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• Preventing my postfix to send my local users spam

  - by Jack

  I have a postfix/dovecot mail server with 100 different users. When they send an email they need to be authenticated. I successfully use saslauth to achieve this. Few days ago I had a problem. One specific user, probably with a virus or a spam-bot installed in its computer, started to send out through my server thousands of emails in few hours. As result, my ip has been blocked by many isp provider (@aol, @yahoo, and others) and has been listed in many blacklist, making all my 100 users unable to send any email to anyone. What is the best practice to avoid this problem? It would be great if my server could recognize a spamming user and automatically block it. Also, have a limit of, say, 30 emails per hour could be a partial solution. Any idea how to face this problem? Thank you

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• Postfix not receiving non-local mail

  - by Davis Sorenson

  I set up a server with Postfix/Dovecot on Linode/Ubuntu 10.04 according to this guide, admittedly I've never done this before. Local mail works just fine, but trying to send email to it from external addresses results in errors like this: Delivery to the following recipient failed permanently: <address>@ni-mate.com Technical details of permanent failure: Google tried to deliver your message, but it was rejected by the recipient domain. We recommend contacting the other email provider for further information about the cause of this error. The error that the other server returned was: 553 553 Unknown recipient. (state 13). I honestly have no idea what to do or which configuration files/logs anyone needs to see.

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• Someone used my postfix smtp (port 25) to send spam mails to me

  - by Andreas

  This week, someone started to send spam-mails through my postfix-smtp access (I verified by logging in through telnet from an arbitrary pc and sending mails with any ids myself) on my server, with recipient and target being [email protected]. Since I have a catchall and mail-fowarding to my google account, I received all those (many) mails. After a lot of configuration (I lost track of what change did what, going through dozends of topics here and over the net) that hole seems fixed. Still, what hapened? Does port 25 need to be open and accepting for my catchall to work? What configuration did I do wrong? I remember the first thing I changed (that had an effect) was the inet_interface setting in main.cf, only later to find out that if this does not say "all", my mail to mydomain.com does not get forwarded any more.

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• How to forbid postfix to send to external domains [closed]

  - by elhoim

  I have a local postfix server, and i want it to only relay emails to the only local domain (localdomain.be): myhostname = localdomain.be mydomain = localdomain.be alias_maps = hash:/etc/aliases alias_database = hash:/etc/aliases myorigin = $myhostname mydestination = $myhostname relay_domains = $mydomain default_transport = smtp relayhost = mynetworks = 127.0.0.0/8 [::ffff:127.0.0.0]/104 [::1]/128 10.0.0.0/24 mailbox_size_limit = 64000000 message_size_limit = 1000000 recipient_delimiter = + inet_interfaces = all inet_protocols = all smtp_host_lookup = native This configuration works fine to allow relay mail locally and on external destination domains, but i would like it to be an impossibility to send to other domains (ie: gmail.com). relay_domains is supposed to ensure that but it does not seem to really filter since i can still send to my gmail address.

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• operator overloading of stream extraction operator in C++ help

  - by Crystal

  I'm having some trouble overloading my stream extraction operator in C++ for a hw assignment. I'm not really sure why I am getting these compile errors since I thought I was doing it right... Here is my code: Complex.h #ifndef COMPLEX_H #define COMPLEX_H class Complex { //friend ostream &operator<<(ostream &output, const Complex &complexObj) const; public: Complex(double = 0.0, double = 0.0); // constructor Complex operator+(const Complex &) const; // addition Complex operator-(const Complex &) const; // subtraction void print() const; // output private: double real; // real part double imaginary; // imaginary part }; #endif Complex.cpp #include <iostream> #include "Complex.h" using namespace std; // Constructor Complex::Complex(double realPart, double imaginaryPart) : real(realPart), imaginary(imaginaryPart) { } // addition operator Complex Complex::operator+(const Complex &operand2) const { return Complex(real + operand2.real, imaginary + operand2.imaginary); } // subtraction operator Complex Complex::operator-(const Complex &operand2) const { return Complex(real - operand2.real, imaginary - operand2.imaginary); } // Overload << operator ostream &Complex::operator<<(ostream &output, const Complex &complexObj) const { cout << '(' << complexObj.real << ", " << complexObj.imaginary << ')'; return output; // returning output allows chaining } // display a Complex object in the form: (a, b) void Complex::print() const { cout << '(' << real << ", " << imaginary << ')'; } main.cpp #include <iostream> #include "Complex.h" using namespace std; int main() { Complex x; Complex y(4.3, 8.2); Complex z(3.3, 1.1); cout << "x: "; x.print(); cout << "\ny: "; y.print(); cout << "\nz: "; z.print(); x = y + z; cout << "\n\nx = y + z: " << endl; x.print(); cout << " = "; y.print(); cout << " + "; z.print(); x = y - z; cout << "\n\nx = y - z: " << endl; x.print(); cout << " = "; y.print(); cout << " - "; z.print(); cout << endl; } Compile erros: complex.cpp(23) : error C2039: '<<' : is not a member of 'Complex' complex.h(5) : see declaration of 'Complex' complex.cpp(24) : error C2270: '<<' : modifiers not allowed on nonmember functions complex.cpp(25) : error C2248: 'Complex::real' : cannot access private member declared in class 'Complex' complex.h(13) : see declaration of 'Complex::real' complex.h(5) : see declaration of 'Complex' complex.cpp(25) : error C2248: 'Complex::imaginary' : cannot access private member declared in class 'Complex' complex.h(14) : see declaration of 'Complex::imaginary' complex.h(5) : see declaration of 'Complex' Thanks!

