | <p3>P3} }", shape=record] } subgraph cluster_switch1 { switch1 [label="{ Rack 1 Switch 1 | { <p1> P1 | <p1> P1 | <p3> P3} }", shape=record] } r1pf1:p1 -> switch1:p1 (obviously there are dozens of entries omitted here) Problem is: I have a hard time to influence graphviz to generate a bearable layout. Edges overlap so bad that you can't read the diagram anymore. The question is: What other tools (be it interactive like Visio, Omnigraffle or I/O-oriented like graphviz) exist that would allow an easily versionable (as in: Operates on a text file) documentation that is both machine and human readable and editable? Why not OmniGraffle or Visio? Well we don't have Macs and Visio is not available at the moment. To buy it I would need good arguments. Automation would be one of that. But last time I looked, versioning Visio files or even thinking about automatic handling was a nightmare. Related: Network Mapping Tools basically asks the same with a focus on generating the complete graph automatically (but without the need to document cabling connections) Recommendations for automatic computer inventory brings up links of "all-in-one" solutions

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• Unable to delete all partitions on flash drive using Windows 7 OS??

  - by irrational John

  Recently I purchased an ADATA C802 8GB flash drive. Since the drive was new I decided to run some of the HD Tune Pro (v4.50) performance tests on it, mostly just for the heck of it. To avoid accidently destroying data HD Tune refuses to write to a drive unless there are no partitions on the drive. If you do attempt to write to a drive with partitions, it posts the message "Writing is disabled. To enable writing please remove all partitions." As you would expect, the ADATA came formatted with a single primary FAT32 partition in the Master Boot Record. But a number of unexpected things happened when I attempted to delete that partition. The first thing I tried was to use the Windows 7 (64-bit) Disk Management tool (diskmgmt.msc) to delete the partition. It would not let me. The context menu choice to delete that volume was not available. Next I opened up a command prompt window with Admin authority and ran diskpart. Diskpart deleted the volume for me. However, when I attempted to run an HD Tune write test on the drive I still got the "Writing is disabled" message. Huh??? So I fired up a utility I have which allows viewing drives at the sector level and verified that the partition table in the Master Boot Record was empty. No partitions. Yet HD Tune still thought there were partitions on the drive? So why was I still getting the "Writing is disabled" message from HD Tune Pro? And why wouldn't the Windows 7 Disk Management tool let me change the partitions on this drive. After doing the above, I plugged the ADATA into my MacBook. I was then able to format it as either a GPT or MBR partitioned drive with no problems. I am not looking for suggestions on how to format this drive. I can do that. What I do not understand and was hoping I might get insight into is why this drive behaves so strangely under Windows 7? And BTW, what's up with HD Tune Pro? BTW, if I plug the drive I formatted on my MacBook back into my Windows 7 64-bit system I still run into road blocks with the Disk Management tool. For example, I cannot delete all the GPT partitions on the ADATA so I can convert it into an MBR drive. I following Microsoft's instructions, the instructions just do not work with this ADATA flash drive. Anyone know what's up with this? It makes no sense to me. Has something changed in Windows 7 (Vista)??

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• Need advice on which PCI SATA Controller Card to Purchase

