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• High disk I/O - jbd2/sda2-8 process

  - by Evan Hamlet

  I have run a file server on a CentOS 5.8 final server. My only concern at the moment is what appears to be intermittent but continuous high disk I/O activity causing a general slowdown because of jbd2/sda2-8 process. jbd2/sda2-8 is making use of /dev/sda2, which is the 2nd partition of the first harddrive (IE: root partition). More info: using "iotop" the culprit appears to be "jbd2/sda1-8" making writes every second, which appears to be a kernel process associated with journaling on the ext4 filesystem, if my googling around is correct. I see "jbd2/sda2-8" appearing here every now and then, but certainly not every 3 seconds.. when idle, it appears about 1 or 2 times per minute. When I'm using the system, it appears more frequently. ATOP results: http://grabilla.com/02b14-8022db2e-4eb9-4f10-8e10-d65c49ad7530.png IOTOP results: http://grabilla.com/02b14-cf74b25d-4063-4447-9210-7d1b9b70e25b.png HTOP results: grabilla. com/02b14-ad8cad0e-89b0-46d3-849d-4fd515c1e690.png jbd2/sda2-8 is the processes I see with iotop making writes on disk even though it's not in use at all. Does someone has any idea how could I solve the high disk usage caused jbd2/sda2-8 process?

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• Hard Drive that was used before not detected or accessible in Windows 7

  - by Anders

  Hello SU: My PC crashed for some unknown reason, and I am still working on what caused that. However, I pulled my main (windows) drive from my computer and hooked it up to my roommate's machine and was able to pull the data I needed off of it (i.e. the drive is good). I hook up his drives as they were, I had to turn off his machine and unplug his secondary drive to hook mine up, boot his machine and there is no second drive available in windows explorer. I opened Device Manager to see if for some reason it's drive letter got un-assigned, but there is nothing listed in there except his primary hard drive, his optical drive and one other optical drive which I believe is the virtual drive Daemon Tools made. The drive shows up in the BIOS, however after I restarted his machine again it sits on the "Entering setup....." screen at the load window. The only thing I can think of is that may have messed with stuff is I used this tutorial to create a bootable XP install on a USB drive to install XP on my machine (I am 99% certain that the optical drive in my PC is broken) and maybe it used the other hard drive's letter for the USB drive for some reason, which doesn't make much sense since it was recognized it as a different drive letter before I started the process. It is possible that it used the secondary hard drive's letter for it's work, but once again I am uncertain. Where should I go from here? He his bound to wake up within the next several hours and will probably flip a lid if I cannot get some sort of handle on this. Any and all help is greatly appreciated. PS: Anyone who helps me get this situated has a beer or two on me, as long as you are in the greater metro Detroit area, or don't mind traveling a bit!

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• Mac Finder: WD My Passport won't mount

  - by Matt

  I really need your help. I have a WD My Passport 650GB (with Firewire and USB). I'm using it for almost a year now and it always worked fine. While underway I simply plug it in via Firewire - at home I connect it to my Airport Extreme to have it available as a network storage. Today I connected the hd to my macbookpro (via firewire) and NOTHING. The hd is starting (clearly making a sound and the power-indicator is flashing) but it won't appear in Finder. I also tried it with USB - no sign. I ran Disk Utility and tried to repair the disk. At first try I got a red error line saying that something is wrong with the "headers". However the repair completed with a success message saying that everything is ok. I also verified the hd. Also with a success message. I did that a few times again and unplugged it in between. Never got the error with the headers again - it's always completing and saying everything is ok. However I can't mount the drive. That is what Disk Utility is showing. Any ideas on that? I really need the files on that hd. thank you in advance!

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• Hard Disk Not Counting Reallocated Sectors