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• After overloading the operator==, how to compare if two variables points at the same object?

  - by Hao

  Overloading the comparison operator, how to compare if the two variables points to the same object(i.e. not value) public static bool operator ==(Landscape a, Landscape b) { return a.Width == b.Width && a.Height == b.Height; } public static bool operator !=(Landscape a, Landscape b) { return !(a.Width == b.Width && a.Height == b.Height); }

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• C++ Operator Ambiguity

  - by Scott

  Forgive me, for I am fairly new to C++, but I am having some trouble regarding operator ambiguity. I think it is compiler-specific, for the code compiled on my desktop. However, it fails to compile on my laptop. I think I know what's going wrong, but I don't see an elegant way around it. Please let me know if I am making an obvious mistake. Anyhow, here's what I'm trying to do: I have made my own vector class called Vector4 which looks something like this: class Vector4 { private: GLfloat vector[4]; ... } Then I have these operators, which are causing the problem: operator GLfloat* () { return vector; } operator const GLfloat* () const { return vector; } GLfloat& operator [] (const size_t i) { return vector[i]; } const GLfloat& operator [] (const size_t i) const { return vector[i]; } I have the conversion operator so that I can pass an instance of my Vector4 class to glVertex3fv, and I have subscripting for obvious reasons. However, calls that involve subscripting the Vector4 become ambiguous to the compiler: enum {x, y, z, w} Vector4 v(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0); glTranslatef(v[x], v[y], v[z]); Here are the candidates: candidate 1: const GLfloat& Vector4:: operator[](size_t) const candidate 2: operator[](const GLfloat*, int) <built-in> Why would it try to convert my Vector4 to a GLfloat* first when the subscript operator is already defined on Vector4? Is there a simple way around this that doesn't involve typecasting? Am I just making a silly mistake? Thanks for any help in advance.

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• strange Postfix logwatch log summary on my ubuntu vps

  - by DannyRe

  Hi I would be very thankful if someone could help me on explaining this logwatch summary of my postfix installation on my ubuntu 10.04 vps. I dont really know if this might be a normal log file because of the many authentication failed entries and foreign IP addresses. Any advise for a novice? Thx! ****** Summary ************************************************************************************* 113 SASL authentication failed 195 Miscellaneous warnings 8.419K Bytes accepted 8,621 8.419K Bytes delivered 8,621 ======== ================================================== 3 Accepted 60.00% 2 Rejected 40.00% -------- -------------------------------------------------- 5 Total 100.00% ======== ================================================== 2 5xx Reject relay denied 100.00% -------- -------------------------------------------------- 2 Total 5xx Rejects 100.00% ======== ================================================== 116 Connections 1 Connections lost (inbound) 116 Disconnections 3 Removed from queue 3 Delivered 1 Hostname verification errors ****** Detail (10) ********************************************************************************* 113 SASL authentication failed -------------------------------------------------------------- 113 92.24.80.207 host-92-24-80-207.ppp.as43234.net 113 LOGIN 113 generic failure 195 Miscellaneous warnings ------------------------------------------------------------------ 113 SASL authentication failure: cannot connect to saslauthd server: Permission denied 41 inet_protocols: IPv6 support is disabled: Address family not supported by protocol 41 inet_protocols: configuring for IPv4 support only 2 5xx Reject relay denied ----------------------------------------------------------------- 1 46.242.103.110 unknown 1 [email protected] 1 114.42.142.103 114-42-142-103.dynamic.hinet.net 1 [email protected] 1 Connections lost (inbound) -------------------------------------------------------------- 1 After RCPT 3 Delivered ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 myhost.xx 1 Hostname verification errors ------------------------------------------------------------ 1 Name or service not known 1 46.242.103.110 broadband-46-242-103-110.nationalcablenetworks.ru === Delivery Delays Percentiles ============================================================ 0% 25% 50% 75% 90% 95% 98% 100%

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• Move postfix maildir files from one mail server to another

  - by Tauren

  I have a new mail server configured as described in this howto: http://howtoforge.com/virtual-users-domains-postfix-courier-mysql-squirrelmail-ubuntu-9.10 I also have an ancient mail server configured very similarly (using the same HOWTO, just for Fedora Core 6, if I recall correctly). Earlier today I had to switch from the old server to the new one, and the old one is no longer online. However, after I had migrated everything and switched it all over, I discovered a bunch of undelivered mail in the queue. It got delivered to the local mailboxes on the old server, so now there are a bunch of messages on it that I'd like to move to the new server. The new server has already received new messages, so I need to merge the files together somehow. For each user with an email of [email protected], there are files like this on both servers: /home/vmail/customer.com/username/maildirsize /home/vmail/customer.com/username/courierpop3dsizelist /home/vmail/customer.com/username/new/1271481177.Vca01I6006bM580357.mailhost.mydomain.com Can I simply copy the hundreds of files in the various new directories on the old server to the corresponding new directories on the new server? Will the maildirsize and courierpop3dsizelist files get updated automatically, or do I need to do something to update them?