  - by Matt1776

  I have a major issue with the build of a machine I am trying to get up and running. My goal is to create a file server that will service the needs of my software development, personal media storage and streaming/media server needs, as well as provide a strong platform for backing up all this data in a routine, cron-job oriented German efficiency sort of way. The issue is a simple one - all my drives are SATA drives and my motherboard controller only contains 4 ports. Solving the issue has proven to be an unmitigated nightmare. I would like advice on the purchase of the following: 4 Port internal SATA / 2 Port external eSATA PCI SATA Controller Card that has the following features and/or advantages: It must function. If I plug it in and attach drives, I expect my system to still make it to the Operating System login screen. It must function on CentOS, and I mean it must function WELL and with MINIMAL hassle. If hassle is unavoidable, there shall be CLEAR CUT and EASY TO FOLLOW instructions on how to install drivers and other supporting software. I do not need nor want fakeRAID - I will be setting up any RAID configurations from within the operating system. Now, if I am able to find such a mythical device, I would be eternally grateful to whomever would be able to point me in the right direction, a direction which I assume will be paved with yellow bricks. I am prepared to pay a considerable sum of money (as SATA controller cards go) and so paying anywhere between 60 to 120 dollars will not be an issue whatsoever. Does such a magical device exist? The following link shows an "example" of the type of thing I am looking for, however, I have no way of verifying that once I plug this baby in that my system will still continue to function once I've attached the drives, or that once I've made it to the OS, I will be able to install whatever drivers or software programs I need to make it work with relative ease. It doesn't have to be dog-shit simple, but it cannot involve kernels or brain surgery. http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00552PLN4/ref=pd_lpo_k2_dp_sr_1?pf_rd_p=486539851&pf_rd_s=lpo-top-stripe-1&pf_rd_t=201&pf_rd_i=B003GSGMPU&pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_r=1HJG60XTZFJ48Z173HKY So does anyone have a suggestion regarding the subject I am asking about? PCI SATA Controller Cards? It would help if you've had experience with the component before - that is after all why I am asking here - for those who have had experience that I do not have. Bear in mind that this is for a home setup and that I do not have a company credit card. I have a budget with a 'relative' upper limit of about $150.00.

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• Can Vagrant point to a directory of Puppet manifests for execution?

  - by SeligkeitIstInGott

  I am using Vagrant to jump start some initial Puppet config and am confused on how to include/run multiple manifests (other than just site.pp) in the puppet execution workflow without making the extra manifests into modules and including them that way. In the puppet manifests directory that I point Vagrant to (see below) I have two manifests that I want executed: site.pp and hierasetup.pp. config.vm.provision "puppet" do |puppet| puppet.manifests_path = "puppet_files/manifests" puppet.module_path = "puppet_files/modules" puppet.manifest_file = "site.pp" puppet.options = "--verbose --debug" end Currently I am having site.pp be the manifest that calls hierasetup.pp. My site.pp looks like this: File { owner => 'root', group => 'root', mode => '0644', } import "hierasetup.pp" include jboss But I get this error about the deprecation of "import": Warning: The use of 'import' is deprecated at /tmp/vagrant-puppet-1/manifests/site.pp:33. See http://links.puppetlabs.com/puppet-import-deprecation (at grammar.ra:610:in `_reduce_190') According to the referenced URL under "Things to try instead" it says "To keep your node definitions in separate files, specify a directory as your main manifest". Further this puppet doc on main manifests says: "Recommended: If you’re using the main manifest heavily instead of relying on an ENC, consider changing the manifest setting to $confdir/manifests. This lets you split up your top-level code into multiple files while avoiding the import keyword. It will also match the behavior of simple environments." It appears that Puppet can reference an entire directory instead of just a specific manifest file, such that I would expect that Vagrant would make a provision for this and allow me to drop the "puppet.manifest_file = "site.pp" line and point to the parent directory instead in which all the *.pp files there will be executed. However removing that line in Vagrant merely generates a complaint about an expected "default.pp" in its stead: puppet provisioner: * The configured Puppet manifest is missing. Please specify a path to an existing manifest: /some/path/puppet_files/manifests/default.pp So: Firstly, do I understand the "new" (non-import) way of calling multiple manifests correctly, in that a directory is to be pointed to in which all the *.pp files inside it will be executed? And secondly, has Vagrant "caught up" with this new change to accommodate the referencing of directories in conjunction with Puppet's deprecation of "import"? Update: Thanks to Shane the issue with #2 (Vagrant's code not being caught up to allow pointing to puppet manifest directories) was reported on Vagrant's GitHub issue tracker site and has since been patched: https://github.com/mitchellh/vagrant/issues/4169

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• Windows startup Powershell script not closing after Start-Process