  - by MetaNova

  I have a drive that is reporting that the current pending sectors is "45". I have used badblocks to identify the sectors and I have been trying to write zeros to them with dd. From what I understand, when I attempt writing data directly to the bad sectors, it should trigger a reallocation, reducing current pending sectors by one and increasing the reallocated sector count. However, on this disk both Reallocated_Sector_Ct and Reallocated_Event_Count raw values are 0, and dd fails with I/O errors when I attempt to write zeros to the bad sectors. dd works fine, however, when I write to a good sector. # dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sdb bs=512 count=1 seek=217152 dd: error writing ‘/dev/sdb’: Input/output error Does this mean that my drive, in some way, has no spare sectors to be used for reallocation? Is my drive just in general a terrible person? (The drive isn't actually mine, I'm helping a friend out. They might have just gotten a cheap drive or something.) In case it is relevant, here is the output of smartctl -i : Model Family: Western Digital Caviar Green (AF) Device Model: WDC WD15EARS-00Z5B1 Serial Number: WD-WMAVU3027748 LU WWN Device Id: 5 0014ee 25998d213 Firmware Version: 80.00A80 User Capacity: 1,500,301,910,016 bytes [1.50 TB] Sector Size: 512 bytes logical/physical Device is: In smartctl database [for details use: -P show] ATA Version is: ATA8-ACS (minor revision not indicated) SATA Version is: SATA 2.6, 3.0 Gb/s Local Time is: Fri Oct 18 17:47:29 2013 CDT SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability. SMART support is: Enabled UPDATE: I have run shred on the disk, which has caused Current_Pending_Sector to go to zero. However, Reallocated_Sector_Ct and Reallocated_Event_Count are still zero, and dd is now able to write data to the sectors it was previously unable to. This leads me with several other questions: Why aren't the reallocations being recored by the disk? I'm assuming the reallocation took place as I can now write data directly to the sector and couldn't before. Why did shred cause reallocation and not dd? Does the fact that shred writes random data instead of just zeros make a difference?

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• HP Laptop recognizes hard drive just long enough to install windows

  - by Joe

  I have an HP laptop, DV6500 (CTO). It refused to boot one day, so I ran some diagnostics (a friend lent me "Hirens Boot Disk", "UBCD" and "PC DR 6"). Everything passed, except for the hdd. I replaced the HDD with a used drive of unknown condition. Installed windows with no problems. Installed the wireless driver, tried to reboot ... no luck. So I went to Best Buy, bought a brand new Western Digital 320gb HDD. Put it in the machine, installed windows (vista home premium). Installed the wired networking driver. Tried to reboot. No luck. Put the first hdd back in the machine, reinstalled windows. Started to install some drivers, went to reboot, and the machine won't come back to life. Put the second hdd in the machine, rinse wash and repeat. I've replaced the memory, even though it passed diagnostics. Problem exists with both brand new memory, and old memory. The BIOS recognizes the hard drive. The computer freezes directly after the bios splash screen, and there is no hard drive activity light. I've tried two linux live distros (gentoo and ubuntu). Neither would run on this laptop, but will on a different HP laptop. UBCD and Hirens Boot Disk both ran, as did PC Doctor 6 which refuses to test anything (gets stuck at "enumerating hard disks"). Is there anything else I can try?

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• dd on entire disk, but do not want empty portion

  - by Jonathan Henson

  I have a disk, say /dev/sda. Here is fdisk -l: Disk /dev/sda: 64.0 GB, 64023257088 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 7783 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x0000e4b5 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 27 209920 83 Linux Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda2 27 525 4000768 5 Extended Partition 2 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda5 27 353 2621440 83 Linux /dev/sda6 353 405 416768 83 Linux /dev/sda7 405 490 675840 83 Linux /dev/sda8 490 525 282624 83 Linux I need to make an image to store on our file server for use in flashing other devices we are manufacturing so I only want the used space (only about 4gb). I want to keep the mbr etc... as this device should be boot ready as soon as the copy is finished. Any ideas? I previously had been using dd if=/dev/sda of=[//fileserver/file], but at that time, my master copy was on a 4gb flash ide.

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• Installing Windows 7 from a USB Hard Drive.

  - by Mark Tomlin

  I have a Western Digital Passport External Hard Drive (320GB) that I want to partition to keep the data on, but use some of the free space to install Windows 7 onto my desktop computer. Microsoft has given me the Windows 7 Enterprise Edition ISO to download. I would like to take the External HD and partition it so I can fit the ISO image onto it. How would I go about doing this? Trying to use GParted to partition the external hard drive has caused a chicken or the egg problem. GParted can't see the drive unless it's mounted, and when it is mounted it will not allow me to do anything to the partition. When it's not mounted, GParted can't see the drive at all and as such can't do anything to the drive. Once the drive is correctly partition, how do I go about moving the ISO image Microsoft gave me to my USB External Hard Drive? Are there any special steps that I need to take? I am using Ubuntu 11.04 & GParted 0.7.0, on my Chromebook to do this. Any support would be appreciated.