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• postfix says mail sent ok, message does not arrive in ISPs inbox? no reject in log?

  - by Nick

  When I send a test message from my mail server to my @bellsouth.net email, The postfix log shows it was sent OK, but the message never arrives in my bellsouth inbox. Shouldn't I get a failure notice or a bounce if At&T is blocking the messages? I'm trying to troubleshoot why some customers aren't getting emails, but if there's nothing in mail.log to say the message is rejected, how do I know which messages were delivered successfully? The log shows: Feb 27 09:02:36 MyHOSTNAME postfix/pickup[26175]: D53A72713E5: uid=0 from=<root> Feb 27 09:02:36 MyHOSTNAME postfix/cleanup[26487]: D53A72713E5: message-id=<[email protected]> Feb 27 09:02:36 MyHOSTNAME postfix/qmgr[5595]: D53A72713E5: from=<[email protected]>, size=878, nrcpt=1 (queue active) Feb 27 09:02:37 MyHOSTNAME postfix/smtp[26490]: D53A72713E5: to=<[email protected]>, relay=gateway-f1.isp.att.net[204.127.217.16]:25, delay=0.57, delays=0.11/0.03/0.23/0.19, dsn=2.0.0, status=sent (250 ok ; id=20120227140036M0700qer4ne) Feb 27 09:02:37 MyHOSTNAME postfix/qmgr[5595]: D53A72713E5: removed The AT&T server accepted the message, right? I happen to have an At&T/Bellsouth email, but I don't have an account with every ISP we send to. I need some way of knowing if a message is getting to its destination or not. Is there any setting in my main.cf file that would affect whether or not we get reject/bounce notices?

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• dovecot/postfix: can send & receive via webmin, however squirrel mail and outlook fail to connect

  - by Jonathan

  I have just finished setting up dovecot and postfix on my server (centos 5.5/apache) earlier today. So far I've been able to get email working through webmin (can send/receive to and from external domains). However, attempting to telnet xxx.xxx.xx.xxx 110 returns the following errors: Connected to xxx.xxx.xx.xxx. Escape character is '^]'. +OK Dovecot ready. USER mailtest +OK PASS ********* +OK Logged in. -ERR [IN-USE] Couldn't open INBOX: Internal error occurred. Refer to server log for more information. [2011-02-11 22:55:48] Connection closed by foreign host. Which further logs the following error dovecot: Feb 11 21:32:48 Info: pop3-login: Login: user=, method=PLAIN, rip=::ffff:xxx.xxx.xx.xxx, lip=::ffff:xxx.xxx.xx.xxx, TLS dovecot: Feb 11 21:32:48 Error: POP3(mailtest): stat(/home/mailtest/MailDir/cur) failed: Permission denied dovecot: Feb 11 21:32:48 Error: POP3(mailtest): stat(/home/mailtest/MailDir/cur) failed: Permission denied dovecot: Feb 11 21:32:48 Error: POP3(mailtest): Couldn't open INBOX: Internal error occurred. Refer to server log for more information. [2011-02-11 21:32:48] dovecot: Feb 11 21:32:48 Info: POP3(mailtest): Couldn't open INBOX top=0/0, retr=0/0, del=0/0, size=0 Also, when attempting to login to squirrelmail or access the account via thunderbird/live mail etc, it obviously fails with a similar issue. Any suggestions or outside thinking on this would be a massive help! I've pretty much exhausted every resource, and tried every suggestion for my dovecot.conf file, but so far nothing seems to work :( I feel like it may be a permissions/ownership issue, but i'm lost as to specifics.

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• Dovecot authentification not working

  - by user1488723

  I run a Ubuntu 10.04 VPS with Postfix and Dovecot installed. For a while I had problems with the mailserver itself (Postfix) but now it runs ok. I can telnet into it from localhost (telnet localhost 25 while logged in) and Im blocked if I try to do it from the outside (telnet mail.example.org 25). This is as it should be according to my main.cf However when I try to log in using Dovecot (openssl s_client -connect mail.example.com:993) I'm allowed in but denied when trying to identify myself as a user: Excerpt from Dovecot log in: Key-Arg : None Start Time: 1341074622 Timeout : 300 (sec) Verify return code: 18 (self signed certificate) OK [CAPABILITY IMAP4rev1 LITERAL+ SASL-IR LOGIN-REFERRALS ID ENABLE AUTH=PLAIN AUTH=LOGIN] Dovecot ready. When I continue and try to log in to a specific user with the command: A001 login user password I get: A001 NO [AUTHENTICATIONFAILED] Authentication failed. I've reset the password to ensure it is correct and I know the user (user) exists on the system. When I do /etc/init.d/dovecot reload I get: /etc/init.d/dovecot: 29: maildir:~/Maildir: not found * Reloading IMAP/POP3 mail server dovecot [ OK ] Could it be that the mailboxes isn't found? Postfix main.cf: home_mailbox = Maildir/ mailbox_command = recipient_delimiter = + inet_interfaces = all smtpd_use_tls = yes smtpd_tls_auth_only = no smtpd_tls_loglevel = 1 smtpd_tls_cert_file = /etc/postfix/ssl/smtpd.crt smtpd_tls_key_file = /etc/postfix/ssl/smtpd.key smtpd_tls_CAfile = /etc/postfix/ssl/cacert.pem smtpd_sasl_auth_enable = yes smtpd_client_restrictions = permit_sasl_authenticated, permit_mynetworks, reject_unauth_destination smtpd_sender_restrictions = permit_sasl_authenticated, permit_mynetworks smtpd_recipient_restrictions = permit_mynetworks, permit_sasl_authenticated, reject_unauth_destination broken_sasl_auth_clients = yes smtpd_sasl_type = dovecot smtpd_sasl_path = private/auth smtpd_sasl_security_options = noanonymous smtpd_sasl_local_domain = $mydomain Dovecot.conf: protocols = imap imaps disable_plaintext_auth = no log_timestamp = "%b %d %H:%M:%S " ssl = yes ssl_cert_file = /etc/postfix/ssl/smtpd.crt ssl_key_file = /etc/postfix/ssl/smtpd.key mail_location = maildir:~/Maildir auth_verbose = yes mail_access_groups = mail auth_username_chars = abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789 protocol imap { imap_client_workarounds = delay-newmail tb-extra-mailbox-sep } auth default { mechanisms = plain login passdb pam { } userdb passwd { } socket listen { client { path = /var/spool/postfix/private/auth user = postfix group = postfix mode = 0660 } } }