  - by Matthew Phipps

  I've got a Powershell V2.0 startup script for my work computer (XP Professional 64-bit), as follows: start "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Office\Office12\OUTLOOK.EXE" -ArgumentList "/recycle" sleep -S 2 start "C:\Program Files (x86)\Mozilla Firefox\firefox.exe" -ArgumentList "https://mail.google.com" sleep -S 2 start "C:\Program Files (x86)\Mozilla Firefox\firefox.exe" -ArgumentList "-new-window https://www.google.com/calendar" sleep -S 2 start "C:\Program Files (x86)\Skype\Phone\Skype.exe" The sleeps are to ensure that the windows appear on the taskbar in the correct order. I run this from a shortcut on my Quick Launch with the following Target: C:\WINDOWS\system32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\powershell.exe C:\scripts\initialize.ps1 (Yes, this is 2.0: powershell -Version 2.0 works, as does -Version 1.0, but not -Version 3.0) Problem is, the command window stays open until the Firefox windows are closed, which is not what I want. Looking at Process Explorer when I run the script, here's what happens: powershell.exe appears under explorer.exe and the Powershell window appears (with a black background, oddly. But it's not cmd.exe, since when I was debugging the script error messages would appear in red). outlook.exe appears under powershell.exe and the Outlook window appears. firefox.exe appears under powershell.exe and a Firefox window appears. A second firefox.exe appears under powershell.exe and another Firefox window appears. The second Firefox process then exits, as expected, since Firefox only uses one process. skype.exe appears under powershell.exe and the Skype window appears. The powershell.exe process inexplicably sticks around, as does the Powershell window. If I close both Firefox windows, the powershell.exe process exits and the Powershell window closes, and the outlook.exe and skype.exe processes appear under explorer.exe as expected. I suspect this has something to do with Firefox's standard input, output and error: I wouldn't expect Outlook or Skype to ever output anything to the console, but Firefox has command-line options that allow it to do so. I've looked over my about:config's user set values and didn't find anything suspicious. Finally, if I have a firefox.exe instance already running (started from the desktop shortcut) the problem doesn't occur (the powershell.exe process exits as it ought to). So what's going on here? I'm going to try adding -WindowStyle hidden to the shortcut next (gotta close this Firefox to test it), but I want to get to the bottom of this, if only to improve my understanding of how Windows consoles work.

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• What is the current state of Ubuntu's transition from init scripts to Upstart? [migrated]