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• Seagate 3TB hard drive loses format information

  - by Victor Bugarin

  I have a Windows 7x64 Ultimate, 6 GB memory, 1 TB HD. 3TB Barracuda XT HDD. The HDD is installed on a StarTech 4 bays external enclosure I had troubles so I converted to a GPT, created 1 partition and formatted as NTFS. The hard drive I can write and read to and from the hard drive but it will become unreadable at some point while I am copying files or after I have copied files to it. I have copied large Bluray movies and diverse video files, I have also copied 32 GB of pictures, and I have copied about 86 thousand music files in different formats. At some point the partition becomes unreadable and I have to format the partition again (all files lost) and I have to start the whole process again. At some point I have been unable to copy large ISO (Bluray movies) file images. I have partitioned the HDD in 2 partitions P1 - 2TB, P2 - 1TB and I have lost every single file in either partition the same way. I reformat the HDD and it seems fine. I have run seatools to check the hard drive and it reports to be OK. What gives?

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• Windows 7 explorer crashing trying to read external hard disk

  - by Mario De Schaepmeester

  I have a 1TB Western Digital hard drive which is almost full and last time I tried to plug it into my laptop, I got a Windows dialog saying "this hard drive needs to be formatted". I did not panic because I have experienced things like this before and I know it's often solved by simply re-inserting the drive. Now however, whenever I plug it in and try to browse it in explorer by going to "computer", the explorer process crashes after a while. I simply close explorer since it takes ages trying to read the disk and nothing happens. After searching on the internet, the best thing to do would be a chkdsk. I tried it via properties in explorer (which also took a good 5 minutes to open up), locks up as well, after waiting a couple of minutes it says there's no access to the disk so a chkdsk is not possible... I want to make clear that I always use safe removal before pulling out the USB cable. Last time however, safe removal just would not work and when trying to shut down Windows, the logoff screen just would not disappear (I've waited at least 10 minutes or so) and I powered off the PC by force. This may be the cause of the problems but the disk was still recognised immediately after that. I really don't want to format this thing because it contains C: clones of 3 computers and a lot of other stuff that I don't want to re-copy. What would be the best course of action? Update I got chkdsk working via the command line. I used the /F and /R options. I already got a bunch of lines saying "file record segment X is unreadable" or whatever it is in English, my OS is Dutch. It looks bad... Will chdsk repair these errors?

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• Advice on cloning disk

  - by hks

  I'm going to buy a second disk for backup, the same size as my laptops. I want to mount it in a casing via usb and backup an entire hdd every soemtime. That's because I want the posibility to just switch drives in case of something goes wrong. I'm using Linux and obviously the right tool seems to be dd. The thing is that my laptop drive has a speed of around 50-70 MB/s and usb 2.0 is 57 MB/s. So to copy my 250GB disk should take me more than 1 hour if I'm lucky. I can't wait this much. I want some differential backup. I read one of JWZ articles. In it he gives more details for using rsync on Mac. He writes that there is possibility of making rsync'ed disk bootable. So my question is: how to make rsync'ed hdd bootable under Linux or are there other 'quick backup' tools for Linux that would allow me to just swap drives? Or should I just stick to dd :( ?

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• where is my disk space?

  - by user166241

  I recently had a problem with .xsession-errors file - it became very big ( 90GB) and took all disk space: How I can check what takes disk space in /tmp?. I cleaned it with command > .xsession-errors but after an hour it became large again. So I deleted it (rm .xsession-errors) - it helped because it wasn't recreated but again after hour disk space disappeared - now there is no .xsession-errors anymore but I don't know where is the memory: df Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on /dev/sda1 106640456 101223392 4 100% / udev 8166744 8 8166736 1% /dev tmpfs 3270224 972 3269252 1% /run none 5120 0 5120 0% /run/lock none 8175552 152 8175400 1% /run/shm du -sc * .[^.]* | sort -n 0 initrd.img 0 initrd.img.old 0 proc 0 sys 0 vmlinuz 0 vmlinuz.old 4 cdrom 4 lib64 4 media 4 mnt 4 selinux 8 dev 12 srv 16 lost+found 68 tmp 1124 run 3396 lib32 5164 .rpmdb 5540 root 8888 sbin 9120 bin 17132 etc 106080 opt 116956 boot 861908 lib 3530584 usr 3821836 var 13371260 home 21859112 total So there is around 100GB used but executing du -sc * .[^.]* | sort -n in root directory finds only ~21 GB - so what takes 80GB?? How to check it? I suspect that when I deleted the `.xsession-errors' file the errors were redirected somwhere else - but where?