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• SASL - Plaintext password not accepted - Encrypted works

  - by leviathanus

  I have a very strange issue! SASL does not work properly, as it does not accept plain-text passwords (like Outlook sends them) Oct 2 10:35:09 srf cyrus/imap[4119]: accepted connection Oct 2 10:35:09 srf cyrus/imap[4119]: badlogin: [217.XX.XXX.140] plaintext [email protected] SASL(-1): generic failure: checkpass failed Now I switch to "Encrypted password" in Thunderbird. I have the same issue as Outlook above on Thunderbird if I turn on "Plain Password"): Oct 2 10:40:40 srf cyrus/imap[14644]: accepted connection Oct 2 10:40:41 srf cyrus/imap[14622]: login: [217.XX.XXX.140] [email protected] CRAM-MD5 User logged in Same with Postfix: Without Oct 2 10:42:48 srf postfix/smtpd[17980]: connect from unknown[217.XX.XXX.140] Oct 2 10:42:48 srf postfix/smtpd[17980]: warning: SASL authentication failure: cannot connect to saslauthd server: Permission denied Oct 2 10:42:48 srf postfix/smtpd[17980]: warning: SASL authentication failure: Password verification failed Oct 2 10:42:48 srf postfix/smtpd[17980]: warning: unknown[217.XX.XXX.140]: SASL PLAIN authentication failed: generic failure With "Encrypted password": Oct 2 10:45:27 srf postfix/smtpd[21872]: connect from unknown[217.XX.XXX.140] Oct 2 10:45:28 srf postfix/smtpd[21872]: 50B3A332AAB: client=unknown[217.XX.XXX.140], sasl_method=CRAM-MD5, [email protected] Oct 2 10:45:28 srf postfix/cleanup[21899]: 50B3A332AAB: message-id=<[email protected]> Oct 2 10:45:28 srf postfix/qmgr[6181]: 50B3A332AAB: from=<[email protected]>, size=398, nrcpt=1 (queue active) Oct 2 10:45:28 srf postfix/smtpd[21872]: disconnect from unknown[217.XX.XXX.140] Config: /etc/imapd.conf:sasl_mech_list:LOGIN PLAIN CRAM-MD5 and /etc/postfix/sasl/smtpd.conf:mech_list: LOGIN PLAIN CRAM-MD5 I have no idea where to dig. Please advise.

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• postfix not sending domain mail to mx

  - by orlandoresorts

  I'm trying to get postfix to forward email to my domain which is hosted by gmail. As I don't have any users on my server nor do I want to. Here's how I have things set up.. LEt's say you and I have a domain called mcdonalds.com the registrar has mcdonalds.com MX records pointing to gmail. (everything works for like a year) Now we set up a server to host a website. Then we create a mail account called [email protected] and send mail locally from the server using roundcube. This works. We can send mail to cnn.com we can send mail to serverfault.com we can email any/everyone. BUT we cannot send mail to our own domain mcdonalds.com So I cannot email [email protected] I cannot email [email protected] I cannot email [email protected] It gives the error: SMTP Error (450): Failed to add recipient "[email protected]" (4.1.1 : Recipient address rejected: User unknown in virtual mailbox table). I'm guessing because it is looking at the local server to find the mailbox and it doesn't exist. So how to I tell the server for any mail going to mcdonalds.com for [email protected] to send to my external mail server and NOT to lookup on the local www box we set up with zpanel. Any ideas?