  - by Adam Eberlin

  What is the current state of Ubuntu's transition from init.d scripts to upstart? I was curious, so I compared the contents of /etc/init.d/ to /etc/init/ on one of our development machines, which is running Ubuntu 12.04 LTS Server. # /etc/init.d/ # /etc/init/ acpid acpid.conf apache2 --------------------------- apparmor --------------------------- apport apport.conf atd atd.conf bind9 --------------------------- bootlogd --------------------------- cgroup-lite cgroup-lite.conf --------------------------- console.conf console-setup console-setup.conf --------------------------- container-detect.conf --------------------------- control-alt-delete.conf cron cron.conf dbus dbus.conf dmesg dmesg.conf dns-clean --------------------------- friendly-recovery --------------------------- --------------------------- failsafe.conf --------------------------- flush-early-job-log.conf --------------------------- friendly-recovery.conf grub-common --------------------------- halt --------------------------- hostname hostname.conf hwclock hwclock.conf hwclock-save hwclock-save.conf irqbalance irqbalance.conf killprocs --------------------------- lxc lxc.conf lxc-net lxc-net.conf module-init-tools module-init-tools.conf --------------------------- mountall.conf --------------------------- mountall-net.conf --------------------------- mountall-reboot.conf --------------------------- mountall-shell.conf --------------------------- mounted-debugfs.conf --------------------------- mounted-dev.conf --------------------------- mounted-proc.conf --------------------------- mounted-run.conf --------------------------- mounted-tmp.conf --------------------------- mounted-var.conf networking networking.conf network-interface network-interface.conf network-interface-container network-interface-container.conf network-interface-security network-interface-security.conf newrelic-sysmond --------------------------- ondemand --------------------------- plymouth plymouth.conf plymouth-log plymouth-log.conf plymouth-splash plymouth-splash.conf plymouth-stop plymouth-stop.conf plymouth-upstart-bridge plymouth-upstart-bridge.conf postgresql --------------------------- pppd-dns --------------------------- procps procps.conf rc rc.conf rc.local --------------------------- rcS rcS.conf --------------------------- rc-sysinit.conf reboot --------------------------- resolvconf resolvconf.conf rsync --------------------------- rsyslog rsyslog.conf screen-cleanup screen-cleanup.conf sendsigs --------------------------- setvtrgb setvtrgb.conf --------------------------- shutdown.conf single --------------------------- skeleton --------------------------- ssh ssh.conf stop-bootlogd --------------------------- stop-bootlogd-single --------------------------- sudo --------------------------- --------------------------- tty1.conf --------------------------- tty2.conf --------------------------- tty3.conf --------------------------- tty4.conf --------------------------- tty5.conf --------------------------- tty6.conf udev udev.conf udev-fallback-graphics udev-fallback-graphics.conf udev-finish udev-finish.conf udevmonitor udevmonitor.conf udevtrigger udevtrigger.conf ufw ufw.conf umountfs --------------------------- umountnfs.sh --------------------------- umountroot --------------------------- --------------------------- upstart-socket-bridge.conf --------------------------- upstart-udev-bridge.conf urandom --------------------------- --------------------------- ureadahead.conf --------------------------- ureadahead-other.conf --------------------------- wait-for-state.conf whoopsie whoopsie.conf To be honest, I'm not entirely sure if I'm interpreting the division of responsibilities properly, as I didn't expect to see any overlap (of what framework handles which services). So I was quite surprised to learn that there was a significant amount of overlap in service references, in addition to being unable to discern which of the two was intended to be the primary service framework. Why does there seem to be a fair amount of redundancy in individual service handling between init.d and upstart? Is something else at play here that I'm missing? What is preventing upstart from completely taking over for init.d? Is there some functionality that certain daemons require which upstart does not yet have, which are preventing some services from converting? Or is it something else entirely?

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• Impact of the L3 cache on performance - worth a dual-processor system?

  - by Dan Nissenbaum

  I will be purchasing a new high-end system, and I would like to have a better sense of whether a dual-processor Xeon system (I am looking at the new, high-end Xeon E5-2687W) might, realistically, provide a noticeable performance improvement due to the doubling of the L3 cache (20 MB per CPU). (This is in addition to the occasional added advantage due to the doubling of cores and RAM.) My usage scenario is, roughly, that I have many background applications running at any time - 3 or 4 data compression/backup applications, a low-impact web server, one or two virtual machines at any given time (usually fairly idle), and perhaps 20 utility programs that utilize a noticeable (but small) portion of the CPU cores. In total, when I am not actively using the computer, about 25% of the total CPU power is utilized in my current i7-970 6-core (12 thread) system. When I am doing routine work, the CPU utilization often exceeds 50%, and occasionally hits 75%-80%. The Xeon E5-2687W is not only a second-generation i7 (so should improve performance for that reason), but also has 8 cores (16 threads), rather than 6 cores. For this reason, I expect to run into the 75% CPU range even less frequently. Nonetheless, the ability to double the cores and the RAM is a consideration. However, in the end, I believe this decision comes down to whether the doubling of the L3 cache will provide a noticeable improvement. There are many benchmarks, and a lot of discussion, regarding CPU power. However, I find very little discussion of L3 cache utilization, and how increases in the L3 cache (such as doubling it with dual processors) affect performance. For example: If there are only two processes running, but each benefits from a large L3 cache (such as might be the case for background processes that frequently scan the file system), perhaps the overall system performance might noticeably improve with dual CPU's - even if only a single core is active on each CPU - due to each process having double the effective L3 cache. I am hoping that someone has a sense of the benefits of increasing (or doubling) the L3 cache size. Note: the CPU I am considering (the Xeon E5-2687W) has 20 MB L3 cache, so a system with dual CPU's would have 40 MB L3 cache.

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