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• How do I copy an existing hard disc to a new one so I can boot off the new disc?

  - by Brian Hooper

  I currently have a failing hard drive which is the only hard drive in the machine. I have just bought a new hard drive to replace it, and my plan is to copy the contents of the old drive onto the new one, and then replace the old drive in the machine with the new one. I presumably can't just copy the whole directory structure (or can I)? What do I need to do to manage this, assuming it is possible? Is there a utility to do this for me? (The old drive is hopefully good for a few more hours.) (I hope by this means to keep all the software and configuration files as they are, to avoid having to re-install everything. Can that be done?)

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• How to see installed programs and the occupied space (not in Synaptic or Terminal)?

  - by cipricus

  I am often running low on space on the system and home partition. I would like to see a list of installed programs and the space they take, in order to be able to make decisions on this matter. I do not mean a list with all components, 'secondary' programs and dependencies like in Synaptic, which I know can be also displayed in the Terminal -- so please do not set as duplicate of this question --, but just a list with the main programs (those that appear in the main menu) and with the space they occupy on the disk. (I use Xubuntu 12.10)

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• How to change ext4 Hard drive partion to NTFS for installing Windows xp?

  - by Sina

  I have a ubuntu in Root directory with separated Home directory. This is all my hard partition. I inserted xp cd to install it but I can't find any hard drive suggestion ! I decided to boot it by Gparted and change the Root directory to NTFS, I formatted it and run xp cd again. I can't find any hard drive too. I don't want to change all partitions because I don't want to lose my data on them. What should I do ?

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• Force copy files off CRC error filled hard drive

  - by TheLakersHighlights

  So I got a dying Western Digital hard drive here and I have a new Western Digital hard drive to transfer all the data to. I have the new HDD hooked up by a SATA to USB. I want to transfer all the pictures, etc to the new HDD. I am unable to because of the CRC error. I have ran chkdsk /f /r and it didnt work because the drive is just simply dying. What tool will let me bypass CRC and continue on with the copying? OS: Vista Home Prem. 32bit

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• Windows XP SP3 on Macbook Has Limited Disk Space

  - by Mikey.B

  Hi Guys, I setup Windows XP SP3 on a 40 GB partition using bootcamp (partition formatted for NTFS). For some reason, the hard drive properties only show ~3 GB of space available. Funny thing is though, I've hardly installed anything on the system... and if I open the windows explorer, select all directories, and check properties, it appears that I'm only using 11 GB of space. What gives? I thought there might be hidden files/folders so I enabled the option to show it but still nada. Has anyone come across this before? Any suggestions for how to proceed here?

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• External Hard-Drive Randomly Ejects; Stays On

  - by Kaleb F.

  My 250GB I/O Magic USB external hard-drive randomly disconnects / ejects from the computer after between 2-30 minutes of use. When this happens, the blinking activity light on the front of the hdd turns off; however, the disks can still be heard spinning. Unplugging & replugging in the USB does not reconnect the device and the activity light remains unlit. The only way to continue using it is to flip off then on the power switch of the hdd. The hard-drive was formatted with MBR partition table and 2 NTFS volumes. I recently tried switching to GUID with two Mac OS Extended (Journaled), but the problem remains. This error occurs with my new Macbook Pro with Snow Leopard as well as with my DELL E520 with Windows 7 Ultimate.

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• How to measure disk performance?

  - by Jakub Šturc

  I am going to "fix" a friend's computer this weekend. By the symptoms he describes it looks like he has a disk performance problem with his 5400 rpm disk. I want to be sure that disk is the problem so I want to "scientificaly" measure the performance. Which tools do you recommend me for this job? Is there any standard set of numbers I can compare the result of measurement with?

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• Windows 7 Disk Management Spanned Volume vs Striped Volume

  - by Kairan

  Im looking for a reason why a person would use a Spanned volume rather than a Striped volume? If my understanding is correct Striped: Faster read/write speed than spanned, but I "assume" more wear+tear Spanned: No speed benefit like striped, but data is written sequentially and fills up Drive1 before filling up Drive2, so it saves on wear+tear Beyond that Im not sure if there is any other deciding factor on which to use. Definition found below: A striped volume uses the free space on more than one physical hard disk to create a bigger volume. Unlike a spanned volume, a striped volume writes across all volumes in the stripe in small blocks, distributing the load across the disks in the volume. The portions of disk used to create the volume need to be the same size; the size of the smallest free space included in the striped volume will determine.