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• Fetch new Mails (Also from Subfolders) from another IMAP server as new Mail in Postfix

  - by Tobi

  everyone. I have installed Postfix on a server with Aliases and Domains from a MySQL Database. It is configured to forward some adresses to other Mail Accounts and also delivers some mails in local mailboxes that will be queried over a dovecot imap server. For this example let there be two users: [email protected] what is a user that gets its mail just forwarded to let's say [email protected] [email protected] what is a user that accesses its mail from local IMAP. Now, I want to fetch some Mails from another mailserver and handle them as if they were sent to a user of my Mailserver. Lets say those corelations exist: [email protected] has two external accounts: [email protected] and [email protected] [email protected] has also one external account [email protected] The Problem is the new mails on that other Mailserver is not always in the inbox, it might be in subdirectories: mailinglists/all or mailinglists/it but also in mailinglists/some-other-department which is not interesting and should not be delivered. I already found a programm called fetchmail but I cannot find how to fetch subdirectories or decide which subdirectories are fetched.

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• Undelivered Mail Returned to Sender

  - by Alex

  When sending to [email protected] via PHP mail() function, I receive mails. When sending emails from external machines, I receive the following (e.g., sending from [email protected]. [mail.ru is Russian gmail]): This is the mail system at host fallback2.mail.ru. I'm sorry to have to inform you that your message could not be delivered to one or more recipients. It's attached below. For further assistance, please send mail to <postmaster> If you do so, please include this problem report. You can delete your own text from the attached returned message. The mail system <[email protected]>: lost connection with mail.mydomain.com[xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx] while receiving the initial server greeting Reporting-MTA: dns; fallback2.mail.ru X-mPOP-Fallback_MX-Queue-ID: D8C19F2411F1 X-mPOP-Fallback_MX-Sender: rfc822; [email protected] Arrival-Date: Tue, 29 Oct 2013 10:09:21 +0400 (MSK) Final-Recipient: rfc822; [email protected] Original-Recipient: rfc822;[email protected] Action: failed Status: 4.4.2 Diagnostic-Code: X-mPOP-Fallback_MX; lost connection with mail.tld.com[xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx] while receiving the initial server greeting Here is my postfix main.cf: command_directory = /usr/sbin daemon_directory = /usr/libexec/postfix data_directory = /var/lib/postfix myhostname = mail.mydomain.com mydomain = mydomain.com myorigin = mydomain.com inet_interfaces = all inet_protocols = all unknown_local_recipient_reject_code = 550 in_flow_delay = 1s alias_maps = hash:/etc/aliases alias_database = hash:/etc/aliases mail_name = mydomain.com daemon debug_peer_level = 2 debugger_command = PATH=/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/X11R6/bin ddd $daemon_directory/$process_name $process_id & sleep 5 sendmail_path = /usr/sbin/sendmail.postfix newaliases_path = /usr/bin/newaliases.postfix mailq_path = /usr/bin/mailq.postfix setgid_group = postdrop html_directory = no manpage_directory = /usr/share/man sample_directory = /usr/share/doc/postfix-2.6.6/samples readme_directory = /usr/share/doc/postfix-2.6.6/README_FILES bounce_queue_lifetime = 4h maximal_queue_lifetime = 4h delay_warning_time = 1h strict_rfc821_envelopes = yes show_user_unknown_table_name = no allow_percent_hack = no swap_bangpath = no smtpd_delay_reject = yes smtpd_error_sleep_time = 20 smtpd_soft_error_limit = 1 smtpd_hard_error_limit = 3 smtpd_junk_command_limit = 2 mydestination = mydomain.com, localhost.localdomain, localhost smtpd_client_restrictions = permit_inet_interfaces smtpd_recipient_limit = 100 virtual_alias_domains = mydomain.com virtual_alias_maps = hash:/etc/postfix/virtual smtpd_sasl_type = dovecot smtpd_sasl_path = private/auth smtpd_sasl_auth_enable = yes smtpd_relay_restrictions = permit_mynetworks, permit_sasl_authenticated, reject_unauth_destination Why emails from external server are not being delivered? Thank you! Update In a log, the following lines appear a lot of times Oct 30 10:48:29 mydomain postfix/smtpd[16216]: connect from fallback5.mail.ru[94.100.176.59] Oct 30 10:48:29 mydomain postfix/smtpd[16216]: warning: SASL: Connect to private/auth failed: Connection refused Oct 30 10:48:29 mydomain postfix/smtpd[16216]: fatal: no SASL authentication mechanisms It appears I have to configure SASL? I would understand if I would like to send emails from postfix, but why do I need it to receive emails?

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• wrong operator() overload called

  - by user313202

  okay, I am writing a matrix class and have overloaded the function call operator twice. The core of the matrix is a 2D double array. I am using the MinGW GCC compiler called from a windows console. the first overload is meant to return a double from the array (for viewing an element). the second overload is meant to return a reference to a location in the array (for changing the data in that location. double operator()(int row, int col) const ; //allows view of element double &operator()(int row, int col); //allows assignment of element I am writing a testing routine and have discovered that the "viewing" overload never gets called. for some reason the compiler "defaults" to calling the overload that returns a reference when the following printf() statement is used. fprintf(outp, "%6.2f\t", testMatD(i,j)); I understand that I'm insulting the gods by writing my own matrix class without using vectors and testing with C I/O functions. I will be punished thoroughly in the afterlife, no need to do it here. Ultimately I'd like to know what is going on here and how to fix it. I'd prefer to use the cleaner looking operator overloads rather than member functions. Any ideas? -Cal the matrix class: irrelevant code omitted class Matrix { public: double getElement(int row, int col)const; //returns the element at row,col //operator overloads double operator()(int row, int col) const ; //allows view of element double &operator()(int row, int col); //allows assignment of element private: //data members double **array; //pointer to data array }; double Matrix::getElement(int row, int col)const{ //transform indices into true coordinates (from sorted coordinates //only row needs to be transformed (user can only sort by row) row = sortedArray[row]; result = array[usrZeroRow+row][usrZeroCol+col]; return result; } //operator overloads double Matrix::operator()(int row, int col) const { //this overload is used when viewing an element return getElement(row,col); } double &Matrix::operator()(int row, int col){ //this overload is used when placing an element return array[row+usrZeroRow][col+usrZeroCol]; } The testing program: irrelevant code omitted int main(void){ FILE *outp; outp = fopen("test_output.txt", "w+"); Matrix testMatD(5,7); //construct 5x7 matrix //some initializations omitted fprintf(outp, "%6.2f\t", testMatD(i,j)); //calls the wrong overload }

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• Operator Overloading in C

  - by Leif Andersen

  In C++, I can change the operator on a specific class by doing something like this: MyClass::operator==/*Or some other operator such as =, >, etc.*/(Const MyClass rhs) { /* Do Stuff*/; } But with there being no classes (built in by default) in C. So, how could I do operator overloading for just general functions? For example, if I remember correctly, importing stdlib.h gives you the - operator, which is just syntactic sugar for (*strcut_name).struct_element. So how can I do this in C? Thank you.

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• Explain this C++ operator definition

  - by David Johnstone

  I have the following operator defined in a C++ class called StringProxy: operator std::string&() { return m_string; } a) What is this and how does this work? I understand the idea of operator overloading, but they normally look like X operator+(double i). b) Given an instance of StringProxy, how can I use this operator to get the m_string?

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• C++ Operator overloading - 'recreating the Vector'

  - by Wallter

  I am currently in a collage second level programing course... We are working on operator overloading... to do this we are to rebuild the vector class... I was building the class and found that most of it is based on the [] operator. When I was trying to implement the + operator I run into a weird error that my professor has not seen before (apparently since the class switched IDE's from MinGW to VS express...) (I am using Visual Studio Express 2008 C++ edition...) Vector.h #include <string> #include <iostream> using namespace std; #ifndef _VECTOR_H #define _VECTOR_H const int DEFAULT_VECTOR_SIZE = 5; class Vector { private: int * data; int size; int comp; public: inline Vector (int Comp = 5,int Size = 0) : comp(Comp), size(Size) { if (comp > 0) { data = new int [comp]; } else { data = new int [DEFAULT_VECTOR_SIZE]; comp = DEFAULT_VECTOR_SIZE; } } int size_ () const { return size; } int comp_ () const { return comp; } bool push_back (int); bool push_front (int); void expand (); void expand (int); void clear (); const string at (int); int operator[ ](int); Vector& operator+ (Vector&); Vector& operator- (const Vector&); bool operator== (const Vector&); bool operator!= (const Vector&); ~Vector() { delete [] data; } }; ostream& operator<< (ostream&, const Vector&); #endif Vector.cpp #include <iostream> #include <string> #include "Vector.h" using namespace std; const string Vector::at(int i) { this[i]; } void Vector::expand() { expand(size); } void Vector::expand(int n ) { int * newdata = new int [comp * 2]; if (*data != NULL) { for (int i = 0; i <= (comp); i++) { newdata[i] = data[i]; } newdata -= comp; comp += n; delete [] data; *data = *newdata; } else if ( *data == NULL || comp == 0) { data = new int [DEFAULT_VECTOR_SIZE]; comp = DEFAULT_VECTOR_SIZE; size = 0; } } bool Vector::push_back(int n) { if (comp = 0) { expand(); } for (int k = 0; k != 2; k++) { if ( size != comp ){ data[size] = n; size++; return true; } else { expand(); } } return false; } void Vector::clear() { delete [] data; comp = 0; size = 0; } int Vector::operator[] (int place) { return (data[place]); } Vector& Vector::operator+ (Vector& n) { int temp_int = 0; if (size > n.size_() || size == n.size_()) { temp_int = size; } else if (size < n.size_()) { temp_int = n.size_(); } Vector newone(temp_int); int temp_2_int = 0; for ( int j = 0; j <= temp_int && j <= n.size_() && j <= size; j++) { temp_2_int = n[j] + data[j]; newone[j] = temp_2_int; } //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// return newone; //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// } ostream& operator<< (ostream& out, const Vector& n) { for (int i = 0; i <= n.size_(); i++) { //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// out << n[i] << " "; //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// } return out; } Errors: out << n[i] << " "; error C2678: binary '[' : no operator found which takes a left-hand operand of type 'const Vector' (or there is no acceptable conversion) return newone; error C2106: '=' : left operand must be l-value As stated above, I am a student going into Computer Science as my selected major I would appreciate tips, pointers, and better ways to do stuff :D

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• postfix mail server and spam

  - by darko petreski

  Hi, I have a postfix mail server for our firm. The mails sent from this server to gmail and yahoo goes in spam. The postfix is configured on our server and it has never been used for spamming. Everything is configured as is should. The server works fine, the headers are as they should be. What should I do in order the messages not to go in spam ? Regards

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• Are free operator->* overloads evil?