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• Why are they putting "processors" on hard drives?

  - by Celeritas

  What does it mean when they have a processor on the hard drive, how does it work, and what benfit does it have? I don't understand - the CPU is the processor and the hard drive transfers it's contents to RAM. Do have additional processors, preprocess the data some how? Here's some examples Western Digital WD Black WD1002FAEX 1TB "Dual processor speed" NETGEAR ReadyNAS 312 2-Bay Diskless Network Attached Storage "Dual-core Intel 2.1GHz processor and 2GB on-board memory" and routers now have processors too, why's that nescecary? I guess it sort of makes sense - some logic needs to happen for the packets to be read in to know which ports to send them out on, but why did old routers not need them? Example or wireless router with processor: "Dual-core processor"

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• USB hard drive doesn't graceful power off after eject on Windows 7

  - by Sim

  I have a couple of Seagate FreeAgent Go external USB hard drives and would like them to gracefully power off after ejecting in Windows 7. With Windows XP a few seconds after they are ejected they gracefully power off. When ejecting them on Windows 7 they just stay on and have to be physically disconnected before they lose power. I have checked the hard drive removal policy and it is set to quick removal. I have also looked in the Seagate forums but I couldn't find any info on this so I thought I'd ask the SuperUser community on any ideas why the difference and how to get the same behaviour in Windows 7 as in XP? Update: I am finding that this also happens with USB thumb drives as well. My current theory is that there were changes to the driver model with Vista/Win 7 that haven't been reflected in the device drivers yet. So things that worked under XP don't under Win7 as the drivers haven't been updated for the new model. Does that sound right?

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• IDE <-> SATA Adapter Issue - Hard Drive Not recognized

  - by nicorellius

  I was trying to use one of these IDE to SATA adapters (Syba SD-ADA50016 IDE/SATA Converter Bi-directional IDE to SATA) and I connected a working hard drive (Seagate Barracuda 500 GB SATA 3.5 Inch 7200 RPM Version 12 Desktop Internal Hard Drive ST3500418AS). I could get the drive to be recognized by the BIOS, but I couldn't boot a Linux disc or install to the drive. I tried to install pfSense to this drive and the install failed because the setup couldn't recognize the file. Has anyone heard of these adapters giving trouble and/or not working properly? I would like to be able to use this device for newer drives on older boards.

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• MS SQL Server and "No Hard Drive Space Left"

  - by bobber205

  Got a server running a document delivery system on it. The machine is running extremely poorly (Windows XP). I've checked the regular things, like doing a memtest (turned out fine) and trying to degraf the HDD (not needed). The only thing weird about this machine is that its running MSSQL server. And Symantec Anitvirus. (ugh) Sometimes the machine reports "No hard drive space left". I immediately look at the one hard drive at the machine and it still has 20 gigs left. Each and every time. Could MSSQL server cause this? Could this be tied to the machine's terrible performance? Thanks!

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• Ubuntu not showing disk

  - by ojek

  I have a laptop which had broken windows 7 installed on it. I created a ubuntu live usb and tried installing ubuntu over that win7. After a few minutes, I got an error message, so I needed to restart the computer. Now the laptop says that there is no bootable device - reasonable message given that there was an error during linux installation. But: Bios can see my hard drive, When I start ubuntu in live mode, and try either sudo fdisk -l or gparted, it doesn't show any hard disk drives. I am 90% sure that hdd is broken, but it is wierd that bios can see it, and ubuntu doesn't. How can I be 100% sure about that hdd? Is there any additional way of detecting my hdd from ubuntu?

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• Win 2008 R2 Server Not Recognizing Second Hard Drive

  - by Brian

  Hello, I just purchased a Dell server, which has two hard drives and no RAID setup. I can only currently see one hard drive... not sure how to get it to recognize the other, as I thought being a new machine that wouldn't be an issue. It has Windows Server 2008 R2 that I loaded on. I'm a n00b to all of this so I'm not sure why this is failing to work... Any help appreciated. Thanks.

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