  - by Potatoswatter

  I was perusing section 13.5 after refuting the notion that built-in operators do not participate in overload resolution, and noticed that there is no section on operator->*. It is just a generic binary operator. Its brethren, operator->, operator*, and operator[], are all required to be non-static member functions. This precludes definition of a free function overload to an operator commonly used to obtain a reference from an object. But the uncommon operator->* is left out. In particular, operator[] has many similarities. It is binary (they missed a golden opportunity to make it n-ary), and it accepts some kind of container on the left and some kind of locator on the right. Its special-rules section, 13.5.5, doesn't seem to have any actual effect except to outlaw free functions. (And that restriction even precludes support for commutativity!) So, for example, this is perfectly legal (in C++0x, remove obvious stuff to translate to C++03): #include <utility> #include <iostream> #include <type_traits> using namespace std; template< class F, class S > typename common_type< F,S >::type operator->*( pair<F,S> const &l, bool r ) { return r? l.second : l.first; } template< class T > T & operator->*( pair<T,T> &l, bool r ) { return r? l.second : l.first; } template< class T > T & operator->*( bool l, pair<T,T> &r ) { return l? r.second : r.first; } int main() { auto x = make_pair( 1, 2.3 ); cerr << x->*false << " " << x->*4 << endl; auto y = make_pair( 5, 6 ); y->*(0) = 7; y->*0->*y = 8; // evaluates to 7->*y = y.second cerr << y.first << " " << y.second << endl; } I can certainly imagine myself giving into temp[la]tation. For example, scaled indexes for vector: v->*matrix_width[2][5] = x; Did the standards committee forget to prevent this, was it considered too ugly to bother, or are there real-world use cases?

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• Overloading *(iterator + n) and *(n + iterator) in a C++ iterator class?

  - by exscape

  (Note: I'm writing this project for learning only; comments about it being redundant are... uh, redundant. ;) I'm trying to implement a random access iterator, but I've found very little literature on the subject, so I'm going by trial and error combined with Wikpedias list of operator overload prototypes. It's worked well enough so far, but I've hit a snag. Code such as exscape::string::iterator i = string_instance.begin(); std::cout << *i << std::endl; works, and prints the first character of the string. However, *(i + 1) doesn't work, and neither does *(1 + i). My full implementation would obviously be a bit too much, but here's the gist of it: namespace exscape { class string { friend class iterator; ... public: class iterator : public std::iterator<std::random_access_iterator_tag, char> { ... char &operator*(void) { return *p; // After some bounds checking } char *operator->(void) { return p; } char &operator[](const int offset) { return *(p + offset); // After some bounds checking } iterator &operator+=(const int offset) { p += offset; return *this; } const iterator operator+(const int offset) { iterator out (*this); out += offset; return out; } }; }; } int main() { exscape::string s = "ABCDEF"; exscape::string::iterator i = s.begin(); std::cout << *(i + 2) << std::endl; } The above fails with (line 632 is, of course, the *(i + 2) line): string.cpp: In function ‘int main()’: string.cpp:632: error: no match for ‘operator*’ in ‘*exscape::string::iterator::operator+(int)(2)’ string.cpp:105: note: candidates are: char& exscape::string::iterator::operator*() *(2 + i) fails with: string.cpp: In function ‘int main()’: string.cpp:632: error: no match for ‘operator+’ in ‘2 + i’ string.cpp:434: note: candidates are: exscape::string exscape::operator+(const char*, const exscape::string&) My guess is that I need to do some more overloading, but I'm not sure what operator I'm missing.

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• How do you override operator == when using interfaces instead of actual types?

  - by RickL

  I have some code like this: How should I implement the operator == so that it will be called when the variables are of interface IMyClass? public class MyClass : IMyClass { public static bool operator ==(MyClass a, MyClass b) { if (ReferenceEquals(a, b)) return true; if ((Object)a == null || (Object)b == null) return false; return false; } public static bool operator !=(MyClass a, MyClass b) { return !(a == b); } } class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { IMyClass m1 = new MyClass(); IMyClass m2 = new MyClass(); MyClass m3 = new MyClass(); MyClass m4 = new MyClass(); Console.WriteLine(m1 == m2); // does not go into custom == function. why not? Console.WriteLine(m3 == m4); // DOES go into custom == function } }

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• friending istream operator with class

  - by user1388172

  hello i'm trying to overload my operator >> to my class but i ecnouter an error in eclipse. code: friend istream& operator>>(const istream& is, const RAngle& ra){ return is >> ra.x >> ra.y; } code2: friend istream& operator>>(const istream& is, const RAngle& ra) { is >> ra.x; is >> ra.y; return is } Both crash and i don't know why, please help. EDIT: ra.x & ra.y are both 2 private ints of my class; Full error: error: ..\/rightangle.h: In function 'std::istream& operator>>(std::istream&, const RAngle&)': ..\/rightangle.h:65:12: error: ambiguous overload for 'operator>>' in 'is >> ra.RAngle::x' ..\/rightangle.h:65:12: note: candidates are: c:\mingw\bin\../lib/gcc/mingw32/4.6.1/include/c++/istream:122:7: note: std::basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::__istream_type& std::basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator>>(std::basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::__istream_type& (*)(std::basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::__istream_type&)) [with _CharT = char, _Traits = std::char_traits<char>, std::basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::__istream_type = std::basic_istream<char>] <near match> c:\mingw\bin\../lib/gcc/mingw32/4.6.1/include/c++/istream:122:7: note: no known conversion for argument 1 from 'const int' to 'std::basic_istream<char>::__istream_type& (*)(std::basic_istream<char>::__istream_type&) {aka std::basic_istream<char>& (*)(std::basic_istream<char>&)}' c:\mingw\bin\../lib/gcc/mingw32/4.6.1/include/c++/istream:126:7: note: std::basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::__istream_type& std::basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator>>(std::basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::__ios_type& (*)(std::basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::__ios_type&)) [with _CharT = char, _Traits = std::char_traits<char>, std::basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::__istream_type = std::basic_istream<char>, std::basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::__ios_type = std::basic_ios<char>] <near match> c:\mingw\bin\../lib/gcc/mingw32/4.6.1/include/c++/istream:126:7: note: no known conversion for argument 1 from 'const int' to 'std::basic_istream<char>::__ios_type& (*)(std::basic_istream<char>::__ios_type&) {aka std::basic_ios<char>& (*)(std::basic_ios<char>&)}' c:\mingw\bin\../lib/gcc/mingw32/4.6.1/include/c++/istream:133:7: note: std::basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::__istream_type& std::basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator>>(std::ios_base& (*)(std::ios_base&)) [with _CharT = char, _Traits = std::char_traits<char>, std::basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::__istream_type = std::basic_istream<char>] <near match> c:\mingw\bin\../lib/gcc/mingw32/4.6.1/include/c++/istream:133:7: note: no known conversion for argument 1 from 'const int' to 'std::ios_base& (*)(std::ios_base&)' c:\mingw\bin\../lib/gcc/mingw32/4.6.1/include/c++/istream:241:7: note: std::basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& std::basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator>>(std::basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::__streambuf_type*) [with _CharT = char, _Traits = std::char_traits<char>, std::basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::__streambuf_type = std::basic_streambuf<char>] <near match> c:\mingw\bin\../lib/gcc/mingw32/4.6.1/include/c++/istream:241:7: note: no known conversion for argument 1 from 'const int' to 'std::basic_istream<char>::__streambuf_type* {aka std::basic_streambuf<char>*}' ..\/rightangle.h:66:12: error: ambiguous overload for 'operator>>' in 'is >> ra.RAngle::y' ..\/rightangle.h:66:12: note: candidates are: c:\mingw\bin\../lib/gcc/mingw32/4.6.1/include/c++/istream:122:7: note: std::basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::__istream_type& std::basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator>>(std::basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::__istream_type& (*)(std::basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::__istream_type&)) [with _CharT = char, _Traits = std::char_traits<char>, std::basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::__istream_type = std::basic_istream<char>] <near match> c:\mingw\bin\../lib/gcc/mingw32/4.6.1/include/c++/istream:122:7: note: no known conversion for argument 1 from 'const int' to 'std::basic_istream<char>::__istream_type& (*)(std::basic_istream<char>::__istream_type&) {aka std::basic_istream<char>& (*)(std::basic_istream<char>&)}' c:\mingw\bin\../lib/gcc/mingw32/4.6.1/include/c++/istream:126:7: note: std::basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::__istream_type& std::basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator>>(std::basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::__ios_type& (*)(std::basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::__ios_type&)) [with _CharT = char, _Traits = std::char_traits<char>, std::basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::__istream_type = std::basic_istream<char>, std::basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::__ios_type = std::basic_ios<char>] <near match> c:\mingw\bin\../lib/gcc/mingw32/4.6.1/include/c++/istream:126:7: note: no known conversion for argument 1 from 'const int' to 'std::basic_istream<char>::__ios_type& (*)(std::basic_istream<char>::__ios_type&) {aka std::basic_ios<char>& (*)(std::basic_ios<char>&)}' c:\mingw\bin\../lib/gcc/mingw32/4.6.1/include/c++/istream:133:7: note: std::basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::__istream_type& std::basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator>>(std::ios_base& (*)(std::ios_base&)) [with _CharT = char, _Traits = std::char_traits<char>, std::basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::__istream_type = std::basic_istream<char>] <near match> c:\mingw\bin\../lib/gcc/mingw32/4.6.1/include/c++/istream:133:7: note: no known conversion for argument 1 from 'const int' to 'std::ios_base& (*)(std::ios_base&)' c:\mingw\bin\../lib/gcc/mingw32/4.6.1/include/c++/istream:241:7: note: std::basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& std::basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator>>(std::basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::__streambuf_type*) [with _CharT = char, _Traits = std::char_traits<char>, std::basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::__streambuf_type = std::basic_streambuf<char>] <near match> c:\mingw\bin\../lib/gcc/mingw32/4.6.1/include/c++/istream:241:7: note: no known conversion for argument 1 from 'const int' to 'std::basic_istream<char>::__streambuf_type* {aka std::basic_streambuf<char>*}''

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